Glorious Happenings by Thomas Swanson

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Contents! Andy Gomez

JOHN W. BOOTH Bio

Facts

Born: May 10, 1838 Bel-Air, Maryland

American Assassin and Actor

Died: April 26, 1865

-Son of Junius Brutus Booth, an actor, and Mary Ann Holmes.

People

Port Royal, Virginia

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John Wilkes Booth was a very smart man, from the age

Events

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-Father Died when John was 14. 2 - John always had natural talent at acting. -Supporter of the South.

of 17 he was an actor, following the footsteps of his father, Junius. But after awhile of acting, Booth ran into a breathing problem, and had to take a break and during that break, those six months…John began working on a plan, to capture Lincoln and take him to Richmond. But that plan failed, Lincoln didn’t show up to where the plan was going to happen and John got mad to the point where he took a gun, and shot the president in Fords threatre.

- Believed The Civil War was necessary to maintain southern freedom. - In 1863, John had to take a break, he was having trouble with his breathing.

- Made his acting debut at the age of 17 in Baltimore. - A Confederate sympathizer. Last words: “Tell mother…I died for my country.”

John fled, ended up hurting his leg after falling off the stage, Doctor Samuel Mudd treated him. But still managed to escape, going over the Potomac River, but not for long, him and his men tried to run. A few weeks later, John and his men, captured, in a barn and the barn was then set on fire killing the three men.

Battle of Gettysburg Derek W. Odell

October 25, 2010

Day One

Day Two

Day Three

Robert E. Lee attacks expecting to destroy the Union army but is confronted by heavy defenses.

Both armies have almost completely assembled. Lee’s army assaults, but against heavy losses is fended off by the Union army.

The fighting continues, but the focus is on Pickett’s Charge. The rush of 12,500 Confederates was fought off and Lee is forced to retreat to Virginia.

The Turning point of the Civil War Fought July 1-3 in and near the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s invasion of the north is ended in one bloody battle. Soon after a Confederate victory at Chancellorsville General Lee decided to make a bold move and make a second invasion into the North that would help the Confederate States of America significantly. He decided that he could halt Union assaults on Virginia, be able to use southern Union farms for the C.S.A. and start a strong advance deeper into Union states. After Months of battles and advances north General Lee came to Gettysburg and noticed Union cavalry arriving south of town. Against Lee’s orders Lt. Hill sent a force into Gettysburg to determine the size of the Union force. The Union presence was greater than expected and without all of Lee’s army was concentrated the war had begun. Days of Battle left thousands dead and forced both armies to use their greatest tactical ability in an attempt to win what essentially became the most important battle of the entire war. When Pickett’s Charge failed the Confederates were forced to retreat. The Loss was a huge hit to the Confederate States turning the tide of war in favor of the North and denying all foreign aid they had worked so desperately to gain.

Casualties Union casualties were 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured or missing). Confederate casualties were 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured or missing). Total casualties for both sides during the campaign were 57,225. Only one civilian was killed: Ginnie Wade, who was killed by a stray bullet.

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War

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By: JonathanWeishaar

Muskets The muskets of the Civil War were still muzzleloaders, but there was a large difference compared to preCivil War muskets. The Civil War musket was rifled, which increased accuracy and range. This difference changed the way that wars were fought on the battlefield.

Pistols Most of the Civil War pistols were single action revolvers. Except Smith and Weston, these revolvers were tediously loaded with either combustible paper cartridges or with loose powder and ball. Both methods inserted the powder and bullet from the front, and a rammer was built into the gun to swage the bullet into place.

Swords The American Civil War was not only a test for arms and military superiority, but also a test of guts and steel. Civil War swords were worn as a badge of honor. They were awarded by the federal government to the soldiers who had done exceptional military service.

Advanced Weaponry There were many places in the American Civil War where advanced technology helped win the battle. The Napoleon cannon was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was named after Napoleon III of France, and was admired due to its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. The Federal version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, while the Confederate Napoleons were produced mainly with a straight muzzles.

