Alman

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‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺔ ﺍﻭﺭﺯﻭﻻ ﻣﻮﻧﺶ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻟﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﭙﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ;‬ ‫ﻼ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻓﻬﻤﺎﺭﻥ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻱ »ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ« ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫**‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺦ ـ ﺷﺘﻮﺗﮕﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪» :‬ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﻠﺰﻭﻳﮓ ﻫﻮﻟﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ«‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ »ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ« ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺮ »ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺩﻥﻭﺭﺗﻤﺒﺮﮒ ﺧﻮﺵ ﺁﻣﺪﻳﺪ‪ «.‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ »ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ« ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ )ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ( ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ »ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ« ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ« ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻛﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1949‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ ﺷﻠﺰﻭﻳﮓﻫﻮﻟﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺪﺭﺯﺍﻛﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦﻭﺳﺘﻔﺎﻟﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﻦﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎﻟﺘﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒـﺑﺎﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒـﻫﻮﻫﻦﺗﺴﻮﻟﺮﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻚﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒـﺑﺎﺩﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒـﻫﻮﻫﻦﺗﺴﻮﻟﺮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1952‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺩﻥـﻭﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1990‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﺍﺭﻟﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1957‬ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺪﻭﻡ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1990‬ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻠﻤﺒﻮﺭﮒـﻓﻮﺭﭘﻮﻣﺮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻛﺴﻦـﺍﻧﻬﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺪﻧﺒﻮﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻨﮕﻦ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫*‬

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‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺓ ‪ 2002/275‬ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ Informationen zur politischen Bildung‬ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ‪) .‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺦ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺘﻮﺗﮕﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺩﻥﻭﺭﺗﻤﺒﺮﮒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﳌﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﻼ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺲ( »ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ‪ 16‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ )ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺭﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﺪ( ﺑﺎ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺑﻲ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﺰﻳﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺻﺪﺭﺍﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ‪ 16‬ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ( ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺰﺑﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺨﺴﺖﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺻﺪﺭﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺻﺪﺭﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺷﻜﺎ ﻓﻴﺸﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﺒﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻤﺒﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ »ﮔﺮﺩﻫﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ« )‪ (Bundesversammlung‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ‪ 16‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ )ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ( ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ـ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ـ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻔﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1945‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ]ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ[ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻼ »ﺣﺰﺏ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ« ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺑﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﺼﻠﺖﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﻜﻞﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪﻱﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺋﺮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺣﺰﺏ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻱ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺔ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻼ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦﻭﺳﺘﻔﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ[‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ]ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﳌﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ‪ 35‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﺒﺰﻫﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ‪ 69‬ﻧﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ‪ 3‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﭘﻮﺯﻳﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪ 82‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ(‬

‫ﺑﺮﻟﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻠﻤﺒﻮﺭﮒﻓﻮﺭﭘﻮﻣﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻠﺰﻭﻳﮓﻫﻮﻟﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦﻭﺳﺘﻔﺎﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﻦﻟﻨﺪﻓﺎﻟﺘﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺪﻧﺒﻮﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺪﺭﺯﺍﻛﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻛﺴﻦﺍﻬﻧﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺩﻥﻭﺭﲤﱪﮒ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻛﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺭﻟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺭﻧﻴﻨﮕﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﺒﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﺒﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ )ﻟﻴﱪﺍﳍﺎ(‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ »ﺣﺰﺏ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ«‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ‬

‫‪4،3‬‬ ‫‪1،8‬‬ ‫‪2،8‬‬ ‫‪18،0‬‬ ‫‪4،0‬‬ ‫‪0،7‬‬ ‫‪2،6‬‬ ‫‪1،7‬‬ ‫‪7،9‬‬ ‫‪2،6‬‬ ‫‪10،5‬‬ ‫‪4،5‬‬ ‫‪1،1‬‬ ‫‪6،1‬‬ ‫‪2،4‬‬ ‫‪12،2‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbb‬‬ ‫‪bbbbbb‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﻣﺌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﺩﻥـﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒ ﻓﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻢ ‪ 13‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺍﺭﻟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 12‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﳌﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ـ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ـ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ( ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ )ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﺔ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺣﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﺔ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ »ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ« ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ »ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ« ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺁﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﭘﻮﺯﻳﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﻠﺰﻭﻳﮓﻫﻮﻟﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 40‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺭﺍﻳﻨﻼﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﮔﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺩﻥﻭﺭﺗﻨﺒﺮﮒ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺴﺘﻲ ـ ﭼﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻠﻨﺒﻮﺭﮒﻓﻮﺭﭘﻮﻣﺮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ ـ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﻫﻘﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪﻛﺎﺭﺍﻧﺔ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﭗ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺔ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ـ ﺻﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﭘﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻛﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪﻛﺎﺭﺍﻧﺔ ﻗﻮﻱﺗﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻓﺮﻗﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﻡﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﮕﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﳌﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﭘﺎﺑﺮﺟﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺄﺗﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺴﻤﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪» .‬ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﻱ« ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ )‪ (ARD‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ »ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ« )‪ (WDR‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺘﺨﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬ ‫‪ Tagesschau‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻔﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﻱﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ )ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ (... ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻮﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ ﭘﺮﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻣﹰﺎ ﭘﺮﺗﻴﺮﺍﮊﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻭ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ )ﺷﭙﻴﮕﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻠﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻜﻔﻮﺭﺕ )ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻜﻔﻮﺭﺗﺮ ﺁﻟﮕﻤﺎﻳﻨﻪ( ﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺦ )ﺯﻭﺩﺩﻭﻳﭽﻪﺗﺴﺎﻳﺘﻮﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻛﻮﺱ(‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ursula Münch & Kerstin Meerwaldt:‬‬ ‫‪Charakteristika des Föderalismus‬‬ ‫‪In: Informationen zur politischen Bildung‬‬ ‫‪Nr. 275/2002‬‬ ‫‪Herausgeber: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung‬‬