English form 4 by myubai1090

Acknowledgement First of all, we are grateful to The Almighty God whose abundant grace and mercy enabled its successful completion. We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Al-Amin Mydin, our lecturer and also the coordinator for this PET225 TESOL Curriculum Development course who has been guiding us and our group members patiently throughout this task and course. Special appreciation to all of us too who had always been together torch when we were lost in darkness; tutoring each other; and kept giving motivation to each other whenever anyone of us was about to give in to the hardships. Thank you.

Prepared by :

Nor Hanani Binti Mohammad Fauzi

135052

READING Learning Outcomes

2.2 Process information by b. Extracting main ideas and details

Do you know what is Information Transfer?

INFORMATION TRANSFER Information transfer is a process of

• Converting the non-verbal information to verbal form. • Converting verbal information to the non-verbal form.

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION

Non Verbal

Verbal

• Table / Chart

• Paragraph

• Pie Chart

• Sentence Form

• Flow Chart • Tree Diagram

• Web

HOW TO ANSWER? Watch your spelling.

Use capital letter for SPECIAL NOUNS.

Never write a full / long sentence, take necessary words, leave out the examples.

Answers must fit in with the given sentence starter.

EXERCISE Read the following book review and complete the table that follows.

The book, ‘The Life of Mahatma Gandhi’ is written by Louis Fischer and has been hailed as the best biography of Gandhi. It narrates the life of Gandhi who led the fight for India’s independence from British rule and the many issues that led to his assassination by a Hindu fanatic a few months after freedom was won. The biography shows Gandhi as a great human being – a leader who was gentle, conscientious and honest. He stood for righteousness. Gandhi gave up all his desires and sacrificed his life for the sake of the country. He went through many fasts, demonstrated against colonial powers in a peaceful manner and went to jail so that his country could be free. Reading the book, reminds me of what Enstein said of Gandhi. ‘Generations to come will scarce believe that such a person ever walked in flash and blood upon this earth.’ It is a real pleasure to read about Gandhi. This book is very relevant in today’s world of corruption and greed. It is a must-read for those interested in reading biographies. Reviewed by Karen Grant

QUESTIONS 1-10 Using the information from the book review, write short answers in the spaces provided.

Title:

1 ______________________________________________________

Author:

2 ______________________________________________________

Type of book:

3 ______________________________________________________

Gandhiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life:

He fought against the 4 _____________________________________ He was killed by a 5 _______________________________________ Qualities of Gandhi: 6 ______________________________________ 7 ______________________________________________________

Gandhi sacrifice his life so that his country could be 8 _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Einstein said that people will not believe that someone like Gandhi ever lived on 9 ______ ________________________________________________________________________ Reviewerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinion of the book: 10 _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Writing Learning Outcomes 2.3 Present information to different audiences by: a. writing recounts, descriptions, explanations, speeches, reports, and articles.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FORMAT Headline – Short, attention-getting statement about the event.

Byline – This tells who wrote the story.

Lead Paragraph – This has ALL of the WH questions. Explanation – Details or other facts that the reader needs to know. Can

also

include

direct

quotes

from

witnesses or bystanders. Additional Information – This information is the least important. It can include an information about a similar event.

EXAMPLE OF THE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FORMAT Headline Celebrating Diversity at Hari Raya Gathering James Bay, Staff Reporter

Byline (name of author)

Wed Feb 24th, 2010 Lead - catches reader interest - include most important info Place line

- introduces topic - answers most of the WH questions

GEORGETOWN - A Hari Raya gathering here showed that people of all faiths can come together in harmony. Some 70 guests, including mosque and church officials, attended the dinner held at the Hotel Royal Penang here. The event was organised by Global Unity Network, a non-governmental organisation from Kuala Lumpur, with the support of Christians for Peace and Harmony in Malaysia (CPHM) and Islamic Propagation Society International. CPHM chairman Rev Wong Kim Kong said the event was aimed at promoting peace and harmony among people of diverse religions.

“We hope the priests and imam leave the dinner with more racial acceptance and recognise each other’s beliefs to have mutual coexistence,” he said when met at the event yesterday. Rev Wong said they needed to start small and work at the grassroots level to create understanding among religions. Global Unity Network president Shah Kirit Kakulal Govindji said the main purpose of the dinner and sharing session was for the imam and priests to take back what they have exchanged to their places of worship.

“Even priests and imam have their misconceptions. My hope is that after this, they can call one another and resolve issues. “There is a lot of prejudice between Muslims and non-Muslims and vice versa. “The aim is to promote peace and accept our differences,” said Shah who received the Selangor Tokoh Maal Hijrah award in 2010. He said racial and religious tension was growing around the world and it was important to address issues and not point fingers at others.

“All religions are not the same, we have doctrinal differences but many similarities as well. “Let us focus on the similarities rather than the differences,” he said, adding that he hoped to hold more events celebrating diversity within Malaysia in the near future. Shah said this was the first event held by his NGO out of Kuala Lumpur. Global Unity Network was registered with the Registrar of Societies in 2015 to create a platform for Muslims and non-Muslims to understand each other’s religions. Quotation

EXERCISE Task : Write a news report based on the headline and picture below. - You will have to make up the facts and information by answering some or all of the following questions: ‘Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?’ - You must relate your newspaper report to both the headline and the picture.

WHO IS TUN DR MAHATHIR MOHAMMAD?

____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Literature 3.0 Language For Aesthetic Use 3.1 Listen to, read, view and respond to literary works by: c. Explaining the message the writer is trying to convey and discussing how this relates to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life

The Road Not Taken by Robert Lee Frost

Read the poem and follow the instruction below.

Task 1 : Form a group of 4 people.

Task 2 : Read every stanza together and discuss the meaning.

Task 3 : Everybody in a group is assigned with one stanza to discuss further and relate it with their life.

Task 4 : Lastly, everybody needs to present their content in front of the class.

GRAMMAR

For this lesson, you will learn about 4 types of Modals Verb: Degrees of Certainty : Present Time Degrees of Certainty : Present Time Negative Degrees of Certainty : Past Time

Example and How To Use Degrees of Certainty : Present Time -

Why isn’t Ali in class?

100% sure : He is sick. 95% sure : He must be sick. 50% sure or less: - He may be sick. - He might be sick. - He could be sick.

