უ #7 by უ- / არქიტექტურული ჟურნალი

Jurnali arqiteqturaze

#7 2018

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u- aris damoukidebeli internet-gamocema; u- ganixilavs arqiteqturas da konteqsts; kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs damkvidrebul praqtikebsa da Sexedulebebs. Jurnalis mizania, Targmanebisa da essebis saxiT , qarTvel mkiTxvels gaaqcnos aqtualuri urbanuli Teoriebi da arqiteqturuli procesebi.

mTavari redaqtori/grafika: marita rurua redaqtori: giorgi cxadaia

#7 / 2018

sarCevi:

mxolod Senobebi ar kmara. TinaTIn gurgeniZe

10.

sajaro sivrce da koleqtiuri sivrce: axali gamowveva kerZo sivrcis urbanizaciis saxiT. manuel de sola-moralesi (Targmani)

18.

mSenebeli robotebi da cifruli warmoeba

2018 weli 3

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mxolod Senobebi ar kmara TinaTin gurgeniZe

yovelTvis, rodesac Cemi mSoblebis saxlSi vbrundebi, vuyureb im karebs da kedels, sadac odesRac Cveni bina mTavrdeboda da aivani iwyeboda. miSenebebi, mravali wlis manZilze amouSenebeli lojia - Cemi bavSvuri mogonebebis nawilia. detalurad maxsovs, Tu rogor moaSenes metalis konstruqcia Cvens korpuss, sadac bevrjer micdia gavla; didi sifrTxiliT gavsulvar moSenebis bolomde. amas moyva ukve beton dasxmuli moSenebuli sivrce, sadac mTel zafxuls vatarebdi, vTamaSobdi da hamakSi vnebivrobdi. nel-nela TiTqmis yvela mezobelma lojiebi amoiSena da gaifarTova sacxovrebeli farTi, Tumca dRemde SeniSnavT wlebis win betondasxmul daumTavrebel lojiebs. rodesac saxli gavafarToveT da remonti gavakeTeT, didi xani damWirda Cveni axali sivrcis aRsaqmelad. sacxovrebeli garemo, umeteswilad, im procesebis Sedegad yalibdeba da iqmneba, romlebsac adgilobrivi macxovreblebi axorcieleben, arqiteqturuli da urbanuli garemos cvlilebisa Tu misi pirad moTxovnebze morgebis mizniT. swored am WrilSi SegviZlia miSenebebis ganxilvac.

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''arqiteqtura ki ar aris gamoxatuleba, sarke an simbolo mocemuli sazogadoebisa an misi socialuri struqturisa, aramed is misi ÂťmediumiaÂŤ. igi socialurad aqtiuri da pasiuria.'' (Heike Delitz 2010)

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miSenebebi CvenTvis kargad cnobili da yoveldRiurobad qceuli struqturebia, romlebsac xSirad ''vertikalur jurRmulebad'' moixsenieben. bevrisTvis usaxuri da saSiSi konstruqiebi, romlebic uxvad gvxvdeba Cvens qalaqSi, bevri ojaxisTvis aradamakmayofilebeli arqiteqturis TviTnebur transformacias warmoadgens. gafarToebuli aivnebi, miSenebuli lojiebi, aTvisebuli damxmare saTavsoebi, TviTnaSeni garaJebi da mravali sxva - swored es elementebi qmnian dRevandeli Tbilisis sabWoTa droindeli sacxovrebeli ubnebis urbanul peizaJs. msgavs saxecvlil Senobebs qalaqis centrSic uxvad vawydebiT. sxvadasxva masaliTa da formiT Seqmnili TviTnakeTi elementebi mosawyen nacrisfer korpusebs mravalferovnebas sZens. am TviTnaSen konstruqciebze dakvirvebiT bevri ramis gageba SeiZleba Cvens dRevandel sazogadoebriv da kulturul yofaze. es vertikaluri Tu horizontaluri e.w. ''jurRmulebi'' Cveni axlo istoriisa da dRevandeli yofis anareklia, farTo sazogadoebrivi procesis Sedegia da im movlenebs ukavSirdeba, rac sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevas mohyva. es sivrceebi istorias inaxaven da mudam migvaniSneben im socio-ekonomikur problemebze, romlebic qveyanaSi jer kidev uxvadaa.

