Jurnali arqiteqturaze
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u- aris damoukidebeli internet-gamocema; u- ganixilavs arqiteqturas da konteqsts; kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs damkvidrebul praqtikebsa da Sexedulebebs. Jurnalis mizania, Targmanebisa da essebis saxiT , qarTvel mkiTxvels gaaqcnos aqtualuri urbanuli Teoriebi da arqiteqturuli procesebi.
mTavari redaqtori/grafika: marita rurua redaqtori: giorgi cxadaia
Jurnalis partnioria @multivers arqiteqtura@
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sarCevi:
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agonisturi qalaqi benjamin uelsi
ar miaSterdeT ase romantikulad: eqstralegaluri sivrcis Sesaxeb belgradSi dubravka sekuliCi
rogoria iona fridmanis mobiluri qalaqi?
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2018 weli
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agonisturi qalaqi benjamin uelsi
uaxlesi boboqari istoriis manZilze, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi urbanuli mmarTvelobis ramdenime gansxvavebuli epoqis mowme gaxda. TiToeulma epoqam qalaqis urbanul qsovils Tavisi kvali daatyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, qveynis kapitalistur da demokratiul kurss Tbilisis ganaxleba unda uzrunveleyo, magram pasiurma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam da gamoucdelma saxelmwifo instituciebma qalaqis urbanizacia sabazro Zalebsa da maT gauTavebeli zrdis moTxovnilebas Seatoves, xSir SemTxvevaSi, urbanuli erTianobisa da socialuri keTildReobis daTmobis xarjze. qalaqis amJamindeli mdgomareoba kritikulia, rac gamoixateba haeris mwvave dabinZurebaSi, sajaro da mwvane sivrceebis naklebobaSi, gadaWarbebul simWidrovesa da gadatvirTul satransporto moZraobaSi. am urbanul kriziss sxvadasxvagvari reaqciebi mohyva. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia xelisuflebis qalaqgegmarebiTi iniciativebi da simboluri rekonstruqciis proeqtebi, calkeul urbanul sakiTxebze koncentrirebuli aqtivisturi da kvleviTi jgufebi... miuxedavad imisa, rom Tbilisis urbanul aqtorTa sfero sul ufro da ufro farTovdeba, mmarTvelobis amJamindeli sistemebi, konsensusze foku-
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sirebuli administrirebiT, agrZeleben am sferos politikuri potencialis institucionalizirebasa da gaufasurebas. naklebi sivrce rCeba konfliqtur sakiTxebze mosalaparakeblad da maT gadasaWrelad, rac aferxebs urbanul aqtorebs Soris resursebis, codnisa da Zalebis efeqtur gadanawilebas. am yvelaferma Segviyvana erTgvar urbanul CixSi - dauZlurebuli qalaqis meria, imedgacruebuli mosaxleoba da gadaRlili aqtivistebi neoliberalizmis damangrevel Zalebs biznesis Zveleburad gagrZelebis saSualebas aZleven. am stagnaciis dasamarcxeblad, albaT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tbilisi miiRebs im antagonizmebs, romelTa CaxSobasac is sistematurad cdilobs.
postpolitikuri qalaqi demokratiisa da kapitalizmis swrafma miRebam saqarTveloSi rTuli ideologiur winaaRmdegobebi Seqmna. erT mxares vxedavT koleqtivizms, antagonizmsa da molaparakebebs, xolo meore mxares - individualizms, konsesussa da apolitikurobas. bevri Tanamedrove politikuri moazrovne, maT Soris, Jak ransieri, slavoi JiJeki,
The Agonistic City __ Benjamin Wells wyaro: https://benjaminwells.eu/the-agonistic-city
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Santal mufi da erik svinxendau amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove qalaqma iseT „postpolitikur“ mdgomareobaSi gadainacvla, sadac ukan ixevs politikuri sivrce, xolo socialuri sivrce sul ufro metad aris „kolonizebuli an konsensualuri teqno-menejeruli politikiT amokerili.“1 konsensusze orientirebulobis es tendencia eyrdnoba im mosazrebas, romelic sazogadoebis organizaciul safuZvlad kapitalistur bazarsa da liberalur saxelmwifos ganixilavs. mufi Tvlis, rom liberalizmis udavo hegemonia xels gviSlis politikurad azrovnebaSic ki, radgan politikuri sakiTxebi warmoCenilia teqnikur sakiTxebad, romelTa gadaWrac eqspertebisa da algoriTmebis daxmarebiT unda moxdes da ara konfrontaciisa da davis gavliT. amgvari liberalizmis dominanturi elementebi aris racionalizmi da individualizmi, rac xels uSlis sazogadoebis pluralistuli bunebisa da misi Tandayolili winaaRmdegobriobis gaazrebas. es yvelaferi qmnis iseT garemos, sadac qalaqis resursebis demokratiuli gadanawileba mudmivad ferxdeba sakiTxis politikuri ganzomilebis ugulebelyofis gamo. politikuri qalaqis aRdgena damokidebulia „politikis gansazRvrebaSi antagonizmis upirobo upiratesobis“2 gaazrebaze. es antagonisturi brZola cocxali demokratiis qvakuTxedia da warmoadgens „Zalaufrebrivi urTierTmimarTebebis konfiguracias, romlis garSemoc xdeba sazogadoebis struqturireba,“3 maSinac ki, rodesac liberalizmis impulsebi mas axSoben.
a (nta) gonizmi Tanamedrove qalaqis krizisisa da postpolitikuri viTarebis daZlevis mizniT, svinxendau da aureli emxrobian agonisturi urbanuli politikis ganviTarebas. agonizmi SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc filosofiuri pozicia, romelic aRiarebs politikuri antag-
onizmis potencials. mmarTvelobis agonisturi qseli mowinaaRmdege jgufebs erTmaneTTan konfrontaciaSi Sesvlis saSualebas miscems, im imediT, rom konfliqti aRmoifxvreba. amave dros, is aRiarebs konfliqtis uwyvet arsebobas da aqedan gamomdinare, Seqmnis „asparezs, romelzec SesaZlebelia gansxvavebebis Sepirispireba“4 da maTi (potenciurad) nayofieri Sedegebisken warmarTva. amgvari winaaRmdegobrivi asparezis arseboba mniSvnelovania liberalizmis hegemoniisa da mis mier politikuris uaryofis dasamarcxeblad. agonistur pluralizms SeuZlia safuZveli Cauyaros saziaro qalaqis xelaxla dabadebas, sadac bevri erTmaneTTan arsebiTad SeuTavsebeli pozicia erTdroulad iqneba miRebuli.