Degree of certainty refers to how sure we are – what we think the chances are – that something is true. Must expresses a strong degree of certainty. May, might and could express a week degree of certainty.

NOTE: These percentages are approximate.

Degrees of Certainty : Present Time Negative 100% sure : Sam isn’t hungry.

99% sure : Sam couldn’t be hungry. Sam can’t be hungry. 95% sure : Sam must not be hungry. 50% sure or less : Sam may not be hungry. Sam might not be hungry. NOTE: These percentages are approximate.

Degrees of Certainty : Past Time Past Time Affirmative -

Why wasn’t Mary in class?

In (a) : the speaker is sure.

(a) (b) (c) -

100% : She was sick. 95% : She must have been sick. 50% sure or less: She may have been sick. She might have been sick. She could have been sick.

In (b) : the speaker is making a logical conclusion. In (c) : the speaker is mentioning one possibility.

Past Time Negative - Why didn’t Sam eat?

In (d) : the speaker is sure.

(d) (e) -

In (e) : the speaker believes that it is impossible for Sam to have been hungry.

100% : Sam wasn’t hungry. 99% : Sam couldn’t have been hungry. Sam can’t have been hungry.

(f) 95% : Sam must not have been hungry. (g) 50% sure or less: Sam may not have been hungry. Sam might not have been hungry.

In (f) : the speaker is making a logical conclusion. In (g) : the speaker is mentioning one possibility.

EXERCISE Complete the sentences by using must or may/might/ with the expressions in the list or your own words. must be very proud 1.

must have the wrong number

might be at a meeting

A: I’ve heard that your daughter recently graduated from law school and that your son has gotten a scholarship to the state university. You _________________ of them. B: We are.

A: Hello? B: Hello, May I speak to Ron? A: I’m sorry. You __________________. There’s no one here by that name.

A: Where’s Ms. Adams? She’s not in her office. B: I don’t know. She ______________________, or maybe she’s in the employee lounge.

Decide which past modal in the list best completes each sentence. must have left

might have left

couldn’t have left

SITUATION: Jackie can’t find her sunglasses. 1.

Laura thinks it’s possible that Jackie left them on the table at the restaurant. She says, “ You ____________________ them on the table at the restaurant, but I’m just guessing.”

Sergio disagrees. He looked at everything on the table before they left and doesn’t remember seeing her sunglasses there. He thinks it is impossible that Jackie left them there, so he says, “ You _________________ them there. I’m sure they are somewhere else. Did you check your purse?

Maya disagrees with Sergio. She remembers seeing the sunglasses on the table, so she says, “You ____________ them there. That’s the only logical explanation I can think of.”

Use past modals to restate each sentence in the parentheses. In some cases, more than one modal may be possible. SITUATION : The doorbell rang, but I was in bed trying to take a nap. So I didn’t get up. I wonder who it was.

(Maybe it was a friend. ) It ___________________ a friend.

(It’s not possible that it was my next-door neighbor. He was at work ) It ____________________________ my next-door neighbor.

(I’m

95% sure it was a delivery person. There was a package outside my door when I got up.)

It ______________ a delivery person.

ANSWER SCHEMES READING 1. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi 2. Louis Fischer 3. biography 4. British rule 5. Hindu fanatic 6. A leader who was gentle, conscientious and honest. 7. He stood for righteousness 8. free 9. this earth 10. real pleasure to read relevant in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world of corruption and greed.

WRITING SCORING RUBRICS

LITERATURE SCORING RUBRICS

GRAMMAR 1. must have the wrong number 2. might be at a meeting 3. could be Jimmy 1. might have left 2. couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have left 3. must have left

1. may/might/could have been 2. may/might not have been 3. may/might/could have been

Prepared by: Nur Syahirah binti Berhan

135714

Chapter 2: Saving Every Drop Theme: Environment

2.0 Reading 2.1 Obtain information for different purposes by c. Reading materials in print such as reports and articles and using other electronic media such as the internet. ii. Reading silently and aloud with understanding a variety of texts.

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: i. Answer 5 out of 7 questions correctly.

What are Phrasal Verbs? • What are phrasal verbs? • A phrasal verb is a verb made up of a verb and another word (either a preposition or a particle). Examples: – – – –

To run into To come across To catch up To look up

• A phrasal verb has a different meaning to the verb used in the phrasal verb. For example, to run into does not mean the same as to run. • A phrasal verb is also known as multi-word verb or a compound verb. • Phrasal verbs are categorized into two:– Transitive Phrasal Verbs (can take a direct object) – Intransitive Phrasal Verbs (do not take a direct object)

• Examples for • Transitive Phrasal Verbs *phrasal verbs are in italic & direct objects are in bold – Fill in the form as quickly as possible. – I will look into it immediately.

• Intransitive Phrasal Verbs *phrasal verbs are in italic – If you have done, please stand up. – The tree could fall down.

What are Phrasal Verbs? • Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs • Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means the direct object appears between the verb and the preposition. For example: – She will make me up like a princess. – She talked her father into letting her attend the party.

• Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means the direct object appears after the preposition. For example: – I look up to my father. – We must stick to the plan at all costs.

• Lots of transitive phrasal verbs can be used in a separable way or an inseparable way. For example: – She looked my address up in the school magazine. (separable) – She looked up my address in the school magazine. (inseparable) – She looked it up in the school magazine. (separable)

• Note: • When the direct object is a pronoun (like it), you cannot use the inseparable way.

Save Water Water is the basic requirement of our body and thus life. Water is also named as ‘life’ because of being important element for all the living beings. Nothing can go on without water on the earth. It turns out that three-fourth part of the earth is water. However, only 2% of the water is usable for us. At some places in India, people face water scarcity and draught condition whereas, in other places there is plenty of water available. So, the people living in areas with plenty of water must realise its importance and save water.

We are living in the time when we need to save clean water and use it according to our use only. People at many places in India and other countries are putting up with a huge water scarcity. They have to depend on the government water supply by tanks or some natural water reservoirs at long distance. They have been forced into going for a long distance on daily basis to arrange drinking water. They better understand the value of water than the people who have sufficient water supply in their areas. The situation of lack of water becomes very terrible for the people who don’t have enough water to fulfill their basic needs of drinking, bathing, washing, etc.

