უ #8 by უ- / არქიტექტურული ჟურნალი

Jurnali arqiteqturaze

#8 2018

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u- aris damoukidebeli internet-gamocema; u- ganixilavs arqiteqturas da konteqsts; kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs damkvidrebul praqtikebsa da Sexedulebebs. Jurnalis mizania, Targmanebisa da essebis saxiT , qarTvel mkiTxvels gaaqcnos aqtualuri urbanuli Teoriebi da arqiteqturuli procesebi.

mTavari redaqtori/grafika: marita rurua redaqtori: giorgi cxadaia

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sarCevi:

lokalurobis mniSvneloba. levan ZegvelaSvili

12.

jentrifikacia rogorc bazari da rogorc adgilobrioba Seron zukini (Targmani)

22.

quCis mzveravebis Sesaxeb

2018 weli

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‘’...every situation is local as well as general.’’1 ‘’...nebismieri viTareba lokaluria, iseve, rogorc sazogado.’’ kristian norberg Sulci

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lokalurobis mniSvneloba levan ZegvelaSvili Zvel romaelTa azriT, nebismier damoukidebel arsebas, iqneboda es adamiani, RmerTi, raime sagani, Tu adgili, gaaCnda sakuTari suli, igive genius, romelic gansazRvravda am konkretulis arssa da mniSvnelobas. adgilis suli sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs, rogorc konkretuli sivrcis xasiaTs, aseve, mis fizikur, materialur maxasiaTeblebs. erTis mxriv, antikuri gagebiT, genius SesaZloa aRqmul iqnas, rogorc raime konkretulis metafizikuri gamovlineba da is SegviZlia davakavSiroT mis berZnul analog daimon-Tanac, romelic aseve, garkveuli aramaterialuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia. amis nacvlad, Cvens SemTxvevaSi genius loci unda ganvsazRvroT garkveuli Sinaarsis mqone sivrced, romlis erTianoba, rTul sistemaTa urTierTkavSiri aRiqmeba mis

ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad. swored am sakiTxze saubrobs cnobili norvegieli arqiteqtori da Teoritikosi kristian norberg Sulci sakuTar wignSi â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Genius loci: arqiteqturis fenomenologiis Sesaxebâ&#x20AC;&#x153;. Sulcis mosazrebiT, nebismieri adgilis suli SesaZloa aRiweros, rogorc konkretuli garemosTvis damaxasiaTebl niSanTa erToblioba. misi dakvirvebiT, adgilis fenomens qmnis garkveuli sivrcis elementTa Soris arsebuli damokidebulebebi; magaliTad, is, Tu rogor urTierTkavSirSia erTmaneTTan ca da xmeleTi, mTa da bari, miwa da wyali, tye da mdelo da sxva. swored rom bunebrivi sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebeli suli gansazRvravs SemdgomSi arqteqturis nairgvarobas.

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‘’...adgili aris iseTi sivrce, romelsac gaaCnia Tavisi xasiaTi. antikuri droidan moyolebuli, genius loci, igive ‘’adgilis suli’’ aRiqmeboda, rogorc konkretuli realoba, romlis winaSec idga adamiani da romelsac ganicdida, rogorc yoveldRiurobas... arqiteqtura niSnavs adgilis sulis gamosaxvas. Sesabamisad, arqiteqtoris amocanaa Seqmnas Sinaarsiani garemo, romelic exmareba adamians dafuZndes masSi,“ 2 wers Sulci. amrigad, arqiteqturis amocanaa CauRrmavdes da Cawvdes konkretuli adgilis suls da imoqmedos misi xasiaTis karnaxiT. erTi mxriv, Tu arqiteqtura Tavsdeba da eqvemdebareba konkretul adgils, meore mxriv, igi SesaZloa gaxdes amave adgilis dafaruli potencialis aRmomCenic, anu adgilis sulis Semoqmedi. rogorc haidegeri ambobda, ’’ napirebi, mas Semdeg iZenen mniSvnelobas, rac maT Soris xidi gaideba.’’3 rogorc Sulci dasZens, es niSnavs imas, rom „..xazgasmuli landSafti, rogorc aseTi, iZens sakuTar Sinaarss, swored xidis meSveobiT’’. amasTan, ‘’Senobis (arqiteqturis) egzistencialuri mizania, aqcios xedi adgilad, rac niSnavs, rom aRmoaCinos dafaruli, potenciuri Sinaarsi mocemuli garemosaTvis.’’ 4 cnobili amerikeli konceptualisti arqiteqtori peter eizenmani Sulcs da miseul

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midgomas Crdilouri inteleqtualur-esTetiuri tradiciis gamovlinebad miiCnevs da masTan erTad, am tradiciaSi aerTianebs finel Teoritikoss iuhani palasmaas da mis Sveicariel kolegas peter cumTors. cxadia, eizenmanisTvis, romlis Semoqmedebis amosavali wertili naklebad aris adgilis fenomeni, msgavsi damokidebuleba ucxo da naklebad sainteresoa. Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli tendenciebic, iqneba es parametrizmi Tu neo-modernizmi, scildebian msgavs fenomenologiur dakvirvebebs, iseve, rogorc magaliTad modernistuli arqiteqturuli diskursi meoce saukunis Sua xanebSi. albaT modernistuli, internacionaluri arqiteqturuli stilis erTerT saukeTeso kritikad, SeiZleba miviCnioT cnobili frangi reJisoris Jak tatis filmi ‘’TamaSis dro’’, romelic zustad gamoxatavs maSindeli modernistuli unifikaciisa da adgilis ugulvebelyofis tendenciebs. filmSi vxedavT sruliad disfunqciur da arakomfortul arqiteqturas, mouxerxebel sivrceebs, sadac adamianebi komfortis da simSvidis nacvlad, dabneulni da uxerxulobiT SeboWilebi cxovroben. rac mTavaria, sastumroebisa da aeroportebis misaRebebSi gamokrulia posterebi, romlebzec marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis, uemocio, nacrisferi, kolofis-