agonisturi urbanizmisken Tbilisis urbanuli konfliqtebis istoriis amokiTxva SegviZlia qalaqis amJamindel administraciuli da warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis sferoSi, romelic ugulebelyofs heterogenuli sociosivrciTi praqtikebis bunebas da uaryofs im antagonizms, romelic moqalaqeTa monawileobas Cveulebriv axlavs Tan. am postpolitikurma mdgomareobam neoliberaluri ideologiis hegemonias misca gabatonebis saSualeba, xolo misi fizikur doneze gamoxatuli savalalo Sedegebi dRemde uxeSad arRvevs Tbilisis urbanul qsovils. warmatebuli urbanuli mmarTveloba 5 efuZneba erTi mxriv, proaqtiur saxelmwifo institutebs, romlebic gansazRvraven da aRasruleben Sesabamis gegmebsa da kanonebs, xolo meore mxriv, aqtiur samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic am dadgenilebebs pasuxoben kritikuli da formalizebuli qselis saSualebiT. aseTma sqemam xeli unda Seuwyos saxelmwofos, bazrisa da moqalaqeTa Tanabar CarTulobas. TbilisSi amgvari kavSirebis ararsebobam ganmsazRvreli roli iTamaSa krizisis warmoqmnaSi. komunikaciis nakleboba warmoadgens
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The Agonistic City __ Benjamin Wells
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mTavar dabrkolebas ufro demokratiuli, agonisturi urbanuli mmarTvelobis miRwevis gzaze. TiToeuli gaxmaurebuli konfliqti Tavidan bolomde antagonisturia, izolirebulia da arsebobs iseT sistemaSi, romelic cdilobs Tavisi winaaRmdegobebi idealizirebul da abstraqtul konsensuss dauqvemdebaros politikuri ganzomilebis ugulebelsayofad. imisaTvis, rom moxdes reaqtiuli Tanamonawileobidan azrian Tanamonawileobaze gadasvla, saWiroa urbanul aqtorebs Soris arsebuli sicarieleebis amovseba. es procesi unda efuZnebodes im antagonizmebisa da uTanxmoebebis miRebas, romlebic maT pluralurobas axasiaTebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari urbanuli politika SesaZloa winaaRmdegobebsa da konfliqtebs moicavdes, is warmoadgens safuZvels mmarTvelobis iseTi sistemisa, romelic saSualebas mogvcems warmovidginoT, gaviziaroT da SevqmnaT ufro egalitaruli da inkluziuri qalaqi.
Tbilisis forumi „Tbilisis forumi“ aris arqiteqturuli winadadeba, romelic Seesabameba agonisturi
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urbanizmis moTxovnebs da xels Seuwyobs qalaqis ganviTarebis koleqtiur, demokratiul procesebs. proeqti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs qalaqis mmarTvelobis amJamindel praqtikebs, reagirebs Tbilisis sxvadasxva xelSesaxeb problemebze da qmnis infrastruqturas strategiuli da moqnili urbanizmis xelSesawyobad. proeqtis programa miznad isaxavs xmaTa simravlis gaerTianebas iseT „asparezze, sadac SesaZlebelia gansxvavebebis Sepirispireba.“ 6 qalaqis codna, kvleva, diskusiebi, kamaTi da informaciis gaziareba amgvari struqturis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli elementebia. es centri, mcire masStabis urbanuli aqtorebisTvis samuSao sivrceebis SeqmniT, xels Seuwyobs qalaqis Sesaxeb ideebisa da codnis warmoqmnas; is saerTo laboratoriaSi Tavs mouyris konfliqtur jgufebs, urbanuli ideebis generirebisaTvis. Semdgom etapze, centri sxvadasxva SemoTavazebebs kritikulad ganixilavs sxvadasxva saxis diskursul sivrceebSi. moqalaqeTa komiteti ganixilavs da miiRebs gadawyvetilebebs sabWos debatebze gasatanad. arCeuli sabWo Sedgenili iqneba saxelmwifo, kerZo da sajaro organizaciebis warmomadgen-
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lebisgan. igi Seasrulebs amJamindeli sakrebulos rols, misi ufro dinamiur, demokratiul sivrceSi gadataniT. amgvari gancalkeveba qalaqis merias miscems saSualebas gadaiqces Tbilisis ganviTarebis administraciul mamoZravebel Zalad, xolo SemoTavazebuli organizacia politikur procesebSi CaerTveba, rogorc sajaro forumi, romelic moicavs farTomasStabian sajaro prezentaciebs, debatebsa da RonisZiebebs. am procesebis farTo sazogadoebisTvis warsadgenad gamoiyofa ramdenime sagamofeno sivrce, romelTa Seqmnasac xels Seuwyobs qalaqis arqivi da sxvadasxva samoqalaqo platformebi. am programis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens qalaqis mciremasStabiani maketi, romelic asaxavs Tbilisis mdgomareobas realur droSi - dakargul urbanul qsovilsa da momavlis proeqtebs. am maketSi Senoba ganixileba, rogorc obieqti qalaqis SigniT, magram aqcenti keTdeba qalaqze, rogorc kvlevisa da urbanuli ideebis gacvlis procesis mTavar maprovocirebel instrumentze. proeqtis mizania, am uamravi funqciis gaerTianebiT moxdes dainteresebuli mxareebis mravalferovani qselis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, rac gamoiwvevs qalaqis ganviTarebis
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velSi Carevis saSualebas gvaZlevs imiT, rom is erTi mxriv, garSemortymulia satransporto kvanZebiT, magram meore mxriv, mowyvetilia da daviwyebulia qalaqisgan. Termuli sadguri transformirdeba iseT aqtiur asparezad, romelzec uamrav aqtors miecema qalaqis mudmivad cvalebadi proeqtis warmoCenis, gaziarebis, gansazRvris, gamocdisa da gadaazrebis saSualeba. saerTo urbanul strategiaSi moqceuli es rTuli arqiteqturuli kompozicia miznad isaxavs Senobis qalaqTan, Tavisive zrunvis obieqtTan gaerTianebas.