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miSenebebi asaxaven imas, Tu rogor cdilobs mosaxle sacxovrebeli sivrcis Tavis moTxovnilebebze morgebas da rogor iyenebs arqiteqturas, rogorc mediums sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis warmosaCenad. miSenebebSi Cans is kulturuli Taviseburebebic, romlebic mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, miSenebebis magaliTze, vxedavT postsabWoTa yofas - imas, Tu rogor gamoxatavs sazogadoeba qmedebis Tavisuflebas da mis sakuTrebas, anu mis binas ise cvlis, rogorc Tavad surs. amavdroulad, miSenebebi saSualebas aZlevs mosaxles gaifarToos sacxovrebeli sivrce. xSir SemTxvevaSi, adamiani, romelsac axal sacxovrisze ar aqvs wvdoma, miSenebiT ikmayofilebs sivrcis ukmarisobas, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac mosaxles ar surs axlad Seqmnil ojaxTan erTad calke icxovros da urCevnia gafarToebul sivrces moergos. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, TbilisSi samSeneblo seqtoris gaaqtiurebasTan erTad, qalaqis teritoriis aTviseba, gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT, mravalsarTuliani sacxovrebeli Senobebis xarjze ganxorcielda. aseTi swrafi urbanuli ganaSenianebis periodSi, miviwyebulia adamianis yofa-cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli garemo-elementebi; ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebisTvis saWiro moTxovnebi. swored

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aqedan gamomdinare, migvaCnia mniSvnelovnad, rom TbilisSi arsebuli araformaluri arqiteqturis da urbanuli sivrcis ganviTarebis istoria da maTi maformirebeli garemoebebi SeviswavloT. Tbilisis arqiteqturuli bienale, romelic 2018 wlisTvisaa dagegmili, sacxovrebeli ubnebis araformalur urbanul da socialur sivrceebs Seiswavlis. sacxovrebeli garemo, umeteswilad, im procesebis Sedegegad yalibdeba da iqmneba, romlebsac adgilobrivi macxovreblebi axorcieleben, arqiteqturuli da urbanuli garemos cvlilebisa Tu pirad saWiroebebze morgebis mizniT, swored amitom 2018 wlis bienele warmodgenili iqneba saTauriT - ''mxolod Senobebi ar kmara'' . Cveni ZiriTadi kvleva im transformaciaze koncentrirdeba, romelic socialisturi sistemis dangrevis Semdeg, Tbilisis mikroraionebSi sabWoTa arqiteqturam da urbanulma sivrcem ganicada. sabWoTa sacxovrebeli ubnebi igegmeboda sabWoTa normebisa da regulaciebis mixedviT da emsaxureboda im mizans, rom TiToeuli sabWoTa ojaxi sacxovrisiT uzrunveleyo. socialisturi periodis dasrulebis Semdeg, imdroindeli normebisa da standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegmili ubnebi axal realobaSi aRmoCndnen. 1990-iani

wlebidan moyolebuli, zemoTxsenebul ubnebSi arqiteqturuli da sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs. Cvens adgilobriv konteqstSi, saTauri ''mxolod Senobebi ar kmara'' asaxavs Tbilisis ganaSenianebis qaotur ganviTarebas, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom periodSi. Cven gvsurs siRrmiseulad SeviswavloT zemoTaRniSnuli transformaciis xana da gamovikvlioT, rogor xdeba am cvlilebebis asaxva urbanul garemoze, maT momxmareblebze da rogor monawileobs sazogadoeba am procesebSi. Tbilisis arqiteqturis bienaleSi monawileobas miiReben, rogorc adgilobrivi mklevarebi, arqiteqtorebi, mxatvrebi Tu sxva dainteresebuli pirebi, agreTve mowveuli stumrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seexebian bienales mTavar Temas. bienale imuSavebs, rogorc Ria platforma indvidualuri midgomebis, gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa da istoriebis reptrezentaciisTvis. Cveni survlia, RonisZiebis farglebSi dagegmil aqtivobebSi, mowveuli qarTveli da ucxoeli stumrebis garda, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRon Tbilisis macxovreblebma, rogorc zemoTaRwerili procesis uSualo monawileebma. imeds vitovebT, rom bienales Temis irgvliv bevr saintereso mosazrebis mosmenas SevZlebT.