India is one of the countries worldwide which is put through a huge level water scarcity today. Places in India like Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat are facing water scarcity where women and girls of the houses cover a long distance on bare foot to just get a pot of water. In some cities like Bangalore, people have to buy water bottles worth Rs. 25 to Rs. 30 to drink clean water. People face off more problems during summer months when the daily need of water increases. Recently, it is studied that around 25% urban population lacks availability to clean drinking water. In some areas, the privatization of water bodies is the main reason of water scarcity. There are different methods we can follow to save clean drinking water to deal with the water scarcity. Rain water harvesting is one of the most effective and suitable method among save water techniques. Afforestation is also best method as it reduces the surface runoff and recharges the ground water. It gives off underground water conservation. By practicing such methods we can conserve more water naturally and ensure the availability of it for future generations. We should take a pledge and make up a lifelong motto of “Save water, save life, save earth”.

We should teach simple methods of water saving to our children, women and other members of the family like turning off all the taps tightly after each use, using sprinklers to water the lawn, giving bath to pets in the lawn, repair of all the leaking pipes, harvesting rain water for purposes like watering plant, washing clothes, etc. We should also practice keeping the river (especially Ganga) water clean and safe for future use and safety of water animals.

Water is known as the elixir of life, so we should save it to save life on the earth. We need water for many purposes in our daily walks of life. So, we should understand the value of water drops and save it.

Define the meaning of these phrasal verbs based on the context given. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Go on (paragraph 1) Turns out (paragraph 1) Putting up with (paragraph 2) Forced into (paragraph 2) Put through (paragraph 3) Gives off (paragraph 4) Make up (paragraph 4)

2.0 Writing 2.3 Present information to different audiences by: a. writing recounts, descriptions, explanations, speeches, reports, and articles; viii. Applying process writing skills.

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: i. Write an essay according to the topic given.

What is an Expository Essay? • A genre of essay in which the author is required to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence and put forward an argument.

• How to write an expository essay? • Identify a topic/thesis - choose an angle that is interesting to you

• List facts and details - include the important and the interesting

• Pump up ideas - include reasons, examples, facts and quotes

• Group and organize ideas - sort details into beginning, middle and end

• Use topic-related words - sound like an expert with vocabulary items

• Describe examples - use precise nouns and verbs to explain ideas

Write an expository essay on

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Save Waterâ&#x20AC;? not more than 350 words.

3.0 Literature 3.1 Listen to, read, view and respond to literary works by: c. explaining the message the writer is trying to convey and discussing how this relates to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life; xiii. Understanding some of the figurative language of the text.

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: i. Summarize the meaning of the poem.

Literature •Literary device – Repetition – In some poems, certain words, lines or sounds are repeated. This gives emphasis and stress to certain ideas, images and even moods that the poet wants to convey. – Repetition of certain sounds makes poems rhyme and gives them a rhythmic or sing-song beat.

Poisoned Talk By Raymond Wilson Who killed cock robin? I, said the worm, I did him great harm. He died on the branch of a withered tree From the acid soil that poisoned me.

Read the poem included and identify the repeated words. Then, summarise what do you understand about this poem based on your own reading.

Who killed the heron? I, mouthed the fish, With my tainted flesh I killed tern, duck and drake, All the birds of the lake. Who killed the lake? I, boasted Industry, I poisoned with mercury Fish, plant and weed To pamper mensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; greed. Who killed the flowers? I, moaned the wind, I prowl unconfined, Blowing acid rain Over field, flood and fen. Who killed the forest? I ensured that it died, Said sulphur dioxide. And all life within it, from earthworm to linnet.

3.0 Grammar At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: i. Fill in 10 out of 15 blanks correctly

What is a Noun Clause? • A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. • Noun clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. • Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition. Noun Clause Examples – Whoever thought of the idea is a genius

(Whoever thought of the idea is a noun clause. It includes the subject whoever and the verb thought. The clause acts as a subject in the sentence) – The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively. (How we can satisfy customers most effectively is a noun clause. It includes the subject we and the verb phrase can satisfy. The clause acts as a predicate nominative in the sentence, identifying focus) – Choose a gift for whomever you want. (Whomever you want is a noun clause. It has the subject you and the verb want. The clause

acts as an object of the preposition for in the sentence) – Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me. (Whichever restaurant you pick is a noun clause. It contains the subject you and the verb pick. The clause acts as a subject in the sentence) – Do you know what the weather will be? (What the weather will be is a noun clause. It has the subject weather and the verb phrase will be. The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence)

Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause. 1. (How old is he?) I don’t know how old he is. 2. (What was he talking about?) ____________________________________ is interesting. 3. (Where do you live?) Please tell me ____________________________________. 4. (Whatever did she say?) ____________________________________ was a lie. 5. (When are they coming?) Do they tell you _____________________________ _______? 6. (How much does it cost?) I can’t remember _____________________________ _______. 7. (Which one does he want?) Let’s ask him ______________________________ ______. 8. (Who is coming to the party?) I don’t know ____________________________ ________. 9. (Whose pen is this?) He knows ____________________________________. 10. (When we get hungry?) I’m packing extra snacks for ____________________ ________________. 11. (Can we do whatever we want?) On the weekends, we can do ______________ ______________________. 12. (How long should we wait?) I wonder ________________________________ ____. 13. (Why we make certain decisions?) It’s important to think about __________ __________________________.

14. (Am I a hard worker?) My greatest asset is __________________________ __________. 15. (Whoever interviewed you?) Be sure to send ____________________________ ________ a thank-you note.

Answer Schemes

1. survive / continue 2. happens to be 3. tolerating / standing 4. forced into 5. put into a situation 6. spreads / promotes 7. prepare / create *any suitable answer is acceptable

Reading

1. how old he is 2. what he was talking about 3. where do you live 4. whatever she said 5. when they are coming 6. how much it costs 7. which one he wants 8. who is coming to the party 9. whose pen this is. 10. when we get hungry 11. whatever we want

Grammar 12. how long we should wait 13. why we make certain decisions 14. that i am a hard worker 15. whoever interviewed you

Prepared by : Husna Nadirah Bt Hazizan 135042

CHAPTER 3

Reaching Out

1.1 READING SKILLS Theme

Skill focus

Language focus

People

Reading skills

Reading comprehension

Tips on answering questions regarding reading comprehension:

• Scan through the entire article first. Try to get a general idea on what the article is about. • Pay close attention to the words that are underlined or being bold as the questions are most likely linked to these words. • Focus on the questions. Bare the questions in mind and try scanning the article once again for answers. Some people might even find it helpful to read the questions first.