demokratizacias; uamrav urbanul aqtors miscems kamaTis, morigebisa da qalaqis formirebis procesSi realuri wvlilis Setanis saSualebas. es centri SegviZlia warmovidginoT codnis, resursebis, gamocdilebisa da Sexedulebebis gaziarebis instrumentad, romelic miznad isaxavs qalaqis saerTo fundamentis koleqtiur mSeneblobas. am process Camoayalibebs iseTi politikuri arqiteqtura, romelic Seqmnis sivrceTa simravles „konfliqturi sajaro gadakveTebisa da gacvla-gamocvlis“ 7 uzrunvelsayofad. aman ki SesaZloa agonistur, generaciul urbanizms misces ganviTarebis saSualeba. proeqtis mdebareobas strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs TbilisisTvis da misi mTavari aqtorebisTvis. misi sazRvari orazrovania da kveTs mtkvris rbil mosaxvevs. arqiteqturulad, ZiriTadi yuradReba fokusirdeba 1911 wels aSenebul yofil Termul sadgurze, romelic damatyvevebelia Tavisi medidurobiTa da damangreveli monumentalurobiT. es kunZulebrivi mdgomareoba qalaqis konfliqtur
programa da TandarTuli arqiteqturuli winadadeba SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc nawilebis kompozicia, romelic Tbilisis arsebuli urbanuli xasiaTisa da tipologiis gamoZaxilia da gamoxatavs qalaqis sxvadasxva jgufis idealebs. proeqti, rogorc gansxvavebuli fragmentebis nakrebi, Seqmnis qalaqis formirebis baziss imiT, rom is asaxavs qalaqisa da misi mosaxleobisTvis damaxasiaTebel kontrastsa da antagonizms. es ukanaskneli vlindeba urTierTobebSi, daZabulobebSi da iseT kontrastebSi, rogoricaa formaluri ena da materialuroba, Zveli da axali, Sida da gareTa, sajaro da kerZo, garkveuli da gaurkveveli. miuxedavad imisa, rom proeqti Sedgeba mkveTrad gansazRvruli programuli nawilebisgan, misi agonisturi potenciali gamoixateba Sida ezoebis, xidebis, cirkulaciisa da sxvadasxva funqciebis damakavSirebeli barierebis qselSi. swored am sivrceebis qselis meSveobiT xorcieldeba molaparakeba da dapirispireba sxvadasxva aqtivobasa da xmebs Soris. konkretuli daniSnulebis sivrceebi mimobneulia ufro did sajaro moedanze da swored am nawilebis arqiteqturuli da programuli kompozicia matebs Zalas am organizacias. moulodneli aRmoCenebisa da sakama-
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To sakiTxebisaTvis asparezis micemiT, qalaq Tbilisis forumi aRiarebs da mxars uWers demokratiuli qalaqis konfliqtur ganzomilebas. proeqti xels uwyobs politikur arqiteqturas, riTic is statikuri antagonizmidan produqtiul agonistur urbanizmze gadasvlas uwyobs xels.
4. Chantal Mouffe, interview by Dave Castle, “Hearts, Minds and Radical Democracy,” Red Pepper, June 1, 1998, https://www.redpepper.org.uk/hearts-minds-and-radical-democracy/ 5. See author’s website for further research; benjaminwells.eu 6. Chantal Mouffe, interview by Dave Castle, “Hearts, Minds and Radical Democracy,” Red Pepper, June 1, 1998, https://www.redpepper.org.uk/hearts-minds-and-radical-democracy/ 7. Erik Swyngedouw, Civic City Cahier 5: Designing the Post-Political City and the Insurgent Polis (London: Bedford Press, 2011), 13.
SeniSvnebi: 1. Erik Swyngedouw, Civic City Cahier 5: Designing the Post-Political City and the Insurgent Polis (London: Bedford Press, 2011), 11. 2. Slavoj Žižek, “Carl Schmitt in the Age of Post-Politics,” in The Challenges of Carl Schmitt, ed. Chantal Mouffe (London: Verso, 1999), 29. 3. Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony, Radical Democracy, and the Political, ed. James Martin (Oxon: Routledge, 2013), 212.
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Targmani: girogi cxadaia, marita rurua grafikuli masala mowodebulia avtoris mier.
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ar miaSterdeT ase romantikulad: eqstralegaluri sivrcis Sesaxeb belgradSi dubravka sekuliCI
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1990-ian wlebSi, arqiteqturul wreebSi belgradi cnobili gaxda Tavisi „veluri saxis“, anu im erTi SexedviT, spontanuri da umarTavi sivrciTi praqtikebis wyalobiT, romlebic TiTqos arsebuli kanonmdeblobis sruli ugulebelyofis Sedegad warmoiqmnen. ufro Rrma dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom belgradSi kanonierisa da ukanonos diqotomias ase martivad ar unda SevxedoT; garegani formis miRma Tu gavixedavT, davinaxavT, rom im procesebs, romlebmac belgradi veluri saxiT warmoaCina, bevrad ufro meti kavSiri hqondaT kanonmdeblobis xelaxla regulirebasTan, vidre mis mTlianad gauqmebasTan.
„sacxovrebelze ufleba fundamenturi samarTlebrivi instrumentia, romelic erTerT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasicocxlo wyaros warmoadgens muSaTa klasisTvis.“ (sacxovreblisa da mSeneblobis Sesaxeb pirveli iugoslaviuri forumis daskvna, 1956 w.)