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manuel de sola-moralesi

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sajaro sivrce da koleqtiuri sivrce: axali gamowveva kerZo sivrcis urbanizaciis saxiT mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, sajaro da kerZo sivrceebis erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa dasavluri qalaqgegmarebis TeoriaSi fundamentur sakiTxadaa miCneuli. gafarToebis sqemebi, kanonebi savaldebulo Sesyidvis Sesaxeb, metropoliuri parkebi da samoqalaqo daniSnulebis nagebobebi SesaniSnavad warmoaCenen sajaro da kerZo seqtorebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas. am gansxvavebisTvis xazis gasma mniSvnelovania, radgan misiT SesaZlebeli gaxda sajaro sivrcis gazrda da misi xarisxis gaumjobeseba. ''socialuri uflebebis moTxovna'' saTaves iRebs mecxramete saukunis utopiuri xedvebidan, romelTa mixedviTac progresuli qalaqgegmarebis politika gulisxmobda dabalansebuli qalaqis idealur models (rogorc mizans) da municipalizacias (rogorc saSualebas). dResac ki, bevri sajaro administratori da maTi teqnikuri personali qalaqis dagegmarebis procesSi principul mniSvnelobas aniWeben mwvane zonebis, satransporto moZraobisgan Tavisufali zonebisa da Ria sivrceebis dacvas. amave mizeziT, samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi da politikuri partiebi ibrZvian sajaro sivrcis TiToeuli kvadratuli metrisTvis da miiCneven, rom am gziT miaRweven imas, rom mosaxleobisTvis qalaqi sacxovreblad ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba. 1970-ian wlebSi qalaqis Teoria mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. am periodidan moyolebuli, sajaro da kerZo sivrceebs Soris gansxvave-

ba ori sxvadasxva traeqtoriiT viTardeboda. pirveli mimarTuleba, romlis ganviTarebaSic didi wvlili Seitana ramdenime evropuli qalaqis monografiulma kvlevam, xazs usvamda teritoriul dayofebsa da quCebis erTmaneTTan Sewyobas. misi mimdevrebi miiCnevdnen, rom es ukanaskneli praqtikebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben urbanuli formebis (quCebis, parkebis, axali mSeneblobebis, centrebis) mTavari tipologiuri elementebis gansazRvris procesSi. msgavsi midgomebi efuZnebodnen ''qalaqis arqiteqturis'' rwmenas. maTi mxardamWerebi miiCnevdnen, rom arqiteqturuli namuSevrebi TamaSoben centralur rols qalaqisa da misi istoriuli memkvidreobis simboluri da figuratiuli saxis gansazRvraSi. qalaqis, rogorc arqiteqturuli formisa da urbanuli proeqtis ideam warmoSva ''qalaqgegmarebiTi proeqtirebisa'' da ''urbanuli qalaqgegmarebis'' koncefciebi. am gziT cdilobdnen ''kvartlebisa da zonebis'' gegmebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli funqcionalisturi abstraqciebis gadalaxvas da yuradRebis gadatanas qalaqze, rogorc sivrceSi ganxorcielebul konkretul konstruqciaze. aseTi midgomis magaliTia adreuli oTxmociani wlebis kataloniuri gegmebi. meore xazi, romelic albaT sajaro sivrcis ufro martivi aRqmiT xasiaTdeba da amitom ufro advilia misaRebad, aris is, romelic fokusirebulia sistemaze - Tavisufali sivrceebis imgvar logikur jaWvze, romelic erT mTlianobas qmnis. aseTi midgomis magaliTebia: frederik lo olmstedis bostonis parkebis sistema, eJen enaris parizis quCaTa sistema an omisSemdgomi ''samezoblo gegmebis'' farglebSi Seqmnili skolebis britanuli sistema. sistemis

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idea, romelic Cveni qalaqgegmarebiTi kanonmdeblobis e.w. ''zogadi sistemebis'' koncefciaSic igulisxmeba, sajaro sivrcis cnebis yvelaze myari gansxeulebaa. dResdReobiT, wamyvanma urbanulma arqiteqtorebma aitaces Teoriuli analizis axali monapovrebi, romlebSic qalaqi urbanuli, politikuri da sociologiuri azrovnebis mTavari obieqtia. bolo wlebSi, zogierT evropul qalaqSi, sajaro sivrceebisa da Senobebis efeqturi proeqtebi, romelTaganac nawili avtomaturad misdevs am Teoriul principebs da meore nawili ki ugulvebelyofs, gadaiqcnen esTetiuri dizainiTa da konsumerizmiT tkbobis brWyviala magaliTebad. isini iqcnen masmediisTvis misawodebel sakonkurso suraTebad, romelTa ukanac naklebad dgas grZelvadiani qalaqgegmarebiTi gaTvlebi. barselonaSi, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas sajaro sivrcis mopovebisTvis warmoebuli gamaognebeli rbola moyva; ise Canda, rom TiTqos sajaro seqtoris mier sivrcis dakaveba, gamofena da Semdeg am miRwevis zeimiT aRniSvna yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqme iyo. am yvelafris Sedegad miviReT e.w. ''myari moednebi'' da cota naklebad myari moednebi; nebismieri sicariele Senobebs Soris amoavses. 1978-1982 wlebSi, yvelaze meti Zalisxmeva ixarjeboda imaze, rom es sivrceebi gamoeyenebinaT imisaTvis, rom SeeqmnaT qalaqis axali imiji - gansxvavebuli stili da logika. es mizani gasaocari warmatebiT iqna miRweuli, risi mizezic naklebad iyo is, rom es proeqtebi srulyofilad ganxorcielda. warmatebis mizezi ufro im faqtSi unda veZeboT, rom ur-

