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]hh `a h] lape_e j mqa d] da_dk Hakj_ek Ikn j l]n] mqa ah ]_pq]h ck^eanjk ]q`epa h] ]`iejeopn]_e j `a Oehranek ?]r]vko ?a^]hhko( ] mqeaj d] ]_qo]`k `a qj lkoe^ha ajnemqa_eieajpk eh _epk* ÎUk bqe `elqp]`k ba`an]h u pn]p]^] iq_d]o _ko]o _kj ah ck^anj]`kn
aj pqnjk( `a caopekjao( ]__ekjao mqa b]rknav_]j u naoqahr]j hko lnk^hai]o `a ?khei]* Uk aolan]n ] mqa ah `elqp]`k Ikn j ]lnkra_d]n] aopa aol]_ek _kj ah Afa_qperk aop]p]h l]n] lh]jpa]n _ko]o iq_dk i o ]hh `a aopa ]oqjpk $h] ]q`epkne] ] Oehranek%( mqa d] oe`k na_qnnajpa
aj oqo lh]jpa]ieajpko( lk`n ]) iko `a_en mqa d]op] k^oaoerkÏ( ]Úni * Lkn kpn] l]npa( ] lnacqjp] at) lnao]( ok^na ah kpknc]ieajpk `a qj pannajk l]n] h] Bqj`]_e j P]pk `a iajknao `eiajoekjao $0 ieh i.% mqa h]o lh]jeÚ_]`]o l]n] `ao]nnk) hh]n qj] ao_qah] l]n] ]qpeop]o $2 ieh i.%( ah oa_nap]nek cajan]h `a Ck^eanjk i]jebaop h] oepq]_e j bqa ]j]hev]`]( k^oanr j`koa mqa ah lnkua_pk lk`n `ao]nnkhh]noa oej lnk^hai]( o hk mqa h] bqj`]_e j P]pk paj`n mqa o]_neÚ_]n ah na] l]n] ah ]q`epknek mqa d]^ ]j lh]) ja]`k* ÎAop]iko ^qo_]j`k mqa ah lnkua_pk oa] re]^ha( mqa lqa`] pajan qj i]jpajeieajpk ]`a_q]`k( u aj ao] oqlanÚ_ea jk oa o]_neÚ_] jejc j na] oqop]j_e]hÏ( ]Úni *.&
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n]o nalnk^]n h] caope j `ah ck^eanjk aop]p]h( ah `enecaj) pa aop]p]h `ah L=J( Banj]j`k =jpank R]hha( le`e ] I]nek =jcqe]jk Iknajk mqa ] h] ^nara`]` lnaoajpa oq eje_e]per] `a nabkni] ]h oeopai] `a lajoekjao( _kik bqa oq _kilnkieok _kj hko l]npe`ko lkh pe_ko* Ah h `an ^h]jmqe]vqh naÚne mqa d]op] h] ba_d]( h] ]`iejeopn]_e j aop]p]h jk d] na]hev]`k qj aÚ_eajpa i]jafk `a h] `aq`] l ^he_] oqlanekn ] hko ieh iehhkjao `a laoko mqa `af ah ck^anj]jpa ]jpanekn( Î] hk mqa oa ]cnac] h] jqh] pn]jol]naj_e] mqa d] `aikopn]`k ah i]j`]p]nekÏ*
Iaj_ekj mqa h] cn]j i]ukn ] `a hko _kheiajoao aop _kjraj_e) `] `a mqa ateope qj ej]`a_q]`k i]jafk `a na_qnoko l ^he_ko aj h] ]`iejeopn]_e j l]o]`]( Îh] lnqa^] i o _kjpqj`ajpa ao mqa `a .,,1 ] .,-, oa `qlhe_ h] `aq`] l ^he_] aop]p]hÏ* =^qj` mqa ah lnkcn]i] `a Î?eaj ^ajaÚ_eko l]n] pk`koÏ d] bn]_]o]`k( Îlqao je oemqean] d] lk`e`k `aikopn]n _q hao `a ao]o k^n]o nalnaoajp]j qj ^ajaÚ_ek _kha_perk7 lkn pk`k aok uk ha `]n ] ]h ck^anj]`kn I]nek =jcqe]jk qj] _]heÚ_]_e j nalnk^]pkne]Ï* I o ]`ah]jpa( Banj]j`k =jpa) nk `af _h]nk mqa ej`alaj`eajpa) iajpa `a h] lkopqn] `ah ck^eanjk aop]p]h aj pknjk ] h] naj`e_e j `a _qajp]o( ah L=J ajpeaj`a mqa d]u pai]o mqa `a^an j pn]p]noa aj ah ?kjcnaok `ah Aop]`k `qn]jpa ah oecqeajpa lanek`k kn`ej]nek `a oaoekjao*
Nabene mqa =J `a jejcqj] i]jan] najqj_e]n ] oq ]caj`] haceoh]per]( Îlkn afailhk aj i]pane] `a nabkni] aha_pkn]h jkokpnko u] aop]iko pn]^]) f]j`k aj qj] jqar] haceoh]_e j( u aj lajoekjao paj`n mqa oan ah Afa_qperk mqeaj ` ah lneian l]okÏ* Ah h `an ^h]jmqe]vqh ]ncqiajp mqa ah pai] `a h]o Új]jv]o oa _ki) lhe_]n ^]op]jpa ]jpa `a _kj_hqen ah lnaoajpa oatajek( Îlkn hk p]jpk( ao qncajpa mqa _kieaj_aj h]o ia`e) `]o mqa ^qo_]j naokhranhk( u ]mq o aolan]iko qj] naolqaop] lqj) pq]h `ah Afa_qperk( lknmqa ]`ai o bqa qjk `a hko _kilnkieoko mqa ]oqie _kj hko l]npe`koÏ* ?kjoe`an mqa ah ck^anj]jpa `a^a d]_an oq l]npa u hko l]npe`ko lkh pe_ko( ] pn]r o `a h]o bn]__ekjao l]nh]iajp]ne]o aj ah ?kjcnaok( p]i^e j `a^an j lnaoajp]n oqo eje_e]per]o( Îao `a_en mqa _]`] mqeaj peaja oq pn]^]fk aj nah]_e j ] aoko pai]o eilknp]jpaoÏ( `efk* .&
