NAIROBI planning a liveable and
sustainable neighbourhood
camila cabral | clara cardoso | gustavo konrad | lais valieris | mauricio storchi | natalia baeta | renata steinberg | steven baumgarten
image source: Google Earth (2016)
LOCATION
image source: Google Earth (2016)
RNGC
image source: AirPano (2016)
image source: Google Earth (2016)
LOCATION
RNGC
image source: Google Earth (2016)
LOCATION
RNGC KIBERA SLUM
image source: Google Earth (2016)
LOCATION
NAIROBI CITY CENTER 4.5 KM
RNGC KIBERA SLUM
7.5 KM
INDUSTRIAL AREA
VISION The development of a new sustainable neighborhood, in the heart of Nairobi as an opportunity for economic growth and increased social equality, inducing improvements on the surrounding areas and integrating the city and its inhabitants.
OBJECTIVES Legal framework
Strategic urban planning
Urban design and housing
Improve the legal framework for urban development to provide better instruments to manage urban development processes and to guarantee the right to the city of all inhabitants of Nairobi. Design a sustainable neighbourhood improving the already existing connections with the city, making the new development as a link between the different parts Nairobi inducing the urbanization of the surrounding areas, since the provision of infrastructure (transport, water supply, energy supply, waste collection) and amenities in a green way. Provide housing development which aims to improve living conditions by integrating future inhabitants of the project area, focusing on tackle the existing deficit for affordable housing.
OBJECTIVES Legal framework
Strategic urban planning
Urban design and housing
Improve the legal framework for urban development to provide better instruments to manage urban development processes and to guarantee the right to the city of all inhabitants of Nairobi. Design a sustainable neighbourhood improving the already existing connections with the city, making the new development as a link between the different parts of Nairobi inducing the urbanization of the surrounding areas, since the provision of infrastructure (transport, water supply, energy supply, waste collection) and amenities in a green way. Provide housing development which aims to improve living conditions by integrating future inhabitants of the project area, focusing on tackle the existing deficit for affordable housing.
OBJECTIVES Legal framework
Strategic urban planning
Urban design and housing
Improve the legal framework for urban development to provide better instruments to manage urban development processes and to guarantee the right to the city of all inhabitants of Nairobi. Design a sustainable neighbourhood improving the already existing connections with the city, making the new development as a link between the different parts Nairobi inducing the urbanization of the surrounding areas, since the provision of infrastructure (transport, water supply, energy supply, waste collection) and amenities in a green way. Provide housing development which aims to improve living conditions by integrating future inhabitants of the project area, focusing on tackle the existing deficit for affordable housing.
OBJECTIVES Legal framework
Strategic urban planning
Urban design and housing
Improve the legal framework for urban development to provide better instruments to manage urban development processes and to guarantee the right to the city of all inhabitants of Nairobi. Design a sustainable neighbourhood improving the already existing connections with the city, making the new development as a link between the different parts of Nairobi inducing the urbanization of the surrounding areas, since the provision of infrastructure (transport, water supply, energy supply, waste collection) and amenities in a green way. Provide housing development which aims to improve living conditions by integrating future inhabitants of the project area, focusing on tackle the existing deficit for affordable housing.
PROJECT PHASES
Legal framework
Strategic Urban Planning
Urban Design and Housing
PROJECT PHASES Pilote project Legacy to Nairobi suggestion for the city masterplan Legal framework
Strategic Urban Planning
Promote changes and improvements in other areas of Nairobi
PROJECT PHASES
Legal framework
Strategic Urban Planning
Urban Design and Housing
LEGAL FRAMEWORK STEP 01
Hire an advisory service of urban professional (e.g. IHS)
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK? STEP 01
STEP 02
Hire an advisory service of urban professional (e.g. IHS)
Adequate Nairobi’s master plan with new urban parameters
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi + Advisory service 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK? STEP 01
STEP 02
STEP 03
Hire an advisory service of urban professional (e.g. IHS)
Adequate Nairobi’s master plan with new urban parameters
Define the RNGC area as an Urban Operation Area
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi + Advisory service 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
It is an area in the city that has potential for urban development
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
why?