â&#x20AC;˘ Practice reading comprehension strategies. There are several methods or strategies that could be applied when answering reading comprehension questions. â&#x20AC;˘ Make sure to understand the article clearly when it

comes to answering opinion-related questions. Do not stray away from the topic when stating your own opinion.

ARTICLE 1 Getting to Know You by Michael McKinney

Here are some ideas to help you develop a better knowledge

of yourself. Adopting even a few of them can help you begin to make positive changes in the way you see yourself as well as others. First and foremost, try to reflect daily on your behaviour. Ask questions: How do I handle difficulties? What do I think or do when I don’t get my own way? How adaptive am I? Can I control my

emotions? Do I tend to say what I’m thinking when I’m thinking it? Do I judge other people and create conflict? How do others relate to me? Second of all, own your choices; stop blaming others for them. Only when you take responsibility for the situations you find yourself in can you progress toward personal growth.

The next thing you should do is seek feedback from as many significant people in your life as you can. This can be uncomfortable for both you and them, but it is the fastest method for gaining a better picture of yourself. It is important that you are sincere and make them feel safe. It’s a big risk for them too!

Find yourself a coach or mentor—someone who has seen you in action—to help you become a better you. There’s an old Polish proverb that says, “A guest sees more in an hour than the host in a year.” Take advantage of it.

Note that it is also important to understand the faults you find so irritating in others often create a window to your own behaviour.

Frustration in dealing with your own shortcomings often leads to being sensitive and even magnifying those same traits in others. Analyse your interactions. A lot of negative interactions signal a selfish approach to life. If a number of people say the same thing about you, accept it as true even if you don’t totally agree. Perception is reality; you can change negative perceptions by

changing yourself. You could try organizing your thoughts in a journal. Writing can help you clarify your thoughts. Make a note, too, of the casual remarks people make about you. Lastly, be careful of what you say. Words mean a lot. What you

say can be damaging to both yourself and others.

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 1. What is the benefit of developing a better knowledge of ourselves? 2. State at least 3 of the questions that we should ask ourselves when we reflect on our behaviour. 3. What is the impact that comes from owning our own choices?

4. Why should one ask feedback from significant others? 5. How does the old Polish proverb “A guest sees more in an hour than the host in a year.” correlates to the main point in that particular paragraph? 6. In what way does writing a journal helps organize ones

thoughts? 7. In your opinion, what do you think the writer meant by saying “Words mean a lot.”? Why do you think so?

1.2 WRITING SKILLS Theme

Skill focus

Type of essay

People

Writing skills

Narrative

Tips on writing narrative essays:

• Decide whether to write your essay from your own perspective or someone else’s. The first person or third person singular is the most popular voice. • Engage your reader. Make the story real for them. Get them involved in your experience • Bring your characters to life. Make them real. Make them memorable • Be consistent in your choice of pronouns. Do not switch perspectives mid-way through the essay.

WRITING EXERCISE Write a story starting with â&#x20AC;&#x153;The widow had to work hard to bring up her little son alone...â&#x20AC;?

Your essay must consist not less than 350 words.

1.3 LITERATURE COMPONENT Short story: Leaving by M G Vassanji

Themes 1. Mother's love 2. Separation from loved ones 3. Seizing opportunities 4. Sacrifice/Selflessness 5. The importance of education 6. Fear of the unfamiliar 7. Courage and strength to stand up to one's principles 8. Determination brings success 9. Parental sacrifice for family members 10. Letting go of family members to let them become

independent 11. Willingness to gain new experience and exposure

Character and characteristics Main characters:

1. Aloo • youngest child in the family-doing his final year in school.

• a good student who does well in school examinations, straight As. • is inspired by a former teacher who returns from America for a visit to think o furthering his education overseas in America. • not keen on studying agriculture at a local university • diligent-writes to universities to get necessary information for further studies • ambitious-wants to study medicine • extremely happy when offered a scholarship to study in

California Institute of Technology • spirited and courageous-willing to do part-time work while studying • tries to convince other that he will definitely return to his homeland after his studies

• obedient-willing to accept mother's decision-does not speak about overseas education and prepares to study agriculture locally • could not suppress his excitement when mother finally allows

him to go overseas

2. Mother • mother of the five children and runs a store in Uhuru Streetsingle-handedly raises five children after early death of

husband • Aloo's mother became a widow at thirty-three and had refused ever since to marry for fear that the next husband would ask her to take her children to the 'boarding' • thinks of the children's future-willing to sacrifice for them -

closes down the store and moves family to a quieter part of town-better environment for studying-a big change for her • ambitious about her children's education-wants them to do well • afraid to let youngest son go for overseas education-afraid he might not return home,take a European wife or forget his roots

â&#x20AC;˘ at the same time wise or understanding about situation-

children have to grow up and leave home one day-but hopes to hold on to them as long as possible â&#x20AC;˘ loving and caring-take steps to ensure youngest son leave for further studies with a happy frame of mind â&#x20AC;˘ after receiving letter from Aloo who writes letter from

London-feels unsure that Aloo will return to hometown in Tanzania

LITERATURE EXERCISE Question Leaving by M.G.Vassanji is a short story studied in the literature component in English Language. Based on the short story above, answer the question below. Everyone has someone that they admire." With close reference to the text, which character do you admire the most?

1.4 GRAMMAR ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE Active voice •In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb. •Example: Marilyn mailed the letter. •Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Passive voice •One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive. •Example: The letter was mailed by Marilyn. •Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

GRAMMAR EXERCISE Identify whether the verbs that are bolded are active or passive verbs.

1. They often listen to music. 2. She is reading the newspaper now. 3. These cars are produced in Japan. 4. Alan teaches geography. 5. German is spoken in Austria. 6. Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake in

1906. 7. Henry Ford invented the assembly line. 8. The bus driver was hurt yesterday. 9. You should open your workbooks. 10. Houses have been built.