es gancxadeba naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis socialistur iugoslaviaSi gansaxlebis politikis ZiriTadad mimarTulebebze. iugoslaviam, 1948 wlidan, anu mas Semdeg, rac stalinsa da saxelmwifo socializmisa da gegmiuri ekonomikis ideas gaemijna, daiwyo sakuTari socialisturi modelis ganviTareba, romelic warmoadgenda sabWoTa biurokratiuli socializmis kritikas. axali socialisturi modeli, romelic muSaTa TviTmmarTvelobis ideas efuZneboda, iyo antisteitisturi da bazarze orientirebuli. igi eyrdnoboda princips, romlis mixedviTac warmoebis saSualebebs unda flobdes sazogadoeba da ara saxelmwifo. am procesSi bevri axali politikuri instituti Seiqmna, romlebic mediacias eweodnen sxvadasxva politikur Sreebs Soris da romelTac unda daeCqarebinaT saxelmwifos gaqrobis leninisturi koncefciis ganxorcieleba. iugoslaviuri TviTmmarTvelobaze dafuZnebuli
socializmi warmoadgenda socialur formacias, romelic aerTianebda komunizmisa da kapitalizmis elementebs. iugoslaviur socializms hqonda pretenzia, rom moexdina mTeli sazogadoebis politizireba. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad, Seiqmna politikuri monawileobis axali formebi, romlebmac gansxeuleba hpoves TviTmmarTvelobis principSi. am principebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda individi, romelsac Tavisuflad unda SeZleboda Tavisi interesebis gamoxatva, aseve, maTi dakavSireba da harmonizeba sazogadoebis zogad interesebTan da miznebTan. saxelmwifo sakuTreba Caanacvla „socialurma sakuTrebam“ - mTeli sazogadoebis sakuTrebam, romelsac calkeuli mflobeli ar gaaCnda. am konteqstSi, binaTmflobeloba ganixileboda, rogorc mSromelis ZiriTadi ufleba da ar aRiqmeboda saqonlad; sivrce gagebuli iyo,
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rogorc infrastruqtura da mis samarTlian da racionalur gamoyenebas aregulirebda kanonmdebloba. axali, TviTmmarTvelobaze dafuZnebuli socializmis pirobebSi sacxovreblis ufleba iyo erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani. is pirvelad gaCnda „sacxovrebeli saxlebis marTvis regulaciebis“ dokumentSi, romelic gamoqveynda iugoslaviis federaciuli saxalxo respublikis oficialur biuletenSi, nomriT 52/1953. masSi vkiTxulobT, rom sacxovrebelze ufleba aris „principi, romelic uzrunvelyofs binis gamoyenebis mudmiv uflebas, sacxovrebel saxlebze dawesebul regulaciebTan TanxvedraSi.“ sacxovrebelze ufleba gulisxmobda, rom moqalaqeebis sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofaze pasuxismgebelobas iRebda mTeli sazogadoeba. am koncefciam imxela gavlena moaxdina arqiteqtorebsa da urbanistebze, rom zagrebis arqiteqtorTa sazogadoebis mier gamocemul arqiteqturul Jurnal Čovjek i prostor-is („adamiani da sivrcis“) pirvel nomerSi Semdegi debuleba iyo gamokveTilad warmoCenili: kanoni sacxovrebelTa mSeneblobis dafinansebis Sesaxeb, serbeTis socialisturi respublikis oficialuri gazeTi 4/1986 muxli 1 solidarobisa da urTierTsargeblianobis principze dayrdnobiT, mSromelTa asociaciebma, sxva TviTmmarTvelma organizaciebma da Temebma, aseve, mTelma sazogadoebam unda miiRon zomebi imisaTvis, rom yvela adamians hqondes sacxovrisze uflebis realizebis, aseve, socialuri usafrTxoebis fundamenturi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sistema Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc samarTliani distribuciis sqema, raomelic unda ganxorcielebuliyo sxvadasxva SromiTi organizaciebis mier Seqmnili Warbi Rirebulebis sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobaze ganawilebiT, mas hqonda Tavisi naklovanebebic. saboloo jamSi, am sistemam imuSava uamravi adamianisTvis, gansakuTrebiT mSromelebisTvis, romlebmac pirvelad iugoslaviis istoriaSi miiRes Rirseuli, humanuri sacxovrebeli pirobebi. meore mxriv, droTa ganmavlobaSi, sacxovrebeli erTeulebis
warmoeba veRar eweoda gazrdil moTxovnas. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gamokveTili iyo 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac iugoslavia msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi qveyana iyo. sacxovreblis maZiebelni iZulebulni iyvnen alternatiuli gzebi moeZebnaT TavSesafris misaRebad. maT Soris iyvnen isini, visac momlodineTa siaSi moxvedris Sansi aRar hqondaT umuSevrobis an imis gamo, rom droebiTi an mudmivi migranti muSebis statusi gaaCndaT. es adamianebi xSirad mimarTavdnen ukanono TviTmSeneblobas sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze, ZiriTadi qalaqebis SemogarenSi. saxelmwifo ar iyo sakmaod moqnili imisTvis, rom uzrunveleyo am xalxis sacxovreblebis ganawilebis sistemaSi CarTva. es kavSiri umuSevrobas, migrant muSebsa da ukontrolo mSeneblobas Soris mniSvnelovania im „veluri“ mSeneblobis procesebis siRrmiseulad gasaanalizeblad, romelsac 1990-ian wlebamde hqonda adgili. mogvianebiT, ukanono dasaxlebebi belgradis SemogarenSi gadaiqcnen ucnaur nazavad sacxovreblad gamosayenebeli TviTnaSeni saxlebisa da damatebiTi sacxovreblebisa, romlebsac xSirad mxolod uqme dReebis gasatareblad iyenebdnen. ukanono mSeneblobebis praqtikas mwvaved akritikebdnen, gansakuTrebiT, urbanistebi, ris gamoc nel-nela daiwyo maTi nawilobrivi demontaJi. amis miuxedavad, 1990 wlamde, ukanono erTeulebis raodenoba nela, magram mainc yovelwliurad izrdeboda. oficialuri pirebi arasdros aRiarebdnen amas, magram velur mSeneblobas Tavisi sargebelic mohqonda: is amsubuqebda binebis socialuri ganawilebis ukve sakmaod datvirTul sistemas da gamoxatavda „Tanamedrove qalaqgegmarebis asatan, jerovnad verdafasebul danamats“.2
