We The People - North vs South

December 2013

NORTH

VS

SOUTH

Table of Contents Page 4

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

Page 5

BLEEDING KANSAS

Page 6

WEST POINT

Page 7

ROBERT E. LEE

Page 8

WOMEN OF THE CIVIL WAR

Page 9

AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS

Page 10

54TH MASSACHUSETTS

Page 11

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

Page 12

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA

Page 13

CIVIL WAR GUNS

Page 14

MINIE BALL

Page 15

NAVAL MINES/TORPEDOES

Page 16

ARTILLERY

Page 17

CLARA BARTON

Page 18

CIVIL WAR MEDICINE

Page 19

MEDICAL IMPROVEMENTS

Page 20

AMPUTATIONS

Page 21

PHOTOGRAPHY

Page 22

POLITICAL CARTOONS

Page 23

SECRET SERVICE

Page 24

JOHN WILKES BOOTH

Page 25

LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION

PAGE 26

ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETARY

PAGE 27

KU KLUX KLAN

The Underground Railroad December 3, 2013

Written by DJ WEARE

Why it was very useful The Underground Railroad is very useful during the civil war because the slaves wanted to be free. The only way they would be free is go over to the free states and not be caught in the process.

This gave them a place to hide during the day and able to move by

What was the Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of houses that all had secret hiding places in them.

This gave runaway slaves to sneak from house to house during the night but during the day they had a place to hide and be safe. If a slave was caught they usually had to go back to their owner and they would be wiped nearly to death. The underground Railroad was a very effective way to get a lot of slave free but there were

always ones that suffered.

The picture that is above is a house in the Underground Railroad where some slaves hid during the day. Do you see that closet in the upper left had corner? Well underneath that rug right before the closet of the closet there is a trap door that the slave went in and hid there during the day

The picture that is posted on the right hand side is on of those trap doors that would be underneath a rug or a coffie table, couch, bed, ect. This house still stands today somewhere in

Friday, November 22, 2013

Collin Cox

John Brown Before John Brown led his famous raid on the Harpers Ferry Arsenal, he led a group of his troops into Lawrence to round up the pro-slavery men from their homes and murdered them to set a point for all the pro-slave people in Kansas that if they act violent upon anti-slavery men then people like John Brown will retaliate.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a law that repealed The Compromise of 1850.

The Compromise of 1850 stated that slavery could not extend above the 36' 30" line, and the Kansas area was right next to the slave state of Missouri.

Many Southerners were outraged by this idea, so, during the disputed time, Missourians would cross the border of Kansas and vote illegally whether Kansas should be a free or slave state. This was just one of the minor cases.

On May 21, 1856, a group of proslavery men entered Lawrence, where they burned the Free State Hotel, destroyed two printing presses, and ransacked homes and stores. In retaliation, the fiery abolitionist John Brown led a group of men on an attack at Pottawatomie Creek. The group, which included four of Brown's sons, dragged five proslavery men from their homes and hacked them to death.

Devon Stewart

WEST POINT !

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1 2

January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870

11/26/13

Lee's Greatest Battles BATTLE

SAVED BY TRUST

June 27, 1862

Gaines Mill »

314 Acres Saved

June 30, 1862

Glendale »

619 Acres Saved

DATES

Preservation Opportunity: Save 69 Acres at 3 Battlefields

July 1, 1862

Malvern Hill »

952 Acres Saved

Preservation Opportunity: Save 69 Acres at 3 Battlefields

n 1845 the War between U.S. and Mexico erupted. General Winfield Scott, overall U.S. Army commander, attached Captain Robert E. Lee to his staff. Lee was intrusted with the vital duties of mapping out the terrain ahead, dividing the line of advance for the U.S. troops, and in one case leading troops into battle. Lee was learning skills he would need 16 years later. There in Mexico Lee also met, worked with, and got a chance to evaluate many of those he would later serve with and against; James Longstreet, Thomas J. Jackson, George Pickett, and U.S. Grant.

