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Cover………….pg.1 Timeline………….pg.2&3 Central Powers……pg.4 Allied Powers……….pg.5 Quotes………………pg.6-9 Assassination of Archduke….pg.10 Medicine………….pg.11 Statistics……………pg.12 Poisonous Gas………pg.13 Letters……….pg.14 Self Inflicted Wounds………..pg.15 U-Boats…………..pg.16 Trench Life………….pg.17 Shellshock…………….pg.18 Russian Army………….pg.19 Food in Trenches………….pg.20 ! Poetry………………..pg.21 Animals………….pg.22 Battle Somme……………pg.23 Eddie Rickenbacker………………..pg.24 Battle of Jutland……………pg.25 Regular Equipment……………….pg.26 Von Richthofen……………..pg.27 New Technology of War…………………pg.28 Trench Foot…………….pg.29 Zeppelins……..pg.30 ! ! !
W ORLD W AR I (1914-1919) GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA AND FRANCE AUG. 1ST-3RD, 1914 GREAT BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
AUG. 4TH, 1914 FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE
SEP. 16TH, 1914 ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE
JUNE 28TH, 1914 GERMAN U-BOATS SINK THE LUSITANIA
MAY 7TH, 1915 BATTLE OF VERDUN
FEB. 21ST – DEC. 18TH, 1916 BATTLE OF THE SOMME
JULY 1ST – NOV. 18TH, 1916
WOODROW WILSON REELECTED PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES
NOV. 7TH, 1916 UNITED STATES DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY APRIL 4TH, 1917 WILSON PROPOSES THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Jan. 8th, 1918 RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WAR WITH GERMANY MAR. 3RD, 1918 SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT SETS UP THE DRAFT
MAY 18TH, 1918 THE SECOND BATTLE OF THE MARNE
JULY 15TH – AUG. 6TH, 1918
WORLD WAR I COMES TO AN UNOFFICIAL END
NOV. 11TH, 1918 TREATY OF VERSAILLES IS SIGNED AND ACCEPTED
JUNE 28TH, 1919
Allied Powers Strengths Leaders Woodrow Wilson The President of the United States during the WWI
Newton D Baker Secretary of War for USA
• The United States • Better military leaders • Better Political Leaders • Superior Navy
John J Pershing Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces
George V King of Great Britain during the First World War
H.H. Asquith
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
• French had Outdated Weapons • Slower Planes • More Casualties
• Economic Strength
• Fighting on New Ground
• More Ammunition
• Incorrect Armored Strategy
• Were Underestimate d
• Russia had unskilled generals
The Allied Countries • France • Great Britain • Russia
John French
Weaknesses
• Italy • Australia
• South Africa • Romania • Greece • Belgium
• New Zealand
• United States
• Rhodesia
• Canada
• India • Portugal • Montenegro • Poland • Serbia
Jake Sanchez, Ashlynn Bauer, and Jonah Matulka ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! Present
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Medicine During WW1 By: August Harris
Trench Foot: Caused By Sitting in waterlogged areas for too long. Medicine used: mostly they would change their socks when it was possible.
Shell Shock: Other Ways To Treat Problems: Blood Transfusion Amputations Skin grafts / facial reconstructions Artificial limbs Garlic
“War neurosis”, or “posttraumatic stress disorder” victims were believed to have suffered from concussions due to the exploding blast. Treatment was rest, food, access to a warm shower,
Also there was lice or “body Louse”. Besides being a vector for diseases like typhus fever, the body louse spread very quickly. Sometimes soldiers would pick lice from clothing, Hair and skin.
By Hannah Wood
STATISTICS & CASUALTIES United States
Casualties of Americans from WWI
The numbers from the First World War
World War I was may have been called the Great War and according to the statistics it did prove to be a Great War. There was a grand total over 8.5 million deaths.
For the United States there was over 100,000 deaths and over 200,000 wounded but the US total was only a small percentage of the total of the mobilized, killed, and wounded.
Civilian Deaths
757
Military Deaths
116,708
Deaths: Percentage of population
00.13%
Soldiers Wounded
205,690
Total Deaths of Americans
117,465
Total deaths of the Ally soldiers=
The US in Contrast: Allies and Enemies Killed & Died
Wounded
5,152,115
Country
Mobilized
Missing
Total Casualties
United States
4,355,000
126,000
234,000
4,500
364,000
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
British Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
George Bernard Shaw
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Our way of getting an army able to fight the German army is to declare war on Germany just as if we had such an army, and then trust to the appalling resultant peril and disaster to drive us into wholesale enlistmentâ&#x20AC;?