socialuri sakuTrebidan kerZo sakuTrebamde 1980-iani wlebis savalalo krizisis Semdeg da damangrevel omebSi CaTrevamde cota xniT adre, iugoslaviam miatova socializmi da agresiulad daiwyo kapitalizmis aRdgena. am procesSi CamoiSala yvela is kavSiri, romelic sivrcis oficialur warmoebas aerTianebda TviTmmarTvadi socializmis ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da samarTlebriv Car-
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CoebTan. kanoni sacxovreblebis Sesaxeb, serbeTis socialisturi respublikis oficialuri gazeTi 12/1990 muxli 2 mSromelebi da moqalaqeebi TavianT pirad da ojaxur, sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebul saWiroebebs, romlebic moicavs binebis mSeneblobas, Sesyidvas da daqiravebas, sakuTari resursebiT daikmayofileben. postsocialistur reJimze gadasvlamde iugoslaviis teritoriaze omi daiwyo. amis gamo, sabinao fondis privatizaciis dawyeba zustad daemTxva samSeneblo industriisa da sacxovrebeli uZravi qonebis bazris kolafss. sivrcis mimarT damokidebuleba Seicvala „socialuri“ (Tumca bolomde gasagebi ar iyo am sityvis mniSvneloba) Canacvlda ufro metad „kerZoTi“, anu, „Cveni“ gadaiqca „Cemad“. Secvlili damokidebuleba TiTqmis myisierad aisaxa koleqtiuri saxlebis fasadebze imiT, rom gamoCnda sxvadasxvagvari intervenciebi; aivnebi SemozRudes da gadaakeTes sacxovrebel sivrceebad an saTavsoebad, xolo fanjrebi gamocvales modernistuli saxlebis sakuTar gemovnebaze mosargebad. boris groisis mixedviT, privatizacia “ar unda gvesmodes rogorc martivi cvlileba, romelsac mivyavarT iseTi sazogadobidan, sadac kerZo sakuTreba ar aris, iseT sazogadoebamde, sadac aris. sabolood, privatizacia
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iseTive xelovnuri politikuri konstruqti aRmoCndeba xolme, rogorc nacionalizacia. amgvarad, privatizacia, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis (xelaxla) danergva, ar gvabrunebs bunebasTan - bunebriv kanonTan. [...] politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo komunizmis Senebis nacvlad kapitalizmis Senebaze gadasvla da amis misaRwevad im kerZo mesakuTreebis klasis xelovnurad Seqmna (klasikur marqsizmTan sruli TanxmobiT), romlebic am procesis mTavari gmirebi gaxdebodnen. amgvarad, es iyo ara bazris „bunebrivi mdgomareobisken“ mibruneba, aramed bazris uaRresad xelovnuri bunebis gamoaaSkaraveba.“3 mudmivi binadrobis uflebis mqone macxovreblebs miecaT dadgenil TanxaSi binis SeZenis saSualeba. oTxmocdaaT procentze metma gamoiyena es SesaZlebloba. es iyo sacxovrebelze uflebis dasasruli; sacxovrebeli sivrcis maZiebeli bazris imedad darCa. am fonze, gaCnda erTi problemac: realurad, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi uZravi qonebis bazari ar arsebobda; masobrivi sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis Senebas miCveuli didi samSeneblo kompaniebi jer kidev ver gadarTuliyvnen fundamenturad gansxvavebuli tipis sabazro wesebze. am fonze, sacxovrebelze moTxovna belgradSi imaze maRali iyo, vidre odesme. sabazro miwodebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, nebarTvis gareSe mSenebloba iqca dominantur strategiad. Tavdapirvelad, axali unebarTvo Senobebi qalaqis kideebSi gaCnda, magram nel-nela daiwyo maTi centrisken gadanacvle-
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ba. amasobaSi, centrSi kidev erTi unebarTvo procesi daiwyo, rac saxuravebze sarTulebis daSenebaSi gamoixateboda. es daSenebebi qalaqis wesebis ugulebelyofis simbolod iqca.
rodesac Sexeduleba normad iqceva: legalizacia da implantacia 1995 wlis konsolidaciis Semdeg, saxelmwifom gadawyvita kanonis ZaliT mieRo zomebi zedmetad didi raodenobis unebarTvo mSeneblobebis winaaRmdeg, imisaTvis, rom daeZlia is gaurkveveli mdgomareoba, romelSic uamravi adamiani cxovrobda. unebarTvo mSeneblobis am sul ufro qaotur procesSi wesrigis damyarebis mizniT SeimuSaves ori kanoni. pirveli, Senobebis movla-SenarCunebis kanoni (1995) aregulirebda Senobebis saxuravebze daSenebebis procedurebs, xolo meore ki - mSeneblobis ganxorcielebis sagangebo pirobebs, anu obieqtebis sagangebo gamoyenebis uflebas (1997). orive kanonma sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo. ukanono mSeneblobis aRmofxvris nacvlad, am kanonebma xeli Seuwyves ukanono miSenebebis dakanonebas. amgvarad, Seiqmna eqstralegaluri sivrce - daiwyo ukanono mSeneblobebi im molodiniT, rom maTi dakanoneba momavalSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. imis fonze, rom wmindad ukanono mSnenebloba Semcirda, eqstralegaluri mSeneblobebi gaizarda.