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WOMEN OF THE CIVIL WAR The Civil War was the first time women played a significant role in a war.

Women during the Civil War became nurses and cared for the wounded soldiers. They helped with hospitals especially for soldiers and some even were near the battlefield caring for the wounded soldiers.

Women also served as spies for both sides during the war.

Women made food and sent it to the soldiers, such as canned fruits and vegetables.

They also sewed clothing for the soldiers at war.

More than 400 women in the Civil War disguised themselves as men and fought in the war. They wanted to fight for their side just like the men.

Mickenzie Brennan

African American Soldiers Issue #: [Date]

Frederick Douglass

Congressional Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented to any soldier in any part of the armed forces. In the Civil War sixteen black soldiers won the Congressional Medal of Honor for their brave or courageous acts during their service in the Civil War.

African American Units Most African American units were made up of all black men besides they were led by one white man.

One of the most memorable units was the 54th Regiment. The 54th Regiment is remembered for the battle at Fort Wagner, South Carolina where they charged across the sandy beach. They ended up breaching the outer wall and drove back the Confederate soldiers.

Robert Shaw the leader of this unit was shot dead on this attack.

Frederick Douglass Mr. Douglass was one of the most well know black men during the time of the Civil War. Frederick was not a soldier but he was a black leader and encouraged many black men to join the army. Recruitments were very slow until Frederick came and helped with the process of recruitment of black soldiers. Also Mr. Douglass actually sat down and ate a meal with President Abraham Lincoln. Frederick Douglass once said, “One and God make a majority”. By this he meant that if you are on God’s side then you are in the Majority and it does not matter about the color of your skin.

The 54th Massachusetts was the first regiment in the Civil War that had free African American men.

Led by Col. Robert Gould-Shaw, the regiment is most known for their historic charge on Fort Wagner. In this battle, Shaw led 600 of his men from the regiment to storm the fort, which guarded the Port Of Charleston. The 54th was defeated, as they were heavily outnumbered. 281 of the soldiers died in the battle. Col. Shaw was killed in the battle, as he led his regiment on the charge. This was different as usual, as the commanders usually followed their men into battle. The Confederates showed their disrespect for the dead of the regiment, burying all of the soldiers in a mass grave, along with Shaw.

The south sent word to the Union commanders saying; “we buried Shaw with his niggers.” The south expected that this would stop the north from using African American soldiers, but it did the opposite, as the 54th continued to lead sieges on forts and lead battles.

Robert Gould Shaw was a young Union Commander, who came from a very wealthy family. Shaw was just 25 years old when he volunteered to lead the all black 54th Massachusetts regiment. Captain Shaw dropped out of Harvard to join the Union when the Civil War began. He quickly rose through the ranks, and was approached by the governor of Massachusetts about leading an all black regiment. Shaw died when he was 26, as he led his soldiers in an assault on Fort Wagner.

The 54th Massachusetts regiment inspired the 1989 movie ‘Glory’ which tells the story of Commander Robert Gould-Shaw and the first African American regiment.

The movie starred actors, Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, and Morgan Freeman. The movie won 3 Oscar awards and was nominated for 2 others at the 1989 Oscars.

On Memorial Day in 1897, a memorial was dedicated to Captain Gould-Shaw and the 54th regiment in Boston, Massachusetts. Augustus Saint-Gaudens sculpted the monument. The memorial is still standing today, and is in the north end of the Boston Commons.

General Robert E. Lee moved his army North after a major victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia in April of 1863. He figured that with spirits high he could get a crushing win in the North. He wanted to threaten Northern cities and make the North want to stop fighting.