It is an area in the city that has potential for urban development
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
Close to the city center Government-owned land Deficit in adequate housing in Kibera Open market runned by Kibera citizens
It is an area in the city
close by.
that has potential for urban development
Young population living in Kibera Preserved green area Potential museum Diversity of high-level institutions in the surrounding area (attractive for students)
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
How does it happen on a
leased land
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
? 4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
How does it happen on a
leased land
?
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
How does it happen on a
leased land
change the land use
?
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
right to develop
URBAN OPERATION
How does it happen on a
leased land
change the land use
?
use certificates
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
right to develop
URBAN OPERATION
How does it happen on a
leased land
change the land use
?
use certificates
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
aditional
right to build
potential to build 6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL TO LEASING : RIGHT TO BUILD
BUILD (CEPAC)
it is a contract
it is a title
linked to the land
linked to the building
standard right to built
extra right to built
pay for the leasing monthly
pay once
a long the contract years BOTH CAN BE SOLD IN THE MARKET
LEGAL FRAMEWORK URBAN OPERATION
ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL TO LEASING : RIGHT TO BUILD
$ 1st year
$ $
Maintain and subsidise social housing along the years
2nd year
3rd year
BUILD (CEPAC)
4th year
$
$ $
5th year
6th year
7th year
Infrastructure buildings and amenities
8th year
(with a public and /or social character)
extended perimeter
9th year
10th year
PROJECT PHASES
Legal framework
Strategic Urban Planning
Urban Design and Housing
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING STEP 01
Urban Operation Area Management Team
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING STEP 02
STEP 01
Urban Operation Area Management Team
Consolidation and publishing of the Urban Operation Area master plan
STAKEHOLDER: Municipality of Nairobi + Urban Operation Area Management Team 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING Urban Operation Area Management Team
STAKEHOLDERS: RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi, Local Communities, NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Interested Parties
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING Urban Operation Area Management Team
Make every stakeholder be a player in the decisionmaking process Build trust between stakeholders Define the urban parameters in the area: density, uses, priority of investments.
STAKEHOLDERS: RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi, Local
Participatory approach
Communities, NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Interested Parties
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING Negotiation about the land with RNGC
Define and elaborate urban strategies and parameters for the urbanization
Consolidation and publishing of the Urban Operation Area master plan
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
Define the priority of the CEPAC resources
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING Negotiation about the land with RNGC
Define and elaborate urban strategies and parameters for the urbanization
Consolidation and publishing of the Urban Operation Area master plan
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
Define the priority of the CEPAC resources
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC Urban Operation Area Management Team
RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi, Local Communities, NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Interested Parties 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC Urban Operation Area Management Team
Negociations with RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi,
Members of RNGC
Local Communities, NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Interested Parties 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC
Government could New site for a golf club
Urban Operation Area Management Team
Negociations with RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi,
Members of RNGC
Local Communities, NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Interested Parties 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC
Government could New site for a golf club
Urban Operation Area Management Team
Give CEPACs for the members sell it in the market
Negociations with RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi,
Members of RNGC
Local Communities, NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Interested Parties 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC
Government could New site for a golf club
Urban Operation Area Management Team
Give CEPACs for the members sell it in the market
Negociations with RNGC, Municipality of Nairobi,
Members of RNGC
Local Communities, NGOs, CBOs,
Give rights to built for the members sell it in the market
Educational Institutions, Interested Parties 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC
Give rights to built for the members sell it in the market 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC
50 % of the mixed income area
TO THE RNGC MEMBERS Give rights to built for the members sell it in the market
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC 30 years of discount in the building leasing
50 % of the mixed income area
TO THE RNGC MEMBERS Give rights to built for the members sell it in the market
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING negotiation with RNGC 30 years
Compensation for the land
of discount in the building leasing
Turn them players in the new development Free to sell those leasings in te market Attractive for investors
50 % of the mixed income area
TO THE RNGC MEMBERS Give rights to built for the members sell it in the market
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING Negotiation about the land with RNGC
Define and elaborate urban strategies and parameters for the urbanization
Consolidation and publishing of the Urban Operation Area master plan
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
Define the priority of the CEPAC resources
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS
5
PRINCIPLES FOR
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING
according to UN-HABITAT (2014)
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS
5
Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. at least 30% of the land
PRINCIPLES FOR
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING
according to UN-HABITAT (2014)
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS
5
Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. at least 30% of the land
High density
PRINCIPLES FOR
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING
according to UN-HABITAT (2014)
at least 15 00o/km2
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS
5
Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. at least 30% of the land
High density
PRINCIPLES FOR
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING
according to UN-HABITAT (2014)
at least 15 00o/km2
Mixed land-use
at least 40% of floor space for commerce
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS
5
Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. at least 30% of the land
High density
PRINCIPLES FOR
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING
according to UN-HABITAT (2014)
at least 15 00o/km2
Mixed land-use
at least 40% of floor space for commerce
Social mix.