Continued on page 2

photography

Civil War

By: Hannah Kesterson

“The camera is the eye of history.” -Mathew Brady, Civil War photographer

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Civil War Weaponry By: JonathanWeishaar

Continued on page 2

Jared Hawley

MILITARY TACTICS The Civil War

Facts

What’s the best way to kill your brother?

Examples: The “line of battle” was one of the most common techniques used at the beginning of the Civil War. It’s basically a long firing line.

Calvary were not like the modern depiction. They were mainly scouts, not brave men riding in on horseback to save the day.

Battles: Fort Sumter was the first battle of the war. The South was trying to take northern posts so they wouldn’t have opposition to secession.

At first the strategies and tactics used by both sides was largely based on many of the same strategies that Napoleon used. Though these tactics were simple they were the cutting edge of military know-how in the

time of the Civil War. With new technology and weapons, however, the tactics proved deadly to both sides and a new style was developed. A style that would spread fast to Europe; trench warfare.

The Battle of Gettysburg was probably the most famous and definitely the most bloody battle of the entire Civil war.

The Anaconda Plan Winfield Scott came to Lincoln at the beginning of the Civil War with a plan. He said it would be a sure way to win the war before it began. His plan was originally called the “boa-constrictor plan” because it would “squeeze the south to military death”. Though Lincoln thought it was a good idea the American people wanted war, not “military diplomacy”. Scott never saw his plan in action.

The plan called for 60,000 Union troops to go down the Mississippi River and secure it from Cairo, Illinois, to the Gulf and set up a blockade of southern ports. This would cut off the South’s trade and lifeline to supplies it desperately needed (that used to be provided by the North). Then after this had been accomplished the blockade would be enforced until the South was forced to surrender.

American History

The North By: Bridget Ackerman, Nick Pollack, Heaven Hulshizer, Jared Hawley Abraham Lincoln The President of the United States (at the time known as the Union) was the main political leader of the North during the duration of the Civil War, and remained president after.

Abraham Lincoln

Strengths and Weaknesses of the North The North (the winner of the war) had many strengths but for every strength there is a weakness. First off, the North had a much larger population than the South, which is a pivotal advantage, because the more people in a country then the larger the army will be. They also had industry on their side. With factories to aid them they had more supplies, and a way to make money. Along with factories, industry also gave the North another advantage: railroads. Railroads were a way to transport goods, troops, and really anything they needed.

Northern Facts Color

Blue

Nicknames Yankees Union U.S.A. Military

Leaders

Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman

Political Abraham Lincoln

Leaders

Though the North had many advantages over the South it was not a one sided war. The North also had internal conflicts, like not agreeing on the abolition of slavery. Many of the North’s best military officers chose to fight for the South because that’s where their homes were, and the North had to invade the South. This meant they had to fight an offensive war in unknown territory.

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation conceived of liberty and dedicated to the propesition that all men are created equal” Abraham Lincoln

The South Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths: Strong Military Fought on own Soil Determination Weaknesses: Weak government Poor finances Divided military

The C.S.A.

The Confederacy Motto: Deo Vindice “With God our Vindicator” Anthem: “Dixie” Capitals: Montgomery, Alabama and Richmond, Virginia

Leaders of the South Jefferson Davis- President Robert E. Lee- General “Stonewall” Jackson- General P. G. T. Beauregard- General John Bell Hood- General Joseph E. Johnston- General

The Confederacy was an independent nation form February 8, 1861 to May 5, 1865. The Confederacy was formed by southern states that had seceded from the United States of America in order to preserve the right to own slaves. The South made the first assault on April 11, 1861 at Fort Sumter. In the beginning The Confederacy won battles such as The Battle of Bull Run. With fewer soldiers and less money the South began to lose their momentum. The Confederacy suffered great losses at Gettysburg, turning the tide of war against them. This eventually lead to the Union’s capture of the Confederate capitol and Robert E. Lee’s army in April 1865. The North took control of the South ending the Confederate States of America.