magvari, sruliad identuri arqiteqturuli nagebobebi giwveven maiamiSi, stokholmSi, parizSi an havais kunZulebze dasasveneblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom filmis moqmedeba parizSi viTardeba, Tqven parizul arqiteqturul simboloebs (eifelis koSks, invalidebis sasaxles) mxolod romelime modernistuli sastumros Sesasveleli SuSis karis anareklSi Tu dainaxavT... isic, SemTxveviT... cxadia, rom modernistuli arqiteqtura garkveulwilad sruliad gaucxovebulia adgilisgan, TumcaRa zog SemTxveaSi, modernizmi TiTqos swored haidegeriseuli dakvirvebis realizacias axdenda, rodesac adgilisadmi indeferentulobisda miuxedavad, garkveulwilad, akonkretebda arsebul lokalurobas da aRmoaCenda mis dafarul potencials. modernistuli arqiteqturis internacionaluroba, zog SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, ar unda gavigoT, rogorc konkretuli adgilis anu lokalurobis ugulebelyofa. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasikuri modernizmis nebismieri nimuSi SesaZlebelia Tavisi arsiT nebismier qveyanaSi Tu kulturul garemoSi ganTavsebuliyo, es ar niSnavda zemoT xsenebuli viwro lokalurobis, anu konkretuli adgilis maxasiaTeblebis ugulvebelyofas. agreTve,

Tanamedrove

arqiteqturul

konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia lokalurobis, anu adgilobriobis mniSvnelobis xazgasmac. modernizmis SigniTve arsebuli mcdelobebi, gaexada arqiteqtura ufro metad lokaluri da garemosTan organulad dakavSirebuli, garkveulwilad iZenda ara mxolod adgilisadmi pativiscemis gamoxatulebas, aramed arqiteqturis garkveul gaerovnulebas. kenet fremtoni sakuTar eseSi ‘’kritikuli regionalizmis Sesaxeb’’ citirebs aleqs Tzoniss da lilien lafaivs: „...regionelizms axasiaTebs garkveuli orsaxovneba: Tu erT SemTxvevaSi regionalizmi aRiqmeboda, rogorc garkveuli gaTavisuflebisa da reformaciis moZraoba, meore mxriv, is SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc Zlieri instrumenti represiisa da SovinizmisTvis’’5. swored aqedan gamomdinare, lokalurobis mniSvneloba, vfiqrob, ar unda gavaigivoT erovnulobasTan, radgan erovnuloba garkveulwilad Tavis TavSi ukve ganzogadebuli cnebaa, is ufro mravlismomcvelia, xolo lokaluroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom is erovnulobis SigniTaa, Tavisi arsiT erTdroulad mis miRmaa, Sesabamisad metad Rirebulia. amrigad, nebismieri sayovelTao mniSvnelobis obieqti sakuTar Sinaars swored rom lokalurobidan iRebs. metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored lokaluroba da mkacrad adgilobrivoba SeiZleba gaxdes sayovelTaobis umTavre-

si niSani. nebismieri saxis miswrafeba daaRwio Tavi viwro gagebiT lokalur sivrces, adgilTan mijaWvulobas sayovelTaobis mizniT, gardaiqmneba ukiduresad provincialur mcdelobad. analogiisTvis warmovidiginoT mwerali, romelic sagonebelSia da fiqrobs aRweros Tu ara viwro lokaluroba imis SiSiT, rom es gaugebari aRmoCndeba misi farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. nebismieri Rirebuli Semoqmedeba ver iqneba winaswar gansazRvruli, rogorc sayovelTao, aramed is gaxdeba sazogado, swored sakuTari lokalurobiT. amrigad, rac gasagebia norvegiaSi, gasagebia saqarTveloSic da piriqiT. amiT vuaxlovdebiT Sulcis dakvirvebas (epigrafs) imis Sesaxeb, rom viwro lokaluroba, iqneba es regionalizmi, Tu kritikuli regionalizmi, modernizmi Tu nebismieri saxva arqiteqturuli mimarTuleba, sakuTar mniSvnelobas da Sinaarss swored lokalurobidan, adgilobrivobidan, garkveuli piradulobidan iRebs. swored amitom, arqiteqturasTan kavSirSic, mniSvnelovania imis xazgasma Tu ramdenad Rirebuli da faseulia, am konteqstSi, adgilobrivi arqiteqturuli tradiciis wvdoma, radgan lokaluri tradicia swored rom is konkretuli viwro adgilobrivobaa, rac zustad gamoxatavs zemoT naxsenebi adgili sulis realur Sinaars.

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1. Christian Norberg-Schulz, ‘’Genius loci’’: towards a phenomenology of architecture p. 10 (1976) 2. Christian Norberg-Schulz, ‘’Genius loci’’: towards a phenomenology of architecture p. 5 (1976) 3. Adam Sharr, ’Thinkers for Architects’’ - Heidegger for Architects p. 52 4. Christian Norberg-Schulz,’’Genius loci’’: towards a phenomenology of architecture p. 18 (1976) 5. Kenneth Frampton, ‘’Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance’’ pg. 20 Quoting: Alex Tzonis and Liliane Lefaivre ‘’The grid and the pathway. An introduction to the work of Dimitris and Susana Antonakakis’’, Architecture in Greece, 15 (Athens 1981) p. 178

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jentrifikacia rogorc bazari da rogorc adgilobrioba jentrifikacia gulisxmobs fundamentur sivrciT restruqturizacias, ramdenime sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT. pirvel rigSi, is warmoadgens qalaqis saqmiani centris (downtown) fizikuri arealis gafarToebas, rac xSirad centraluri ubnebis (inner city) xarjze xdeba. ufro farTo gagebiT, jentrifikacia gulisxmobs qalaqis saqmiani nawilis geografiuli centris kulturuli gavlenis difuzias. saboloo jamSi, jentrifikacia - procesi, romelic TiTqos wmindad adgilobriv identobas unda aZlierebdes, warmoadgens qalaqis centris socialur transformacias saerTaSoriso sabazro kulturis farglebSi. rogorc wesi, jentrifikacias ufro viwro mniSvnelobas aniWeben xolme. is gulisxmobs, zogadad, gansaxlebas, gansakuTrebiT ki, profesiuli da administraciuli saSualo klasis zogierTi warmomadgenlis mier sacxovrisis arCevas; amas garda, es arCevani, rogorc wesi, individualistur fenomenad aris xolme warmoCenili. amave dros, patar-patara movlenebi da individualuri gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc jentrifikaciis konkretuli sivrciTi procesebis nawilebi, ufro didi socialuri transformaciiT sazrdooben. yvela ubans sakuTari jentrifikaciis istoria gaaCnia, Tumca yovel maTgans aqvs iseTi „gamococxlebuli“ centraluri nawili, rogoricaa South End ( bostonSi), Quality Hill (kanzas siTiSi) an Goose Island (CikagoSi). topografiis, SenobaTa xasiaTisa da mosaxleobis Semadgenlobisgan

