უ #6 by უ- / არქიტექტურული ჟურნალი

Jurnali arqiteqturaze

noemberi-dekemberi/2017

u- aris damoukidebeli internet-gamocema; u- ganixilavs arqiteqturas da konteqsts; kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs damkvidrebul praqtikebsa da Sexedulebebs. Jurnalis mizania, Targmanebisa da essebis saxiT , qarTvel mkiTxvels gaaqcnos aqtualuri urbanuli Teoriebi da arqiteqturuli procesebi.

sarCevi:

urbanuli meurneoba: ra unda bostans qalaqSi?

10.

TERRA FlUXUS - jeims korneri (Targmani)

22.

italieli radikalebi - ARCHIZOOM

noemberi-dekemberi/2017

#6 / noemberi-dekemberi/ 2017

#6 / noemberi-dekemberi / 2017

urbanuli meurneoba: ra unda bostans qalaqSi? qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad, izrdeba moTxovnileba sakveb produqtebze. moTxovnilebis zrdis fonze, mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis sul ufro rTulad xelmisawvdomi xdeba jansaRi da axali sakvebi. amitom, msoflios qalaqebis mosaxleoba axal gzebs eZebs sufTa, organuli produqtis misaRebad. imis gamo, rom did qalaqebSi aseTi produqtebis fasi Zalian maRalia da mxolod maRalSemosavlian mosaxleobas miuwvdeba maTze xeli, SedarebiT Raribi mosaxleobisTvis erT-erTi gamosavali SeiZleba iyos mcire meurneobaSi CarTva. CvenSi damkvidrebulia qalaqisa da soflis mkveTrad gamijnuli aRqma. TiTqos Zneli warmosadgenia am ori urTierTsapirispiro garemos saerTo konteqstSi ganxilva. SesaZloa, ginaxavT kidec qalaqSi ganviTarebuli agraruli kulturebi da dainteresebulxarT: ra unda bostans qalaqSi? ra unda qaT-

ams, Zroxas an Txas qalaqSi? sinamdvileSi, es praqtika yovelTvis arsebobda qalaqebSi da mas didi xania ukve saxelic aqvs: urbanuli meurneoba. igi gvxvdeba ukana ezoebSi, saxuravebze, qalaqis gamouyenebel teritoriebze... bevr qalaqSi urbanuli meurneobis wasaxaliseblad sagangebo programebic ki iqmneba; Tanamedrove arqiteqtorebic aqtiurad amuSaveben urbanuli fermebis ganviTarebis versiebs TavianT proeqtebSi. urbanuli meurneoba aris meurneoba, romelic qalaqis, metropoliis SigniT an mis SemogarenSi mdebareobs. urbanuli meurneoba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva saxis sasursaTo da arasasursaTo produqciis kultivirebas, ZiriTadad, urbanul arealSive arsebuli resursebis gamoyenebiT imisaTvis, rom Semdgom es resursebi miewodos isev lokalur urbanuli garemos.1 gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneo-

#6 / noemberi-dekemberi/ 2017

bis organizaciis monacemebis mixedviT, msoflios masStabiT, 800 milioni adamiani misdevs sxvadasxva tipis meurneobas (xilis, bostneulis moyvana an mesaqonleoba) qalaqSi. qalaqSi moyvanili sakvebi resursebi msoflioSi warmoebuli sursaTis 15-20 procents Seadgens.2 am mxriv, gamoirCeva aSS-s bevri qalaqi; aseve, samxreT amerikis, CineTisa da afrikis qalaqebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirvelad, qalaqis farglebSi miwis damuSavebis aucilebloba sasursaTo krizisma gamoiwvia, Tumca agraruli garemos da qalaquri dasaxlebis - am oris sapirispiro cxovrebis wesis Serwymis mcdelobebi manamdec arsebobda. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, agraruli sferos gaaqtiureba gansakuTrebulad aqtualuri iyo aSS-is da dasavleT evropis industriul qalaqebSi. zogierTi modernisti arqiteqtori qmnida industriuli Sromisa da soflis meurneobis Serwymis radikalur koncefcias, sadac urbanul muSebs unda SeeTavsebinaT fermeris roli. erT-erTi aseTi proeqtia frenk loid raitis farTo qalaqi (Broadacre City), romelic gulisxmobda qalaqis srul decentralizacias. aseT qalaqSi soflis meurneoba unda yofiliyo wamyvani industria. TiToeul mosaxles gadascemdnen saxls naxevari heqtari dasamuSavebeli miwiT. sxva sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebi: komerciuli dan-

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iSnulebis centrebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi da sxv., erTmaneTs grZeli gzatkecilebiT daukavSirdeboda. es proeqti iyo 1930-iani wlebis amerikis im utopiuri proeqtebis gagrZeleba, romlebic didi depresiis dros ganxorcielda. am periodSi, soflis mosaxleoba masiurad inacvlebda qalaqebSi samsaxuris saSovnelad.

pirveli da meore msoflio omebis da didi depresiis dros, qalaqis gaRaribebul mosaxleobas eZleoda qalaqis miwebis damuSavebis ufleba. am periodSi, xelisufleba municipalur miwebs unawilebda mosaxleobas dasamuSaveblad amsterdamSi, berlinSi, londonsa da evropis sxva qalaqebSi... urbanuli meurneobebis simravliT, aseve, gamoirCeoda aSS-s bevri qalaqi, gansakuTrebiT, ki niu-iorki, sadac es praqtika dResac grZeldeba da bevri ojaxi dResac inarCunebs mcire meurneobas baRis an bostnis saxiT.3

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ra sargebloba moaqvs urbanul meurneobas dRevandel pirobebSi? SegviZlia gamovyoT urbanuli meurneobis oTxi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dadebiTi mxare: pirdapiri xelmisawvdomoba janmrTel da axal sakvebze; ekonomikuri sargebeli; ekologiuri sargebeli; socialuri sargebeli. ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs urbanuli meurneobis sxvadasxvagvari tradicia. magaliTad, samezoblo an Temi saxelmwifosgan qiraobs gamouyenebel teritorias da saerTo ZalebiT amuSavebs miwas. moyvanil produqts ki an Tanabrad inawilebs an yidis da iRebs finansur sargebels. xSiria aseve, roca sxvadasxva jgufebi inawileben miwis nakveTs da amuSaveben sxvadasxva saxis bostneuls, mwvanils, xils... qalaqSi am procesis socialuri datvirTva sakmaod didia: aseTi aqtivobebi emsaxureba socialuri urTierTobebis gaZlierebas adgilobriv TemSi, ganwyobis amaRlebas zogadad da ra Tqma unda, aseve, uzrunvelyofs ekologiurad sufTa sakvebze wvdomas. garda imisa, rom urbanuli meurneoba si-