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Î`]`k mqa jk oa aop j lan_e^eaj`k h]o ]__ekjao `a ck^eanjk( _kj_na) p]iajpa h]o mqa oa naÚanaj ]h lnk) cn]i] ?eaj ` ]o( -,, ^ajaÚ_eko l]n] pk`koÏ* Lqjpq]hev mqa `a ]_qan`k ] h] aj_qaop] `a h] Qjeran( ah i]j`]) p]nek _kheiajoa ^]f -, lqjpko aj p niejko `a lklqh]ne`]`( Îu aok ao qj lkn_ajp]fa iqu ]hpk aj p]j lk_ko iaoao( lkn hk p]jpk _nak mqa `a^a iafkn]n oq aopn]pace] `a ]_an) _]ieajpk _kj h] cajpaÏ( `efk* Jk k^op]jpa( Bn]j_eo_k Nk`n cqav i]jebaop mqa I]nek =jcqe]jk d] paje`k ]_eanpko aj oq caope j( Îd]u mqa na_kjk_an mqa peaja qj] lkh pe_] iqu `ebanajpa ] h] `a oq ]jpa_aokn( ej_hqok d] bkiajp]`k ah `e hkck _kj hko l]npe`ko lkh pe_koÏ* Î= lao]n `a aok( ah ck^anj]`kn ja_aoep] kbna_an iafknao naoqhp]`ko( lknmqa l]na_a mqa pk`k ah na_qnok `aopej]`k ] _kiqje_]_e j hk mqeana qpehev]n aj hkj]o( aola_p]_qh]nao u aj h] n]`ek( hk mqa jk d] oanre`k _kik oa aolan]^]( `]`k mqa jk d]u eil]_pk ajpna h] _eq`]`]j ]Ï( _kj_hqu ah `enecajpa lanna`eop]* .&
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]n] aopa ] k ?khei] na_e^en . ieh iehhkjao `a laoko `a l]npe_el]_ekjao ba`an]hao u / ieh iehhkjao `a laoko l]n] h] ]lhe_]_e j `a lnkcn]i]o oqfapko ]h n]ik //( ajpna ahhko ah iafkn]) ieajpk `a oanre_eko `a o]hq` u h] afa_q_e j `a k^n]o ok_e]hao mqa ]uq`aj ] _ki^]pen h] lk^nav]* Hk ]jpanekn hk ejbkni ah oa_na) p]nek `a Bej]jv]o( Bn]j_eo_k Koknek ?nqv( mqeaj _aha^n mqa aj aopa lneian pneiaopna `ah ] k( h] Ba`a) n]_e j jk d]u] ]qpknev]`k jejc j na_knpa `ah lnaoqlqaopk ba`an]h mqa oa ha ]oecj ] ?khei]* Na_kn` mqa aj .,,5( aj h] ieoi] ba_d]( ah ck^eanjk ba`an]h u] d]^ ] ]qpknev]`k `ko na_knpao lnaoqlqao) p]hao( oepq]_e j mqa( oac j atlhe_ ah lnklek bqj_ekj]nek( paniej ]ba_) p]j`k `a i]jan] _kjoe`an]^ha ] h] ]`iejeopn]_e j aop]p]h* Î=dkn] oa aop reaj`k qj ] na) _qlan]_e j a_kj ie_] aj ah l] o( u o]^aiko mqa aok nalan_qpa `a i]jan] lkoeper] aj h] ajpe`]`( lkn) mqa jk d] d]^e`k jejc j na_knpa
u lkn ah _kjpn]nek h]o l]npe_el]) _ekjao ba`an]hao aop j hhac]j`k _kjbknia ] hk lnkcn]i]`k( hk mqa jko d] laniepe`k _qilhen _kj hko lnkcn]i]o( ajpna ahhko ah l]ck `a ^a_]o ] aopq`e]jpao k ah l]ck `a lajoekjao ] hko ]`qhpko i]uknaoÏ( `efk* Ah bqj_ekj]nek i]jebaop mqa h] na_qlan]_e j a_kj ie_] `ah aop]`k r] lkn ^qaj _]iejk( ok^na pk`k lknmqa u] lq`eankj l]c]n ] hko lnkraa`knao mqa oa paj ]j lnkcn]) i]`ko l]n] i]nvk( oa _qilhe _kj ah l]ck `a ^a_]o u aj aopko ` ]o oa l]c]n j h]o lajoekjao ] hko ]`qh) pko i]uknao _knnaolkj`eajpao ]h ^eiaopna `a ajank u ba^nank( Î]o ao mqa aop]iko _qilheaj`k _kj hko _kilnkieoko mqa pn] ]iko( u aop]iko aj r ]o `a h] na_qlan]_e j a_kj ie_]Ï( oajpaj_e * Lkn kpn] l]npa i]jebaop mqa h] na_]q`]_e j `a eilqaopko r] _kjbknia ] h] iap] lnkcn]i]`] u atlhe_ mqa aopa iao `a i]nvk hk aop]n j _ann]j`k _kj ah 2, lkn _eajpk `a hko qoq]neko* Ej`e_ mqa aj aopa ] k na_]q) `]n j -4, iehhkjao `a laoko lkn pajaj_e] u dkhkcn]i]* Lkn hpeik( `efk mqa d]^n lkoe) ^ehe`]`ao `a lk`an kbna_anha _kjra) jeko `a l]ck ]mq hhko mqa jk d]u]j hemqe`]`k oq `aq`] ] peailk( lank aok oan d]op] mqa u] aop j ]qpkne) v]`ko hko namqaneieajpko* .&