damoukideblad, jentrifikacia warmoadgens koleqtiur Zalisxmevas qalaqis centris aTvisebisa axali urbanuli saSualo fenis elementebis mier. jentrifikaciis agentebis „urbanul pionerebad“ warmoCeniT, rogorc wesi, amarTleben saSualo klasis mier sivrcis miTvisebas. rogorc TeTrkanianma mosaxleobam gandevna mkvidri amerikuli mosaxleoba istoriuli miwebidan mecxramete saukuneSi, zustad aseve, gaasufTaves qalaqis saqmiani centris „sazRvari“ adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan jentrifikatorebma, developerebma da axalma komerciulma dawesebulebebma. sakmaod logikuria, rom es miTvisebis procesi koordinirebulia adgilobrivi samuSao adgilebisa da uwyebebis biznesis sferoSi eqspansiasTan. marTalia, samuSao adgilebis nawilma gareubnebSi gadainacvla, magram qalaqis mTliani ekonomika warimarTa finansebis, garTobis sferos, turizmis, komunikaciebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli biznes momsaxurebebis mimarTulebiT. amis miuxedavad, verc korporatiulma eqspansiam da verc jentrifikaciam ver Secvales urbanuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis, ojaxis saSualo Semosavlebis klebisa da xelfasebis uTanasworobis tendencia. samagierod, jentrifikacia landSaftisa da adgilobrivobis axali dapirispirebis gaRvivebiTa da „xrwnis zRvebSi ganaxlebis kunZulebis“ SeqmniT, uTanasworobas ufro TvalsaCinos xdis.

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Seron zukini

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qalaqis centris sacxovrebel saxlebSi reinvestireba SesaZlebeli gaxada kapitaldabandebis Semcirebam, romelic 1945 wlidan iwyeba (an ufro zustad, 1929 wlidan). aman „jentrificirebadi“ samSeneblo kapitali gamoaTavisufla. amave dros, moTxovna aseT mSeneblobebze kulturuli cvlilebebiT aris gamowveuli. kulturuli cvlilebebi ki, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs „refleqsiur“ moxmarebas, romelic ukavSirdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa raodenobis zrdas da Sedegad maRali kulturisa da moduri cxovrebis stilis popularizacias. aqedan gamomdinare, izrdeba potenciuri jentrifikatorebis ricxvi. jentrifikatorebma kerZo investiciebiT efeqturad daiwyes centris gawmenda zustad im dros, rodesac urbanuli ganaxlebis sajaro programebs gauuqmdaT federaluri dafinanseba da yvela rasobrivi jgufidan da socialuri klasidan gamoakldaT mxardamWerebi. amas garda, jentrifikaciis warmomadgenlebi xSirad iyenebdnen kapitalis arainstituciur wyaroebs, maT Soris, memkvidreobas, saojaxo sesxebs, pirad danazogebsa da saremonto samuSaoebis Sedegad dazogil Tanxebs. amgvarad, jentrifikacia aris cvlileba ara mxolod qalaqis centris ganviTarebis formisa (gadasvla sajaro seqtoridan kerZo seqtorze, msxvili masStabis proeqtebidan mcire proeqtebze, axali mSeneblobidan reabilitaciaze), aramed aseve, sainvesticio kapitalis wyaroebisac. amave dros, deindustrializaciisa da uZravi qonebis Rirebulebis cikluri vardnis Sedegad, Seicvala qalaqis centris mTliani politikuri ekonomika. 1880-iani wlebidan, msxvilma mewarmeebma daiwyes qalaqis centris datoveba. isini miiCnevdnen, rom mravalsarTuliani Senobebi da gadaWedili quCebi funqciurad moZveldnen. iqidan gamomdinare, rom mewarmeebi damokidebulni iyvnen horizontalur samewarmeo procesebze, satvirTo manqanebis momsaxurebasa da saavtomobilo moZrao-

baze, maT upiratesoba mianiWes gareubnebis vrcel velebze ganTavsebul fabrikebs. sagareubno miwebis dabali fasebi da gadasaxadebi amgvari gadawyvetilebis miRebas kidev ufro metad amarTlebda. centrSi darCenili mcire mewarmeebi, romlebic xSirad Zvel, mecxramete saukunis droindel industriul SenobebSi rCebodnen, anaqronistulad mcire qiras ixdidnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1960-ian wlebSi isini dazaraldnen gamZafrebuli globaluri konkurenciiTa da importuli saqonlis zrdiT, iseTi centralizebuli aqtivobebi, rogoricaa tansacmelis warmoeba da beWdviTi industria kvlav ganagrZnobdnen arsebobas dabalqirian klasterebSi, momxmareblebTan, konkurentebTan da masalebis momwodeblebTan axlos. niu-iorkSi isini xSirad sargebels naxulobdnen didi satranzito derefnebisgan, romlebic akavSirebdnen centralur manhetens ufro Soreul, muSaTa klasis sacxovrebel ubnebTan, sadac ZiriTadad dabalSemosavliani, emigranti da umciresobis warmomadgeneli muSaxeli iyrida Tavs. miuxedavad maTi ekonomikuri sicocxlisunarianobisa da centralur raionebTan istoriuli mijaWvulobisa, es mewarmeebi cxovrobdnen mudmivi wnexis qveS. miwis mflobeli elitis warmomadgenlebi, politikosebi da uZravi qonebis developerebi maT ukanono mobinadreebad aRiqvamdnen. maTi socialurad moZvelebuli, yoveldRiur cxovrebaze morgebuli arqiteqtura bariers uqmnida ekonomikuri Zalebis centraluri qalaqis landSaftis farglebSi gafarToebas. 1960-ian wlebSi, erTi mxriv, urbanuli ganaxlebis programebis implementaciis da meore mxriv, gareubnebSi axali ofisebis mSeneblobis paralelurad, qalaqebis municipalitetebis administraciebma daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTes reformator merebs, romlebmac korporatiul biznesebTan da sabanko interesebTan axali kavSirebi daamyares. magaliTad, niu-iorkis merma, jon lindsim gaauqma qalaqis meriasa da patara biznesebsa da mSromelTa kavSirebs Soris ar-