Raribis pirobebSi xelmisawvdomi sursaTis warmoebis saSualebas iZleva, arsebobs sxva sargebelic, rac am saqmianobas moaqvs. erT-erTia is, rom mosaxleobas sakvebis xarisxis individualuri kontrolis saSualebas eZleva. aseve, sakuTar mosavalze zrunva amaRlebs ganaTlebis dones sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis Sesaxeb. urbanul meurneobas, misi masStabebidan gamomdinare sakmao ekonomikuri sargeblis motana SeuZlia. bevr qalaqSi an mis SemogarenSi, aris magaliTebi, roca mosaxleobis Semosavlis wyaro swored miwaTmoqmedeba an mesaqonleobaa, romlis realizebac adgilobriv bazarze xdeba. urbanuli meurneobis sxvadasxva meTodia gavrcelebuli kanadaSi; maT Soris aris CSA-s programa, anu saerTo sargeblobis

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meurneobis ganviTareba. adamianTa jgufi, romelTa Sorisac erT-erTi aris fermeri, Tanxmdeba saerTo sezonuri sameurno xarjebisa da mosavlis ganawilebaze. regularuli gadasaxadis sanacvlod, mosaxleoba fermerisgan iRebs jansaR produqts, monawileobs fermasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi. CSA aris msxvilmasStabiani, korporatiuli sakvebi sistemis socialuri da ekonomikuri alternativa. ontarios gareubanSi forfoldis ferma 2000 wlidan arsebobs. organuli da biodinamikuri ferma moicavs daaxloebiT 15 heqtars, sadac fermerebs mohyavT bostneuli, mwvanili, yvavilebi, marcvleuli kulturebi. aseve, ewevian mefrinveleobasa da yavT mcire naxiri. forfoldis ferma amaragebs 100 ojaxs, romelTac sami sezonis ganmavlobaSi, yovelkvireulad miewodebaT produqtebiT savse kalaTa. 4 aseve, bevrs saubroben qalaqis ekologiuri garemos gaumjobesebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis gamravalferovnebis mimarTulebiT urbanuli meurneobis dadebiT mxareebze. urbanuli meurneoba qalaqis mosaxleobas aZlevs saSualebas gaerkvion sursaTis warmoebis iseT niuansebSi, romlebzec maT rogorc wesi, warmodgena ar aqvT, radgan ZiriTadad, sakveb produqtebs mza saxiT yiduloben supermarketebSi. sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis procesis gamWvirvaloba da misi meti integrireba qalaqSi qmnis ufro cocxal urbanul garemos da sufTa, moqnil sasursaTo sistemas. bostnis arseboba qalaqSi sulac ar warmoadgens raime ucnaurobas. mis arsebobas

aqvs axsna da mas moaqvs sargebeli. meurneoba qalaqSi aris ara mxolod jansaRi produqtis miRebis saSualeba, aramed is qalaqis mosaxleobas aZlevs xalisian da garemosTvis sasargeblo aqtivobebSi CarTvis saSualebas. qalaqSi daniSnulebis gareSe darCenili miwis nakveTi bevria da ratom ar SeiZleba Tundac droebiT misi gamoyeneba?

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Mark Redwood, „Agriculture Urban Planning: Generating livelihoods and security“, London, Sterling VA 2. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/growing_urban_ agriculture 3. Eveline van Leeuwen, Peter Nijkamp and Teresa de Noronha Vaz. „The multifunctional use of urban greenspace.“ 4. Jennifer Sumner, Heather Mair and Erin Nelson. „Putting the culture back into agriculture: civic engagement, community and the celebration of local food.“

marita rurua

#6 / noemberi-dekemberi/ 2017

TERRA FLUXUS jeims korneri

ocdameerTe saukunis damdegs, TiTqos ukve moZvelebuli termini â&#x20AC;&#x153;landSaftiâ&#x20AC;?, ucnauri saxiT, isev modaSi Semovida. kulturul cnobierebaSi landSaftis kategoriis xelaxla damkvidreba nawilobriv SeiZleba davukavSiroT garemos dacvis sakiTxebisa da globaluri ekologiuri mdgomareobis gadaazrebas, masiur urbanizacias, turizmis zrdasa da masTan asocirebul moTxovnilebas, rom sxvadasxva regionebma SeinarCunon unikaluri saxe. amave dros, landSaftis cneba warmoSobs sxvadasxva warmosaxviT da metaforul asociaciebs, gansakuTrebiT bevri Tanamderove arqiteqtorisa da urbanistis TvalSi. udavod bevrma arqiteqturulma skolam aiTvisa landSaftis Tema bolo wlebSi, maSin, rodesac arc ise didi xnis win, arqiteqtorebma xis daxatvac ki ar icodnen, teritoriisa da landSaftis mimarT interesis gamoCenaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. dRes ki, rasac arqiteqturul skolebSi vxedavT, aris ara mxolod interesis zrda

nargavebis, miwis samuSaoebisa da nakveTebis dagegmarebis mimarT, aramed landSaftTan mimarTebaSi ufro Rrma, konceptualuri midgomis ganviTarebas; es moicavs adgilebis, teritoriebis, ekosistemebis, qselebisa da infrastruqturebis Teoretizacias da farTo urbanuli moednebis organizebas. organizebis, dinamiuri interaqciis, ekologiisa da teqnikis Temebisadmi gazrdili interesi migvaniSnebs, rom viTardeba ufro Tavisufali, axleburi urbanizmi, romelic ukeT aRiqvams qalaqis realur sirTuleebs da gvTavazobs mkacrad centralizebuli dagegmarebis alternativas. tradiciulad, landSafturi arqiteqturis wamyvani skolebi landSaftis fenomens aRiqvamdnen iseTi urbanuli modelis konteqstSi, romelic iyenebda masStabur saorganizacio teqnikebs, dizainis, kulturuli gamosaxvis da ekologiuri formaciis xerxebTan erTad. bolo periodSi, ramdenime landSaftis