KansasNebraska Act

By: Kyle Hooper

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Conditions People of Kansas and Nebraska were given popular sovereignty if they wanted to become free or slave. The act also repealed the earlier created Missouri Compromise that hadn’t let slavery be legal above 36° 30’.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The act would say that the territories of Nebraska and Kansas would be given popular sovereignty to become either free or slave. The territories decided that they would become slave but the vote was not completely true. Many people moved to Kansas to sway the vote in their favor. With people moving there and with different ideas, they were bound to fight, and they did. They had bloody fights and small battles all the time, which brought about the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.” The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the nation and pointed it toward Civil War. In 1861 a new anti-slavery constitution was drawn up and it repealed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and admitted Kansas and Nebraska as a free states, so all the fighting and battling of “Bleeding Kansas” was really for nothing.

The Underground Railroad By, Heaven

Hulshizer

I had reasoned this out in my mind, there was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other. â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Harriet Tubman

What is it? The Underground Railroad was, essentially, a group of helpers that assisted slaves running away to the North. The only thing they had for direction was the North Star, and people who guided the way for slaves (Conductors). They would have signs that showed what houses were safe to rest at, such as, a lantern in the window. These places were called stations and the house ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Station Masters. One of the most famous Conductors was Harriet Tubman, who saved several Contributing to the Civil War hundreds of slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act was how the Underground Railroad really started to become aware to settlers. It caused any person that did not turn in a runaway slave to be paid a fine. Those who did turn them in would be paid. Even a slave that was free for many years could be captured and sent back. This in turn, made many abolitionists feel even more passionate about their cause. The Fugitive Slave Act and Underground Railroad were the starting main reasons the Civil War came about in the first place.

Medical Improvements Valerie Beraun

American History Research p. 7

Tools

• Lancets, knives, scalpels and saws were the most common surgical tools during the Civil War. • They learned if they would keep these tools clean there would be less infection.

Medicine

• Chloroform, morphine, and opium were used to reduce a patient’s suffering by sedating him while a limb would be removed. • Quinine was used to treat malaria stricken soldiers

Procedures

• Amputations were the most common procedures and by the end of the war 75% were successful • Surgeons learned to keep wound clean and stem blood loss during a procedure

Picture

Amputation

Before the War • • • • •

National Museum of Civil War Medicine in Fredrick, MD

OF An

• • •

Antibiotics, antiseptics, analgesics, and anesthetics were extremely limited of totally unknown. The same equipment was used for every patient like a saw to amputate. Patients did not receive antibiotics and infection was widespread in the crowded areas. A soldier was most likely to dies under a doctor’s care than on the battlefield No license was required for a person to become a doctor by attending three 13-week semesters An injury to the torso resulted in death from the injury or infection. If a soldier was injured in the arm, leg, hand, or foot it would be amputated Surgeons became so accustomed to amputation they could do it in 10 minutes or less depending on the injury.

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Women of the Civil War Frances Clayton Frances Clayton, a.k.a. Jack Williams, (pictured right) was once a soldier in the Civil War. She enlisted with her husband, Elmer Clayton, during the fall of 1861. Together they served for the Union in a Missouri regiment. During the Battle of Stone River, Elmer was killed and Frances was wounded. Later, at the hospital she was discovered to be a woman and discharged in January 1863. Guerrillas attacked the train she took home and her papers were taken. So Frances reenlisted and served until the end of the war.

A New Way of Living The behaviors of women changed drastically. Many women, in order to appear more like a man, smoked, chewed, drank, swore and even gambled. Women would practice sword play and perfect their aim. They trained like men and in turn fought like the men they were thought to be. By Lyndsey Block

(above) Frances Clayton as both a woman and a soldier.