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sebuli, ruzveltis „axali kursis“ droindeli aliansebi; samagierod man gaaumjobesa urTierTobebi finansur seqtorTan da uZravi qonebis developerebTan. lindsis merobis droidan moyolebuli, niu-iorkis merebi mxars uWeren iseT zrdis models, romelic mkafiod aris orientirebuli centralur manhetenze momsaxurebis seqtoris ganviTarebaze. imis fonze, rom biznesebs qalaqis centrSi yofna sWirdebodaT da surdaT, uZravi qonebis fasi iq Tavis droze SedarebiT dabali iyo. marTalia, „araproporciuli qiris“ (sxvaoba binis qirasa da adgilze momuSave adamianebis an biznesebis Semosavlebs Soris - m.r.) warmoqmna miuTiTebda ekonomikuri Rirebulebis ciklur vardnaze, magram zogierTi kerZo instituti - ZiriTadad, bankebi da sadazRvevo kompaniebi, ucxouri korporaciebis ofisebi da finansuri servisebi - centraluri mdebareobis erTgulni mainc rCebodnen, misi simboluri Rirebulebis gamo. amave dros, qalaqis centri arasdros gamoricxavda fufunebas. patricianuli ojaxebis mcire nawili yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili bostonis Back Bay-sa da Beacon Hill-ze, iseve, rogorc filadelfiis Society Hill-sa da Rittenhouse Square-ze. msgavsi mcire arealebi, romlebsac ekonomikuri da kulturuli Rirebuleba ar daukargavT, centris „revitalizaciis“ procesis katalizatorebad mogvevlinnen. patriciebs Tvali eWiraT erTi mxriv, sareabilitacio kontraqtebze da meore mxriv, uZravi qonebis Rirebulebaze. isini centralur nawilSi flobdnen miwebs da idealur poziciaSi iyvnen, ekonomikuri sargeblis momtani ganviTarebis axali modelis warsamarTavad. isini, aseve, akontrolebdnen sainvesticio kapitalis wyaroebs; am mdidar moqalaqeebs xeli miuwvdebodaT qalaqis mTavrobis nebarTveb-

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ze da gaaCndaT kulturuli legitimacia. es yvelaferi saWiro iyo miwis gamoyenebis wesis Sesacvlelad, risi gakeTebac maT SeeZloT, radgan isini qmnidnen sabanko politikas, qalaqmgegmarebel komisiebsa da adgilobriv istoriul sazogadoebebs. SesaZloa, niu-iorki gamonakliss warmoadgenda imis gamo, rom manhetenis centralur nawilSi arsebuli miwebis mesakuTre patriciebi, romlebic ukve gareubnebSi cxovrobdnen, 1973 wlamde mxolod axali Senobebisa da avtomagistralebis mSeneblobaze iyvnen koncentrirebulni.

aprotestebdnen „zrdis koaliciis“ mier dagegmil ngrevis proeqtebs. isini, aseve, moiTxovdnen legalur uflebas imisas, rom ecxovraT da emuSavaT mewarmeobisTvis gankuTvnil zonebSi, imis safuZvelze, rom aseTi dawesebulebebi niu-iorkis ekonomikas amdidrebdnen. 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, xelovnebisa da performansis aratradiciulma formebma farTo, gadaxdis unaris mqone sazogadoeba miizida. centralur „loftebSi“ maTma etapobrivma koncentraciam es sivrceebi centraluri qalaqis saxelovnebo ekonomikasTan daakavSira.

amis sapirispirod, filadelfiaSi, 1950iani wlebis meore naxevridan, Society Hill-is zeda klasebis mcxovreblebma da maTma mokavSireebma sabanko seqtorsa da qalaqis mTavrobaSi, gamoiCines sakmaod SeTanxmebuli Zalisxmeva SenarCunebaze orientirebuli revitalizaciis gansaxorcieleblad. Elfreth’s Alley-is saxlebSi turebis organizebidan isini gadavidnen momijnave samezobloebis jurRmulebisgan gaTavisuflebis saxelmwifosgan dafinansebul programebze da axali komerciuli zonebis mSeneblobaze. Tormeti wlis Semdeg, damoukideblobis deklaraciis xelmoweridan orasi wlis Tavze, maTi sacxovrebeli anklavi delaveris CanCqerTan axlos, ukve Semofargluli iyo didi daculi istoriuli teritoriiT, turistuli infrastruqturiT, axali sadazRvevo da finansuri korporaciebis ofisebiT. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom gverdzeve ukve jentrificirda Queen Village-i. gadasvla mouwia mcire bizness, maT Soris mewarmeebs, muSaTa klass, romelTa Sorisac umravlesobas italielebi da puerto-rikoelebi Seadgendnen.