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arqiteqtorma moaxerxa Tavisi profesiuli sazRvrebis garRveva da ufro farTo urbanul, programatul da infrastruqturul arealebSi gadanacvleba. amgvarad, ise Cans, TiTqos momijnave profesiebidan - arqiteqtura, landSaftis arqiteqtura, urbanuli dizaini da qalaqgegmareba - bevri elementi saerTo praqtikad yalibdeba, romlisTvisac cneba „landSafti“ centralur mniSvnelobas iZens. amis kargi dasturia termin „landSafturi urbanizmis“ arseboba. konkretulad ras warmoadgens es hibriduli praqtika da rogor xdeba calke landSaftisa da calke urbanizmis arsis cvlileba? am axali disciplinaruli kveTis warmoSoba iwinaswarmetyveles 1997 wels, „landSafturi urbanizmis“ gamofenasa da simpoziumze, romelic Carlz valdheimis mier iyo organizebuli. misi Semdgomi damuSaveba moxda sxva gamocemebSi.1 es aris disciplinaruli erTobis

manifesti - erTobis, romelic Seicavs an erTmaneTTan akavSirebs ideologiur, programul da kulturuli Sinaarsis gansxvavebebs iseTi sadao da mravalmniSvnelovani sityvebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa „landSafti“, „urbanizmi“ da a.S. cxadia, am manifestis msgavsi gancxadebisa da misi formulis mixedviT SerCeuli eseebis nawilis inteleqtualuri mizani aRniSnuli ori terminis erT sityvad gaerTianeba da erT fenomenad, erT procesad warmodgena iyo. amave dros, is, rom es terminebi gansxvavebul formas inarCuneben, maTi Sinaarsobrivi gancalkevebis gardauvalobaze migvaniSnebs: msgavsi, magram mainc gansxvavebuli... urTierTgacvlis SesaZleblobiT, magram arasakmarisad erTiani, im hibridis msgavsad, romelic Tanabrad aris damokidebuli x da y qromosomebze da verasdros moiSorebs Tavisi mSoblebis gansxvavebul Cvevebs...

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es dialeqtikuri sinTezi uaRresad mniSvnelovania, radgan is gansxvavdeba urbanuli garemos landSaftad aRqmis an landSaftis qalaqSi Semoyvanis adreuli mcdelobebisgan. landSaftisa da qalaqis tradiciuli gageba gansxvavebebsa da opoziciebze dafuZnebulma mecxramete saukunis droindelma xedvam ganapiroba. am prizmidan, qalaqi aRiqmeba adgilad, romelic datvirTulia mWidro ganaSenianebiT, satransporto infrastruqturiTa da Semosavlebis generirebaze orientirebuli ganviTarebiT. mis arasasurvel efeqtebs gamonabolqvi, dabinZureba da sxvadasxva saxis socialuri stresis arseboba warmoadgens. amave dros, miRebulia, rom landSafti Tavisi parkebiT, gazonebiT, xeebiT, saseirno zonebiTa da baRebiT, siamovnebis momgvrel da sulis momTqmel saSualebas warmoadgens da urbanizaciis mavnebluri efeqtebis antidotia. amis yvelaze kanonikuri magaliTi, ra Tqma unda, olmstedis centraluri parkia, romelic manhetenis mkacri urbanuli qsovilisgan gansatvirTad Seiqmna. amis miuxedavad, centralurma parkma daaCqara mis garSemo uZravi qonebis bazris ganviTareba, ris gamoc igi landSaftis urbanistuli modelis magaliTad ufro SeiZleba CavTvaloT. am SemTxvevaSi, landSaftma, piriqiT, biZgi misca qalaqis formirebis process. daniuri warmoSobis firmis Chicago Landscape-is arqiteqtorma jens jensenma msgavsi sentimenti gaaJRera, rodesac aRniSna, rom „jansaRi cxovrebisTvis da ara mogebis misaRebad an spekulaciisTvis aSenebuli qalaqebi, sadac cocxali gamwvaneba kompleqsSi sakvanZo rols ikavebs, momavali qalaqmgegmareblis mTavari interesis sagani gaxdeba.“ 2 „kompleqsi“ aq mniSvnelovani terminia da me mas mogvianebiT davubrundebi. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnav, rom jensenisTvis, iseve rogorc olmstedisTvis da le korbuziesTvisac (Tavis Plan Voisin-Si), es „mwvane kompleqsi“ gulisxmobs parkebisa da Ria mwvane sivrceebis ganviTarebas. amis ukan dgas rwmena imisa, rom aseT garemos qalaqSi Semoaqvs Tavazianoba, janmrTeloba, socialuri Tanasworoba da ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

esTetiur da reprezentaciul mniSvnelobebze metad, am tradiciuli urbanuli landSaftebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils gaaCnia ekologiuri ZarRvisa da gamtari gzebis funqcia. aseTi landSaftebis magaliTebia: hidrologiuri da saniaRvre sistema, romelic bostonis Back Bay Fens-is yelsabamis magvari struqturis nawilia da mwvane koridorebi StutgartSi, romlebic aniaveben mTel qalaqs da SemoaqvT mTis haeri qalaqis atmosferos gansawmendad da gamagrileblad. infrastruqturuli landSaftis msgavsi saxeobebi namdvilad yovelTvis mniSvnelobani iqneba urbanuli mosaxleobis saerTo keTildReobisa da janmrTelobis uzurnvelsayofad. es magaliTebi, aseve, migvaniSnebs landSaftu-

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ri urbanizmis sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovan potencialze: masStabebis cvalebadobis, urbanuli ganaSenianebis regionalur da biotur konteqstSi moqcevisa da garemos dinamiur procesebsa da urbanul formebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebze. TanamedroveobasTan mimarTebaSi am magaliTebis ganxilvisas vawydebiT sirTules, romelsac „bunebis“ kulturul xatTan maTi kavSiri warmoSobs. am ukanasknelze landSaftis koncefcia mWidrodaa mibmuli. zemoT naxseneb magaliTebSi buneba, ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia nazad monarnare pastoraluri scenis saxiT, romelic iTvleba umankod, keTilismyofelad da damamSvidebelad, aseve,

Tanamedrove qalaqis koroziuli garemos da socialuri Tvisebebis moralur da praqtikul antidotad. es landSafti aris „ucxo“ („ the other“) qalaqisTvis, qalaqis mniSvnelovani danamati, romelic bunebisgan aris gadmotanili da Senobis, teqnologiisa da infrastruqturis miRma imyofeba. ufro rTuli da sadavo magaliTia los-anjelesis mdinare, romelic santa suzanas mTebidan los-anjelesis centris gavliT moedineba. es „mdinare“ realurad betonis arxs warmoadgens, romelic aSS-s sainJinro korpusis mieraa agebuli datborvis seriozuli saSiSroebis sapasuxod, romelic sagazafxulo Tovlis dnobisas Rvarcofis movardnas SeiZleba gamoewvia. es arxi uzrunvelyofs wylis gadinebis efeqturobasa da siCqares. misi damcvelebi „bunebas“ xedaven, rogorc Zaladobriv da safrTxis Semcvel Zalas da sruliad samarTlianadac. meore mxriv, landSaftis arqiteqtorebs, garemos damcvelebsa da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs surT arxis mwvane koridorad gardaqmna, romelic Serwymuli iqneba sanapiro zonasTan, tyesTan, Citebis galobasTan da meTevzeebTan. am jgufebisTvis, „buneba“ diskreditacias ganicdis inJinerTa Tavgamodebuli kontrolis gamo. me vfiqrob, rom es aris keTili ganzraxvis mqone, magram mcdari misia da is adamianTa mudmivad opoziciur ganwyobas usvams xazs. Sejibri ormxrivia: kamaTi Seexeba ara mxolod landSaftis qalaqSi integrirebas, aramed aseve, qalaqisa da misi Semogarenis ganvrcobas mimdebare landSaftis xarjze im pastoraluri idealis wyaros xarjze, romelic farTo agraruli mindvrebiT, tyiani mTis kalTebiTa da daculi teritoriebiT xasiaTdeba. 1955 wels, mega-molebis urbanistma, viqtor gruenma, SemoiRo landSaftis sapirispiro termini „siTisqeifi“ (Cityscape). gruenis „siTisqeifi“ aRniSnavs SenobebiT, mokirwyluli zedapirebiTa da infrastruqturiT Seqmnil garemos. Tavis mxriv, es garemo iyofa „technoscape-ebad,“ „transporta-