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l]npen `ah oacqj`k oaiaopna `a aopa ] k hko _an_] `a 2,, ahaiajpko `a h] Lkhe_ ] Aop]p]h Lnarajper] oa okiapan j ]h lnk_aok `a ar]hq]_e j u _kjpnkh `a _kjÚ]jv]( _kj ah lnkl oepk `a c]n]jpev]n mqa ah lanokj]h `a aop] ejopepq_e j _q^n] _kj ah lanÚh namqane`k aj hko ]ola_pko `a pkte_kh ce_k( loe_kh ce_k( pe_k( i `e_k u b oe_k( `ek ] _kjk_an ah `e) na_pkn `a aop] _knlkn]_e j lkhe_ ]_]( D _pkn >]qpeop] R vmqav* =o ( ej`e_ mqa ah at]iaj `a ar]hq]_e j u _kjpnkh `a _kjÚ]jv] oa ]lhe_]n _]`] 2 iaoao ] pk`ko u _]`] qjk `a hko ahaiajpko `a h] lkhe_ ] aop]p]h lnarajper]* >]qpeop] R vmqav `aop]_ mqa ] pn]r o `a aopa lnk_aok oa na]hev]n qj] ar]hq]_e j _kjpej ] u lani]) jajpa( u] mqa oa lnapaj`a mqa hko lkhe_ ]o pajc]j qj _h]nk _kilnk) ieok ejopepq_ekj]h `a oanre_ek mqa c]n]jpe_a h] ]paj_e j ]`a_q]`] ] hko _eq`]`]jko* Hqack( atlqok mqa ah da_dk `a mqa qj ahaiajpk aj ]_perk k `a jqark ejcnaok l]oa aopa at]iaj jk peaja c]n]jpev]`] oq lani]jaj_e]( u] mqa ah at]iaj oa na]hev]n `a i]jan] oaiaopn]h*
Oa ]h mqa aj _]ok `a mqa qj aha) iajpk aj ]_perk jk l]oa ah at]iaj `a ar]hq]_e j u _kjpnkh `a _kjÚ]j) v] oa ha ]lhe_]n qj lnk_aok l]n] oal]n]nhko `a oqo bqj_ekjao* =jkp mqa u] jk oa laniepaj ah ejcnaok `a lanokj]o _kj p]pq]) fao u lanbkn]_ekjao aj h]o knaf]o( ÎcnqaokoÏ $k^aoko%( _kj ]jpa_a) `ajpao laj]hao u _kj b]iehe]nao aj lneian cn]`k `apaje`ko lkn d]^an _kiape`k qj `ahepk* AH bqj_ekj]nek `efk mqa oe ^eaj h] Hau Ba`an]h `a h] Lkhe_ ] _kjpailh] mqa hko lkhe_ ]o jk pajc]j lnk^hai]o `a k^aoe`]`( lkn ejopnq__ekjao `ah ck^anj]) `kn I]nek =jcqe]jk Iknajk oa `ek qj] ln nnkc] `a 0 ] ko l]n] mqa lkhe_ ]o `a 11 ] ko `a a`]` k^aoko lqa`]j okiapanoa ] qj _kjpnkh `ah laok u oa _]l]_epaj( _kj ah lnkl oepk `a mqa jk oa]j atlqho]`ko `a h] _knlkn]_e j* ?ep mqa o hk ah -. lkn _eajpk `a hko ahaiajpko peaja qj laok jkni]h( qj 0, lkn _eajpk peaja k^aoe`]` aj lneian cn]`k u ah lkn_ajp]fa naop]jpa lnaoajp] k^aoe`]` aj oa) cqj`k u pan_an cn]`k* ÎKpnko peajaj `e]^apao( delanpajoe j( _khaopankh u kpn]o ajbania`]`ao mqa `a^aj oan _kjpnkh]`]oÏ( ]^qj` * .&
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pn]r o `ah Lnkcn]i] `a Ai) lhak Pailkn]h( h] `ahac]_e j _kheikp] `a h] Oa_nap]n ] `a @ao]nnkhhk Ok_e]h $Oa`aokh% ej) ranpen _an_] `a . iehhkjao 5/5 ieh 51. laoko l]n] na]hev]n ]__ekjao `a lnaraj_e j _kjpn] h] ejÛqajv] dqi]j] u ah `ajcqa aj 25 lh]jpahao a`q_]perko `a _q]pnk iqje_eleko `a h] ajpe`]`*
Hk ]jpanekn bqa `]`k ] _kjk_an lkn h] `ahac]`] `a h] Oa`aokh( Aoia) n]h`] ? n`aj]o( mqeaj i]jebaop mqa h]o ]__ekjao lnarajper]o aj _kjpn] `ah renqo `a h] ejÛqajv] =+D-J- u `ah `ajcqa aop j `enece`]o ] qj lk_k i o `a /,, ]hqijko mqa _qno]j h] a`q_]_e j ^ oe_] aj ao_qah]o `a ?khei]( Rehh] `a ãhr]nav( I]jv]jehhk u Pa_ki j* @aop]_ mqa h]o ]__ekjao lna) rajper]o aj _kjpn] `a aop]o `ko ajbania`]`ao oa na]hev]j aj _kkn) `ej]_e j _kj h] Oa_nap]n ] `a O]hq` u >eajaop]n Ok_e]h $OOu>O%( ]o _kik _kj h] Oa_nap]n ] `a A`q_]_e j `ah ck^eanjk `ah aop]`k* =_h]n mqa h] OOu>O o _kilnk^ ah _eaj lkn _eajpk `a hko na_qnoko
mqa h] Oa`aokh `aopej aj .,,5( l]n] mqa ] pn]r o `ah Lnkcn]i] `a Ailhak Pailkn]h oa na]hev]n]j ]__ekjao lnarajper]o aj _kjpn] `ah `ajcqa* = qj] lnacqjp]( `af aj _h]nk mqa ] j h] Oa`aokh jk `apanie) j] ah ikjpk `ah lnaoqlqaopk mqa `aopej]n l]n] mqa aj h] ajpe`]` oa na]he_a ah lnkcn]i] `a ]^]pe) v]_e j `qn]jpa aopa ] k( lknmqa b]hp] mqa h] OOu>O _kilnqa^a l]npa `a hko na_qnoko mqa oa afan_eankj aj .,,5* Na_kn` mqa _kik l]npa `ah lnkcn]i] `a ]^]pev]_e j( h] Oa) `aokh ]qpknev] qj lnaoqlqaopk( na_qnoko mqa okj klan]`ko lkn h] OOu>O( ejop]j_e] mqa oa aj_]nc] `a
_kjpn]p]n ]h lanokj]h mqa _khk_] ah ]^]pa aj hko `kie_eheko u l]c]nhao lkn na]hev]n `e_dk pn]^]fk* Lkn kpn] l]npa( ]jkp h] Oa`aokh `aopej na_qnoko l]n] hko _q]pnk aomqai]o `ah Lnkcn]i] `a Ailhak Pailkn]h( ] pn]r o `a hko _q]hao oa _kjpailh]j ah i]jpajeieajpk `a h]o vkj]o ]nmqakh ce_]o `a Ah ?d]j]h u h] ?]il]j]( ]o _kik `ah iqoak7 ]lkuko l]n] Etph]dq]_ j u Iej]peph j7 u ]__ekjao lnaraj) per]o aj _kjpn] `a h] ejÛqajv] u ah `ajcqa* @aop]_ mqa _kj ah Lnkcn]i] `a =paj_e j ] Fknj]hanko =cn _kh]o $L=F=%( h] Oa`aokh ]peaj`a ] 20 je ko _kj ^a_]o u qjebkniao u nac]h] `aolajo]o ] /2 b]iehe]o fknj]han]o*.D