xelovanebs, mewarmeebsa da uZravi qonebis developerebs Soris qalaqis centris sivrceebis dasapatroneblad gamarTul SejibrSi, romelic 1973 wlamde gagrZelda, xelovanebi aRmoCndnen gamarjvebulni. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zlieri mxardamWerebis gareSe, isini ver moipovebdnen TavianT „loftebSi“ cxovrebis uflebas. maTi politikuri strategia emyareboda ara mxolod xelovanTa jgufebis cnobadobis gazrdas, aramed aseve, miwis mflobelTa da politikuri elitis zogierTi iseTi wevris mxardaWeris mopovebas, romlebic Tavisuflad SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen zrdis koaliciis mxardamWerTa rigebSic. manhetenis centris „loftebi“ istoriuli memkvidreobis dacvis Rirebulebam da zrdadma xelovnebis ekonomikam gadaarCines. isini msubuqi mrewvelobis sivrceebidan kulturul zonebad transformirdnen. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan kargad Cans, rom es procesi jentrifikaciis paralelurad ganviTarda. centralur manhetenze „loftis sacxovrebelisTvis“ legitimaciis micema gansazRvra landSaftis rogorc simbolurma, ise materialurma cvlilebam. „qvemodan wamosulma“ investiciebis nakadma qalaqis centri gaaTavisufla „moZvelebuli“ samrewvelo elementebisgan; gaCnda moTxovna misi vizualuri, sensualuri da konceptualuri reorientaciisac ki. ise, rogorc qalaqis centri da misi ganviTarebis axali mimarTuleba asaxavda warmoebis axal meTods, jentrifikaciis agentebis kulturuli praqtikebic ukavSirdeboda moxmarebis axlebur mowyobas.

am yvelafris sapirispirod, 1970-ian wlebSi, centralur manhetenze dabalqiriani da „socialurad moZvelebuli“ elementebis gandevna kulturuli politikis nawili iyo. konkretulad, centraluri manhetenis landSafti gansazRvra xelovanebisa da qalaqis istoriuli nawilis damcvelebis koaliciis mier Seqmnilma moulodnelma triumfma. xelovanTa organizaciebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen im sacxovrebeli da samuSao kvartlebis dasacavad, romlebic kulturis mwarmoeblebma Camoayalibes dabalqirian sawarmoo „loftebSi“,

Tavdapirvelad, jentrifikatorebis mier istoriuli memkvidreobis aRdgenasa da SenarCunebaze zrunvis ukan idga realuri wux-

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ili imis Taobaze, Tu rogor nadgurdeboda aTwleulze meti xnis manZilze saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli urbanuli ganaxlebis programebiT da kerZo komerciuli developeruli proeqtebiT, amerikuli qalaqebis arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis didi nawili. „dakarguli niu-iorkis“ Sesaxeb mowyobil fotografiul gamofenaze (1963 w.) da am Temaze daweril wignSi (1967 w.) dokumentirebulia qvisa da Tujis nagebobebi, romlebic amSvenebdnen manhetenis centrs „oqros eridan“ meore msoflio omamde. am Senobebis umravlesoba Seewira momdevno periodis ganaxlebebs, romelTa paraleluradac, centraluri qalaqis komerciulma zonebma kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gadainacvla. didi xnis manZilze, ngreva asocirdeboda gaumjobesebasTan, magram 1960iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sadgur pensilvaniis, oqros eris sarkinigzo terminalis ganadgurebam, romlis maRali SuSis gumbaTi Cveulebrivi saofise SenobiT Caanacvles, gaamZafra warsulis dakargvis koleqtiuri SegrZneba. „dakarguli bostonis“, „dakarguli Cikagosa“ da „dakarguli londonis“ Sesaxeb gamarTuli foto-gamofenebi TiTqmis universalur ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen urbanuli ganaxlebebis damangreveli strategiebis mimarT. kritika igrZnoboda sxvadasxva sferoebSi, dawyebuli esTetikiT da damTavrebuli sociologiiT. Jurnalisti jein jeikobsi, romlis ojaxic Greenwich Village-is Zveli nawilis Sereul, naxevrad sacxovrebel da naxevrad industriul zonaSi gadavida sacxovreblad, moiTxovda Zveli Senobebis SenarCunebas, im argumentiT, rom isini xels uwyobdnen socialur mravalferovnebas. jeikobsi amtkicebda, rom erTmaneTTan pirdapir kavSirSi iyo, erTi mxriv, patara, Zveli Senobebis arseboba da dabali qira, xolo meore mxriv, aqtiuri quCis cxovreba da specializirebuli, iafiani maRaziebisa da axali, saintereso ekonomikuri aqtivobebis gaCena. erTi sityviT, is miiCnevda, rom pirveli maTgani iwvevda qalaqis centris socialuri Rirebulebebis warmoSobas. aseve, sociologebis, herbert gansisa da mark fridis kvlevebma aCvena, rom fizikurad dauZlurebul qalaqis centris Temsac ki gaaCnia gajansaRebis xelSemwyobi socialuri Rirebuleba.

am axali mgrZnobelobebis gaCenas daemata isic, rom qalaqis centrSi axali sacxovrisis fasebi gaizarda; maTi xelmisawvdomoba garTulda. amasobaSi, sqesTa Soris Tanasworobisa da ojaxis damoukideblobis axalma formebma gaaqro sacxovreblis karg skolebTan, supermarketebTan da ubnis maRaziebTan axlos yofnis saWiroeba; yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase moxda uSvilo an iseTi ojaxebisTvis, visac ar gaaCndaT Svilis kerZo skolaSi gagzavnis saxsrebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Park Avenue-ze dasaxleba maTTvis zedmetad Zviri iyo da Upper East Side-ze Tavisi nebiT arasdros icxovrebdnen, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone zeda saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebisTvis centri Seicavda socialur da esTetikur Rirebulebas. rac Seexeba dabalSemosavlian mosaxleobas, romelTac aseve kargi ganaTleba qondaT, maT umravlesobas qalebi da geebi Seadgendnen. isini misdevdnen karieras kulturis sferoSi da ZiriTadad, saxldebodnen erTsulian ojaxebad. maTTvis qalaqis centris mTavari Rirebuleba iyo is, rom mas SeeZlo xeli Seewyo klasterulobisTvis. qalaqis centris „moZvelebul“ ubnebSi mdebare, SedarebiT „iafiani“ Senobebi am jgufis kacebsa da qalebs aZlevdaT axali tipis kulturuli moxmarebis SesaZleblobas. axali saSualo fenis mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, mecxramete saukuneSi aSenebul saxlebs yidulobda. isini sruli sizustiT aRadgendnen saRebavebis fenebiT gadafarul arqiteqturul detalebs, romlebsac bevri remontisa da rekonstruirebis Sedegad ieri hqondaT dakarguli. adreul 1960-ian wlebSi, britaneli sociologi ruT glasi iyo pirveli, vinc daafiqsira maTi yofna da aRwera es procesi, rogorc „jentris“ Semodineba londonis centralur ubnebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom axal mosaxleobas ar hqonda maRali Semosavali, isini calsaxad ufro SeZlebulebi da ganaTlebulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi muSaTa klasis mezoblebi. am mezoblebs naklebad esmodaT, Tu ra izidavdaT maT qalaqis centrTan axlos mdebare mouvleli ubnebis Zvel saxlebSi. am periodidan moyolebuli, industrializebuli samyaros Zvel qalaqebSi imdenad gamravlden jentrifikaciis agentebi, rom maT kulturul moTxovnebs ukve ubnebis ganaxlebisa da qa-