The battle of Gettysburg started on July1st and the fighting lasted until July 4th. On the first day of battle, Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford slowed the Confederate advance until Union infantry, the Union 1st and 11th Corps, arrived. More Confederate reinforcements under generals A.P. Hill and Richard Ewell reached the scene, however, and 30,000 Confederates ultimately defeated 20,000 Yankees, who fell back through Gettysburg to the hills south of town--Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill. On the second day of battle, the Union defended a fishhook-shaped range of hills and ridges south of Gettysburg with around 90,000 soldiers. Confederates essentially wrapped around the Union position with 70,000 soldiers. On the afternoon of July 2, Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard and Cemetery Ridge. On the Union right, demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and East Cemetery Hill. Although the Confederates gained ground, the Union defenders still held strong positions by the end of the day. On July 3, fighting resumed on Culp's Hill, and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,000 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge--Pickett's Charge. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. As many as 51,000 soldiers from both armies were killed, wounded, captured or missing in the three-day battle.

On the other side of the war there was Major General George Gordon Meade. He was the commander of the North during the battle of Gettysburg. Meadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tactics were to stay between the confederates and the Union Capitol.

Shermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s March To Sea Issue: November/December 1864 The winter of 1864, General Sherman of the Union Army marched to Savannah Georgia.

While marching to Savannah, Sherman and his man destroyed everything that came in their path.

Shermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s soldiers lived off the land by stealing goods and livestock. His men destroyed railroads and cotton gins. Southerners traded cotton for guns and supplies. People in the North thought this act was unnecessary, but Sherman was ready for the Civil War to be over. Sherman finally captured Savannah on December 22.

Facts about Sherman He was the most aggressive General the Union had.

He believed in psychological warfare, which means destroying any hope the opposing side has of winning.

March of 1864, Sherman was named top General in the West.

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This is a bone from a soldier who was shot with a Mini ball. This bullet caused bones to shatter and would result in more damage because with the contact of the bone it would send parts of the bone ripping through there own body.

Naval Mines/Torpedoes Kody Fletcher

Naval Mines/ Torpedoes -

-

A massive explosion device that is place underwater to destroy ships and submarines. They are left there and wait to be triggered by an enemy ship.

Self-propelled weapon with an explosive warhead, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater towards a target, and designed to detonate either on contact or near it.

Torpedoes Civil War torpedoes are very different from our Modern torpedoes. Civil War ones would serve the same way as a mine, they would just sit in the water and wait till hit was hit. The explosive chemicals were held in vessels called demijohns or carboys, which were and are still used to ferment beer, wine, and mead.

Naval Mines Same thing as a torpedoe the Mines would be placed in the water and would wait until triggered by a ship. The most famous use of a mine during the Civil War was when the submarine CSS Hunley stuck a mine attached to a lance into the hull of the USS Housatonic sinking the great Union warship.

Other Facts

-Torpedoes during the time period were also created to detonate electronically to allow safe passage of non-warships, such as passenger and shipping vessels. These weapons were more common among the Union, as the Confederacy did not have as much access to copper and platinum wire and acid for batteries.

- Benjamin S.H. Maillefert, an engineer and professor who specialized in underwater blasting, was one of the developers of torpedoes for the Union during the turmoil of the Civil War.

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A N N A

V O G E L

Clara Barton

In The Civil War

Medical Help

Background of Clara Barton Clara Barton was born on December 25, 1821 in Oxford, MA. She learned some experience by helping care for her ill brother.

This helped her overcome her shyness and helped train her in the medical field. After the Civil War, Clara founded the Red Cross.

She wanted to help educate the public by writing pamphlets and over the years, her hard worked paid off. On May 21, 1881, the American Association of the Red Cross was formed.

Important Dates 1862

1869

1912

Barton received official permission to transport supplies to battles.

Claraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s doctor asked her to go to Europe to regain her health.

Clara Barton died at the age of 90 with many accomplishments.

In 1861, Clara Barton was one of the first volunteers to show up at Washington Infirmary to help heal wounded soldiers.

Clara Barton introduced to the medical doctors new ideas. Like using clean cloths on bleeding wounds so that infection does not spread. Or to clean the saw they used to amputate limbs after each use.