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tion-scape-ebad,“ „suburb-scape-ebad“ da „subcityscape-ebadac“ ki. es ukanaskneli moicavs periferiuli zolebsa da nangrevebs, romlebsac grueni „metropoliis Wirad“ moixseniebs. meore mxriv, gruenisTvis „landSafti“ aris „garemo, romelSic dominirebs buneba.“ marTalia is ambobs, rom landSafti ar aris „bunebrivi garemo,“ anu xeluxlebeli veluri buneba, magram igi moicavs iseT regionebs, sadac adamianurma saqmianobam, ormxrivi da mWidro urTierTobis gziT, Camoayaliba miwa da bunebrivi resursebi. mas magaliTad agraruli da sofluri situaciebi mohyavs da iyenebs mwvane nargavebiTa da lurji ciT gaJRenTil topografiuli da ekologiuri harmoniis suraTebs. erT dros, gruenis azriT, „siTisqeifi“ da landSafti ori mkveTrad gamijnuli cneba iyo, magram dRes, qalaqma gaarRvia Tavisi kedlebi da ekonomikuri da „teqnologiuri blickrigiT“ moaxdina Tavis garSemo arsebuli landSaftis STanTqma da gaerTianeba; axla uamravi sxvadasxva tipis „scape“ Sedis erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi da ganicdis usasrulo reinterpretacias.

Cven viciT, rom orive cneba: landSafti da urbanizmi, calke dargs an institucionalur disciplinas ganekuTvneba. arqiteqtorebi aSeneben Senobebs da inJinrebTan da qalaqmSeneblebTan erTad isini qmnian qalaqebs; landSaftis arqiteqtorebi awyoben landSaftebs, rac gulisxmobs miwis samuSaoebis, nargavebis da Ria sivrcis dizains. landSaftis arqiteqtorebis sentimentebis miRma dgas aRSfoTeba im faqtiT, rom la viletis parkis gegma ara landSaftis dizainerma, aramed arqiteqtorma Seadgina. msgavsi cinikuri buzRuni maSinac ismis, rodesac landSaftis arqiteqtori igebs im konkurss, romelic arqiteqtorebis azriT, mxolod maT dargSi tardeba. amgvarad, es winaaRmdegobrivi, kategoriuli dayofa landSaftis dizainsa da urbanizms Soris dRes isev grZeldeba da amis mizezi mxolod am ori mediumis materialistur, teqnikur da warmosaxviT-moralistur ganzomilebebs Soris arsebuli, Taviseburad aRqmuli sxvaobebi ki ara, aramed hiperprofesiuli klasifikaciacaa, romelsac kidev ufro arTulebs Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis arseboba.

erTi obieqtis mier meore obieqtis dajabna (sadac erTi mxare gamoricxavs meores) im debatebs gvaxsenebs, romlebic Parc de la Villette-is parkis proeqts axlda Tan, sadac landSaftis arqiteqtorTa umravlesoba yuradRebas amaxvilebda parkis dizainSi „landSaftis“ naklebobaze da mxolod Senobebis anu „foliebis“ arsebobaze. mogvianebiT, landSaftis arqiteqtorebma am Sexedulebas gadaxedes da gamoTqves varaudi, rom jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi myofma landSaftma Senobebis dajabna daiwyo. es mosazreba mravlismTqmelia, radgan misi mxardamWerebi, jensenis, olmstedis, le korbuzies, gruenis, maTi Tanamedroveebisa da los anJelesis mdinaris sakiTxze modave jgufebis msgavsad, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul kategoriebad ganixilaven erTi mxriv, Senobas/qalaqsa da meore mxriv, mwvane landSafts. isini la viletis foliebs iseve ar aRiareben landSaftis nawilad, rogorc mdinaris betonis arxs, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi erTaderTi landSafturi funqcia hidrologiuria.

magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom landSafti iTrguneba arqiteqtorebisa da qalaqis damgegmareblebis mier, an is mxolod urbanuli formis pirvelobis warmoCenasa da gaZlierebas emsaxureba. landSafti aq mxolod burJuaziuli esTetikisTvis an bunebrivi pirbadis saxiT gvxvdeba. garda amisa, sul ufro xSiria, roca didi developeluri da sainJinro korporaciebi dRevandel garemos ise swrafad, efeqturad da momgebianad iTviseben, rom yvela tradiciuli dizaineruli disciplina (da ara mxolod landSaftis dizaini) marginalizirdeba, rogorc ubralo, dekoratiuli saqmianoba da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, maT erTmevaT sivrcis formirebaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. amis sapirispirod, ra Tqma unda, bevri ekologiurad ganwyobili landSaftis arqiteqtori Tvlis, rom qalaqi gulgrilad uyurebs bunebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemos aRdgenisa da regulaciis mxriv miRweuli Sedegebi dasafasebelic aris da amaRelvebelic, ekologiur analizSi urbanuli formisa da procesis

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Parc de la Villette, parizi, safrangeTi