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laqgegmarebis oficialur normativebSi iTvaliswinebdnen. jentrifikaciam, romelsac axasiaTebda istoriuli nagebobebisadmi da mcire masStabisadmi pativiscema, sivrcis Rirebulebis gadafasebis elferi SeiZina. jentrifikatorebis mier qalaqis centrSi mdebare Zveli Senobebis esTetikisa da socialuri istoriis dafaseba miuTiTebda kulturul mgrZnobelobasa da daxvewilobaze, rac scildeboda meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi arsebul gareubnuli konformizmisa da kitCis eToss. amas garda, socialuri mravalferovnebis ZiebaSi, centrSi gadanacvleba warmoCindeboda, rogorc liberaluri tolerantulobis manifestacia, romelic erTi SexedviT, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda „TeTrebis gaqcevasTan“ da qalaqis centris investiciebisgan daclasTan. jentrifikaciam socialuri sivrce, anu „habitusi“ Seqmna kulturuli da ara ekonomikuri kapitalis gamoyenebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, man, rogorc Cans, erTmaneTTan Seaxama winaaRmdegobebi: landSafti da lokaluroba, bazari da adgili. jentrifikaciis agentebi urbanuli yoveldRiurobis CamoSlil arqiteqturas uyurebdnen imave esTetikuri da istoriuli perspeqtividan, romlidanac, tradiciulad, uyureben xolme landSafts. amave dros, maTma moTxovnebma, rom SenarCunebuliyo Zveli Senobebi kulturuli da ara ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gamo, Seqmna iseTi bazari, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo adgilobriobasTan. amis miuxedavad, jentrifikacia iseve icvleboda, rogorc Tavad qalaqis centri. adreuli 1980-iani wlebidan, Zveli Senobebi-

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sadmi interess, romelic mis mTavar Tvisebas warmoadgenda, daemata axali masobrivi mSeneblobebis bumi. kombinirebuli, anu erTdroulad, komerciuli da sacxovrebeli proeqtebi finansur raionTan axlos (magaliTad, londonis Docklands-i da niu-iorkis Battery Park City-i) Tavis sasargeblod iyeneben jentrifikatorebis mier kultivirebul Zveli Senobebisa da qalaqis centris mravalferovnebis esTetikas. amave dros, ukve Znelia imis garkveva, jentrifikacia upirvelesad, socialuri, esTetikuri Tu sivrcobrivi fenomenia. mcire masStabis uZravi qonebis developerebma nel-nela gauges gemo adgilTan dakavSirebuli produqtis SeTavazebis sikeTeebs. „unda ipovo prestiJuli nageboba, romelic warmosadegia da kargad aSenebuli; umjobesia, iyos omamde aSenebuli,“ - ambobs samSeneblo developeri, romelmac rasobrivad mravalferovan ubanSi neogoTikuri kaTolikuri seminaria feSenebelur mravalbinian saxlad gadaakeTa. „poulob mas iseT ubanSi, romelic marTalia problemuria, magram axlos aris parkTan, kolejTan, karg transportTan da a.S., anu aqvs is, rac saSualo klass moizidavs. sanam proeqts daasruleb, mis garSemo arsebuli Senobebis ganaxleba ukve TavisiT daiwyeba,“ agrZelebs is. qalaqis centrSi mdebare postindustriulma „loftebma“ ufro specifiuri uZravi qonebis bazris ganviTarebas Seuwyes xeli, radgan maT gansakuTrebuli Tviseba gaaCndaT. imis gamo, rom isini pirdapir asocirdebodnen xelovanebTan, sacxovrebelma „loftebma“ SeiZines avTenturi kulturuli moxmare-

bis aura. Tuki xelovani warmoadgenda „srul ganakveTze momuSave garTobis specialists, esTetikis xelosans, romelic aRwerda da waaxalisebda sxvebis, arasruli ganakveTiT momuSave momxmareblis grZnobad molodinebs,“ maSin xelovanis „lofti“ da mis garSemo arsebuli areali xdeboda srulyofili adgili axali, refleqsiuri moxmarebisTvis. bazari ar aris landSaftsa da adgilobriobas Soris qalaqis centris mopovebisTvis gamarTuli Sejibris erTaderTi arbitri. am procesis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom adgilobrivi macxovreblebis, magaliTad, muSaTa klasis macxovreblebisa da mcire mewarmeebis socialuri Rirebulebebi, ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania qalaqis centris miTvisebisas, vidre potenciuri jentrifikatorebis kulturuli Rirebulebebi. jentrifikacia sivrceze ekonomikur uflebas amatebs kulturul uflebas da upiratesobas aniWebs kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvasa da xelovanTa moTxovnilebebs. am gadmosaxedidan, „istoriuli“ Senoba mxolod maSin fasdeba umaRles Rirebulebad, rodesac misi axsna, gaanalizeba da gageba SesaZlebelia iseTi esTetikuri diskursis farglebSi, rogoricaa arqiteqturisa da xelovnebis istoria. amgvari Senobebi samarTlianad „ekuTvniT“ imaT, visac SeuZlia moiZios maTi Tavdapirveli gegmebi da Seiswavlos isini sakuTari saxlis arqiteqtoris karieris konteqstSi. is ekuTvnis iseT mobinadres, romelsac SeuZlia aRadginos amerikuli wiTeli xis Zveli paneli da SeiZinos mecxramete saukunis droindeli onkanebis aslebi da ara imaT, vinc saxlebis gare kedlebze aluminis zedapirs aniWeben upiratesobas.