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daSenebebis raodenobis Semcirebis nacvlad, Senobebis movla-SenarCunebis kanonma investorebs misca spekulaciebis gagrZelebisa da meti daSenebebis mowyobis saSualeba. sul male, belgradis centrSi yvela sxveni da brtyeli saxuravi „daijavSna“; daSenebebi axla ukve warmoadgendnen ara mokrZalebul danamats, calkeuli oTaxis an damatebiTi binis saxiT, aramed damatebiT sarTulebs, romlebsac gare investorebisTvis unda moetanaT mogeba. amas isic daemata, rom 1997 wlis kanonma, romlis mizanic ukanono mSeneblobis mankieri praqtikis sabolood dasruleba iyo, realurad, am tipis mSeneblobebis gaaqtiurebas Seuwyo xeli, radgan man gaaCina nebarTvebis „reqtroaqtiurad“ gacemis praqtika. es niSnavda nebarTvis gareSe aSenebuli Senobebis post factum dakanonebas. aRniSnuli kanoni municipalitets aniWebda legalizaciis uflebas. erT-erTi mTavari nabiji, romelic xelisuflebas unda gadaedga legalizaciisTvis saWiro registraciis vadis gasvlamde, iyo ukve aSenebuli Senobebis azomva, rac maT SesaZleblobas miscemda SeemowmebinaT, iyo Tu ara esa Tu is nageboba namdvilad vadis gasvlamde aSenebuli. am yvelaferma is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom vadis moaxloebasTan erTad, mSeneblobebi matulobda, xolo rogorc ki saboloo vada gavidoda, muSaoba droebiT Cerdeboda, ris Semdegac aralegaluri mSeneblobebis tempi nel-nela isev izrdeboda. Tuki movlenebis amgvari ganviTareba siurprizad SeiZleba aReqva vinmes 1997 wels, ufro gviandel kanonebs igive Secdomebis gameorebis ufleba aRar hqondaT. arada, 2003 da 2009 wlebSi, sul axlaxans ki 2013 wels, isev miiRes yvela ukanono mSeneblobis legalizaciis gadawyvetileba. 2003 wlisTvis, qalaqmgegmareblebma gaizares, rom aralegaluroba da Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis deficiti mTavar problemad ar unda ganvixiloT. maT belgradis axali generalur gegmis teqstSi aRniSnes: „naxevrad kanonieri sacxovrebeli saxlebi aSenda winaswar ganzraxuli instituciuri mxardaWeris farglebSi. bevr SemTxvevaSi, mSeneblobebi eyrdnoboda sxvadasxva saxis dokumentebs, romlebic nawilobriv eTanxmeboda regulaciebs, magram ar iyo sakmarisi mSeneblobis nebarTvis gasace-
mad. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom bevri iseTi Senoba, romelic ukanonod aSenebulad aris gamocxadebuli, swored am kategorias miekuTvneba.“ 4 amave dros, maT ver SeamCnies is, rom kanoni, imis gamo, rom ar gamoarCevda erTmaneTisgan mogebisTvis da piradi saWiroebisTvis aSenebul saxlebs, sakvanZo rols TamaSobda samSeneblo bazris ganviTarebaSi. sxvadasxva eSmakuri strategiebi gamoiyeneboda axali mSeneblobebis, aseve, miSenebebis gansaxorcieleblad. rusuli pavilionebis 5 miSenebebi aris is sivrce, sadac am urTierTgadajaWvulobam legalurs, aralegalursa da eqstralegalurs Soris Tavis ukidures wertils miaRwia; SemuSavda dafaruli strategiebis mTeli wyeba, romlebic momdevno etapebze xorcieldeboda. normalizirda uxilavi, Cakerili eqstralegaluroba, romelic gulisxmobda imas, rom TiToeuli axali ganviTareba nawilobriv ganisazRvreboda xelisuflebasTan garigebiT. Cakerili eqstralegalurobis dominantur elementebs Seadgendnen: situaciuri kriteriumebi da gavlena, rac investorebs hqondaT mTavrobaze, iqneboda es politikuri kavSirebi, ekonomikuri zewola, piradi urTierTobebi Tu korufcia. erTi ram udavo iyo: eqstralegalurobis praqtikas misdevda mxolod investorebis eqskluziuri wre, romelTac gaaCndaT sakmarisi Zalaufleba. wasuli iyo is dro, rodesac eqstralegaluroba axasiaTebdaT ara mxolod mogebis motanaze, aramed piradi saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze orientirebul mSeneblobebs; Cveulebriv ambad iqca eqstralegaluri mSeneblobis yvela legalur proeqtSi Cakereba. dasawyisidanve, axal proeqtebs imaze msxvil masStabze Tvlidnen, vidre amas urbanuli mgegmavebi moiTxovdnen. ori wyeba naxazebi ixazeboda: erTi, mSeneblobis nebarTvisTvis, meore - bazrisTvis. aberaciis zoma dgindeboda municipalitetTan komunikaciis procesSi. rac ufro didi iyo aberacia, ufro zeda donis samTavrobo rgoli unda CarTuliyo saqmeSi. sivrceebi, ganlagebuli, rogorc wesi, bolo sarTulsa da saxuravs Soris, mSeneblobis nebarTvis misaRebad gankuTvnil naxazebSi aRniSnuli iyo, rogorc saerTo damatebiTi farTebi, magram bazarze isini saRdeboda
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Cveulebriv binebad. sxva binebis myidvelebs unda moeweraT xeli kontraqtisTvis, romelic nebas darTavda eqstralegaluri sivrcis myidvels gadaekeTebina Tavisi sacxovrebeli farTi standartul binad. aseTi sivrceebi arasdros iRebdnen dasrulebul saxes, ris gamoc ar iyo maTi garemontebis saWiroeba. aqedan gamomdinare, developers SeeZlo damatebiTi gadasaxadebisgan Tavis arideba.
eqstralegaluri aris yvelaze politikuri axali aTaswleulis qorwineba eqstralegalur da neoliberalur urbanul politikebs Soris gaxda developerebis mier warmarTuli urbanizmis motori. developeri moqmedebs, xolo qalaqi post factum axdens misi qmedebebis legitimizacias. am procesis ukan dgas is gavrcelebuli argumenti, romlis mixedviTac kapitali Tavisuflad unda Semoedinebodes da gegmiuri socializmi daviwyebas unda mieces. es strategia dRemde ZalaSia. proeqtebi samarTlebriv CarCoebamde mxolod maSin ikveceba, rodesac eqstralegaluri naxazi mSeneblobis nebarTvas ver iRebs. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovani sajaro sivrcis bedia, vinaidan eqstralegalurobas, rogorc wesi, saerTo sivrce ewireba. amisi kargi magaliTia Ušće-s savaWro centri belgradSi, romelic sinamdvileSi orjer ufro didi gamovida, vidre nebarTvis mixedviT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, ris gamoc TiTqmis mTlianad daikava im parkis sivrce, romelzec ganTavsda.