banuli landSaftis yvelaze marginaluri nawilebis gardaqmnis procesma yvelas axali da gamacocxlebeli energia SesZina. TviTon qalaqSi amisi aRiareba bevrma ver SeZlo. qalaqis gareT ki yvela aRtacebulia. SemdgomSi, daaxloebiT 1982 wlisTvis, daiwyo parkebis xana: moewyo sxvadasxva zomis vrceli sajaro sivrceebis mTeli seria qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilas. isini iqmnebodnen qonebis danawevrebis an moZvelebuli nagebobebis demontaJis xarjze. parkebs, moednebis msgavsad, awyobdnen yvelgan, sadac SeiZleboda - iq, sadac municipalitetis Carevas amartivebda moqmedi kanonmdebloba (Merce, Raval), an iseT adgilebSi, sadac arsebobda gamouyenebeli industriuli teritoriebi (Espanya Industrial, Pegaso). aseve, xSiri iyo isedac sajaro, magram ufunqcio adgilebis gadakeTeba (Moll de la Fusta, Escorxador, Plaza de Sants), an arsebuli sajaro sivrceebis rekonstruqciebi; iyo mcdelobebi, am yvelafris Semdeg, es Carevebi sivrcobrivad Tanmimdevruli gaexadaT, magram aSkara da logikuria, rom adgilebis SerCevis dros, mTavar kriteriums SesaZleblobebis prezentacia warmoadgenda. sajaro sivrceSi Carevis SesaZlebloba warmatebiT gamoiyena administraciam, romelic moqmedebda sakuTari interesebis gasatareblad aumjobesebda da zrdida im sivrceebis raodenobas, romlis kontroli, mesakuTreoba da dagegmareba municipalitetis xelSi iqneboda. municipaluri sakuTreba da misi saxe imdenad Cveul ramed Camoyalibda,

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rom sabolood, im wlebis barselonas magaliTma aCvena, Tu rogor SeiZleba oficialur doneze modernizaciis ganxorcieleba. Sedegad, sajaro sferos urbanuli sivrceebs wamyvani roli mieniWa. amave dros, saSiSi iqneboda, ise rom ganvixiloT qalaqis forma, TiTqos misi Seqmna eqskluziurad sajaro administraciis kompetenciis farglebSi Sediodes. am wlebSi, kerZo seqtorSi raime mniSvnelovani qmedeba an gadamwyveti proeqti ar ganxorcielebula, yovel SemTxvevaSi iseTi, romelic inovaciurad CaiTvleboda Tundac binaTmSeneblobis an momsaxurebis sferoebSi. amgvarad, advili SesaZlebelia, rom gamzirebiT, parkebiT, moednebiT, sakvanZo gzebiT, stadionebiT, muzeumebiTa da arqiteqturuli sanaxaobebiT qalaqis gamdidrebis STambeWdavma SesaZleblobebma, romelTa Rirebulebac eWvgareSea, gamoiwvios zogadad qalaqis tonis amaRleba, rasac sajaro sivrcis hipertrofiamde, aranormalurad gazrdamde mivyavarT. am ukanasknelis mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, mdgomareobs ara mis zomaSi, xarisxSi an simbolur rolSi, aramed imaSi, Tu rogor akavSirebs igi kerZo sivrceebs erTmaneTTan da rogor gadaaqcevs maT Tavis mxriv koleqtiuri resursebis nawilad. im Senobebsa da adgilebs, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevaSi mxolod kerZo funqcia eqnebodaT, aniWebs urbanul, sajaro xasiaTs. kerZo mflobelobis urbanizacia, es aris koncefcia, sxva sityvebiT, sajaro sferoSi misi gaJRenTva. magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT Ciutat Vella. Raval-Si, Tavisufali sivrceebis umravlesoba uZvelesi, zedrouli dagegmarebis tipis Se-