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ugulebelyofa mainc problemur sakiTxad rCeba. amasTan, egreT wodebuli „mdgradi“ midgoma, romelSic urbanizmi garkveul bioregionalur metabolizms eyrdnoba da romelze saubrisasac naxevrad soflur garemos warmoidgenen xolme, gulubryvilo da kontrproduqtiulia. nuTu amgvari gegmebis qomagebs marTla sjeraT, rom mxolod bunebriv sistemebs SeswevT Zala imaze efeqturad gaumklavdnen narCenebisa da dabinZurebis urTules problemebs, vidre Tanamedrove teqnologiur sawarmoebs? da nuTu marTla sjeraT, rom „bunebis“ gamogonil xatTan adamianebis dakavSirebas SeuZlia dedamiwas da adamianebs Soris pativiscemiT gamsWvaluli urTierToba ganapirobos (TiTqos milionobiT adamianis qalaqidan sofelSi gadasaxleba ramenairad gaaumjobesebs biomravalferovnebas da wylisa da haeris xarisxs)? meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, mxolod Teqvsmeti qalaqis mosaxleoba aWarbebda erT milion adamians, xolo ukve saukunis bolosTvis, xuTasze met qalaqs hyavda milionze meti macxovrebeli; bevri Tavs iwonebda aT milioniani mosaxleobiT da kidev agrZelebda zrdas. los-anjelesis metropoliis dRevandeli populacia daaxloebiT camet milions Seadgens, romlis gaormagebac uaxloes ocdaxuT weliwadSia mosalodneli. swrafad mzardi urbanizaciis kompleqsurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, landSaftisa da qalaqis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul erTeulebad warmodgena (maTi keTilTvisebiani urTierTobisac ki) gaxdeba imis winapiroba, rom arqiteqturuli da qalaqgegmarebiTi xelobebi veRar SeZleben mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setanas samomavlo urbanul formirebebSi. am winasityvaobiT, Cven SegviZlia imis warmodgena, Tu ramdenad ufro saimedo, ufro radikaluri da ufro SemoqmedebiTi praqtikis formebs gvTavazobs landSafturi urbanizmis koncefcia, vidre sxva, mtkice disciplinaruli kategoriebiT gansazRvruli praqtikebi. albaT, metabolizmis swored is kompleqsuroba, romelic amoZravebs Tanamedrove metropolias, moiTxovs profesiuli da institucionalizirebuli gansxvavebebis gaerTianebas axal sinTezur xelovnebaSi, sivrciT-materialuri praqtikaSi, romelsac SeuZlia masStabis aRqmis da xedvis Serwyma kritikuli STagonebis da Rrma warmosaxvis ZalasTan.

amgvari praqtikisTvis sqematuri eskizis Sesaqmnelad, me SemiZlia monaxazis gakeTeba oTxi winaswari Tematikis gamoyofiT. esenia: droSi mocemuli procesebi, zedapirebis stadiebis gansazRvra, saeqspluatacio an samuSao meTodika da warmosaxviTi sfero. pirveli Tema Seexeba procesebs drosTan mimarTebaSi. principi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom urbanizaciis droSi mocemuli procesebi - kapitalis akumulacia, deregulacia, globalizacia, garemos dacva da sxv. - urbanuli urTierTobis formirebaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, vidre sakuTriv urbanizmis sivrciTi formebi. modernistulma warmodgenam, romlis mixedviTac fizikuri struqturebs SeeZloT socializaciis axleburi modelebis warmoeba, Tavisi Tavi amowura; araefeqturi gamodga misi mcdeloba urbanuli procesebis dinamiuri mravalferovneba moeqcia uZrav, mtkice sivrciT CarCoSi, romelic masSi moZravi procesebis arc gagrZeleba iqneboda da arc uaryofa. es aqcenti urbanul procesebze ar niSnavs sivrciTi formebis ugulebelyofas, aramed misi mizania Seqmnas dialeqtikuri modeli imisa, Tu rogor myardeba kavSiri im procesebTan, romlebic mimdinareobs, mJRavndeba da ganicdeba sivrciT formebSi. es yvelaferi gulisxmobs yuradRebis gadatanas sivrcis obieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan (formaluri iqneba Tu mxatvruli) iseT sistemebze, romlebic moicaven urbanuli formis ganawilebasa da simWidroves. savele sqemebi da rukebi, romlebic am Zalebis TamaSs aRweren, urbanuli movlenebisa da procesebis gagebisa da waxalisebisTvis saWiro instrumentebia. magaliTad, geograf valter kristaleris mosaxleobis urbanuli gadanawilebis sqemebi da qalaqmgegmarebel ludvig hilbersaimeris regionaluri dasaxlebis modelebis diagramebi gamoxataven dinebebsa da Zalebs urbanul formasTan mimarTebaSi.4 modernistuli urbanuli gegmarebis formaluri determinizmisa da axlad aRzevebuli neotradiciuli „axali urbanizmis“ Sedarebisas, geografi deivid harvi wers, rom orive proeqti warumatebelia imis gamo, rom orive uSvebs imas, rom sivrciT wesrigs SeuZlia istoriisa da procesis kontroli. harvi amtkicebs, rom dizainerebisa da qalaqmgegmareblebis es „brZola“ exeba ara mxolod sivrciT formasa da esTetikuri Sesaxedaobis gan-

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#6 / noemberi-dekemberi / 2017 sazRvras, aramed „sivrciT-droiTi warmoebis procesebis ufro socialurad samarTliani, politikurad emansipirebuli da ekologiurad jansaRi gziT“ gaumjobesebas. misi azriT, ar unda davemorCiloT procesebs, romlebsac awesebs „kapitalis arakontrolirebadi akumulacia, romelsac zurgs umagreben klasobrivi privilegiebi da politikur-ekonimikur Zalebs Soris arsebuli masobrivi uTanasworobebi.“5 mas imis Tqma surs, rom momavali urbanizmi naklebad unda eyrdnobodes formas da met yuradRebas uTmobdes procesis analizs imas, Tu ra xdeba sivrcesa da droSi. ufro organuli da fluiduri urbanizmis koncefciis gansazRvrisas, saWiroa ekologiuri linzebis morgeba, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba alternatiuli urbanuli momavlis gaanalizeba da warmodgena. ekologiisgan SegviZlia viswavloT, Tu rogor aris yvelaferi am planetaze dinamiuri urTierTobebiT erTmaneTTan mWidrod gadajaWvuli. amis garda, ekologiur sistemebSi elementebs Soris urTierTqmedebis sirTule imdenad maRalia, rom sworxazovani, meqanikuri modelebi maT aRsawerad aSkarad ar gamodgeba. ekologiis dargi gviCvenebs, rom farTo qmedebis arealSi moqmedi individebi warmoqmnian inkrementul da kumulaciur efeqtebs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi formas aZleven garemos. amgvarad, dinamiur urTierTobebs da procesebs ekologiur azrovnebaSi mniSnelovani adgili uWiravT, xolo konkretuli sivrciTi forma ganixileba materiis mxolod droebiT mdgomareobad, romelic sxva ramed unda gardaiqmnas. Sedegad, erTi SexedviT uwesrigo an CaxlarTuli mgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba vinmem SemTxveviTad an qaoturad CaTvalos, SeiZleba aRmoCndes kargad struqturirebuli erTianoba, romelic Seicavs geometriul da sivrcobriv wesebs. 1969 wels, ian makhargis wignis „dizaini bunebis mixedviT“ (Design With Nature ) gamocemidan moyolebuli, landSaftis arqiteqtorebi cdiloben ekologiis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis aqtiurad gamoyenebas qalaqebis dagegmvisa da daproeqtebis procesSi, Tumca bevri mizezis gamo, romelic zemoTac aRiniSna, isini ekologias iyeneben mxolod iseTi „garemos“ konteqstSi, romelic rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs „bunebas“ da ar gulisxmobs „qalaqs“. isinic ki, vinc qalaqs ekologiuri koncefciis farglebSi ganixilaven, ase iqcevian mxolod bune-