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ironiulia, rom is, rac Tavdapirvelad daiwyo, rogorc xalxis gaZlierebaze momarTuli procesi (sacxovreblis mSeneblobis procesSi uSualod macxovreblebis CarTviT), gadaiqca sapirispiro procesad, mas Semdeg, rac misi daregulirebisTvis kanonebi daiwera. Cven SegviZlia visaubroT aseTi araformaluri procesebis udavo demokratiul potencialze, magram yvela eqstralegalur process demokratiuls ver vuwodebT mxolod imis gamo, rom isini sivrcobrivad erTmaneTs hgvanan. aseTi generalizacia saSiSia. belgradis magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom demokratizaciis saxeliT, moxda im mcire jgufis gaZliereba, romelmac demokratizacia miTvisebis instrumentad gamoiyena. demokratizaciis ideis ganxilva SeiZleba iugoslaviidan memkvidreobiT gadmocemul RirebulebaTa sistemis CarCoSi, romelsac SeeZlo garkveuli tipis „sivrcobrivi egoizmis“ SenarCuneba mTlian procesebze kontrolis dakargvis gareSe. es procesi sazogadoebas moiazrebda mTlianobaSi da ara individualuri interesebis nakrebad. sistemis daSlis Semdeg, eqstralegalurobis demokratiuli potencialic gaqra. adamianebis individualuri qmedebebi sacxovreblis sakiTxis mosagvareblad arasdros warmoadgenda problemas. ufro metad problema is iyo, rom saxelmwifo cdilobda eqstralegaluri sivrcis kontrols ise, rom Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis qmedebebi investorebis sistemuri qmedebebiT Caanacvla. es xdeboda aralegaluri ganviTarebis problemis atomizirebiT. TiToeuli aSenebuli erTeulis samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra cal-calke xdeboda, imis nacvlad,
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rom kritikulad SeexedaT im konteqstisTvis, romelSic es yvela erTeuli arsebobda. amis gamo Seiqmena iseTi kanonebi, romlebic ar asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan ramdenime kvadratuli metrisa da ramdenime aTasi kvadratuli metris aberaciebs, aseve, mogebisTvis da piradi sargeblobisTvis aSenebul sivrceebs. amis miuxedavad, 1990-ianebis bolosTvis, belgradis urbanuli qsovilis heterotopiuli ganviTareba iqca arqiteqturuli studiis, Stealth-is STagonebis wyarod. maT belgradi daaxasiaTes, rogorc „moqanave niadagi, romelzec urbanuli Sinaarsis Semqmneli wesebi da urbanuli sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebis logika mudmiv cvlilebebs ganicdis“. 6 sadavoa, Tu ramdenad SeeZloT am procesebs qalaqis transformireba. rogorc deivid harvi aRniSnavs, „qalaqis transformireba aucileblad gulisxmobs koleqtiuri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas urbanizaciis procesebze.’’ 7 aq ki individualuri qmedebebis simravle verasdros iqca koleqtiur Zalauflebad, imis miuxedvad, Tu ramdenad TviTinicirebuli da qvemodan wamosuli iyo es qmedebebi. amis gamo, saSiSia modernistuli Senobebis Tavze arsebuli individualuri saxuravebis miSenebebis ise aRqma, rom TiTqos isini demokratizaciis magaliTebia. sinamdvileSi, procesma, romlis farglebSic isini Seiqmna ar migviyvana maTSi monawile adamianebis politikur emansipaciamde. „TviTmSeneblebis“ simravle ver Camoyalibda politikur subieqtad, romelsac SeeZleboda Tavis sasargeblo wesebis SemuSaveba da ganviTarebis sakuTari xedvis gatana. maTma strategiebma migviyvana kapitalistebis politikur subieqtivizaciamde da swored am ukanasknelTa interpretaciam hpova asaxva kanonebSi. am yvelafris fonze, ra mdgomareobaSi arian arqiteqtorebi? arqiteqtorebi darCnen im warmodgenis tyveobaSi, rom maTi profesia unda iyos apolitikuri. amis gamo, maT ver gaiazres, rom TavianTi Tavis relevantur aqtorebad warmoCenisTvis, saWiroa am profesiam aRmoaCinos Tavisi politika. Tanamedrove
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momentis uaryofis am procesSi, ara mxolod profesiam dakarga myari niadagi, romelzec dadgomas SeZlebda, aramed socialuri sivrcis Semcirebis mwvave problemis artikulirebaze uaris TqmiT, mTlianad sazogadoebamac waago. SeeZloT arqiteqtorebs Careva? SeuZliaT arqiteqtorebs gaxdnen raRac meti, vidre uZravi qonebis spekulaciebis stilistebi? antonio gramSis Tu davesesxebiT, „krizisi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zveli kvdeba da axali jer kidev ver ibadeba.“8 1990-ian da 2000-ian wlebis belgradSi eqstralegalurobis mier Seqmnilma Riobma mcire xniT gaxsna axlis dabadebis SesaZlebloba. arqiteqturuli da urbanistuli molaparakebebis magidas, romelzec investori da kapitali zrdis logikiT operireben da romelzec qalaqi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, iZulebulia xeli Seuwyos zrdas deregulaciiT, kidev erTi skami unda davamatoT. es iqneba im aqtoris adgili, romelic sakmarisad Zlieri iqneba kapitalis da saxelmwifos damakavSirebuli jaWvis gasarRvevad da sazogado sikeTis gansamtkiceblad. aman SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, romelSic qalaqis gansxvavebuli idea Seiqmneba axal politikasTan erTad. ucnauri ar aris, rom eqstralegaluroba ase mWirod aris dakavSirebuli sacxovreblis problemasTan, vinaidan swored am sivrceSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas raime axali, sacxovrebel sivrceze uflebis xelaxla mopovebiT, rogorc arqiteqtorebis, ise, mTlianad sazogadoebis saxeliT.
* „ar miaSterde ase romantikulad!“ iyo germaneli dramaturgisa da Teatris reJisoris bertolt brextis slogani, romelic man pirvelad gamoiyena 1922 wels daweril piesaSi „dafdafebi RameSi“. misi mizani iyo, rom mayureblebs daewyoT kritikulad gaazreba imis, rasac xedavdnen da daenaxaT Sinaarsi da ara forma an avtoris grZnobebi.
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SeniSvnebi: 1. komunizmis elementebi Semdegi iyo: gansxvavebuli socialuri urTierTobebisa da sakuTrebis formebis damkvidreba, miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmeba, mSromelebis dominacia kapitalze, socialuri reproduqciis xarjebis internalizacia, aseve, Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmna socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da jandacvis servisebisTvis, maTze universaluri wvdomis uzrunvelsayofad. kapitalizmis elementebi iyo: sabazro Zalebis Semotana, mSromelebze menejeruli kontrolis daweseba. 2. Milica Topalovic, ‘Brick & Gold: The Urbanism & Architecture of Informal Belgrade’, in: ETH Studio Basel Contemporary City Institute (eds.), Belgrade Formal Informal. (Zurich: Verlag Scheidegger & Spiess, 2012) pp. 80-117. 3. Boris Groys, ‘Privatizations, or Artificial Paradises of Post-Communism’, In: Art Power. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008). 4. belgradis generaluri gegma 2021, (2003). 5. „rusuli pavilionebi“ iyo sacxovrebeli dasaxleba muSebis uban karaburmaSi, belgradSi. is aSenda meore msoflios omis Semdeg, rogorc pirveli gansaxlebis proeqti socialistur belgradSi 1947-1949 wlebSi. ironiulia, rom vinaidan is aSenda 1951 wlis belgradis generaluri gegmis ZalaSi Sesvlamde, Tavisi arsiT eqstralegalur mSeneblobas warmoadgenda. TiToeuli pavilioni Sedgeboda oTxi binisgan, naxevrad winaswar damzadebuli konstruqciebisgan. 1990 wlis Semdeg, mobinadreebma daiwyes am binebis privatizacia da ganagrZes cxovreba mSvid ubanSi, romelic qalaqis centrTan SedarebiT axlos mdebareobda. 2001 wels, oTxi investorisgan Semdgarma jgufma daiwyo pavilionebis nel-nela gadideba. zogierT Senobas eqvsiT meti sarTulic ki daamates. rodesac 2005 wels SeaCeres daSenebis operacia, aRmoCnda, rom 90-dan 63 pavilionis saxe fundamenturad iyo Secvlili, ramac ubanaSi sacxovrebeli pirobebis atmosferoc gadaasxvafera. 6. Stealth, ‘The Wild City’ in: Hunch No.4, (Rotterdam: Berlage Institute, 2001/2002).