1.5 ANSWER SCHEME • READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 1. By developing a better knowledge of ourselves, we could begin to make positive changes in the way we see ourselves as well as others. 2. Some of the questions we should ask ourselves to reflect on our own behaviours are “How do I handle difficulties?”, “How adaptive am I?” and “How do others relate to me?” 3. When we own to our choices, the sense of responsibility comes and we can progress towards personal growth. 4. One should ask feedback from significant others as it is the fastest method for gaining a better picture of ourselves. 5. The proverb correlates to the main point in the paragraph in a way that someone else who knows you might understand how to help you better than you yourself, so it is better to find a mentor or coach to help you. 6. Writing a journal helps one organizes their thoughts as it clarifies them as they write. 7. In my opinion, the writer meant to say the words we say carry a huge impact and are able to affect people greatly. This is due to the fact that people tend to think, and sometimes overthink, about what people say to them and the reason why.

â&#x20AC;¢ WRITING EXERCISE Scoring rubric:

Essay example: The widow had to work hard to bring up her little son alone. This was after her husband’s early death. She and her son lived in a wooden house. It was a small house with only one bedroom and a kitchen. Mariam wanted Sam to study hard to get good result. So she would not let Sam help her do any household chores or wash his own clothes. The years flew by. Sam sat for his SPM examination and pass with flying colours. His mother was very happy. She went round telling her friends, “My Sam will be leaving for the city to study in a college. He will become a Manager one day. I’ll move to live with him in the city. Then, my struggle is worth it.” So Mariam continued to work hard to send money to Sam who was studying a business degree. For Mariam, it was a tough life. Meanwhile, Sam kept on phoning home to ask for more money. Mariam even had to borrow from her neighbours and friends to send her son the money. Three years Sam stopped calling home. He did not even let his mother where he was. When she phoned the faculty, they told her that he had graduated and left for job. However, they could not her more. Mariam was baffled. Where was Sam? She was so sure he would come back and fetch her for city. So, she started to pack some of her bags and boxes. Three months later, there was still no news or call from Sam. One day, Mariam’s niece, Kate, came to talk to her about Sam. She told her aunt, “Auntie, a friend of mine met Sam in a bank. He’s the branch manager. This is his address.”

Early in the morning, Mariam took the first bus to the city. At the bus station, she took a taxi and showed the taxi driver the bank address. On the way there, she told the driver about Sam and what a filial son he was. The driver stopped his taxi in front of a tall building. She got out of the taxi and smiled at him happily. This was the moment she was going to meet Sam. She imagined him showing surprise and delight at meeting his mother. Inside the building, a security guard asked her who she was looking for. She told the guard Sam’s name. The bank staff saw an old lady holding a worn-out handbag. They were wondering, “Who is this woman? Why is she asking for our manager?” Meanwhile, Sam pretended he did not know his mother. Feeling disgusted and ashamed, he asked the security guard to ask her to leave. Mariam was shocked to hear that! She looked Sam in a disappointed feeling ever, and ran out of the bank. Back in her house, Mariam cried the whole night. She cried and cried till she had no more tears. The next morning, she was sitting by the window with Sam’s photo on her lap. She saw him walking towards their house. Soon she was shouting and crying, “My Sam is back! My Sam is back!” Sam ran towards her and hugged Mariam as he never let go. He was so sorry and regretted the way he behaved. His colleagues were the one who made him realized his big mistakes neglected his mother. The neighbours heard her. They too shouted and cheered, feeling happy for her. (574 words)

â&#x20AC;¢ GRAMMAR EXERCISE

1. Active 2. Active 3. Passive

4. Active 5. Passive 6. Passive 7. Active 8. Passive 9. Active 10. Passive

â&#x20AC;˘ LITERATURE EXERCISE MODEL RESPONSE Leaving by M.G. Vasasanji is the short sory I learnt. This story is about Aloo a young boy who wants to pursue his studies in America. Aloo is the youngest child in a singleparent family. Aloo is a bright student and he is inspired to go to America after his ex-teacher Mr Datoo talks so much about America. His mother does not take him seriously until a well-known university, California Institute of Technology offers him a place there with full scholarship. Seeing her son's determination, finally with heavy heart, Mother relents to Aloo and allow him to go to America. There are many characters that I admire in the story. The character that I admire the most is Mother because she is determine , caring and loving and selfless. The first reason why I admire Mother the most is because she is a determine woman because she always put her children first. She is a single mother with five children. Her husband passed away when she was thirty-three. This is shown in the story when she chooses to stay with her children rather than remarry and loses them. She sold her shop after her daughter Razia was married. She wanted her sons the narrator and Aloo to study hard. She moved from Uhuru, a noisy and busy palace to Upanga. She became a tailor in Upanga. She hoped for the two youngest children, her flesh and blood to to excel in their studies. Upanga was a quiet place, with wild land and tall trees was a perfect place for her sons to study. As we can clearly see now Mother is a determined woman because she always put her children first.

Next, Mother is loving and caring. She feels sad when her children leave her. She finds it difficult to let Aloo go to America. This is shown in the story when she told Aloo that she cannot afford to send him to America. Three thousand shillings was a large amount of money. Aloo was very upset. Aloo was the apple of her eyes. Seeing her son's disappointment, Mother sought advices from Mr Velji. Mr Velji was very impressed when he learnt that Aloo got flying colour results in his examinations. Mr Velji told Mother that going to America would be good for Aloo's future but added that she might lose Aloo as he might not return to Upanga. She decided to let her son to go to America after listening to Mr Velji advises. It is as clear as day that Mother is a loving and caring person. Lastly, I admire Mother because she is selfless because she allows Aloo to go to America. Mother asks Aloo to show her the prospectus of the university. Aloo eagerly shows her the prospectus and tells her he can learn everything there. This is shown in the story when she thought deeply about the offer Aloo received. Aloo was a very ambitious boy who wanted a better life for himself. He did not want to venture into agriculture in the local university. He sought for a better opportunity and was ecstatic to receive the scholarship to study in California Institute of Technology. He hungered to learn more. Letting Aloo to go to America depicts her selflessness as she knew he would be devastated is she refused him. Mother also feared that Aloo would pick up negatives habits. She sternly warned Aloo not to marry with a white woman and stayed away from smoking and drinking. Even knowing that she might never see him again, Mother decided to let him go to America. Now we can see that Mother is selfless because she allows Aloo to go to America.

. In a nutshell, the character that I admire the most is Mother. There are many various reasons why I admire her such as she is determine , caring and loving and selfless. The character teaches me to be determined, caring and loving and selfless.