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degia. cvlilebebi am adgilebSi, didwilad, sazogadoebis CarTulobiT xorcieldeboda. am ubnis sxva nawilebSi, carieli sivrceebi Senobebis demontaJis Sedegad gamoTavisuflda, romlebic ubralod da martivad, kvartlebis an Senobebis sazRvrebis safuZvelze SearCies. quCebSi, Zveli Senobebs axliT Canacvlebebi, warmoaCens im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic qalaqis Zvel qsovilSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Careva warmoSobs. Sedegad, Cveulebrivi Tanamedrove tipis sacxovrebeli saxlebi, arasakmarisi praqtikulobis gamo, paradoqsulad ritorikuli xdeba. intervencia, ZiriTadad, mxolod axali sacxovrebeli saxlebiT, moednebiTa da avtosadgomi nagebobebiT Semoifargleba. albaT swored es gamartivebaa saboloo Sedegis sqematuri uZraobis mizezi. aucilebelia, rom sivrciTi formebi Ciutat Vella-Si exmaurebodes im diskusias, Tu vin unda gaxdes qalaqis nawilSi cvlilebebis socialuri beneficiari. sabolood, qalaqgegmarebiTi TvalsazrisiT, Sedegebis kritikul gaazrebas win uswrebda axali proeqtis programasa da mizanTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi. ver vityviT, rom aucilebeli erToba sajaro da kerZo sferoebs Soris imgvari delikaturobiT aris miRweuli, rogorsac urbanuli da socialuri struqtura moiTxovs. SesaZloa, Ciutat Vellas-s sivrceebi unda dagegmarebuliyo axali receptebis mixedviT, droebiTi SesaZleblobebis, ufro janmrTeli sacxovreblebis, barebisa da klubebis uzrunvelsayofad da ara rogorc saSualo

klasze gaTvlili standartuli sacxovrebeli saxlebi an universitetebis biblioTekebi. arsebuli ganaSenianebis danawevrebuli da morCenili kuTxeebi, romlebic ukve Svidjer gadakeTda, SeiZleba ukeT gviCvenebdnen ubnis mosaxleobisTvis bevrad ufro Sesaferisi gadawyvetilebebis saWiroebas, vidre centraluri evropis sanitaruli qalaqgegmarebis safuZvelze dagegmarebuli vrceli da carieli sivrceebi. revitalizacia, romelic am msxvil Carevas unda mohyoloda, ar ganxorcielebula da ''sajaroobis'' iarliyi, romelic am sivrceebs, sacxovrebel saxlebs an avtosadgomebs mianiWes, pirdapir kavSirSi ver iqneba farTod reklamirebul sazogadoebriv keTildReobasTan.

sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ver vityviT, rom Ciutat Vella-Si ganxorcielebuli proeqtebi maxinjia: am proeqtebis eqskluziurad ''sajaro'' toni aris is, rac maT am rTuli amocanis Sesasruleblad araadekvaturs xdis. ''oficialuri'' qalaqis hipertrofias sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garkveuli formebis moSla da gandevnac ki SeuZlia. koleqtiuri sivrce bevrad ufro metic aris da bevrad ufro naklebic, vidre sajaro sivrce, Tuki es ukanaskneli CvenTvis mxolod sajaro sakuTrebas gulisxmobs. samoqalaqo da arqiteqturul, urbanistul da morfologiur simdidres qalaqSi warmoadgens saerTo sivrce

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- yvela is adgili, sadac yoveldRiuri cxovreba mimdinareobs, gamoisaxeba da gvamaxsovrebs Tavs. da albaT simarTles Seesabameba is warmodgena, rom es sivrceebi arc sajaroa da arc kerZo, aramed orivea erTdroulad. sajaro sivrceebi, romlebic konkretuli miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba an kerZo sivrceebi, romlebmac sazogadoebrivi funqcia SeiZines.... savaWro centri kataloniis moedanze (Plaza Catalunya) kerZo sivrcea Tu sajaro? cxadia, is kerZoa, radgan komerciuli dawesebulebaa, magram ara gamoyenebisa da qalaqSi misi rolis mxriv. SemTxveviT ar aris, rom xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ar wydeboda diskusia misi axali fasadis garSemo. aris Tu ara santa maria del mari (Santa Maria del Mar) sajaro an kerZo sivrce? da barsas fexburTis stadioni an iuventutis karavi? kerZo da sajaro kategoriebi Cvens xelSi ifSvneba. isini naklebi intensiurobiT gamoiyeneba. ramdenime iseTi calsaxad sajaro sivrce, rogoricaa Plaza Sant Jaume an Rambla, Tavisi mdebareobiTac da mniSvnelobiTac mTlianad sajaro, axla ukve SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc koleqtiuri sivrce imis gamo, rom bevri kerZo piri an dawesebuleba maT misakuTrebas Tavisuflad axerxebs. bevri sxva iseTi adgili, romelic wamyvani rols asrulebs barselonas sazogadoebriv cxovreba-