at least 20% of the residential for low cost housing
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS
5
Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network. at least 30% of the land
High density
PRINCIPLES FOR
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING
according to UN-HABITAT (2014)
at least 15 00o/km2
Mixed land-use
at least 40% of floor space for commerce
Social mix.
at least 20% of the residential for low cost housing
Limited land-use specialization.
Single function blocks should cover less than 10% of the neighbourhood.
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS - AREAS 33%
streets
20%
mixed use
25%
mixed use
08%
social housing
01%
industrial
01% 12%
upper middle development middle income and affordable housing
student housing
amenities parks
pedestrian commercial street
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS target group floor area ratio maximum height
Upper middle class Services/commerce 50% 12 floors
land use
mixed use
density
0.021 hab/m2
40% of this area for commerce
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANURBAN PARAMETERS target group
Middle and low income 20% of aptos - social housing
floor area ratio
70%
maximum height
05 floors
land use
mixed use
density
0.13 hab/m2
40% ground floor for commerce
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING URBAN PARAMETERS target group
Low income Students
floor area ratio
70%
maximum height
05 floors
land use
mixed use
density
0.082 hab/m2
40% ground floor for commerce
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING Negotiation about the land with RNGC
Define and elaborate urban strategies and parameters for the urbanization
Consolidation and publishing of the Urban Operation Area master plan
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
Define the priority of the CEPAC resources
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING CEPACs PRIORITY OF INVESTMENTS DURING THIS TIME: The land will be tottaly leased for different developments Housing and comercial buildings will be developing in parallel by private developers and investors
1
2 3 4 5 6
Building the factory of organic bricks, recycle center, water treatment center and biogas energy generation plant Streets and sewage, water and energy supply Parks and CEU Social housing and realocation o 80% people in risk area Linear park with sports facilities near the railway security fence line and its infrastructure. New streets on expanded perimeter, connecting Kibera Connection of public transportation
STRATEGIC URBAN PLANNING CEPACs RESOURCES
$ $ $ $
*CEPAC value = 10% land value on Nairobi city
$
gross income CEPAC* 74 millions dollars
$
66,6 millions
$
Industry - 1,6 millions Roads and infrastructure - 5 millions Amenities - 16 millions Social Housing - 44 millions
7,4 millions dollars
PROJECT PHASES
Legal framework
Strategic Urban Planning
Urban Design and Housing
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 1
Building the factory of organic bricks Recycle center Industrial
Water treatment center Biogas energy generation plant
$
CEPACs 1.6 MILLIONS
R
STAKEHOLDER: Trash is Cash+Makiga Machines+Afrisol+Halcrow 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
RECYCLE CENTER AND ORGANIC WASTE BRICK FACTORY
Waste as a big issue in Kibera
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
RECYCLE CENTER AND ORGANIC WASTE BRICK FACTORY
Waste as a big issue in Kibera
RECYCLE CENTER
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
RECYCLE CENTER AND ORGANIC WASTE BRICK FACTORY organic and human waste RECYCLE CENTER
Waste as a big issue in Kibera
TRASH IS CASH
solid waste
profit-driven communityrun solid waste management and recycling program as an economic opportunity
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
RECYCLE CENTER AND ORGANIC WASTE BRICK FACTORY organic and human waste RECYCLE CENTER
Waste as a big issue in Kibera
TRASH IS CASH
solid waste
profit-driven communityrun solid waste management and recycling program as an economic opportunity
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
RECYCLE CENTER AND ORGANIC WASTE BRICK FACTORY organic and human waste RECYCLE CENTER
Waste as a big issue in Kibera
TRASH IS CASH
solid waste
profit-driven communityrun solid waste management and recycling program as an economic opportunity
40 % cheaper than the normal brick
60 % less sand
40 % less cement
organic waste
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING ENERGY
KIBERA
NEW DEVELOPMENT
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING ENERGY