brivi sistemebis aRsawerad (hidrologia, haeris nakadebi, vegetaciuri Temebi da sxva). kargad unda gavacnobieroT, rom kulturuli, socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri garemo „bunebrivi“ samyaros nawilia da misi simetriulia. landSafturi urbanizmis idea gulisxmobs sivrciT-droiTi ekologiis ganviTarebas, romlis farglebSic yvela Zala da aqtori urbanuli sivrcis moTamaSed aRiqmeba da ganixileba, rogorc uwyveti urTierTobebis qseli. amgvari wyobis erTi magaliTi, romelic am konteqstSi SeiZleba gagvaxsendes, aris luis kanis 1953 wlis filadelfiis satransporto sqema. am proeqtTan dakavSirebiT kani wers: „avtomagistralebi gvanan mdinareebs. es mdinareebi gansazRvraven teritorias, romelsac emsaxurebian. mdinareebs aqvT navsadgurebi. navsadgurebi municipaluri saparkinge koSkebia; navsadgurebidan ganitoteba arxebis sistema, romelic Sida sivrces emsaxureba....arxebidan Cixuri portebis ganStoeba warmoiqmneba; portebi SenobebSi Sesasvlelebia.“ 6 mogvianebiT, @Market Street East@-is proeqtSi kanma warmoadgina „karibWeebis,“ „viadukebisa“ da „wyalsacavebis“ mTeli sistema, sadac TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda ikonografiul figuras, romelic RamiT ferad Suqs gamoscems, navigaciisa da siCqaris regulaciis gasaioleblad. kanis sqemebSi Cans, Tu ramdenad saWiroa Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyeneba qalaqis fluiduri, procesebze damokidebuli saxis warmosaCenad da aseve, Tu rogor SeiZleba mocemul teritoriaze arsebuli sxvadasxva faqtorebis, aqtorebisa da Zalebis gaTvaliswineba, mobilizeba da maTTvis mimarTulebis micema. aseTi namuSevris Seqmnisas mTlian metropolias aucileblad unda ganvixilavdeT, rogorc cocxal moedans Tavisi procesebiTa da gacvla-gamocvliT, romelic warmoqmnis axal Zalebsa da urTierTobebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, niadags amzadeben axleburi aqtivobebisa da teritoriis aTvisebis formebisTvis. Terra firma-s (mtkice, ucvleli: uZravi da gansazRvruli) koncefcia adgils uTmobs im cvalebad procesebs, romlebic urbanul garemoze zemoqmedeben: Terra fluxus-s.

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landSafturi urbanizmis ganxilvisas meore aqtualuri Temaa horizontaluri zedapiris fenomeni, miwis sibrtye, samoqmedo „veli.“ es zedapirebi Seadgenen sxvadasxva masStabis urbanul vels: quCis trotuariT dawyebuli urbanuli zedapirebis mTeli infrastruqturuli matriciT damTavrebuli. masze aqcenti miuTiTebs Tanamedroveobis dainteresebas uwyveti zedapirebiT, romlis farglebSic saxuravebi da miwis zedapiri erTiandeba. am koncefcias realurad didi mniSvneloba aqvs landSaftisa da Senobis SekavSirebis konteqstSi - magaliTad, SeiZleba gagaxsendeT piter aizenmanisa da lari olinis kolaboracia. amave dros, me gamovyofdi zedapiris meore mniSvnelobas: zedapiris, rogorc urbanuli infrastruqturis. urbanuli zedapiris mniSvnelobas xazs usvams rem kulhaasi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom urbanizmi strategiulia da mimarTulia „teritoriebis sxvadasxva saxis potencialebiT morwyvaze.“7 arqiteqturisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic adgilis yovelgvar SesaZleblobas mTlianad saTavisod moixmars, urbanuli infrastruqtura Tesavs momavali SesaZleblobebis marcvlebs, amzadebs niadags gaurkvevlobisTvis da momavlis xedvebisTvis. zedapirebis momzadeba momavali gamoyenebisTvis gansxvavdeba erTi zedapiris erTjeradi gamoyenebisTvis gaweuli samuSaosgan. is bevrad ufro strategiulia da aqcents ara saSualebebze, aramed Sedegebze akeTebs saeqspluatacio logikaze da ara kompoziciur dizainze. magaliTad, istoria gvaCvenebs, rom efeqturia miwebis badisebri dayofa, sazRvrebis

gafarToeba moqnilobisTvis da droTa ganmavlobaSi gafarToebis saWiroebis dasakmayofileblad. amis magaliTebia: manhetenis Senobebisa da quCebis bade an aSS-s Sua dasavleTis Statebis geometriuli sazRvrebis bade. am SemTqvevebSi, zedapirze xorcieldeba abstraqtuli, formaluri operacia, romelic mas tvirTavs specifiurobiTa da samoqmedo potencialiT. es wyoba garCevadobasa da wesrigs sZens zedapirs da amave dros, TiToeul nawils avtonomiurobasa da individualurobas aniWebs da tovebs alternatiuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebs. es yvelaferi zedapirs aZlevs wesrigsa da infrastruqturas, rac iZleva sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nagebobis ganTavsebis saSualebas. misi aRqma SegviZlia iseTi urbanizmis CarCoSi, romelic gaurbis formalur saganTwarmoebas da hgavs qoreografias Tavisi taqtikurobiT. es aris elementebisa da sagnebis droSi ganfenili qoreografia, romelic warmoqmnis axal qselebs, axal kavSirebsa da axal SesaZleblobebs. zedapirebis amgvari gageba wina planze swevs mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebis traeqtoriebs, demografiis mniSvnelobas da met yuradRebas uTmobs urbanul arealSi myof interesTa jgufebs. adamianebis nakvalevi droebiT gansazRvravs calkeul teritorias sxvadasxva gzebiT, sxvadasxva droiT periodSi da sxvadasxva programatuli RonisZiebis saWiroebiT. is droebiT aerTianebs aseT movlenebs SedarebiT farTo teritoriaze. es aris mcdeloba, Seiqmnas iseTi garemo, romelic warmoadgens ara raime „daproeqtebul“ obi-