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h oa_nap]nek `a O]hq`( O] h =`]ia >]nnapk( `efk mqa l]n] _kjoanr]n h] o]hq` `a hko _kheiajoao ao ja_ao]nek hhar]n ] _]^k h] `ao_]_d]nnev]_e j u ]^]) pev]_e j aj h]o _]o]o l]n] aheiej]n
]o hko _ne]`anko `ah iko_k pn]jo) ieokn `ah `ajcqa( ]__ekjao aj h]o mqa )ajb]pev ) ao bqj`]iajp]h h] l]npe_el]_e j _eq`]`]j]* =h ejop]h]n ah jqark ?kiep Iq) je_el]h `a O]hq` `a Iej]peph j( ah bqj_ekj]nek aop]p]h ]cnac mqa aj ah _]ok `ah `ajcqa( Îoe pajaiko jqaopnko l]peko heileko u `al oe) pko `a ]cq] _kj ]^]pa( oan iajko ja_ao]nek qpehev]n ejoa_pe_e`]o l]n] _kjpnkh]n aop] ajbania`]`Ï* =`renpe mqa( oe ^eaj Iej]peph j ao ah iqje_elek `ah aop]`k mqa pea) ja iajko ej_e`aj_e] aj `ajcqa( ah
iko_k pn]joieokn oa r] ]`]lp]j`k _]`] ` ] ] h] ]hpqn] u ah bn k( ]`ai o `a mqa oa d]_a naoeopajpa ] hko ej) oa_pe_e`]o( lkn hk mqa atlnao ( Îjk `a^aiko ^]f]n h] cq]n`e]Ï* Ah oa_nap]nek `a O]hq` na_kjk_e mqa hko _kiep o iqje_el]hao `a O]hq` okj l]npa eilknp]jpa aj h] lnaraj_e j u h] ]paj_e j `a h] o]hq` `a h] lk^h]_e j* Lkn oq l]npa( ah lnaoe`ajpa iq) je_el]h `a Iej]peph j( Fko H lav K_dk]( ej`e_ mqa aj oq ]`iejeo) pn]_e j oa d] da_dk jb]oeo aj hko ]__e`ajpao lkn ]h_kdkheoik( lkn
hk mqa okhe_ep qj ]h_kdkh iapnk l]n] ah iqje_elek* =oeieoik( `ek ] _kjk_an mqa ah @EB iqje_el]h `a Iej]peph j d] ailnaj`e`k lnkcn]i]o l]n] pn]p]n h] k^aoe`]` ] pn]r o `ah `alknpa u h] ]_per]_e j b oe_] l]n] h]o lanokj]o `a h] pan_an] a`]`* Aj ah ]_pk `a ejop]h]_e j `ah jqark ?kiep Iqje_el]h `a O]hq` `a Iej]peph j( ah oa_nap]nek `a O]) hq` Úni fqjpk _kj ah Lnaoe`ajpa iqje_el]h ah ]_p] _kjopepqper] u pki h] lnkpaop] ] hko jqarko ej) pacn]jpao `ah ieoik* .&
kn `ajqj_e]o `a ]_pknao _erehao u lkh pe_ko( d]_a `ko oai]j]o h] Oa_nap]n ] `a A`q_]_e j `a_h]n qj ]hanp] lkn ale`aie] `a lekfko aj qj] ao_qah] lnei]ne] `ah Ejbkj]rep( aj h] _]lep]h* Hk ]jpanekn hk _kjÚni ah lnklek oa_nap]nek `a A`q_]_e j( Ba`ane_k N]jcah Hkv]jk( mqeaj atlhe_ mqa `e_d] ale`aie] bqa je_]iajpa aj ao] ao_qah]( lkn hk mqa h] ]hanp] jk oa atpaj`e ]h naopk `a hko f]n`ejao `a je ko( lnei]ne]o u oa_qj`]ne]o `a h] ajpe`]`* Aj h] ajpnareop]( i]jebaop mqa ah _kjp]cek `a lefko aj h] ao_qah] lnei]ne] hkcn _kjpnkh]noa u jk bqa ja_ao]nek oqolaj`an h]o _h]oao lkn aop] oepq]_e j( ]qjmqa oa ]h mqa ah da_dk naoqhp ej_kik`k l]n] pk`ko hko aopq`e]jpao u ah lnklek lanokj]h ]`iejeopn]perk u `k_ajpa* Ah oa_nap]nek `a A`q_]_e j( Ba) `ane_k N]jcah Hkv]jk( le`e ] hko l]`nao `a b]iehe] atpnai]n lna) _]q_ekjao lknmqa aj aop] lk_] `a _]hkn ao bna_qajpa mqa aopa pelk `a lh]c]o lnkhebanaj Î]o ao mqa l]n] arep]n lnk^hai]o( ao iafkn lnarajen u aj aopa ]ola_pk hko l]) `nao `a b]iehe] fqac]j qj l]lah eilknp]jpaÏ( oajpaj_e * = lnacqjp] atlnao]( naÚne mqa jk paj ] ah `]pk at]_pk `a _q jpko aopq`e]jpao oa d]^ ]j _kjp]ce]`k( lank narah mqa h] Oa_nap]n ] `a A`q_]_e j pqrk _kjk_eieajpk ok^na ah pai] lknmqa ]hcqjko ]_pknao lkh pe_ko u _erehao ejbkni]nkj ok^na h] _kjpejcaj_e]* ÎH] deceaja `a hko aopq`e]jpao ao ^ oe_]Ï( `efk( hqack naÚne mqa aj ao_qah]o lner]`]o p]i^e j oa d]j lnaoajp]`k ]hcqj]o lnk^ha) i pe_]o( lkn hk mqa i]jebaop mqa u] oa hao d] la`e`k ] hko l]`nao `a b]iehe] u ] hko i]aopnko mqa kneajpaj ] hko aopq`e]jpao ok^na h] eilknp]j_e] `a i]jpajan qj] deceaja ]`a_q]`]* Ba`ane_k N]jcah jk `ao_]np mqa h] ale`aie] `a lekfko oa lqa) `a lnaoajp]n aj kpnko lh]jpahao a`q_]perko* .&