Chapter 4 Checking Up On Health

Nurul Balqis Binti Abu Bakar 135057

LITERATURE Set in Tanzania, a woman raises her five children alone. The mother focuses on the two younger ones, Aloo and the youngest (the narrator). Aloo is in his final year in school and the girl is in university. She hopes both of them can have a better education. She later moves them to Upanga, providing a better environment for them to study. A former teacher, Mr. Datoo returns and inspired Aloo to further his education in America in the medical field. He is not keen on studying agriculture in a local university. He is offered a place with a scholarship in the California Institute of Technology. However, his mother would not allow him to accept the offer because of financial problems and fear of losing him. Finally, on the advice of a school officer, the mother relents and accepts the idea of allowing Aloo to leave. The narrator, for the first time, sees her mother as a person and not just as her mother. Aloo's first letter was a graphic enthusiastic account of London but to the mother, she is uncertain of his return.

Based on the short story Leaving by M. G. Vassanji, name ONE character you favour the most. Give three reasons, based on their actions, as to why you have chosen the character/s.

READING 1

Based on this article, choose the most precise synonym for the words highlighted.

Based on the article, choose the most precise synonym for the words highlighted.

1. Striving

2. Preaching

3. Impaired

4. Tipsy

a) processing

a) lecturing

a) diminished

a) dizzy

b) struggling

b) agitating

b) depaired

b) tipped

c) gliding

c) explaining

c) separated

c) drunk

Based on the article, choose the most precise synonym for the words highlighted.

5. Fatigue

6. Morbidity

7. ProtĂŠgĂŠ

8. Adequate

a) lethargic

a) mortality

a) friend

a) enough

b) sleepy

b) obesity

b) enemy

b) maximum

c) exhausted

c) fitness

c) apprentice

c) minimum

READING 2

Based on this article, choose the most precise ANTONYM for the words highlighted.

Based on the article, choose the most precise ANTONYM for the words highlighted.

1. Snorted

2. Commit

3. Substitute

4. Cut down

a) inhaled

a) conduct

a) replacement

a) increase

b) grunted

b) release

b) dupe

b) maintain

c) groaned

c) undergo

c) authentic

c) put up

Based on the article, choose the most precise ANTONYM for the words highlighted.

5. Reenact

6. Foolproof

7. Delicacies

8. Infuse

9. Scrammed

a) rebuild

a)disorganise d

a) unpalatable

a) leave

a) disappear

b) destroy

b) faulty

b) main course

b) soak

b) run

c) recreate

c) safe

c) junket

c) strip

c) stay

Purpose of argumentative essay 1. Defend a position 2. Oppose the other position 3. Persuade readers to agree or disagree with you.

Structures of an argumentative essay: 1. Introductory paragraph (must include thesis statement and stand; support or diapprove) 2. Three body paragraphs (evidentiary)that may include discussion of opposing views 3. Conclusion (restate your stand in this paragraph)

WRITING argumentative essay

Argumentative essay is an essay that implies the writer to pick a stand and provide logical explanations (evidence) as to why the writer chose that stand. The writer can either choose to support or disapprove a certain statement.

The number of diabetics in this country is increasing, and sugar is the main culprit. Hence, sugar price should be increased so that less sugar can be consumed. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? In 500 words, give evidence to support your stand.

GRAMMAR Is also known as relative clause. Adjective clause is NOT a complete sentence. E.g.: The man who slapped her was her husband. Adjective clause

Is used to describe more of an aforementioned someone or something. A relative clause is put immediately after the noun that refers to the person, thing or group that is talked about. Requirements of adjective clause: 1. Must contain subject and verb 2. It will begin with a relative pronoun (whom, who, whose) or relative adverb (when, where, why) 3. Functions as an adjective, describes details of the mentioned person or thing.

Grammar practice 1. The girl _____ she talked to was my niece. a) who

b) which

c) whom

2. My aunt _____ lives in Arkansas is divorced. a) who

b) which

c) whom

3. He decided to write an essay _____ will win him a prize. a) that

b) which

c) what

Grammar practice 4. All ____ glitters is not gold. a) which

b) that

c) what

5. The proposal ____ she prepared was rejected. a) -

b) that

c) which

6. He was the reason ____ she hates birthdays. a) why

b) that

c) which

Answer scheme

Answer scheme SYNONYMS 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A

ANTONYMS 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. C

GRAMMAR 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A/B 6. A

Answer scheme

Any form of answer that is relevant, adequately supported and clearly supports the stand that is chosen is accepted.

References •

(2017). Collins Cobuild English Grammar. Glasgow, Collins.

•

(2013, November 28). Underline the Adjective Clauses: Grammar Exercise. Retrieved from https://www.englishgrammar.org/underline-adjective-clauses-grammar-exercise/

•

Husna, W. Short Stories: Leaving by M. G. Vassanji. (2015, August 26) Retrieved from http://wanieyhusna11.blogspot.my/2015/08/short-storiesleaving-by-m-g-vassanji.html

Siti Khairunnajwa binti Sabri 135063

Chapter 5: Deciding on Dams 

THEME : PEOPLE



LITERATURE: POEM



READING: SKIMMNG AND SCANNING



WRITING: PERSUASIVE



GRAMMAR: ADVERB CLAUSES

The Living Photograph By Jackie Kay

My small grandmother is tall there, straight-back, white broderie anglaise shirt, pleated skirt, flat shoes, grey bun, a kind, old smile round her eyes. Her big hand holds mine,

white hand in black hand. Her sharp blue eyes look her own death in the eye. It was true after all; that look. My tall grandmother became small. Her back round and hunched.

Her soup forgot to boil. She went to the awful place grandmothers go. Somewhere unknown, unthinkable. But there she is still, in the photo with me at three,

the crinkled smile is still living, breathing.

Literature:



Read the previous poem to answer these questions.