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eqts, aramed sxvadasxvagvari sistemebisa da elementebis ekologias, romelic uzrunvelyofs mravalferovani urTierTobebis qselis gaaqtiurebas. landSafturi urbanizmi aq wamqezebelic aris da damaCqarebelic, romelic ukidegano SesaZleblobebis mqone zedapirze operirebs. es midgoma, erTdroulad martivi da ubralo, mosaxleobas aZlevs mravali programatuli konfiguraciis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas cvalebadi sezonebis, moTxovnilebebisa da survilebis Sesabamisad. am saqmis mTavari mimarTuleba naklebad aris formaluri gadawyvetis Zieba, aramed dizainis sajaro procesebisa da momavali apropriaciis waxaliseba. urbanizmis es tipi, romelsac ainteresebs samuSao zedapiri, gulisxmobs cvlilebis molodins, Riaobas da SeTanxmebas. amas mivyavarT landSafturi urbanizmis mesame sakiTxTan, romelic aris saoperacio an samuSao meTodika. rogor unda ganvsazRvroT is urbanuli geografia, romelic sxvadasxva masStabSi funqcionirebs da moicavs sxvadasxva saxis moTamaSeebs? aseve, reprezentaciis sakiTxebs rom Tavi davaneboT, rogor unda moxdes urbanistis namuSevris realizeba Tanamedrove urbanuli ganviTarebis moTxovnebis fonze? kritikuli utopiebis nakleboba namdvilad ar aris, magram maT Soris Zalian cotaa iseTi, romelic mxolod naxazze ar darCenila. tragikulic aris da ironiulic is, rom rogorc dizainerebs, Cven gvaRelvebs urbanuli simWidrovis bedi, magram vinc amas realurad aRwevs, amas akeTebs, rogorc wesi, fantazias moklebuli da arakritikuli dizaineruli teqnikebis meSveobiT, romlebsac samomxmareblo

dargSi dasaqmebuli arqiteqtorebi iyeneben. meores mxriv, es meocnebeebi TiTqos yovelTvis provokaciuli da sainteresoebi arian, magram maTi utopiebi mudmivad gverds uvlian samoqmedo strategiis problemas. reprezentaciul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, landSaftis urbanizms bevrad metis Tqma SeuZlia. me vfiqrob, rom landSafturi urbanizmi aris tradiciuli konceptualuri, reprezentaciuli da saoperacio meTodikis gadaxedvis mcdeloba. nebismier realuri da mniSvnelovani sinTezuri urbanuli dagegmvis ganuyofeli elementebia: drosa da sivrceSi masStabis Tavisufali cvlileba; Semajamebeli rukebis damuSaveba, adgilobrivi garemos faruli niuansebis aRweris paralelurad; sinematikuri da qoreografiuli teqnikebis sivrciTi monacemebis aRweris teqnikebTan Sedareba; kompiuteris algebruli, cifruli samyaros aTviseba da amavdroulad saRebavTan, TixasTan da tuSTan TamaSi; uZravi qonebis developerebTan da inJinerebTan muSaoba, Tanamedrove kulturis profesional meocnebeebTan da poetebTan urTierTobis paralelurad... amave dros, mgonia, rom ar gvaqvs meTodologia, romliTac mivudgebiT am farTo diapazonis sakiTxebs da meCveneba, rom es sfero imsaxurebs Cveni mxridan udides yuradRebasa da gamokvlevas. bolos mivdivarT landSafturi urbanizmis meoTxe Temamde, romelic aris warmosaxviTi sfero. aranairi azri ar aqvs zemoTnaxsenebi romelime Temis izolirebulad ganxilvas. koleqtiuri warmosaxva, romelsac asazrdoebs

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da xels uwyobs materialuri samyaros gamocdileba, kvlavac unda warmoadgendes yvela SemoqmedebiTi aqtis ZiriTad motors. meoce saukunis qalaqgegmarebis kraxi SeiZleba avxsnaT warmosaxvis sruli degradaciiT. gansakuTrebiT es Canda im procesebis ganxilvisas, romelic exeboda urbanuli ganviTarebis praqtikis optimizirebuli racionalizaciisa da kapitalis akumulaciis sakiTxebs. sajaro sivrce qalaqSi udavod ufro metia, vidre ubralod simboluri kompensacia an WurWeli im zogadi aqtivobisTvis, romelsac â&#x20AC;&#x17E;rekreaciasâ&#x20AC;&#x153; vuwodebT. sajaro sivrce, pirvel rigSi, koleqtiur mexsierebasa da moTxovnilebebs Seicavs da amis garda, is warmoadgens geografiuli da socialuri warmosaxvis teritorias, sadac axali urTierTobebis gabma da SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaa SesaZlebeli. materialuroba, reprezentacia da warmosaxva izolirebuli kategoriebi araa; teritoriis formirebis meSveobiT politikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba imdenadvea damokidebuli reprezentatiul da simbolur arealebze, ramdenadac materialur qmedebebze. da rogorc Cans, landSafturi urbanizmi Tavidan bolomde warmosaxviTi proeqtia, SesaZleblobebis samyaros spekulaciuri gafarToebaa. daskvniT nawilSi, davubrundebi landSaftisa da urbanizmis paradoqsalur gancalkevebulobis Temas. es ori termini erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. me vfiqrob, rom es paradoqsi ara mxolod gardauvalia, aramed aucileblad SesanarCunebelia; ramdenad am-

biciuradac da perspeqtiuladac ar unda gamoiyurebodnen zemoT aRniSnuli praqtikebi, sabolood, isini mainc yovelTvis daiyvanebian karebebamde, fanjrebamde, baRebamde, mdinareebis kalapotebamde, vaSlebamde da yava lateebamde. mdidar urbanul SegrZnebebs gardauvali intimuroba axlavs Tan. adreuli urbanuli dizainisa da regionaluri masStabis proeqtebis Secdoma iyo fizikuri cxovrebis fenomenaluri simdidris zedmetad gamartiveba da Semcireba. karg damproeqtebels unda SeeZlos sqemisa da strategiis Sexameba grZnobadTan da poeturTan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, landSaftisa da urbanizmis gaerTianebis Semdeg unda velodoT farTo masStabisa da diapazonis teritoriebze gaSlil axal kompleqsur da sistemur samuSaoebs, romelTa farglebSi nawilebi unda davukavSiroT mTels. amave dros, landSaftisa da urbanizmis gansxvavebuloba gulisxmobs aRiarebas iseTi materialuri fizikurobis, intimurobisa da sxvaobis, romelTa safuZvelic ufro farTo matricaSi an velSi unda veZioT. momavali metropoliuri regionebisTvis axali ekologiis momzadebis procesSi, kritikulad ganwyobili landSaftis urbanisti ver SeZlebs arsebulsa da warmoqmnads, mudmivsa da gardamaval Soris arsebuli dialeqturi urTierTobis ugulebelyofas. lirikuli TamaSi neqtarsa da NutraSweet-s Soris, Citis galobasa da Beastie Boys -is simRerebs Soris, gazafxulis wyaldidobis zvirTebsa da onkanis wylis wveTebs Soris, xavsian velebsa da

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moasfaltebul zedapirebs Soris, kontrolirebad sivrceebsa da vrcel velur nakrZalebsa da yvela SemTxvevasa da movlenas Soris, romelic viTardeba adgilobriv da viwrod gansazRvrul momentebSi, marTlac yvelaze mravalferovan wyaros warmoadgens adamianis sulis gamdidrebisa da kreatiulobis. me ar maxsendeba amaze ufro didi raison d’être landSafturi urbanizmis ganviTarebis xelSewyobisTvis.