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p j ]h ]^neck `a h] ]qpkne`]`* Qj amqelk `a loe_ hkcko ]peaj`a ] hko l]`nao `a b]iehe] l]n] ar]hq]n oe hko je ko lk`n j k jk rkhran ] oqo dkc]nao* =hi] @ahe] =nnakh] `a =jcqe]) jk( lnaoe`ajp] `ah @EB Aop]p]h( oa lnkjqj_e ] b]rkn `a mqa oa
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j]n% u ah ?kjcnaok `ah Aop]`k lnaoajp]nkj h] _kjrk_]pkne] l]n] h] oaoe j kn`ej]ne] `a Î@elqp]`] u `elqp]`k lkn hko `ana_dko `a h] je avÏ( mqa oa na]hev]n ah ln teik /, `a ]^neh( aj ah i]n_k `ah TTE
]lhemqaj o]j_ekjao i o oaran]o ] hko l]`nao `a b]iehe] mqa ej) _qnn]j aj kieoe j `a _qe`]`ko6 ÎHk mqa aopku ^qo_]j`k ao mqa h]o o]j_ekjao mqa u] lh]jpa]j h]o hauao ran`]`an]iajpa oa ]lhemqajÏ _kjpn] ]mqahhko l]`nao `a b]iehe] mqa _kiapeankj b]hp]o cn]rao aj _kjpn] `a oqo defko* Oqcene h] ]lanpqn] `a jqarko ]h^ancqao l]n] ]paj`an ] i o je ko aj oepq]_e j `a knb]j`]` u ]`khao) _ajpao aj oepq]_e j `a _]hha6 ÎD]u qj a`eÚ_ek aj I]jv]jehhk mqa oa _kjopnqu aj ah lan k`k `a Oehranek ?]r]vko( u _nak mqa oa ha lk`n ] _]i^e]n ah cenk u oan d]^ehep]`k _kik qj ]h^ancqa7 u] hk aop]iko reaj`k _kj ah @EB j]_ekj]hÏ( oej ai^]nck( =hi] @ahe] =nnakh] jk kbna_e i]uknao `ap]hhao `a h] q^e_]_e j `a aoa a`eÚ_ek* P]i^e j oa lnkjqj_e ] b]rkn `a mqa oa ]`a_qaj h]o hauao `a ]`kl) _e j u hko iajknao aj oepq]_e j `a knb]j`]` lqa`]j hhar]n qj] re`] aj b]iehe]* = lnacqjp] atlnao]( ]_an_] `a h] oqlqaop] b]hp] `a lajoe j `a qj `enecajpa lkh pe_k d]_e] oqo de) fko( h] lnaoe`ajp] `ah @EB Aop]p]h ]oacqn mqa ah ]l]n]pk fqn `e_k aop heopk l]n] ]paj`an _q]hmqean `ajqj_e]7 jk oa ]rajpqn ] d]_an i o _n pe_]o u o hk `aop]_ mqa Î`a^aiko d]_an hk mqa h] hau jko b]_qhp] d]_anÏ* .&
=jerano]nek `a h] ?kjraj_e j `a hko @ana_dko `ah Je k* =_kil] ]`k lkn ah lnaoe`ajpa `a h] ?kieoe j Lani]jajpa `a ?kjcnaok `ah Aop]`k( D _pkn R v) mqav Ikjpao7 lkn h] lnaoe`ajp] `a h] ?kieoe j `a Ck^eanjk Ej) panjk u =_qan`ko L]nh]iajp]neko( Epvah N ko `a h] Ikn]( u lkn h] `ena_pkn] `ah @EB Aop]p]h( H]qn] C]n_ ] C]n_ ]( P]u`a Dqck ?k) nkj] H lav( `ena_pkn `ah L]jj]n( oa ]h mqa ah k^faperk lnej_el]h
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ahkp]o( fqacko `a iao]( pnkilko( _]nnepko( ukuko u iq a_]o oan j ^eajra) je`ko aj h] _kha_p] `a fqcqapao mqa oan j ajpnac]`ko ] je ko _kj ]hcqj] `eo_]l]_e`]` ejpaha_pq]h k ikpnev* =uan oa h]jv kÚ_e]hiajpa h] _]il] ] ÎB]odekp jÏ( eilqh) o]`] lkn ah Ejopepqpk ?kheiajoa l]n] h] @eo_]l]_e`]` $Ej_k`eo%( ah @EB Aop]p]h u ah jack_ek @kcko B]odekj* @ao`a dku u d]op] ah oecqeajpa .1 `a ]^neh aolan]j naqjen cn]_e]o ] h] _kh]^kn]_e j `a h] ok_ea`]` aj cajan]h( lkn hk iajko( ieh fqcqa) pao mqa ]uq`]n j ] ajpnapajan ] hko je ko _kj `eo_]l]_e`]` aj oqo n]pko `a k_ek6 Î= ra_ao oa okiapaj
] pan]le]o b oe_]o ejpajo]o u oan ] cn]pk lk`anhao d]_an h] ajpnac] `a qj fqcqapaÏ( ]lqjp Bn]j_eo_k L nav Ia`ej]( `ena_pkn `ah Ej_k`eo* Je ko _kj l]n heoeo _ana^n]h( o j`nkia `a @ksj k ]qpeoik lk`n j ]__a`an ] ]hcqjk `a aopko fqcqapao6 ÎU] pajaiko qj heop]`k `a ]ok_e]_ekjao ^ajaÚ_e]ne]o( _kik =l]_( P]pk k ah Ejopepqpk @ksj( ahhko oan j ]hcqjko `a jqaopnko ^ajaÚ_e]neko `ena_pkoÏ* Ah ` ] `a h] ajpnac] `a hko nac]hko Ìmqa aop lkn `aÚjenÍah `qa k `a @kcko B]odekj reoep]n h] ao_qah] k ejo) pepqpk `a hko je ko l]n] kbna_an qj nabnecanek cn]pqepk* H] ok_ea`]` _ereh ejpanao]`] aj l]npe_el]n _kj qj `kj]perk lqa`a hhar]nhk ] h]o kÚ_ej]o `ah Ej_k`eo $?knnace`kn] Jk* -/1( aj ah _ajpnk `a h] _eq`]`% aj dkn]nek `a kÚ_ej] k ]h aop]^ha_eieajpk `a @kcko B]o) dekj( q^e_]`k aj h] ]raje`] Bahela Oarehh] `ah N k `a 46,, `a h] jk_da aj ]`ah]jpa* Oa lqa`a `kj]n pk`k pelk `a fqcqapao( _kj k oej ^]pan ]* .&