! The will to conquer is the first condition of victory" ##Ferdinand Foch
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Poisonous Gas During WW1
Chemical Warfare During the War
Most people believe that the Germans used gas first, but in fact it was the French. The French fired tear gas grenades into German lines the first month of the war. The Germans after seeing the capabilities of poisonous gas began to experiment. Their first attempts failed, they tried firing tear gas in liquid form out of 15cm howitzer shells, but the liquid failed to vaporize. On April 22nd, 1915 the Germans used their newly found chlorine gas on the British and French at the battle of Ypres. Confused by the yellow cloud heading their way the allies commanded their men to stand their ground. It was a fatal mistake; chlorine gas causes destruction to the respiratory organs within second of inhaling it. Later on during the war the British struck back and attacked the Germans with 400 canisters of chlorine gas during a battle. It was evident that poisonous gas was becoming more popular and that it was getting more potent as the war progressed. At first there were just a few ways to defeat some of the gas, one was to hold a urine soaked rag over your mouth to stop the affects of chlorine gas. By 1918 both sides were better prepared and almost every soldier had a gas mask. It was estimated that the Germans had 200,000 casualties during the war do to poisonous gas and of those 9,000 were fatal. The U.S. had 72,807 gas related casualties, 1,462 were fatal. It is clear that poisonous gas played a big role during the war.
Gases Chlorine
A lethal gas that causes severe damage to the respiratory organs.
Mustard Causes internal and external blisters, the damage to the lungs was painful and sometimes lethal. Phosgene It is less apparent than mustard gas but it is more lethal, little can be done to counter act it. Tear Tear gas was mainly used for dispersal and annoyance. It has been known to cause blindness.
LETTERS TO HOME
To get rid of boredom many letters were sent home from soldiers during World War 1. There were about twelve and a half million letters sent every week and they only took about two or three days to arrive to the people receiving them. Even the soldiers in the front line trenches received letters daily and many soldiers were encouraged to write to their friends and family in Britain. All of the letters they wrote were usually read and censored by junior officers, but sometimes the officers couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bring themselves to read the letters so therefore anyone could have read them. In a letter from Private Stanley Terry he wrote to his family saying, â&#x20AC;&#x153;we have just come out of the trenches after being in for six days and up to our waists in water. While we were in the trenches one of the Germans came over to our trench for a cigarette and then back again, and he was not fired at. We and the Germans started walking about in the open between the two trenches, repairing them, and there was no firing at all. I think they are all getting fed up with it.â&#x20AC;?
By Whitney Wills
Chris Gasseling
January 25, 2011
Self Inflicted Wounds
Blighty Wounds (Another name for self inflicted wounds) A blighty wound is a wound that some one has inflicted on himself. Some of you might wonder why someone would want to wound him or herself; it is because most of the time living in the trenches was very bad. Most people when they tried to do this just shot themselves in the foot, but if you were accused
Other ways to wound yourself Some people would also try to shoot their fingers off or get stabbed by a bayonet, to get out of serving in the trenches.
of this you would have been put to death by a firing squad, or sentenced to jail time. Others would take the easier way out and kill themselves. This was done by putting your rifle against your head, and using your bare big toe to pull the trigger, other people would just stand up and get killed by an enemy sniper.
Books about S.I.W.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
George Coppard
The book A Brass Hat in No Manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Land talks all about self inflicted wounds.
Was a man in World War 1, who was shot by a friendly soldier and was accused of shooting himself, and had to serve time in jail
Painting by Willy Stower
German U-Boats Commercial Raiders of the Sea
Pre-WWI Conflicts on the Seas U-boats were a significant cause of World
By: Kyle Sanders than five British warships were sunk. As the war progressed, the effectiveness of submarines went down due to new
War One. German “Unterseeboot” (submarine)
methods created by the Allies. U.S. and
were used to sink British and French ships
British ships began using the convoy
transporting ammunition and supplies to their
system and planting underwater mines.
militaries. On May 7, 1915 the German U-boat,
By the end of the war, 375 U-boats had
Kriegstagebuch U 20 sank the Lusitania.
been deployed.
Americans became outraged when they found out that 128 American civilians were killed, which
Types of U-boats
changed many Americans’ minds about the conflict in Europe.