Women Soldiers The Civil War brings thoughts of brother fighting brother in a bloody battle for freedom of slaves. Brother against brother is exactly the type of thinking that has mislead people into thinking that a womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s part in the war was to sit at home and mind the children, while in reality there were more than 400 known women to fight alongside men in the Civil War. It is sure that many more women also fought who were never found out. It may seem difficult for a woman to disguise herself as a man for a long period of time, but in truth it was very easy. It was largely thought by men that it was impossible for a woman to go into battle and that none would even try. So the possibility of women fighting alongside men was completely overlooked. Also, health examinations were poorly conducted. Usually only consisting of determining whether the soldier could correctly load and shoot a gun. The true number of women who served in the Civil War will never be known. They were a large contribution to the war effort. They fought as hard as the men and should get the same recognition.

Mary Todd Lincoln Mary Todd Lincoln otherwise known as Mrs. Lincoln was a very well educated in multiple subjects. She met Lincoln in Springfield while she was living with her older sister. Mary and Lincoln courted and became engaged. The engagement was then broken but in time the reaffirmed there engagement. They got married when Mary was 23 and Lincoln 33.

Together Lincoln and Mary had 4 children, Robert, Edward, William and Thomas. They were loving parents and enjoyed the theatre. Only Robert and Thomas survived to adulthood. Mary became depressed when her son William died and some of her siblings were killed in the Civil War. Adding to all her sorrow was the civil war, It tore Mary apart. She was raised in a slave owning home. Her best friend was a slave Elizabeth Keckly. As first lady of the white house southerners hated her and called her a traiter. She dealt with many hateful and crude comments. When her husband President Lincoln was assassinated it crushed Mary. She spent many years in sadness. Mary was in a severe carriage accident that injured her head and from then on she dealt with horrible headaches for the rest of her life. Mary eventually died in 1882 in Springfield at her sisterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home.

By: Bridget Ackerman

Clara Barton Red Cross Founder Her Role In The Civil War. After she lobbied for a year to let her sen d the m edical su pplies that she collected from donations. Finally thanks to the help of on e U .S Sen a tor H en ry W ilson of M ass she w as perm itted to ta ke her supplies on scen e all she saw w ere people dying doctors covering w ounds w ith corn husks, because their m edical su pplies w ere so far behind becau se of the sw iftly m ovin g soldiers

Her Life Before The Civil War. Born December 25 in oxford Mass. She went to school at home becoming a teacher at 15. She started the first free public school in Bordentown, M ass. She was a shy girl favoring the outdoors instead of the indoor like ladies were supposed to do. W ith little m edical education she founded the Red Cross in 1881 and was its president until she resigned after politics got involved. She never m arried never had children she died in 1912 at age 90

â&#x20AC;&#x153; What would I do but go with them (Civil War Soldiers) or work for them and my country? The patriot blood of my father was warm in my veinsâ&#x20AC;?

army in the West.

command of the whole half of the

where Grant later gave Sherman

the command of Ulysses S. Grant,

in battle. Sherman was placed under

for him, students he would later face

students there had a great respect

Academy in Pineville, Louisiana. The

Seminary of Learning and Military

superintendant of the Louisiana State

accepting a position as the

law, both resulting in failure before

West Point and tried at banking and

the military. He was a graduate from

man before he was re-enlisted into

! Sherman was never a very successful

William Tecumseh Sherman

Sherman surpassed Ulysses S. Grant in the military, and when he retired, he retired on his own will, with full pay. He died in New York City, Feb. 14, 1981.

Sherman, all in all, left a scar in the south. He almost single-handedly took the south out of the fight after declaring war on not only the confederacy, but the South as a whole. He amassed $100 million in damage, including 300 miles of railroad damage, innumerable bridges, most of the telegraph wires in Georgia and later South Carolina. Aside from damages Sherman and his men captured 5000 horses, 4000 mules, 13000 heads of cattle, 9.5 million pounds of corn, and 10.5 million pounds of fodder.

Sherman was very straight forward with every decision he made, and in his words, “War is war, not popularity seeking.” In his westward campaign to fight the South Sherman began his March of the Sea, where he intended to march his troops from sea to sea, creating total destruction everywhere he went. Sherman’s army started out with 100,000 men. He took Atlanta, Georgia, and after that he had about 60,000 men. He then continued on toward Savannah saying he would “Make Georgia howl.”