SeniSvnebi:

1. Landscape Urbanism Symposium and Exhibition, April 1997, Graham Foundation. Chicago. See also, for example my essays in Stalking Detroit, ed. Georgia Daskalakis, Charles Waldheim, and Jason Young ( Barcelonda: Actar, 2001); Landscape Urbanism: A Manual for the Machinic Landscape, ed. Mohsen Mostafavi and Ciro Najle (London: Architecural Association, 2003); and David Crahame Shane, Recombinand Urbanism (London: John Wiley, 2005). 2. Jens Jensen, Siftings (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univeristy Press, 1990). On Jensen’s work and life, see Robert E Grese, Jens Jensen: Maker of Natural Parks and Gardens (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins university Press. 1992). 3. Victor Gruen, The Heart of our Cities: The Urban Crisis, Diagnosis and Cure ( New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964). See also Gruen, Centers for the Urban Environment: Survival of the cities ( New York: Van Nostrand Reinhol, 1973). 4. See Walter Christaller’s Central Place Theory (Chicago: P Theobald, 1949). 5. David Harvey, The Condition of Post-Modernity ( Cambridge, Engladn: Blackwell, 1990). 6. Luis Kahn ’’Philadelohia City Planing: Traffic Studies, ’’ Philadelphia, PA, 1951-53. These drawings and project papers are in the Louis I. Kahn Collection, Architectural Archives of the University of Pensylvania. 7. Rem Koolhaas, ’’Whatever Happened to Urbanism, ’’Koolhaas and Bruce Mau, S,M,L, SL (New York: Monacelli, 1995),969 Targmani: m. rurua, g. cxadaia

italieli radikalebi

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ARCHIZOOM

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cneba „radikaluri arqiteqtura“ 1960 da 1970-iani wlebis italiuri avangarduli moZraobis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba. radikalurma ideebma da status-kvosTan brZolam, romelic am periodSi yvela sferos moicavda, arqiteqturaSi saintereso gamoxatuleba hpova. bevri arqiteqtori am dros, samecniero fantaziis esTetikiT da ironiiT upirispirdeba modernistul arqiteqturas. maT Soris gavleniani da dasamaxsovrebeli esTetikiT gamoirCeva italiuri avangarduli arqiteqturuli jgufi „Archizoom Associati“, romelic 1964 wels andrea branzim Camoayaliba gilberto koretisTan, paolo deganelosTan da masimo morozisTan erTad. 1966 wlis dekemberSi gamarTuli gamofeniT „super arqiteqtura,“ Sedga maTi debiuti „ Superstudio“-sTan erTad. inglisuri pop kulturis gavleniT Se-

qmnili nivTebi da avejis prototipebi skulpturuli formebis, formebis sruli liberalizaciisa da ironiuli damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba iyo. „ Archizoom“-i aveji-xumrobebiT cdilobda saSualo klasisTvis Cveul e.w. gemovnebian dizainSi disonansis Setanas. amis magaliTia satiruli “misis skami,” romelsac modernistuli midgoma eqstremalur formamde mihyavs. jgufis erT-erTi gamorCeuli namuSevaria „ Superonda“ - taxti karkasis gareSe, romelic Tavisufal cxovrebis stils gvkarnaxobs.“Superonda“ saSuali klasis Cvevebis darRvevis mcdelobaa. misi simsubuqe da moduluri struqtura taxtis mravalmxriv gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva.

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posteris Sinaarsi: â&#x20AC;&#x17E;superarqiteqtura aris super warmoebis arqiteqtura, supermoxmarebis, supermarketis, supermenis da superbenzinis superSTanTqma moxmarebis mizniT.â&#x20AC;&#x153;

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No-Stop City / Archizoom

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eqsperimentuli da eqstremaluri proeqtebis gagrZelebaa „Archizoom“-is mier Catarebuli qalaqis, garemosa da maskulturis kvleva, romelic „ No-Stop City“-is saxeliTaa cnobili. konsumerizmisa da modernizmis logika am proeqtSi eqstremalur donezea ayvanili. es aris: msxvilmasStabiani proeqti, globaluri urbanizaciis modeli, Tanamedrove qalaqis dacemis simboluri saxe, sadac cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis mTavar xelsawyod dizaini gvevlineba. ironiuli urbanuli sqema moicavs farTo teritoriaze gaSlil homogenur sivrceebs, sadac yvelaferi mxolod funqciiTaa ganpirobebuli. am ganuxorcielebeli proeqtis grafikul masalebSi naCvenebia usazRvro sivrceebi Ria tixrebiT, sadac adamianebi cxovroben droebiT banakebSi, xolo aqa-iq ganlagebulia ZiriTadi saWiroebis sagnebi; qalaqi niavdeba da naTdeba xelovnurad, rac

Superonda / Archizoom

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tradiciuli qalaqis ZiriTad princips arRvevs; aRar arsebobs fasadi da sivrceebi Senobebs Soris, radgan sacxovrebeli saxlebi uwyvet struqturebs warmoadgens. aseT usazRvro sibrtyeze qalaqi momxmareblobis umaRles dones aRwevs da andrea branzis sityvebiT, „qalaqi gadaiqceva sawolebis, magidebis, skamebis ... karadebis nakrebad.“

“Archizoom”-is anti-dizaini paradoqsuli xerxebiT akritikebs samyaros da gvayenebs eqstremaluri SemTxvevebis pirispir. rogorc andrea branzi ganmartavs 1965 wlis Domus-is gamocemaSi: „Cven ver gvipoviT iq, sadac gveZebT, ar endoT Cvens mosalmebas da kidev, haerSi damWknari vardebis sunia - suni, romeli Cven didad ar mogvwons...“ jgufi 1974 wels daiSala. maTi namuSevrebi mudmivi STagonebis wyaroa momdevno TaobebisTvis.

gamoyenebuli masala: www.centrostudipoltronova.it/tag/radical/ https://architizer.com/blog/archizoom-retrospective/ www.thetowner.com/dressing-is-easy/ www.firenzemadeintuscany.com/en/arts/museums/super/ www.pamono.com/designers/archizoom

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