Role During the War U-boats were very effective at the
beginning of the war. Germans had a large number of submarines used during the war. Germany had 29 active submarines at the beginning of the war; in the first 3 months more
• •
41 types 6 main classes
•
(Above) U 9
Trench Life
Deaths: Sniper Shots
World War I
Shell Warfare Poisonous Gas Diseases
Lice were virtually
Cause For Diseases: Infested in millions.
Rat Two main types: Infestation Black Rat Brown Rat
Brown Rat was the most feared: feasted on human flesh to a point of disfiguration and could grow to the size of a cat. Rats could produce up to 900 babies a year.
incurable. They would burrow into the
Frogs And Lice
clothing of men and become invisible. Only a few hours after the soldiers have worn their washed clothes, their body heat would cause the eggs of the lice to hatch and itch them all over again. Lice caused Trench Fever, which could take up to 12 weeks to cure. Frogs, Slugs, and Horned Beetles were found plentifully around the trench. Many men shaved their heads to
Trench Foot
avoid nits.
Fungal infection caused by unsanitary, wet and cold trench conditions. Sometimes turned into gangrene and could only be cured by amputation. It was more of a problem during the beginning of the war because of trench warfare. Once conditions in the trenches improved in 1915, trench foot quickly decreased but was not eliminated Brittany Desjardin
Shell Shock Battle Fatigue, known as Combat Stress Reaction, or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - PTSD
As life continues to advance and grow more technical and incredible, one thing about humanity never changes – War. War never changes. Although technology and weaponry continues to advance, the psychological aspects of war never change. Shell Shock is a prime example of this, with it still happening today, as it did in World War I, the Civil War, and even the American Revolution. Though it has had a different name throughout history, the effects have been the same. Things such as the Thousand-Yard-Stare and selfinflicted wounds are commonplace with Shell Shock. During World War I, the ratio of stress casualties (I.E Shell Shock victims) to battle casualties rose to 1:1 during some parts of battle, when the fighting got particularly intense. In the less stressful fighting, it was as low as 1:10.
A soldier experiences the “Thousand Yard Stare,” a common symptom of PTSD. It is a symptom of severe psychological distress, but is not found exclusively on the battlefield – just more common in combat situations.
A group of wounded American soldiers – the soldier in the bottom left corner is also showing the “Thousand Yard Stare.”
Russian Army Dolor Sit Amet
Russian soldier’s, and stratagies 3 Russia had almost 15 million soldiers in their army. Making it the largest army in the world. They were mainly concerned on the Eastern Front. Russia was known to be the biggest threat on either side for having the best Army.
Russia in the War In the war Russia totaled, 1.8 million killed, 2.8 million wounded, and 2.4 taken prisoner.
Deployment
Russian deployment was hard to do because of so many soldiers and it was hard also with there poor roads and railway system.
3
Russia in 1912, became allies with Austro-Hungary. Thinking Germany was less of a threat then they were. This was known as plan 19. Yuri Danilov was in office when this proposition was executed. Russia mostly used Mosin-Nagant rifle and the machine gun. They were manufactured in Russia in 1914. Russia’s biggest battles that didn’t come out the way they wanted were the Lodz and battle of Tanneberg which lost nearly 3 million soldiers alone. Nocking of 1/5 of the Army.
By. Jonah Matulka Continued on page 2
Trench Food! +
By: Sorcha Sullivan Specific food!
Quote!
Biscuits The biscuits were so
Our rations - you were lucky if you got some bully beef and a biscuit. You couldn't get your teeth into it. Sometimes if they shelled the supply
hard the soldiers had to soak them in water for days at a time just to eat them.
lines you didn't get anything for days on end. ~Harry Patch
Bully Tinned, corned, or Beef pickled beef. Bully Beef could only be consumed on the command of an officer.
Dried Raises were used as Fruit durable and portable food source for soldiers to eat and easily carry,
Random Fact: Soldiers often complained about foods and drinks not tasting right because all the food and drink was cooked in the same pots.
Food supplied to the soldiers British soldiers were given eight ounces
German soldiers were provided with
of vegetables and ten ounces of meet at
twenty-six ounces of bread, fifty-three
the beginning of the war as the war went
ounces of dried potatoes and two
on their rations were cut down to six
ounces of dried fruits a day. They also
ounces of meet a day. Other foods British
got four and a half ounces of vegetables
soldiers received were bread, jam,
and fourteen ounces of egg biscuit.
chocolate, dried fruit and cheese. The
Meat was proved to both sides but they
main drink British solders got were team
were only able to eat it when the
but they were occasionally given rum.
kitchens delivered it.