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jentrifikaciis warmomadgenlebis unari daukavSiron Tavi istorias, aZlevs maT qalaqis centris saTavisod gamoyenebis uflebas. maTi umravlesoba mainc ar ganicdis adgilobrivi muSaTa klasis samikitnoebis „ye olde“ barebad da “frangul“ bistroebad gadaqcevas. isini Tavs ufro adreul mSenebelTa jgufebTan aigiveben, vidre arsebul dabali klasis mosaxleobasTan; adreuli meoce saukunis droindel „Ladies’ Mile“-is univermaRebTan, vidre maT adgilas arsebul dabalfasiani produqciis maRaziebTan. jentrifikatorebis mier ZiriTadad, restavraciisa da ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT Catarebuli samuSaoebis xarjze, dasangrevad ganwiruli adgilobrivi, eTnikuri getoebi da muSaTa klasis ubnebi, gadaazrebulia, rogorc georgianuli, viqtorianuli an adreuli industriuli landSafti da isini aRinusxeba, rogorc SesanarCunebeli faseuloba. „am axali perspeqtivis mixedviT, [jentrificirebuli ubani] konkretuli adgili ki ar aris, aramed ufro kulturuli qanqaraa, romelic moZraobs Tanamedrove centraluri qalaqis prozaul realobasa da am arealis warsulis warmosaxviT rekonstruqcias Soris.“ urbanul sivrceze kulturuli pretenziis gamocxadeba legitimaciis axal wyaros warmoadgens da anacvlebs dabali statusis mqone mosaxleobis mxridan wamoyenebul xelmisawvdomobis moTxovnebs. mniSvnelovania is, rom kulturuli faseuloba axla ekonomikur faseulobas ukavSirdeba. sacxovrebel loftebsa da jentrifikaciaze moTxovnis gazrdam, msxvil miwis mflobelebs, developerebsa da adgilobriv arCeul xelisuflebas aCvena, rom maT SeeZloT qalaqis centris ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gazrda kulturuli

moxmarebis miwodebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos Carevam gaaZliera jentrifikaciis „sabazro Zalebis“ ukan mdgari kulturul moTxovnebi. axali zonaluri kanonebi devnian mewarmeebs da aiZuleben centridan moSorebiT gadasvlas. garda amisa, 1981 wlidan, aSS-s sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT, istoriuli nagebobebis reabilitaciisTvis gaicema sagadasaxado kreditebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wels kreditis zeda zRvari Semcirda da misi miRebis moTxovnebi gamkacrda, sagadasaxado reformis kanonSi kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisTvis gansazRvruli SeRavaTebi SenarCunda. axla ukve yvela qalaqs aqvs „Zeglis statusis mqone“ nagebobebisa da ubnebis sertificirebis procedura, romelic maTi gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs mxolod imaT, visac aqvT istoriuli iersaxis SenarCunebis SesaZlebloba. amave dros, rogorc ki Zeglis statusad gadaqcevis strategia kargavs Tavis sargeblianobas qalaqis centris ekonomikuri Rirebulebis aR-

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dgenis kuTxiT, rogorc es moxda niu-iorkSi 1980-iani wlebis Sua wlebSi, maSinve qalaqis mTavrobas SeuZlia Secvalos politika da Seutios istoriuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebis cnebas. jentrifikacia yvelaze metad gaaZliera ara konkretulma dafinansebis wyarom, aramed saxelmwifos mier urbanul sivrceze kulturuli uflebis samarTlebrivma da simbolurma legitimaciam. am aRiarebam kulturis warmoeba aqcia urbanuli zrdis simbolod. vitriniani xelovnebis galereebi da „franguli“ restornebi jentrifikaciis sadarajoebad da mediatorebad gadaiqcnen. im qalaqebs ki, romelTa samuSao ZalaSic xelovanebis maRali koncentracia iyo, jentrifikaciis da sacxovrebeli sivrceebis gardaqmnis proeqtebis ufro maRali maCveneblebi hqondaT. amave dros, jentrifikaciis esTetiuri xibli dayofadi da drekadia. SesaZlebelia misi abstragireba iseT kulturuli moxmarebis sagnebze, romlebsac mxolod Soreuli naTesaoba akavSirebT qalaqis centris im zonebTan, sadac isini erT dros iwarmoebodnen. Polio Diary Products Corporation-is masobrivad warmoebuli yvelis axali brendis reklamaSi vkiTxulobT: „Fior de Latte-s gamosvlamde, italiur ubnebSi unda wasuliyaviT latticini-is [rZis] maRaziebSi axali mocarelas sayidlad. maRaziis gamyidvelebi ugemrieles TeTr yvels yoveldRe amzadebdnen da odnav damarilebuli wylis bocebSi inaxavdnen.“ ise gamodis, rom aRar aris saWiro qalaqis centris „eTnikur“ ubnebSi wasvla maTi memkvidreobis dasagemovneblad; saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da masobriv distribucias SeuZlia istoriulad „avTenturi“ produqtis reproducireba. reklama Semdegnairad grZeldeba: „axali mocarelas am myife, xeliT damzadebuli gemos dasaWerad, Polly-O-m gamoi-

yena italiidan importirebuli meTodebi da danadgarebi. Cven SegviZlia Fior di Latte-s TiToeuli individualuri Sekvris wyalSi ganTavseba 25 dRis ganmavlobaSi, tenianobisa da sirbilis SesanarCuneblad.“ Laticcini-ebis saWiroeba aRaraa, radgan axali mocarela ukve supermarketebSi iyideba. moxmarebis wesis axlebur organizebas, aqedan gamomdinare, paradoqsuli gavlena aqvs qalaqis centrze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan is unikalurad aRiqmeboda, adgilis kulturuli Rirebuleba bolos mainc sabazro kulturad abstragirdeba.