By: Nick Pollack

TOTAL WAR

By Ashlee Wright

AMERICAN HISTORY RESEARCH

MATHEW BRADY 2

The picture on the top This picture on the right is of right is of a battle during Robert E. Lee a week after he the civil war in which surrendered the army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses Mathew Brady became S. Grant. Taken by the famous. It depicts the renowned photographer violence and many deaths Mathew Brady. of a country at war with its’ Who Was Mathew Brady? self.

Mathew Brady was born in Warren County, New York and was the father of photojournalism. He was the most renowned and greatest American photo-historian in the Civil War era, and definitely Abraham Lincoln's best and favorite photographer. Not a single person could claim to have taken more photographs of important historical people during the Civil War than Mathew Brady. He was most famous for his photographs of important historical figures as well as the scenes of brutality during the Civil War. He really gives us a clear picture of the gruesome reality of the war. He almost died during the battle of Bull Run. He was only saved by wondering upon Washington DC. He was also an important part in the making of a TV series called “The Civil War”, but in the end Mathew Brady died alone and penniless. He said, “No one will ever know what they cost me; some of them almost cost me my life" About his photographs.

Battle of Gettysburg Derek W. Odell

October 25, 2010

Day One

Day Two

Day Three

Robert E. Lee attacks expecting to destroy the Union army but is confronted by heavy defenses.

Both armies have almost completely assembled. Lee’s army assaults, but against heavy losses is fended off by the Union army.

The fighting continues, but the focus is on Pickett’s Charge. The rush of 12,500 Confederates was fought off and Lee is forced to retreat to Virginia.

November 19, 1863

The Gettysburg Address O n N ovem ber 19 th 1863 President Abraham Lincoln gave one of the greatest speeches in Am erican History. Lincoln presented this speech during the Am erican Civil W ar in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania at the Soldiers’ N ational C em etery. This event happened 4 and half m onths after the Battle of G ettysburg. Edw ard Everett w as the

Meaning When Lincoln gave his speech what became known as The Gettysburg address changed the event to a rededication of the effort to preserve the nation of its freedom.

The Impact Since Lincolns’ speech was s short the audience were not sure if he was done and/or they were in amazement about the speech that Lincoln gave. This speech is very well known and is recognized by many everywhere.

m ain speaker of the event unlike Everett w ho had 40 days to w rite is speech Lincoln w as given 17 days. Nearly 15,000 people attended the cerem ony. After Everett’s longing tw o hour speech Lincoln presented his short but too the point 2 m inute speech w hich becam e know n as the Gettysburg Address. O nce Lincoln finished his speech the crow d w as blow n aw ay. The next day Everett him self sent a letter to Lincoln explaining to in how he m ade an im pact in tw o m inutes com pared to his tw o-hour speech. By M icaela Adam

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Spring 2012

Sam Colt Kory Klinkerman

Sam Coltâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s birth and life Sam Colt was born in the year 1814. He went on to building one of the most important inventions in history. His invention of coarse is the revolver. His revolver shaped the American firearm industry. His company was a failure at first. His weapons first saw action in the Seminole war. Then in 1847 they ordered 1,000 of his revolvers for the MexicanAmerican War. This is what Colt needed to get back in the firearms business. His revolvers played a huge role in the war and eventually won the war for the U.S.A. During this period people started to call the revolvers Colts. Although Sam Colt did not live to see the end of the Civil War his revolvers played a huge part in the war and his revolvers would be the most popular weapon in the world. His revolver was named the Colt Single Action Army Peacemaker and his revolvers still exist today but are not manufactured.

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Andy Gomez

JOHN W. BOOTH Bio

Born: May 10, 1838 Bel-Air, Maryland Died: April 26, 1865 Port Royal, Virginia

Facts American Assassin and Actor -Son of Junius Brutus Booth, an actor, and Mary Ann Holmes. -Father Died when John was 14. 2 - John always had natural talent at acting. -Supporter of the South.