Poetry during World War 1 By: Emily Donker The question people think of when they hear of poetry during the First World War is why did soldiers turn to writing poems in their trenches? Weren’t they fighting? Well poetry is a way to express emotion, it can paint pictures in your head much like books. Many of the soldiers were young and haven’t traveled very far from home and didn’t know what war was like until they were involved in it because before World War 1 there wasn’t a lot of written history about what war was like. The First World War was mostly trench warfare so they spent a lot of time in their trenches surrounded by water and mud, the stench of death and hearing other people suffer. Love became a very high figure because soldiers were missing their loved ones (Family girlfriends etc.) so soldiers wrote letters to loved ones, stories and poetry during their free time hoping to escape from the situation or trying to send a message to the world of what war was like to them, if you think most of the poetry was dark your right, it was them telling us what they saw with their eyes and transferring it so we could see what they had to live or see everyday while they were over there fighting for their country.
ANIMALS in WW1 BY: LILI GOMEZ p.3
Horses
Horses were a major form of transportation during the war. When the war broke out in 1914, both Germany and British each had about 100,000 men. A number that big only means a large number of horses. By 1918, out of 150 horses used only four survived. Vehicles at the time were new inventions and had problems, therefore horses were used to transport goods and machines of war. Horses also pulled wagons, cannons and injured soldiers.
Pigeons Pigeons provided a reliable way of sending messages. Over 100,000 were used during the war with an amazing rate of 95% getting to the destination with their message. Shooting a pigeon would be almost impossible because they travel at such high speeds! Only a falcon could bring down a pigeon!
DOGS Just like pigeons, dogs were used to send messages because they run fast. There was a big chance that soldiers would die before the message got to destination because they are big targets and they are weighed down by uniforms.
It is estimated that over 800,000 horses were killed and over 40,000 war dogs were killed during World War One.
Animals during WW1 were very useful. They were used in many different ways, like to send messages, help carry supplies and food, help the wounded and also be a companion.
Jake Sanchez
1 February 2011
Somme Offensive
Overview
July 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; November 18, 1916
Allied representatives agreed on a concerted offensive against the Central Powers in 1916.
At the beginning of World War 1, the British Expeditionary Force had six divisions, which where strong at the start, but had been wiped out in 19414 and 1915. Most of the army was now made of volunteers.
As casualties increased, soldiers began getting promoted easier and more often. These promotions did not always depend on ability or competence. Although promotions came at fast paces, military quality remained high.
French forces sided with British troops defending against the Germans.
On July 1, 1916 the British Army suffered the worst one-day combat losses in it, with nearly By the end of the 6,000 battle, French casuaand British forces alties. penetrated six miles into Germany
British Strategy British commander, sir Douglas Haig, agreed on a plan, which seems very simple at the time, to barrage the Germans, walk over to their trench and take it by force. They began bombarding the Germans on Saturday, June 24th. Still during the artillery attack, British soldiers practically walked across No Mans Land and took advantage of the dazed and battered Germans and took over their trench. The troops did this with the next two or three trenches.
Eddie Rickenbacker BEFORE THE WAR
page
3
Born in Columbus Ohio 1910 Died 1975 Avid racecar driver Raced the Indianapolis 500 three times. Set world record at Daytona Beach going 134 miles per hour in a Blitzen Benz.
AFTER THE WAR.... He got backing from a car company and lauched his own line of cars. It was unssucesful due to the depression. He owned and or managed several commercial airlines. He also served in ww2 carrying out special operations for the secretary of war. Later he became a spokesman for coservative cuases.
Eddie Rickenbacker was Americas â&#x20AC;&#x153;ace of acesâ&#x20AC;? pilot. He applied for flight school in April 1917 and was rejected due to his lack of a college degree and he was too old. He then joined the army as a driver due to his fame. He drove many of important people. One day he had a chance to fix a motorcar carrying Billy Mitchell, combat air commander of the American expeditionary forces. He talked to Mitchell and told him his desire to be a pilot. He was then made an engineering officer due to his mechanical skills and was transferred to Issoudon aerodrome. Here he flew whenever he had a chance. Later he was assigned to the 94 aero squadron based in toule, France. His squadron was moved to the front lines where he flew a nieuport airplane. He had twenty-six victories throughout his career. His tactic was fly close closer then anyone dared and fire his guns. He lost numerous planes throughout his career. He was the united states ace of aces pilot. He was - aliquam.
considerd a hero after the war, and was awarded the medal of honor. He left with the rank as captain and was promoted to major back in the states. But he refused to go by major only by captain because he new he earned that position.