Clara Barton had no medical experience what so ever, but she still went out on the battlefields and helped tend to injured soldiers. She had even brought her own supplies from home sometimes. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s how dedicated she was.

Medicine During the Civil War By the time the American !

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Men were generally partially sedated with chloroform or alcohol before surgeries. ! !

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It is said that the war was fought at "the end of the medical Middle Ages."

Approximately 80,000 anesthetics were given during the war.

Chloroform became the anesthetic agent of choice by both Union and Confederate army surgeons.

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War broke out in 1861, both ether and chloroform had been in use for several years as methods of surgical anesthesia. Though both anesthetic agents were developed around the same time (the 1840s), chloroform soon emerged as the more widely used, as it took action faster and was nonflammable. During the Civil War, ether and particularly chloroform became indispensable tools for military doctors, who performed tens of thousands of amputations and other types of procedures for wounded Union and Confederate soldiers.

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More than one million ounces of ether and chloroform were purchased during the war.

It was stated that chloroform was used in 60 percent of the time, ether was used 30 percent of the time, and both of the together was used 10 percent of the time.

Small amounts of ether and chloroform were manufactured in the South.

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Pictured above and to the right would be the basic operating equipment issued to military surgeons at the time.

Medical Improvements during the Civil War. As the war progressed on many of

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Civil War Amputation Ali Iossi

Numbers -Union soldiers suffered 174,000 extremity wounds, which resulted in 30,000 amputations.

-Three-fourths of the amputees survived.

-The fatality rate of a forearm being removed was 14%.

-The fatality rate of removing a hip joint was 88%.

Gangrene If a soldier was infected and died, it was probably from gangrene. Gangrene is a condition that leads to death by blocked blood flow or bacterial infection. The living tissue dies and decays. Gangrene was caused from dirty hands touching wounds, non-sterile knifes and saws, and no clean bandages.

Facts -Artificial limbs helped soldiers get back on their feet and find work.

-Doctors would uses their fingers to find the bullets lodged into the soldier before they performed the amputation.

-Although the surgical procedure may seem disturbing today, amputations helped teach doctors about the body for future doctors.

Amputations Amputations were a must in the Civil War. With thousands of soldiers being injured daily, amputation was thought to help save lives. Amputation is the act of removing a body part surgically. In the Civil War this was usually done with saws or knifes. The procedure was dreadful. No anesthetic would be used and soldiers often were awake during the act. Doctors did not quite understand the importance of sterilization and infection. If a soldier survived, he would most likely die from infection. Doctors did not have time to treat infections properly due to the extreme number of soldiers that needed treatment. Rarely did soldiers die from blood loss. Amputation was done by cutting in a circular motion to make the surgery quick and avoid shock.

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PHOTOGRAPHY Photography had a big impact during the Civil War. Photographers were able to capture moments on the battlefront; they then sent them back to cities to be sold. People were then opened to a whole new world by seeing what was actually going on during the war.

The Civil War is considered to be the Battle of Firsts. It was one of the first major events to ever be 2 extensively photographed.

Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Feugiat: Timothy Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Sullivan were big name photographers during the Civil War.

The process of getting a photograph was long and extensive for photographers, but many ventured onto the fields capturing gruesome moments throughout the war.

By-Carlie Neville

Political Cartoons of the Civil War Political cartoons influenced many aspects of the civil war and reconstruction era including the Election how people Nullam egetand neque perceived the war.

Political cartoons include a caricature, or a figure that parodies an individual, and an allusion in which the artist creates a situation or context this person is being referenced with.

The first American political cartoon recorded was Benjamin Franklin’s “Join or Die” image with the snake.

Leading up to the Election Some cartoons drawn during that time reflected the individual artist’s perspective of the presidential candidates and were created to strew the viewer’s ideas on

War Motives

Many cartoons during the civil war referenced motives or reasons in which an influential leader involved himself in the war.

Humor Behind Issues

As shown in the last example, (bottom right picture) humor was commonly used to lighten the mood that the war brought upon society.