1. What is the main theme of the poem? A. Love B. Death C. Fear D. Age 2. The poet’s grandmother is still alive. A. True B. False C. Unstated 3. Give two moral values from the poem: I. _________________________________________________ II. _________________________________________________ 4. “Her soup forgot to boil” indicates that A. The poet has become forgetful. B. Her grandmother’s soup has become forgetful. C. The poet has forgotten to boil her grandmother’s soup. D. Her grandmother has become forgetful. 5. “It was true after all; that look.” What do you think this line suggests? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

Dams could 'permanently damage Amazon' By Rebecca Morelle Science Correspondent, BBC News The Amazon basin covers more than 6.1 million sq km, and is the largest and most complex river system on the planet. It has become a key area for hydroelectric dam construction. But a study suggests that the push for renewable energy along the Amazon's waterways could lead to profound problems. The international team of researchers who carried out the research is particularly concerned about any disruption to the natural movement of sediment in the rivers. This sediment provides a vital source of nutrients for wildlife in the Amazon's wetlands. It also affects the way the waterways meander and flow. “[The sediment is] how the rivers work, how they move, how they regenerate new land, and how they keep refreshing the ecosystems," said Prof Latrubesse. The Texas researcher said that at present environmental assessments were being carried out for each dam in isolation, looking at their impact on the local area. But he argued a wider approach was needed for the Amazon. "The problem is nobody is assessing the whole package: the cascade of effects the dams produce on the whole system."

The team says a fuller assessment needs to be done before the dam-building progresses further The researchers have highlighted the Madeira, Maranon and Ucayali rivers - all tributaries of the Amazon River - as areas of great concern. These rivers are home to many unique species, and the scientists say these would be under threat if even a fraction of the planned dams go ahead. Prof Latrubesse said: “All of these rivers hold huge diversity, with many species that are endemic.

“Thousands of species could be affected, maybe even go extinct.“ The researchers warn that any damage could be irreversible, and they say any risks must be considered before the dams are allowed to go ahead.

Reading Comprehension: Skimming and Scanning

Skimming and Scanning Quiz ď ľ

Read the previous article to answer these questions.

1. The text is aimed at: A.

Students

Researchers

Public

Teachers

2. The text is about: A.

The advantages of building dams in the Amazon.

The disadvantages of building dams in the Amazon.

The ways to build advantageous dams in the Amazon.

The ways to build disadvantageous dams in the Amazon.

3. Information is given about the natural movement of sediment in the rivers. A.

True

False

4. A scientific research study is provided. A.

True

False

5. This text tells you where to get more information regarding the natural movement of sediment in the rivers. A.

True

False

6. What is the name of the writer? A.

Rebecca Morelle

Rebeca Morele

Rebecca Morello

Rebbeca Morello

7. What type of text is this? A.

Informative

Descriptive

Persuasive

Instructive

8. The text also mentions the disadvantages of building dams in the Amazon to humans. A.

True

False

Unstated

9. Which is the correct statement from the text? A.

The researchers say that any damage is irreversible regarding the building of dams in the Amazon.

The researchers say that any damage is reversible regarding the building of dams in the Amazon.

The researchers are happy about the building of dams in the Amazon.

The researchers are supporting the building of dams in the Amazon.

10. How many tributaries rivers are mentioned in the text? A.

Two

Four

Three

Five

You witness how the building of dams brings more disadvantages to humans rather than the advantages. Therefore, you decided to persuade the public to help you campaign against the building of dams in your town. Write an open letter to the newspaper company, News Strait Times. You are given 50 minutes to write an open letter to News Strait Times in order to persuade the public of your cause. Your open letter should not exceed 150 words.

Writing: Persuasive Writing

Adverbial Clauses ď ľ

The three requirements of Adverbial Clauses: 1.

It contains a subject and a verb

It contains a subordinate conjunction

It answers the four adverbs questions: o

How

When

Where

Why

Grammar: Adverbial Clauses

Exercises on Adverbial Clauses ď ľ

Identify the Adverbial Clauses in the following sentences.

1. Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached. ______________________ 2. Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner. ______________________ 3. The missing eyeglasses are in the refrigerator, where Damien absentmindedly set them down while eating his roommate's leftover fried rice. ______________________ 4. After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet. ______________________

ASNWER SHEETS



Read the previous poem to answer these questions.

1. What is the main theme of the poem? A. Love B. Death C. Fear D. Age 2. The poet’s grandmother is still alive. A. True B. False C. Unstated 3. Give two moral values from the poem: I. We must treasure our loved ones when they are alive. II. We must never forget the importance of family relationship. 4. “Her soup forgot to boil” indicates that A. The poet has become forgetful. B. Her grandmother’s soup has become forgetful.

C. The poet has forgotten to boil her grandmother’s soup. D. Her grandmother has become forgetful. 5. “It was true after all; that look.” What do you think this line suggests? It suggests that the grandmother has passed away.

Note: Answers that are relevant are highly acceptable.

Skimming and Scanning Quiz ď ľ

Read the previous article to answer these questions.

1. The text is aimed at: A.

Students

Researchers

Public

Teachers

2. The text is about: A.

The advantages of building dams in the Amazon.

The disadvantages of building dams in the Amazon.

The ways to build advantageous dams in the Amazon.

The ways to build disadvantageous dams in the Amazon.

3. Information is given about the natural movement of sediment in the rivers. A.

True

False

4. A scientific research study is provided. A.

True

False

5. This text tells you where to get more information regarding the natural movement of sediment in the rivers. A.

True

False

6. What is the name of the writer? A.

Rebecca Morelle

Rebeca Morele

Rebecca Morello

Rebbeca Morello

7. What type of text is this? A.

Informative

Descriptive

Persuasive

Instructive

8. The text also mentions the disadvantages of building dams in the Amazon to humans. A.

True

False

9. Which is the correct statement from the text? A.

The researchers say that any damage is irreversible regarding the building of dams in the Amazon.

The researchers say that any damage is reversible regarding the building of dams in the Amazon.

The researchers are happy about the building of dams in the Amazon.

The researchers are supporting the building of dams in the Amazon.

10. How many tributaries rivers are mentioned in the text? A.

Two

Four

Three

Five

Exercises on Adverbial Clauses ď ľ

Identify the Adverbial Clauses in the following sentences.

1. Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached. Until his arms ached 2. Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner. Once they saw her car turn the corner 3. The missing eyeglasses are in the refrigerator, where Damien absentmindedly set them down while eating his roommate's leftover fried rice. Where Damien absentmindedly set them down 4. After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet. Because she could easily chew an omelet

NORAIDA BINTI ABDULLAH 135713

SKILLS

OBJECTIVES

Reading

1. Students are able to answer FOUR(4) short answers questions based on the text given.

Writing

1. Students are able to create a speech text with correct speech outline.

Grammar

1. Students should be able to fill in the blanks correctly.

Literature

1. Students should be able to answer 6 questions correctly according to the poem given. 2. Students should be able to write a summary for each stanza in a pair.