John Wilkes Booth was a very smart man, from the age of 17 he was an actor, following the footsteps of his father, Junius. But after awhile of acting, Booth ran into a breathing problem, and had to take a break and during that break, those six months…John began working on a plan, to capture Lincoln and take him to Richmond. But that plan failed, Lincoln didn’t show up to where the plan was going to happen and John got mad to the point where he took a gun, and shot the president in Fords threatre. John fled, ended up hurting his leg after falling off the stage, Doctor Samuel Mudd treated him. But still managed to escape, going over the Potomac River, but not for long, him and his men tried to run. A few weeks later, John and his men, captured, in a barn and the barn was then set on fire killing the three men.

- Believed The Civil War was necessary to maintain southern freedom. - In 1863, John had to take a break, he was having trouble with his breathing.

- Made his acting debut at the age of 17 in Baltimore. - A Confederate sympathizer. Last words: “Tell mother…I died for my country.”

Abraham Lincoln Assassination On April 14, 1865, just six days after the surrender of the confederate forces, President Abraham Lincoln and his wife attended a stage performance of Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater. Shortly after 10 o’clock, a confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes booth entered the presidential box and shot President Lincoln in the

When the surgeon arrived, he pronounced his wounds mortal, and Lincoln died at 7:22 the next morning.

Lincoln’s assassination back of the head. As had a great impact on the Lincoln slumped in his chair, nation. Anger between the paralyzed, Booth leapt North and South intensified from the box onto the once again because the stage, the impact breaking North blamed the incident his leg. He then shouted, on the South. "Sic semper tyrannis!" ("Thus Reconstruction after the war was slowed immensely. ever to tyrants!"--the Lincoln’s initial plan was to Virginia state motto) and reconcile with the South despite his leg being rather than punish them. But broken he managed to escape. The president was once he died, a group of politicians called the carried across the street and placed on a bed.

Radical Republicans took over. They had opposed Lincoln’s reconstruction plan, believing that the South should be punished. Lincoln’s death left and incapable Andrew Johnson as president, and he was unable to stop the Radical Republicans. Eventually the north and south reunited, but had President Lincoln not been assassinated, the process would have been much quicker.

By Mikenzie Nordeen

Period 7

October 25, 2010

Ku Klux Klan Originally known as the Kuklux Clan, The Ku Klux Klan, abbreviated KKK, or The Klan, as it is informally know, was founded in 1865.

By: Trey R. Neeley The First KKK On December 24th, 1865, six well-educated Confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee, created the original Ku Klux Klan. The first Klan was created during the reconstruction of the South right after the Civil War. The KKK was an oath-bound organization that used public violence such as threats and even murder to intimidate black and white Republicans in order to restore

white supremacy. The Klan operated in nearly all of the southern states, though having many chapters and local bands spread out throughout the South, the Klan never actually acted in an overall group manner, each of the chapters and bands acted independently. In 1867 the Klan gathered in Nashville, Tennessee in an attempt to center the organization’s activities, to allow them to work as one instead of as independents. The main instigators behind this push were George Gordon and Nathan Bedford Forrest. Their attempts ultimately failed, but the Klan unanimously recognized the need for some type of central leadership and elected Forrest as the first Grand Wizard, or top-leader, of the KKK. The first KKK, in effect, continued to serve the Democratic Party as its “military forces” until it was ended in the 1870s.

The First Ku Klux Klan Facts: * Wore special white robes and hats to conceal identities *Chosen time to attack was at night *Existed from 1865 to the 1870s * About 550,000 members

Editors Micaela Adam Kory Klinkerman Mikenzie Nordeen Jonathan Weishaar

Cover Kyle Hooper Hannah Kesterson Sean Stewart

Timeline Valerie Beraun Trey Neeley Ashlee Wright

The North

Bridget Ackerman Jared Hawley Heaven Hulshizer Nick Pollack

The South Lyndsey Block Andy Gomez Derek Odell

Created by: The American History Research students of Alliance High School, Alliance, NE.