`ah arajpk ao lnkle_e]n h] l]npe) _el]_e j ejb]jpeh aj hko ]oqjpko mqa hao ]ba_p]j* Ah bqj_ekj]nek aop]p]h ejbkn) i mqa l]n] ahacen ] hko je ko mqa oan j `elqp]`ko k `elqp]`]o lkn qj ` ]( d]^n j `a na]hev]noa arajpko aj _]`] iqje_elek( _kik okj h] aha__e j `a `ebqoknao iq) je_el]hao( hko _]^eh`ko ejb]jpehao u `a hko mqa naoqhpaj c]j]`knao oa ahacen ] hko mqa l]npe_el]n]j _kik `elqp]`ko lkn qj ` ]*
?knkj] H lav i]jebaop mqa hko pai]o l]n] h] oaoe j `a Î@e) lqp]`] u `elqp]`k lkn hko `a) na_dko `a h] je avÏ oan j h] jk `eo_neiej]_e j `a je ko ej` ca) j]o( h] lnaraj_e j `ah i]hpn]pk ejb]jpeh( ah `ana_dk ] qj] b]iehe]( h] hq_d] aj _kjpn] `a h] k^aoe) `]`( h] lnaraj_e j `a `aoan_e j ao_kh]n aj hko je ko ej` caj]o kbna_e j`khao ajoa ]jv] ^ehejc a u hko jqarko l]n]`eci]o `a h]o ]`e__ekjao* .&
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cq]h mqa l]o]j hko iaoao( pn]jo_qnna h] ej]_pere`]` aj ah ck^eanjk aop]p]h* Jk d]u reoko( ] j( `a hk mqa oan ah `aolacqa l]n] ah `ao]nnk) hhk `ah aop]`k aj hko ln teiko oaeo ] ko* I o cn]ra ] j ao mqa _kjpn]) nek ] hk mqa `a^an ] l]o]n( h] ejoa) cqne`]` _na_a( ieajpn]o ah ck^eanjk l]na_a d]^an ^]f]`k h] cq]n`e]7 hko `a_]lep]`ko mqa`]nkj ]pn o( `]j`k l]ok ] hko j]n_kh]^kn]pkneko mqa ^nkp]j _kik oe oa pn]p]n] `a qj] ale`aie]* Hk `eb _eh( _h]nk aop ( oan `]n _kj ah lneian ejba_p]`k `a h] ajbania`]`* Oe ^eaj ln tei]iajpa ah ck^eanjk `a I]nek =jcqe]jk `]n ] _kjk_an ah Lh]j Aop]p]h `a @ao]nnkhhk( jk `af] `a oan h]iajp]^ha mqa ] _]oe _ej_k iaoao `a ck^eanjk( hk mqa oa d] kbna_e`k ] hko _kheiajoao naoqhpa o hk qj] aola_ea `a _]i) l] ] ia`e pe_] `kj`a hk je_k mqa lnak_ql] u k_ql] ]h ck^eanjk ao mqa ] h] cajpa ha mqa`a ^eaj _h]nk mqa _]`] ]jqj_ek( ej]qcqn]_e j k _q_d]n]`] `a iav_h] l]n] d]_an leoko beniao( peaja qj ieoik knecaj u `aopejk6 Îia h]paÏ* Hk mqa ] oq rav d]_a ran _h]n]iajpa mqa h] kbanp] aha_pkn]h `a qj ck^eanjk Îl]n] pk`koÏ mqa` aj o hk qj ohkc]j `a _]il] ]* Oan ] h]iajp]^ha mqa ] b]hp] `a qj lnkcn]i] `abeje`k( `a h] rkhqjp]` u h] n aol kj o]^e h e) `]` l]n] d]_an ^eaj h]o _ko]o u `a qj _na ^ha u ]pannev]^ha Lh]j `a @ao]nnkhhk( ah Ck^eanjk `ah Aop]`k o hk oa oec] k_ql]j`k `a ]oqjpko mqa peajaj i o mqa ran _kj lkoe) _ekj]n qj] ei]caj kbe_e]h ]jpa qj aha_) pkn]`k aj na_aok u d]_eaj`k h]o ra_ao `a kbe_e]h ] `a l]npao6 ]peaj`aj hk mqa hao hhac] u `a ]_qan`k ] h]o lkoe^ehe`]`ao* =i j `a oacqen ajheo) p]j`k _]`] ]oqjpk( lkn jeiek mqa oa]( aj oq ej`abeje`k lnkcn]i] `a ` ]o( k^n]o u ]__ekjao Îl]n] pk`koÏ( `ah _q]h jk oa o]^a ] j _kj at]_pepq` ah j iank `a a`e_ekjao mqa _kjpeaja* Aj _kjpn]l]npa( _kj h] _]jpe`]` `a k^n]o u ]__ekjao Îl]n] pk`koÏ mqa `ebqj`a ah ck^eanjk aop]p]h u _kj h] `ao]l]ne_e j `ah ao_q`k kbe_e]h `ah Ck^eanjk `ah Aop]`k `a ?khei] lkn ah hkckpelk aha_) pkn]h `ah Îia h]paÏ `a I]nek( aj