The Battle of Jutland
By: Alicia Cuevas
Leaders There were two main leaders for the German was Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer. He entered the German navy in 1879. The British leader was Admiral John Jellicoe he was born in Southampton in 1859. Jellicoe joined the Royal Navy in the year of 1872
Battle Jutland was a fight between British and the Germans in the year of 1916 on May 31st. It was a big nave battle of WW1. It was a cause of both the German Sea Fleet who challenges the British Fleet for supremacy of the sea Jutland played a big role in the demise for reputation of the battle cruiser. You are probably wondering? Why this? What begins all of this? Well the major event that began this battle was Britain they had supremacy throughout the world. The Referred name to this battle was Skagerrak it took place in Germany. The British had actually lost more ships than the Germans during this time. There were 64 ships mounting guns. The British good intelligence broke the Germans code. In the end the British had lost 14 ships and 6,094 men. The Germans lost 11 ships and 2,551 men. The British ended up winning the battle actually. German men relied on the submarine fleet.
5 Phrases The First Phrase is the British had chased the Germans south The Second was the Beadily flee was that the both sides thought it would go by plan The Third was that the Germans found themselves in bombardiers The fourth was that they both were at retreat The last phrase was the German battleships were conversed.
Conflicts In May 1916- The Oak came in time to enter the battle of Jutland. On May 30th -England and Germany came to meet up with another for the battle, On May 31st- the battle of Jutland occurred
The Battle of Jutland was a fight between the British and Germany that fleets off the Northwest coast if Denmark.
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His legacy Manfred von Richthofen (The Red Baron) was a German fighter pilot who was considered to be the “ace-of-aces” of World War I. He was credited with 80 CONFIRMED air combat victories, which is more than any other pilot. He was killed at the age of 25 during an open fire.
The Red Baron Manfred von Richthofen
His Death Richthofen was killed by a single shot that fatally injured his heart and his lungs. He was able to land his plane without causing it much damage, but died moments later.
They will probably never know who really killed the Red Baron, and it has been heavily debated about for many years. Whoever it was would have been a legend. So it is hard to know for sure who exactly was the killer of the Red Baron.
“One can become enthusiastic over anything. For a time I was delighted with bomb throwing. It gave me a tremendous pleasure to bomb those fellows from above.” By: Ashlynn Bauer
3rd Period
By Blake Bowman
The “Tech” War. The Rise of Technology in a Turn-of-the-Century War “The atom bomb was no great decision. It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness.”
-Harry S. Truman
What triggered the need for advancement? Why do we feel it necessary? On of the main things that triggered the advancement, was mainly the need to. Many of the other countries involved with World War I had already sought to advance their militaries, so logically the United States would follow. The weaponry was, in some cases good, and others bad. For example the first tank ever used in a war, was at The Battle of Somme, used by the British. Shockingly enough, they lost that battle. The other side of things is how they developed a great use of chlorine bromide, or the poison gas that you hear the German’s using. The German’s never created it, actually the French, who has never won a major battle, invented it and first put it to use. The Germany, in part, took it and put much more study into the gas, and then used it to win The Second Battle of Ypres, ironically against the French. The overall weaponry use in World War I was astonishing for its time, but perhaps sparked ignition in everyone mind. That weapons are what control the outcome of war, not so much the people using them.
Weapons Flamethrower
A weapon that spewed fuel and combusted, releasing a wall of flame.
Grenades
A weapon, typically on a time fuse, that would send shrapnel flying.
Poison Gas
A mixture of bromine and chloride, that caused harmful affects.
“I can not leave the idea of war behind, it defines me in every way possible. If I were to forget it, I may as well be dead in hell.” –Cyril Falls
Tank
Fully armored vehicle, typically with a weapon attached.
Bayonet
Used mainly as a threat. A knife attached to the barrel of a rifle.
W O R L D
W A R
1
Trench Foot (Right) a severe case of trench foot. (Bottom) likely coniditions of world war one.
What is trench foot ? Trench foot is a disease of the foot that causes a decaying odor due to the early stages of necrosis setting in. advanced and severe cases of trench foot, open blisters and sores appear allowing fungal infections to be created in the feet, trench foot, if left untreated leads to gangrene and usually amputation.
How is trench foot caused? Trench foot is caused by prolonged immersion in unclean water. Withouth the ability to change socks and remove bacteria.
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