Si, SeiZleba moviyvanoT sajaro da kerZo sivrceebis mkveTri aRrevis magaliTebad. yvelaze naTeli magaliTi bokerias (Boqueria) bazari SeiZleba iyos. es aris adgili, sadac sajaro sakuTreba da menejmenti srulyofilad erwymis kerZo iniciativebsa da saqmianobebs, myidvelebis, gamyidvelebis, turistebisa Tu im uamravi RonisZiebis saTaveSi myofi xalxis CarTulobiT, romlis organizebac bazarSi yoveldRe xdeba. dRes ukve gamqral Merenderos-s barselonetaSi igive roli da Tvisebebi hqonda. bari kuTxeSi, gazeTebis stendi an avtobusis gaCereba, rogorc kerZo da amave dros, koleqtiuri sivrceebi, aseve, warmoadgenen uflebebisa da movaleobebis im CaxlarTul kvanZebs, romlebic qalaqis cxovrebis ZiriTad sqemebs gansazRvraven. sajaro sivrceebs, am terminis mkacri gagebiT, aseve gaaCniaT damoukidebeli roli, magram es roli nawilobrivia da albaT droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro kargavs mniSvnelobas. savaWro moli an gareubnis hipermarketi, Tematuri parki an stadioni, didi avtosadgomi an savaWro pasaJi - yvela maTgani Cveni yoveldRiurobisTvis aucilebeli adgilebia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis sivrceebia. did qalaqebSi yvelaze meti yuradReba eTmoba sajaro transportis sakiTxis ganxilvas, misi gamoyenebis sixSirisa da moculobis, mravalferovani momxmareblisa da im fsiqologiuri gavlenis gamo, romelsac igi metropoliuri arealis cxovrebaze axdens. erik romeris ukanasknel filmebSi es zustad aris aRwerili, radgan reJisori did dros uTmobs qalaqis,

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rogorc SegrZnebebis adgilis Seswavlas, rac vim vendersis saganze orientirebuli urbanuli sivrcis aRqmis sapirispiroa. sastumroebi da restornebi damsveneblebisa da turistebisTvis da gareubnis diskoTekebi gaurkveveli sivrceebia, sadac Cveni qalaqebis sazogado saxe yalibdeba. metropoliuri Semogareni, romelic, paradoqsuli gziT, momavlis qalaqebis namdvil centrad gadaiqceva, amgvari sivrceebisgan iqneba dakompleqtebuli - sivrceebisgan, romlebic formaluri reprezentaciis ritorikis gareSe gadaiqcevian saerTo interesis adgilebad. es aris is amocana, romlis winaSec sajaro sivrcis damgegmareblebi dganan Tanamedrove qalaqgegmarebaSi: Sualeduri teritoriebis Seqmna, arc sajaro da arc kerZo, aramed zustad sapirispiro - iseTi sivrceebis, romlebic iqnebian ara steriluri, an reklamisa da mogebis imedad darCenili, aramed Seadgenen mravalformiani urbanuli qsovilis wamaxalisebel nawils.

axali saazrovno veli rac unda gavakeToT, aris is, rom keinzianizmi gadavitanoT ''keTildReobis qalaqis'' koncefciidan (Tuki es analogia gamodgeba), anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, subsidirebuli qalaqgegmarebidan ufro moqnil, naklebad aSkara da ufro saintereso teritoriaze. amis aRiareba urbanul dizainSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania da is mravalSrian saazrovno vels Seqmnis. albaT, ZiriTadi mizani im tradiciuli gagebis uaryofaa, romelic samoqalaqo sivrceebs ganixilavs, rogorc erTiani sazogadoebis saziaro Rirebulebebis gamoxatvis models. am gagebis safuZvelze, sajaro mdgomareoba socialurobis mTavar formadaa miCneuli. faqti ki is aris, rom piriqiT, qalaqi aris is adgili, sadac kerZo SeiZleba iyos da xSirad aris kidec socialuri; iseve, rogorc sajaro. karg qalaqSi kerZo Senobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki kargi kerZo Senobebi, mepatronis survilis miuxedavad, sajaro elementebs warmoadgenen da asruleben mamoZravebel rols socialur konteqstSi, im Rirebulebebis gatarebiT, romlebic kerZoo-