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h]o _]hhao( _khkje]o u _eq`]`ao ateo) paj na]he`]`ao `ebanajpao* =`ai o `ah _kjop]jpa `ao_q^neieajpk `a j]n_kh]^kn]pkneko( hko ia`eko `a _kiqje_]_e j ` ] ] ` ] `]j ] _kjk_an da_dko `ahe_perko( r]neko `a ahhko cn]rao( _kik rekh]_ekjao oatq]hao( nk^ko u d]op] ^]h]_an]o aj h] r ] l ^he_]* = hk ]jpanekn oa oqi] h] `ajqj_e] l ^he_] mqa u] ]h]ni]( aj _q]jpk ]h lnk^hai] mqa oecjebe_] h] ateopaj_e] `a l]j`ehh]o aj _]`] rav i o _khkje]o `a h] vkj] _kjqn) ^]`] `a ?khei] u Rehh] `a =hr]nav( oepq]_e j mqa ej_hqok d] _k^n]`k iqanpao ajpna oqo ejpacn]jpao( mqeajao ] oqo i pk`ko `a ]__e j u] oqi]j( aj iq_dko `a hko _]oko( h] `ah j]n_kiajq`ak* H] i tei] `a mqa ?khei] oecqa oeaj`k qj aop]`k pn]jmqehk laoa ] h] _na_eajpa ejoacqne`]` u mqa ]`ai o( mqeajao _kiapaj da_dko `ahe_perko ]mq okj `a kpn]o l]npao `ah l] o( u] jk ao r he`]* Jk hk ao lknmqa ] hk lakn mqa lk`aiko ]_kopqi^n]njko ao ] reren aj qj aop]`k mqa( laoa ] _na_an aj oqo j`e_ao `a ejoacqne`]`( kbe_e]hiajpa oecqa oeaj`k qj aop]`k pn]jmqehk* ¼?kil]n]`k _kj mq hqc]n; Aoa ao ah lqjpk* Oe ^eaj jqaopnk aop]`k jk aop ]eoh]`k `ah naopk `ah l] o u jk lqa`a aj_]loqh]noa l]n] arep]n mqa h] kh] `a rekhaj_e] hhacqa u oa atlnaoa( p]i^e j ao eilknp]jpa d]_an jb]oeo aj h] ja_aoe`]` `a mqa h]o ]qpkne`]`ao oa lkjc]j h]o leh]o u pn]^]faj aj ah i^epk lna) rajperk aj i]pane] `a oacqne`]`* ¼Mq p]jpk( lkn afailhk( `af]n j _na_an ah lnk^hai] `a h]o l]j`ehh]o aj h]o _khkje]o _kjbhe_per]o u lan) ba_p]iajpa q^e_]^hao aj ?khei] u Rehh] `a ãhr]nav; Lknmqa oe ah pn]^]fk mqa na]hev]j( p]jpk h]o _knlkn]_ek) jao aop]p]hao _kik iqje_el]hao `a h]o lkhe_ ]o aj h] ajpe`]`( ao ian]) iajpa _knna_perk( ajpkj_ao d]^n ] mqa lkjan i o ]paj_e j aj _qe`]n ah `ejank u lnk_qn]n hk oqbe_eajpa l]n] _kjopnqen hko _ajpnko lajepaj) _e]neko ja_ao]neko mqa `aj _]^e`] ] hko `ahej_qajpao mqa pajc]j h] i]h] oqanpa `a _kiapan ah `ahepk _q]j`k ]j`] d]_eaj`k ah nkj` j ]hcqj] l]pnqhh]( lknmqa op]o peajaj oqo dkn]neko u] aop]^ha_e`ko l]n] lnk_qn]n h] receh]j_e]( hk mqa d]_a b _ehiajpa i]jelqh]^ha ah _]ilk `a ]__e j `a hko `ahej_qajpao `a ^]nnek* H] ik`knn] aj h] mqa oa aj_qajpn] h] ]`iejeopn]_e j aop]p]h `a^a lna) k_ql]njko _kik ok_ea`]`( lknmqa bej]hiajpa hko ]ba_p]`ko oanaiko hko _eq`]`]jko( mqa jk raiko lkn ` j`a je _ ik ailav]n ] ]nn]j_]n qj jqark lanek`k `a ck^eanjk( ]h mqa oa ha d] e`k ah peailk aj pn]p]n `a ajpaj`an u naokhran ah `aokn`aj bej]j_eank u `a lan) okj]h mqa na_e^eankj _kik ]`iejeopn]_e j( lank mqa jk d] oe`k _]l]v( oemqean]( `a `]n qj ejbknia _h]nk u lqjpq]h ] hko _kheiaj) oao ok^na h] oepq]_e j na]h mqa cq]n`]j hko `ejanko l ^he_ko* ¼=_pq]n ecq]h aj pk`ko hko i^epko( ok^na pk`k aj hk mqa _kj_eanja ] h] oacqne`]`; Kf]h mqa jkÅ lkn ah ^eaj `a ?khei]* .&
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h _kkn`ej]`kn `ah LNE aj h] ? i]n] `a @elqp]`ko( Bn]j_eo_k Nkf]o( _]heÚ_ `a ej) o]peob]_pknek ah lh]j `a ]qopane`]` lnklqaopk lkn ah Afa_qperk u ]jpe_el mqa oq ^]j_]`] hh]i]n ] hko bqj_ekj]neko `a h] Oa_nap]n ] `a D]_eaj`] l]n] atecenhao qj i]ukn ]dknnk( _kik _kj`e_e j l]n] _kjpejq]n hko pn]^]fko ok^na h] nabkni] d]_aj`]ne]* H] rk_an] `a hko `elqp]`ko `ah LN@( Hape_e] Mqav]`]( _kjoe`an ah lnkua_pk `a ]dknnk Îqj] ^qnh]Ï u `ai]j` ]h ck^eanjk ba`an]h qj na_knpa ]jq]h `a d]op] 01 ieh iehhkjao `a laoko aj ah c]opk _k) nneajpa( ieajpn]o mqa ah l]jeop] Hqeo Ajnemqa Ian_]`k atlnao ah naol]h`k `a oq ^]j_]`] ]h Lnk) cn]i] J]_ekj]h `a Na`q__e j `ah C]opk L ^he_k* Ah lh]j `a ]dknnk lnaoajp]`k ah l]o]`k i]npao lkn h] Oa_nap]n ] `a D]_eaj`] lnar h] na`q__e j `a 0, ieh -,, iehhkjao `a laoko ]h c]opk _knneajpa `qn]jpa ah lanek`k .,-,).,-.* Nkf]o _kjoe`an mqa h] iap] `a ]qopane`]` `ah Afa_qperk ao Îiqu na`q_e`]Ï u oq^n]u mqa hko haceo) h]`knao lneeop]o jk lqa`aj aop]n o]peoba_dko _kj ah lnkcn]i]* ÎJk lk`aiko aop]n o]peoba_dko _kj ahhk u hk mqa r]iko ] d]_an ao aopq`e]nhk l]n] mqa lk`]iko hhac]n ] ]hck o]peob]_pknek l]n] pk`koÏ( `efk* =`renpe mqa ah Afa_qperk ba)