CHAPTER 6 GOING HIGH-TECH

1.0 READING

1.0 Reading TIPS ON HOW TO ANSWER CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE OR SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS R.A.C.E REWORD -Restate the question and make it into a statement. ANSWER -Give reason/rationale. CITE EVIDENCE -Use fact/example to support (R) and (A) EXAMPLE - Elaborate on the example and evidence in (C)

EXERCISES

TECHNOLOGY Technology and human life cannot be separated; society has a cyclical co-dependence on technology. We use technology; depend on technology in our daily life and our needs and demands for technology keep on rising. Humans use technology to travel, to communicate, to learn, to do business and to live in comfort. However, technology has also caused us concerns. Its poor application has resulted in the pollution of the environment and it has also caused a serious threat to our lives and society. This calls for the proper use of technology. The biggest challenge facing people is to determine the type of future we need to have and then create relevant technologies which will simplify the way we do things. It is impossible to explore how each new advanced technology has impacted our lives and how it will impact the future. Technology impacts the environment, people and the society as a whole. The way we use technology determines if its impacts are positive to the society or negative. For example, (POSITIVE IMPACT) we can use corn to make ethanol and this ethanol can be used as fuel. Fuel can be used to run machines and cars which will increase the output of manufacturing industries at a lower cost. (NEGATIVE IMPACT) However, if we decide to shift large quantities of corn to fuel production from food production, humans will be left with no food and this will cause world hunger which even is a worse situation.

Based on the text given, answer ALL the questions. 1. State THREE(3) roles of technologies in human daily life .

i- ________________________________________ ii-________________________________________ iii-________________________________________ 2. State ONE(1) positive impacts of using technology. i-_________________________________________ 3. State ONE(1) negative impacts of enormous manufacturing production. i-_________________________________________

2. Do you think technologies is important in our life? Give a reason for your answer. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

ANSWER 1. State THREE(3) roles of technologies in human daily life . i- to travel ii- to communicate iii- to learn iv- to do bussiness 2. State ONE(1) positive impacts of using technology. i- Corn can be made to ethanol which can be used as a fuel

3. State ONE(1) negative impacts of enormous manufacturing production. i- humans will be left with no food and this will cause world hunger which even is a worse situation. 2. Do you think technologies is important in our life? Give a reason for your answer. (based on studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s answer)

RUBRIC SCORE

2.0 WRITING

2.0 Writing

What is a speech? A formal talk given to an audience

SPEECH WRITING

When do we make a speech? -To welcome and introduce someone -- bid farewell to someone -- congratulate a person -- talk about a certain issue -- take part in a debate

How to write a speech? -

Identify the objective(s) of speech. Make short notes of things to say to meet the objective(s). Stay focused. Expand the short notes to make complete sentences. Arrange the sentences in a logical order Ensure that the speech can be delivered in the time allotted to you.

Speech outline • PREPARATION – deciding on your topic – considering the audience and refining your topic to suit them – deciding on the purpose of the speech – choosing an organizational method to support your speech purpose

• INTRODUCTION – opening greeting and attention getter – defining your thesis statement (a summary of what your speech is about) – establishing your credibility – an overview and the benefit to the audience

• BODY – transition or link between introduction and body – main ideas with supporting ideas – examples and details

• CONCLUSION – summary of main points – closer or call to action

EXERCISES

TASK 1 Create a speech on how a video games considered as a good way to keep fit? ----------------------------------------------TASK 2 Create a speech on the integration of technology in Malaysia current education. -----------------------------------------------TASK 3 Create a speech on the influence of media in sustaining the environment.

RUBRIC SCORE

3.0 GRAMMAR

3.0 Grammar a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation.

Need

Should

Modal â&#x20AC;&#x153;Needâ&#x20AC;? a semi-modal verb because in some ways it is like a modal verb and in other ways like a main verb.

We use need mostly in the negative form to indicate that there is no obligation or necessity to do something:

Need comes first in the verb phrase (after the subject and before another verb)

We canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t use another modal verb with need E.g: No one need must read this

Modal “Should”

Affirmative form Should comes first in the verb phrase (after the subject and before another verb): Should cannot be used with another modal verb

Negative form The negative form of should is shouldn’t. We don’t use don’t, doesn’t, didn’t with should

We use the full form should not in formal contexts or when we want to emphasis something

EXERCISES

Exercise 2 Complete the following dialogues using ‘should’, ‘should not’, ‘need to’ or ‘need not’. Maria : Do you think we ___(1)___ support logging? Ray : I don’t think so. We ___(2)___ protect our trees. Maria : You’re right, of course. We ___(3)___ be thinking of money all the time. Ray : My parents are staunch environmentalists. They believe everyone ___(4)____ play an active role in preserving our environment. Maria : You’re an animal lover, so they ___(5)___ worry about you harming animals.

Exercise 1 Complete the sentence with should or shouldn’t. 1. If someone doesn’t speak your language very well, you _________ speak fast; you _________ speak slowly and carefully. 2. If you need a machine, you ______ say ‘Give me that machine’; you ______ say ‘Could I borrow your machine, please?’ 3. If people want to live up until they’re old, they ______ eat a lot of fruits and vegetables; they ________ eat a lot of cakes and chocolate. 4. When you’re driving, you ______ drive for hours without stopping, you _____ stop and walk around every two hours. 5. When people are travelling by plane, they ________ drink a lot of water, they ________ wear uncomfortable clothes.

Answer Exercise 1 1. should not…..should 2. should not……should 3. should……should not 4. should not……should 5. should……should not Exercise 2 1. should 2. should 3. need to 4. need to 5. should not

4.0 LITERATURE

Exercise 1 Answer ALL questions. 1. What feeling of the persona is likened to an apple tree in the first stanza? 2. What is "A Poison Tree" about? What is the poet trying to convey? 3. What do you think 'it' refers to in stanza 3? 4. What causes the speakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s anger to grow in stanza 2? 5. In stanza 1, what happens to an anger that is not settled? 6. What is the moral of the poem "A Poison Tree"?

Exercise 2 1. Work in pair. 2. Recite the poem. 3. Write a summary for each stanza. 4. Present in front of the class.