KIBERA
NEW DEVELOPMENT
+
SEWAGE SYSTEM CONNECTED TO A WASTE GRID TO PRODUCE ENERGY
BIOGAS ENERGY
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING ENERGY
KIBERA
NEW DEVELOPMENT
+
SEWAGE SYSTEM CONNECTED TO A WASTE GRID TO PRODUCE ENERGY
BIOGAS ENERGY
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING WATER
Interlocked blocks
Water treatment
32% of the field is permeable Reuse rainwater in the buildings
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING Solve part of the waste and sewage problem in Kibera Capacity building Sustainable infrastructure and resources Use existing initiatives Reduce the cost with building materials Reduce the cost of the households for water and energy supply
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 2 $
Streets and sewage, water and energy suply infrastructure
CEPACs 5 millions
R 1st year
Organic waste bricks
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
CYCLE PATHS SEPARATED connection with Kibera and future cycleway project
ZONE 30 STREETS inner block level traffic-calm street
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
CYCLE PATHS SEPARATED
ZONE 30 STREETS
connection with Kibera and future cycleway project
inner block level traffic-calm street
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
3
Parks and Unified Educational Center Park
Cultural center
street market
Space for reunions and ateliers
Museum
2 schools Library
Protected area
$
Community center
CEPACs
STAKEHOLDER: NGOs, CBOs, Educational Institutions, Municipality, Museum
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
Unified Educational Center in Sao Paulo - Brazil
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
Street market Kenyata - Nairobi
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 4 Health care Social care
$
CEPACs
STAKEHOLDER: NGOs, Police department , Municipality 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 5
Socail housing - Realocation of 80% of people in risk area of Kibera
Kibera
$
Social Housing
MAINTAINING THE EXISTING NEIGHBOURHOOD RELATIONS IN THE REALOCATION
CEPACs
STAKEHOLDER: NGOs, Municipality, Social Care center
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 5
Realocation of 80% of people in risk area of Kibera
Kibera
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 5
Realocation of 80% of people in risk area of Kibera
Kibera MAINTAINING THE EXISTING NEIGHBOURHOOD REALTIONS IN THE REALOCATION
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 5
Realocation of 80% of people in risk area of Kibera
Maintain the neighbourhood relations Increase the social cohesion and Social Housing Kibera
The sense of belonging in the new development
MAINTAINING THE EXISTING NEIGHBOURHOOD REALTIONS IN THE REALOCATION
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
VILA APARECIDADA
SOCIAL HOUSING
55 m2 possibility of expansion housing space up to 65 m2 modular architecture
project by Cristina Muller, Diogo Jeremias, Maria Luiza Bratti, Mauricio Storchi and Victor Giuliano
ALVENARIA
50-60 m2 project by Fala Atelier
HELIOPOLIS
SOCIAL HOUSING
50-50 m2
project by KATCHBORIAN Arquitetos + Biselli
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 5 fence in the railway
Linear park with sports facilities and security
Skate park
Park
Sports facilities
Pedestrian overpass connecting the church
$
CEPACs
STAKEHOLDER: Sport NGOs, Church 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 5 with the existing main streets of
Connect the new neighbourhood Kibera
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING 6
Public transport 3 bus stops in the area
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
URBAN DESIGN AND HOUSING
1st year
Museum
Pedestrian comercial street
Park
Industrial
Protected area
Connection with the church
Police office
Cultural center
Skate park
Space for reunions and ateliers
Sports facilities
2 schools
Health care
Library
Social care
Community center
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
SOCIAL AND STUDENT HOUSING social housing
studend
15.693 0,082 2615 233 inhabitants
hab/m2
dwelings
dwelings
*+ 40% COMMERCE USE IN GROUND FLOOR
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
UPPER MIDDLE DWELINGS
5765 0.021 1441 inhabitants
hab/m2
dwelings
*+ 40% COMMERCE USE
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
MIXED INCOME DWELINGS
36449 0.13 5189 inhabitants
hab/m2
SOCIAL HOUSING- 20%
dwelings
7289
1037
inhabitants
dwelings
*+ 40% COMMERCE USE IN GROUND FLOOR 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th year
43 610 inhabitants
0.056 hab/m2