bas scildeba. swored amitom aris yvela aseTi Senoba urbanuli. patara Senobebi Paseo de Gracia-ze an maRaziebi Calle Fernando-ze yovelTvis iTvlebodnen qalaqis koleqtiuri cxovrebis elementebad, imis miuxedavad, rom isini dRemde kerZo sakuTrebaSia. niu iorkis caTambjenebis vestibiulebs yvela iyenebs gasasvlelad da mosasveneblad, iseve, rogorc parizis prospeqtebis burJuaziuli saxlebis fasadebi asrulebdnen koleqtiur rols. amitomacaa, rom kargi qalaqi Sedgeba kargi saxlebisgan, kargi maRaziebisgan, kargi barebisa da kargi kerZo baRebisgan da amave dros, igi Sedgeba sazogadoebrivi gzebisgan, monumentebisa da sakulto nagebobebisgan. kargi qalaqi aris is, sadac SesaZlebelia, rom sazogado Rirebuleba kerZos mieniWos. amgvarad, individualuri xarisxi aucilebelia Tu is, rodesac semantikurad koleqtivizirdeba, sazogadoebisTvis silamazes moitans. gana simarTle ar aris is, rom barselonas Ramis klubebi bolo wlebis erT-erT saukeTeso urbanuli ganviTarebis proeqtebs warmoadgens? ratom? imitom, rom maTi kerZo buneba ar ugulebelyofs koleqtiur interesebsa da Rirebulebebs. saerTo sivrceebi warmoaCenen qalaqis mdidar warsuls da eWvic ar aris, rom momavlis qalaqebis mTavar mamoZravebladac mogvevlinebian. albaT, Cvens qalaqebSi gaurkveveli xasiaTis sivrceebi swored is sivrceebia, romlebSic momavalSi sul ufro mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben yoveldRiur socialur cxovrebaSi, imdenad, ramdenadac sxvadasxva urbanul tomebs SeuZliaT maTi gamoyeneba da daufleba sxvadasxva gzebiT. albaT marTalia, rom fredrik jeimsonis mier aRwerili qalaqis ''distopiuri'' formebi dRevandel realobaSi arsebul sajaro sivrcisa da kerZo Zalauflebis deficits gamoxataven. kiberpankis literatura da filmi ''samarTebelze morbenali'' (Blade Runner) zustad aRweren am Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, romelSic sajaro da kerZo sivrceebs Soris gansxvaveba uqmdeba, rogorc ki am gansxvavebis warmoSobis mizezebi iTrguneba.... umberto ekos es ukve gaazrebu-

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li hqonda, roca is Tanamedrove terotoriis axal Suasaukuneobriv gmirze laparakobda.

Teoriuli Secdoma amgvarad, ''sajaro sivrceebis'' zedmetad seriozulad miReba, maTi TviTmyofad erTeulebad ganxilva da iseT adgilebad CaTvla, sadac arqiteqturuli namuSevari moculobis gareSe an dizainis elementebiT unda xorcieldebodes, SeiZleba aRmoCndes mZime Teoriuli Secdoma. ''urbanuli galamazebis'' programis msgavsad, mas udavod gaaCnia is momxibvleloba, rac urbanizaciaSi esTetiurobis mniSvnelobis damkvidrebas axlavs Tan, magram urbanuli proeqtebisadmi ufro ambiciuri midgomis gadmosaxedidan, mas didi momavali ar uweria. arc neo-tipologiuri (Jean Nicolas Louis Durand) meTodologia, romelSic sazogadoebrivi samuSaos elementebi standartizebul konstruqciad ganixileba da arc kamilo sites neo-mxatvruli meTodi, romelSic samoqalaqo sivrceebis wamyvani rolo arqiteqturul konteqstSia gadatanili (im ZiriTadi evropuli qalaqebis urbanuli sqemebi, romlebic ''Tanamedroved'' miiCneva, am ori poziciis nayofia) ar aRiareben sivrcis rTul bunebas, romelic aris gamocdileba da ara crurwmena.

Public and Collective Space: Urbanisation of Private Domain as a New Challenge, Manuel de Solá-Morales „La Vanguardia“, Barcelona, May 1992 Targmani: marita rurua, giorgi cxadaia

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mSenebeli robotebi da cifruli warmoeba bolo wlebSi, arqiteqturis cifruli modelirebisa da warmoebis teqnologiebi swrafi tempiT miiwevs win, Tumca mSenebeli robotebi da 3D printerebi, romlebic samSeneblo moedanze iqneba gamoyenebuli, jer kidev gamocdisa da daxvewis procesSia da samSeneblo industria jerac ar auTvisebia. kiTxvas sanam gaagrZelebT, unda gagafrTxiloT, rom cifruli teqnologiebi imdenad swrafad viTardeba, es Canaweri SeiZleba gamoqveynebidan ramdenime dReSic ki moZveldes. cifruli warmoeba axlad damkvidrebuli praqtikaa arqiteqturaSi, romelic gulisxmobs cifruli teqnologiebiT fizikuri konstruqciebis warmoebas. dRes cifruli warmoebis gamowvevebia: specifiuri masalebis gamocda, resursebis efeqturi gamoyenebisa da konstruqciuli gamZleobis uzrunvelyofa. masalebisa da konstruqciebis kompiuteruli marTva da mSenebeli robotebi SesaZloa momavalSi samSeneblo industriis wamyvan elementebad gadaiqcnen da Caanacvlon iseTi samSeneblo procesebi, rogoricaa: rkinabetonis karkasis awyoba, kedlebis amoyvana, rTuli elementebis awyoba da SeerTeba da sxva.