After the War After the end of the Civil War, the country had to go through a period called Reconstruction. During this time, the President and government took many hits from the news and particularly malicious and bold cartoons just like the background of this page.

Secret Service during the Civil War Brandon Jenniges

Howâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d it start?

The secret service started after Abraham Lincoln hired a â&#x20AC;&#x153;private eyeâ&#x20AC;? named Allan Pinkerton to spy on the Confederate Army after Pinkerton uncovered a plot to assassinate the president on his way to his inauguration.

!"#$%&'&%$"(%)(*+($%)(+,'*(%&-.% /0&%"-1%&'&%'$%'23#*$%$"(%!#+.% During the Civil War the Secret Service did many things. The secret service spied and did investigations for the president and other leaders military and political. The Secret Service molded the out come of the Civil War because they uncovered and revealed many plans. Then the spying resulted in learning every move the Confederate states were going to move before they did.

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This depiction of Lincolnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assassination that was printed by Currier and Ives, and appeared throughout the nation.

The Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1865, printed by Currier and Ives.

Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

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Abraham Lincoln severed as President from 1861 to April 15, 1865. He accomplished defeating the Confederacy in the Civil War, and ultimately eliminating slavery in the United States of America.

Lincoln’s Assassination [12-3-13]

By: Makylee Kaping

On April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln was shot while attending Fords Theater. Assassin, John Wilkes Booth, kills the President in hopes to help the South in the Civil War.

Booth’s Plan Backfires John Wilkes Booth wanted to avenge the South but the war part was over; the South had surrendered. It was time for the Reconstruction of the South.

Lincoln’s plans were to not punish the South for their action. These plans were not yet in motion when the President was killed but were activated by the succeeding President after some time. Booth was against slavery and believed that whites were superior but killing Lincoln did not help his cause the war was over and the north won. Not punishing the

Civil War:

south was a giant step for the recovery of the United States.

Battle between brothers over the issue of abolishing slavery.

Won by the North over the Southern States who were in favor of slavery.

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Interesting Facts: -1864 Arlington became a military cemetery -Expansion began in 1966 with 180 acres.

-Headstones of Civil War “Contrabands” read “civilian” or “citizen.”

-Since 1868 the Arlington National Cemetery is the focal point of Memorial Day commemorations.

The changing of the guard and the laying of the wreath at the Arlington National Cemetery are both very important and interesting ceremonies. In the changing of the guard the guard is changed every hour, it takes quite a long time to get through but is extremely fascinating. The laying of the wreath ceremony can be requested 6 months or even a year in advance.

Who was the Ku Klux Klan?

The Ku Klux Klan was a group of white men who dressed in white gowns and hoods. Their goal was to tantalize the Negro society and show them that the white man was still in control.

Ku Klux Klan

Hanna Swanson

Violence By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan had branches in nearly every southern state. Even at its height, the Klan did not lead a well-organized group. Local Klan members often wore masks and dressed in the organization's signature long white robes and hoods and usually carried out their attacks at night, acting on their own but in support of the common goals of defeating Radical Reconstruction and restoring white supremacy in the South. The most remembered zones of Klan activity was South Carolina, in January 1871 500 masked men attacked the Union county jail and lynched eight black prisoners.

History Many former confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, founded the Ku Klux Klan in 1866. It stretched to almost every southern state by 1870. The first two words of the organization's name come from the Greek word "kyklos," meaning circle. The organization of the Ku Klux Klan coincided with the beginning of the second phase of post-Civil War Reconstruction, put into place by the more radical members of the Republican Party in Congress. The group was planning to destroy the Negro society. The South was divided into five military districts, and each state was required to approve the 14th Amendment, which granted "equal protection" of the Constitution to former slaves and enacted universal male suffrage. The Ku Klux Klan disappeared until it was revived in 1915 near Atlanta Georgia. This second generation of the Klan was not only anti-black but also took a stand against Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners and organized labor.

Created by: The American History Research students of Alliance High School, Alliance, NE.