Sharon Zukin Gentrification as Market and place Published in: Japonica Brown-Saracino - The Gentrification Debates_ A Reader (The Metropolis and Modern Life) (2010, Routledge) Targmani: giorgi cxadaia, marita rurua

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quCIs mzveravebis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi, dagWirdeba: gamZle fexsacmelebi, fotoaparati, wignaki, fanqari; SesaZloa: kompasi, mzomi, CanTa, xmis Camweri aparatura. _ _ _ urbanul sivrceebSi trivialur sagnebze dakvirveba SeiZleba gadaiqces mizanmimarTul saqmianobad. quCebis detalebis, yoveldRiurobis narCenebis SemCneva da Semdeg maTi aRnusxva zogierTi adamianisTvis TviTgamoxatvis saSualebacaa. garemos aRqmisa da trivialuri sagnebze dakvirvebis praqtikas mdidari istoria aqvs iaponur kulturaSi. am mimarTulebis erT-erTi SedarebiT Tanamedrove enTuziasti iyo vajiro koni (18881973), romelmac adamianebis cxovrebasa da moxmarebis sagnebze dakvirvebis process â&#x20AC;&#x17E;modernologiaâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; (kogen-gaku) uwoda. es dargi Taviseburi gziT swavlobda meoce saukunis dasawyisSi iaponiaSi modernizaciis paralelurad, socialuri garemosa da cxovrebis wesis cvlilebebs. koni da misi mimdevrebi aRnusxavdnen

vajiro kon, modernologia

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rojo kansacu. RojĹ? kansatsugaku nyĹŤmon [Street Observation Studies Primer] wyaro: http://forty-five.com/papers/154

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gamvlelebis Tmis varcxnilobebs, iTvlidnen evropulad CacmulTa procentulobas, afiqsirebdnen parkebSi damsvenebelTa raodenobas. iseT absurdul saqmianobasac ki misdevdnen, rogoricaa tokios yavaxanebSi Wiqebze bzarebis dokumentireba. es ironiiT aRsavse saqmianoba momdevno Taobebsac izidavda, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen arqiteqturis fakultetis studentebi, fotografebi an arqiteqturuli ofisi „Atelier Bow-Wow“. es ukanaskneli cnobilia Tavisi mcire arqiteqturuli nagebobebis detaluri grafikuli aRwerilobebiT. modernologebis cnobismoyvareobis gamgrZeleblad gvevlineba „arqiteqturis deteqtiuri saagento“ - studentTa mcire jgufi, romelic dakavebuli iyo tokios quCebSi dasavluri stilis Senobebis moZebniTa da aRnusxviT 1970-ian wlebSi. „gamoZiebis“ obieqts warmoadgenda nebismieri miviwyebuli, aradokumentirebuli nageboba. rogorc ki aseTi Senobis dangrevis sakiTxi dadgeboda, deteqtivebi mzad iyvnen warmoedginaT mTliani informacia Senobebis Sesaxeb Tavisi foto da grafikuli arqiviT. am jgufis aqtiuri wevri iyo terunobu fujimuri, iaponeli arqiteqtori da arqiteqturis istorikosi. amave periodSi, iaponeli mwerali da konceptualisti ganpei akesagava xelmZRvanelobda

„tomasonis“ jgufs, romelic aRbeWdavda iseT sagnebs, romlebic gamousadegarobis miuxedavad mainc agrZelebdnen arsebobas. mogvianebiT, 1986 wels, fujimuri da akesagava erTad aarseben quCis mzveravTa sazogadoebas „rojo kansacus“ (quCaze dakvirveba). quCis damkvirveblebi agrovebdnen da inaxavdnen yvelafers, rasac quCaSi waawydebodnen. fotoaparatiTa da sagangebo mowyobilobebiT aRWurvilni ixatavdnen da firze aRbeWdavdnen Wis luqebs, kenWebs, maRaziebis abrebs, kibeebs, buxris milebs, quCaSi dagdebul moulodnel da SemTxveviT nivTebs. „rojos“ wevrebi azrs xedavdnen wminda aRmoCenaSi da kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen konkretuli miznebis qonas, Tundac quCis detalebiT esTetikur tkbobas. am midgomiT, isini upirispirdebodnen konsumerizms, romelic im droisTvis iaponiaSi aRmavlobis gzaze idga. garda amisa, „damkvirveblebi“ quCebSi sagnis aRmoCenis process ganasxvavebdnen iseTi xelovnebisgan, romelic sagans aRiqvamda, rogorc samuzeumo eqsponats. fujimuri Tavis eseSi „quCis damkvirveblebis saxeliT“ ganmartavs, rom quCis damkvirveblebi, romlebic konkretul obieqtebs afiqsireben, ar gamoricxaven am obieqtebis ukan raime movlenis an incidentis arsebobas. „Cven veZebT nivTebs im

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deteqtivebis TvalebiT, romlebsac mudmivad aqvT Sexeba movlenebTan,“ wers is. fujimoris magaliTad mohyavs „tomasonis“ foto namuSevari „wminda kibe“, sadac aRbeWdilia Senobis kedelze mibjenili arsaiTken mimavali kibe. SesaZlebelia, rom es obieqti raime incidentis Sedegad warmoiSva. is, aseve, xazs usvams imas, rom quCis damkvirveblebs ar ainteresebT sivrce, rogorc aseTi; maT izidavT bunebrivi deviaciebis Zieba, romelic Seicavs azrs moklebul obieqtebs, umasStabo, uadgilo formebs. quCis mzveravobas winaswari ganzraxva ar gaaCnia da man arasdros icis, ras waawydeba. „rojos“ wevrebisTvis amgvari damkvirvebloba samecniero dakvirvebas gavs. am procesSi masxrad aris agdebuli yvelanairi mizani, xelovnebis ltolva silamazisken Tu avangardizmis mier silamazis ngreva... umiznod quCaSi xetialis dros nanaxi moulodnelobaa is, rac maT Tavisuflebas aniWebs.

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gamoyenebuli masala: Terunobu Fujimori, Under the Banner of Street Observation, Reviewed by Thomas Daniell, 02 Jun 2016 http://forty-five.com/papers/154 https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/issues/12/what-youcan-do-with-the-city/38537/how-to-be-an-architectural-detective

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tomasoni. Thomasson typology. From Rojō kansatsugaku nyūmon [Street Observation Studies Primer] (Tokyo: Chikuma Shōbō, 1986). wyaro: http://forty-five.com/papers/154

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