pirveli kompiuteris mier kontrolirebadi danadgari 1952 wels Seqmna masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis mkvlevarma jon von niumenma, rasac moyva mravalgvari kompiuteriT kontrolirebadi xelsawyos gamogoneba, maT Soris, lazeruli da hidravlikuri mowyobilobebis da a.S. dResdReobiT, ukve industriuli robotebi uzrunvelyofen rTuli formebisa da masiuri moculobebis kompiuteridan realur masStabSi gadatanas. msoflioSi pirveli laboratoria arqiteqturaSi robotikis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis gamosacdelad gramacio -koleris kvleviTma jgufma (Gramazio Kohler Research) daarsa 2005 wels. am movlenam safuZveli daudo axali kvleviTi mimarTulebis Seqmnas, romelic kompiuteruli dizainis, inovaciuri masalebis warmoebis da avtomaturi warmoebis miRwevebs aerTianebs. msgavsi teqnologiebis magaliTia â&#x20AC;&#x17E;daprogramebuli kedeliâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, romelic aguris kedlis adamianuri muSaxelis daxmarebis gareSe awyobis erT-erTi pirveli mcdelobaa. aguris kedlis qsovis procesi, romelSic mfrinavi robotebis jgufi iyo CarTuli, gramacio -koleris laboratoriam 2012 wels warmoadgina.

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amave laboratoriaSi Seiqmna xis rTuli konstruqciebis proeqti, romelic ikvlevs xis struqturebis cifruli dizainirebisa da warmoebis process; aseve, xis tradiciuli samuSaoebis avtomaturiT Canacvlebas. martivad rom vTqvaT, robotis mklavi, romelic programiT imarTeba, jer saWiro xis formebs Wris, Semdeg TviTonve awyobs da amagrebs mTlian konstruqcias. DFAB House -is proeqtSi, romelsac Sveicariis kvleviTi saagento (NCCR) axorcielebs, gramacio -koleris jgufi wamyvan rols asrulebs. DFAB House aris erTiani programa, sadac industriis wamyvani eqspertebi da arqiteqtorebi aqamde miRebul gamocdilebas aerTianeben saerTo mSeneblobaSi. DFAB-is saxli ara mxolod cifrulad aris dagegmarebuli, aramed mSeneblobis procesi mTlianad cifruli teqnologiebiT warimarTeba. es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac mkvlevarebi xuT inovaciur teqnologias mTliani mSeneblobisTvis iyeneben. samSeneblo moednebisTvis Seqmnili moqnili roboti ZiriTad karkass aawyobs. is adgilzeve moqsovs foladis badis struqturas, romelsac rTuli geometriuli forma aqvs. es kedeli mTavar mzid elements warmoadgens. gadaxurvis fila, romelsac aseve arastandartuli forma aqvs, uzarmazari 3D printeris gamoyenebiT damzaddeba. kidev erTi inovaciuri teqnologiaa gamoyenebuli fasadis

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nawilSic. es teqnologia warmoadgens avtomatur process, romlis farglebSic robotis gamoyenebiT mzaddeba betonis mzidi profilebi cvalebadi ganivi WriliT. Senobis zeda ori sarTuli warmoadgens winaswar damzadebul xis sivrciT anawyobebs. am rTuli formis modulebis asawyobad ramdenime robotis muSaobaa saWiro. garda amisa, Senobis dasrulebis Semdeg gaTvaliswinebulia Senobis energoefeqturobisa da komfortis donis mudmivi analizi. am yvelafris fonze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc ise Sors aris is dro, rodesac Senobebis â&#x20AC;&#x17E;amobeWdvaâ&#x20AC;&#x153; Cveulebrivi movlenad gadaiqceva. amave dros, ramdenad masobriv saxes miiRebs es praqtika samSeneblo sferoSi, amas am teqnologiebis mravaljer gamocda da droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi gamoyenebis efeqturobis xarisxi gvaCvenebs. manamde, SegviZlia DFAB House-is veb gverds vadevnoT Tvali.

gamoyenebuli masala: h t t p s : / / w w w. a r c h . e t h z . c h / e n / f o r s c h u n g / n a t i o nale-und-internationale-forschungsschwerpunkte/digitale-fabrikation--nfs-.html https://medium.com/studiotmd/emerging-trendsthat-will-shape-the-future-of-architecture-356ba3e7f910 http://cba.mit.edu/events/13.03.scifab/ https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/10/robotics-revolutionise-building-industry-50-years-big-kai-uwe-bergmann/ http://dfabhouse.ch/

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