7. David Harvey, Rebel Cities. (London: Verso, 2012). 8. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
2014 wlis 11 marti Don’t Stare So Romantically: On Extralegal Space in Belgrade by Dubravka Sekulic http://volumeproject.org/dont-stare-so-romantically-on-extralegal-space-in-belgrade/ Targmani: giorgi cxadaia, marita rurua
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Yona Friedman __ wyaro: https://www.archdaily.com/781065/interview-with-yona-friedman
Š Yona Friedman
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rogoria iona fridmanis mobiluri qalaqi? iona fridmani safrangeTSi moRvawe ungreli arqiteqtori da Teoretikosia, romelmac samyaros Tavi Tavisi cnobili „mobiluri qalaqis“ TeoriiT daamaxsovra. mobiluri arqiteqturis manifestma didi gavlena moaxdina meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe iseT jgufebze, rogoricaa britaneli arqiteqtorebis jgufi „arqigrami“ da metabolistTa moZraoba iaponiaSi. fridmani cdilobs ipovos rTuli socialuri sistemisTvis Sesaferisi sacxovreblis forma. is igonebs iseT struqturas, romelic SeZlebs adamianebis sivrciTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas arqiteqtorebis gareSe. es aris sivrce, romelsac ganagebs macxovrebeli, romelsac ar sWirdeba gansakuTrebuli profesiuli kvalifikacia. mobiluri arqiteqturis demonstraciaa sivrciTi qalaqis (Ville Spatiale) koncefcia, romelic centralur adgils ikavebs fridmanis SemoqmedebaSi. fizikurad, es koncefcia warmoadgens miwas mowyvetil badisebr struqturas, romelic aerTianebs mTavar komunikaciebsa da quCebs. am badeSi ganlagebulia saxlebi,
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romelTa forma da mdebareobac ki binis macxovreblis mier regulirdeba. struqturis qveS arsebuli sivrce xelSeuxebeli rCeba. es aris qalaqi, romelsac ar gaaCnia fiqsirebuli iersaxe. am qalaqis xedi mudmivad cvalebadia; gadaadgileba ki mudmivad safexmavloa, rasac uzrunvelyofs safexmavlo metro. fridmani miiCnevs, rom sacxovrebeli, rogorc calkeuli obieqti, ar arsebobs da mas, rogorc samyaros nawils, sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia. samyaroze yvela adamians Taviseburi warmodgena aqvs, iseve, rogorc sacxovrebel saxlze. aqedan gamomdinare, saxli da samyaro ar unda gamoiyurebodes ise, rogorc gareSe pirebs warmoudgeniaT. araerT interviuSi, ukve moxuci arqiteqtori myarad icavs Tavis Sexedulebebs da mas kvlav swams, rom sakuTari sacxovreblis mSeneblobis procesSi mobinadres unda eniWebodes sruli Tavisufleba. SeiZleba yvela adamians ar aqvs sakuTari ZalebiT sacxovreblis dagegmarebis unari, magram fridmanis azriT, arqiteqtura mudmivi gamocdisa da Secdomebis gareSe ver ganviTardeba. „me yovelgvari winaswari dagegmvis winaaRmdegi var. swored cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis procesi uwyobs xels teqnologiis ganviTarebas,“ aRniSnavs is Archdaily-isTvis micemul interviuSi.
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ideis demonstrirebisTvis fridmani qmnis abstraqtul, fermkrTal kolaJebs, romlebic Tavisufali interpretaciisken mogviwodeben. garda amisa, sxvadasxva qveynebis arakvalificiuri muSaxelisTvis Seqmnil broSurebis seriebSi is iyenebs komiqsis enas. am broSurebSi fridmani suraTis eniT gadmogvcems adgilobrivi masalebiT mSeneblobis xerxebs. broSurebi infrastruqturul da soflis meurneobis Temebsac moicavs. iona fridmani Tavis SemoqmedebaSi mudmivad ubrundeba Ville Spatiale -s koncefcias. studentobis periodSi gaCenil ideas is mogvianebiT, axali saukunis problemebis sapasuxod iyenebs. Tuki Tavidan, mobiluri arqiteqturis ideis STagonebis wyaro meore msoflio omis Semdgomi rekonstruqcia iyo, momdevno aTwleulebSi is drois Sesabamis datvirTvas iZens. dResdReobiT, haerSi gamokidebuli struqturebis saSualebiT miwis minimaluri aTvisebis SesaZlebloba iqca centralur gamowvevad. fridmani ar qmnis arqiteqturas; is qmnis mimdinareobas, romelic efuZneba ara raime stils an esTetikas, aramed praqtikulobas. igi Tvlis, rom adamianis xeliT, saWiroebidan gamomdinare Seqmnili forma Tavad ipovnis wonasworobas.
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Š Yona Friedman
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gamoyenebuli masala: Yona Friedman: Pro Domo. ACTAR, Centro Andaluz de Arte ContemporĂĄneo (October 1, 2006) https://issuu.com/actar/docs/prodomo http://polyaklevente.net/organisation/the-architecture-of-survival-learning-from-yona-friedman/ http://www.spatialagency.net/database/groupe.detudes.darchitecture https://www.archdaily.com/781065/interview-with-yona-friedman-imaginehaving-improvised-volumes-floating-in-space-like-balloons
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