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mqank( ]o _kik aj ah pn]jolknpa `a ]heiajpko u ian_]j_ ]o* Lkn ahhk( `efk( Îqj ]hv] aj ah lna_ek `ah `e oah ]ba_p] pk`]o h]o _]`aj]o lnk`q_per]o u na) lan_qpa aj ah _kjoqie`kn Új]hÏ* =jpa h] ejoqÚ_eaj_e] `a h]o lkh pe_]o kÚ_e]hao l]n] ajbnajp]n h] _neoeo ao nahar]jpa lnkpacan ah lk`an ]`mqeoeperk `a hko _kjoqie`knao( na]_per]n h]o _]`a) j]o lnk`q_per]o u cajan]n qj aba_pk iqhpelhe_]`kn aj ah ian_]`k ejpanjk( ej`e_ * C n_Ye3'FSOBOEP %BNJfO Z %BOJFM 7FOFHBT
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`a 1 lkn _eajpk aj ah j iank `a lh]v]o `a i]j`k oqlanekn( ] hk mqa oa oqi]n kpnk na_knpa `a / lkn _eajpk( mqa ej_hqua lanokj]h _kj lqaopko `a `ena__e j cajan]h ]`fqjpk u `ena_pkn `a na]( oepq]_e j mqa oa i]jpaj`n aj ah naopk `a h] lnaoajpa ]`iejeopn]_e j* Ah bqj_ekj]nek ]oacqn mqa hko ]dknnko lkn 0, ieh -,, iehhkjao
`a laoko ]jqj_e]`ko lkn h] OD?L ah i]npao l]o]`k oa k^paj`n j _kj _]i^eko ]h ik`ahk `a klan]_e j aj h]o na]o ]`iejeopn]per]o `ah ck^eanjk ba`an]h* Oa ]h mqa h] klan]_e j `a h]o `alaj`aj_e]o u ajpe`]`ao cq^an) j]iajp]hao oa oeopai]pev]n j l]n] pajan aop]^ha_e`k( nq^nk lkn nq^nk( hk mqa ha pk_] ] _]`] mqeaj( Î]`a)
i o hao r]iko ] `]n qj lanek`k l]n] mqa pk`ko hko afa_qpknao `a c]opk lkjc]j oqo _kilnkieoko u iap]o _kj_nap]oÏ* @ap]hh mqa qj] rav mqa oa ]_qan`a _q jpk ha pk_] ] _]`] ajpe`]`( oa naceopn]n aj ah oeopai]( hk _q]h b]_ehep]n h] beo_]hev]_e j( ah oacqeieajpk( ah _kjpnkh u ah ikjepknak `a h]o iap]o( `]pko
`an]h jk paj`n ]qpkne`]` ikn]h l]n] la`en qj jqark aobqanvk beo_]h ] hko _kjpne^quajpao( aj p]jpk jk na`qv_] oq c]opk _k) nneajpa( mqa p]j o hk ajpna .,,, u .,,5 _na_e _]oe 5,, ieh ie) hhkjao `a laoko* Lkn ahhk( ]jqj_e ( Îr]iko ] la`en mqa pajc]iko ]mq $aj ah L]h]_ek `a O]j H v]nk% h] lnaoaj_e] `a hko bqj_ekj]neko `a h] Oa_nap]) n ] `a D]_eaj`] l]n] mqa fqjpko pn]^]faiko aj ahhk u aopaiko aj _kj`e_ekjao `a _kjpejq]n h] na) bkni] d]_aj`]ne]Ï* Ieajpn]o( h] rk_an] lanna`eop] Hape_e] Mqav]`] `efk mqa ah hh]i]`k Lnkcn]i] J]_ekj]h `a Na`q__e j `ah C]opk L ^he_k nalnaoajp] Îqj] ^qnh]Ï l]n] ah lqa^hk `a I te_k u ah ?kjcnaok `a h] Qje j* Okopqrk mqa ah ]dknnk i je) ik `ah ck^eanjk ba`an]h `a^a oan _ej_k ra_ao i]ukn ]h lnklqaopk( ]qjmqa aopei mqa ]h iajko oa lqa`a na`q_en ah c]opk _knneaj) pa ] n]v j `a 01 ieh iehhkjao `a laoko ]h ] k* Hko l]jeop]o Hqeo Ajnemqa Ian) _]`k( I]n_ko L nav( C]op j Hqgaj u Bahela `a Fao o N]jcah o]heankj aj `abajo] `ah lh]j `a ]qopane`]` u p]_d]nkj `a Îb]ho]oÏ h]o _ebn]o `ah LNE ok^na ah ]qiajpk `a lh]v]o u c]opk _knneajpa* Nai]n_]nkj mqa h] iap] `a ]dknnk lkn 0, ieh -,, iehhkjao `a laoko ao lnk`q_pk `a qj lneian aobqanvk `ah Afa_qperk u ailh]v]nkj ] h] klkoe_e j ] lnaoajp]n ]hpanj]) per]o oane]o( oe ao mqa ah lnkcn]i] `a h] Oa_nap]n ] `a D]_eaj`] jk hko `af] o]peoba_dko* .D mqa oa nalknp]n j pneiaopn]hiaj) pa aj ah ejbknia ]jq]h u aj h] _qajp] l ^he_]* L nav F]_kia ejbkni mqa aopko ]dknnko oa `aopej]n j ] lnkcn]i]o lneknep]neko _kj jb]oeo aj `ao]nnkhhk `a ejbn]) aopnq_pqn] _]nnapan]( lknpq]) ne]( bannkre]ne]( ok_e]h( i `e_]( a`q_]per]( de`n qhe_]( pqn ope_] u `alknper]( ajpna kpnko* Ah bqj_ekj]nek `aop]_ mqa h] ia`e`] paj`n qj aba_pk na) cqh]nev]^ha aj hko lnaoqlqaopko lkopaneknao( _kj hk mqa oa lqa`a ]h_]jv]n ]dknnko d]op] lkn 4, ieh iehhkjao `a laoko* .D
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