Dairy Planner April 2017 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

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Vol.14 | No. - 04 | April - 2017

From the Pen of Chief Editor Red tape sours Indian dairy industry?

C O N T E N T S

Mycobacterium Infection In Livestock â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Overview

Mycotic Zoonoses

12 BeneďŹ ts of Cow Desi Ghee

16 A Review On Adulterants In Milk And Milk Products And Their Detection Techniques

Bypass Protein Supplement: An Animals' Need

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The Indian government's tightened norms on importing high milk yielding cattle breeds have forced many large businesses to either shelve, defer or scale down their large integrated dairy farm projects. Several dairy industry players said animal husbandry officials who encourage dairy farmers to go for indigenous milch breeds, are holding back clearances to import highyielding livestock, hurting the sector's growth plans. India has close to 30 domestic cow types, including Gir, Ongole, Red Sindhi and Sahiwal. But most big players prefer foreign breeds like Jersey and Holstein Friesian. Imported cow breeds give 1.53 times more milk at 2540 litres a day than the average 10 litres from Indian cows. The Indian dairy sector, which is currently growing at a compounded annual growth of 15 17 percentwith a size of $70 billion (.`4.3 lakh crore), is expected to double to $140 billion by 2020, according to a report by the Investor Relations Society of India. Promoters of home grown large dairy firm Tirumala Milk Products, which was recently acquired by the world's largest giant Le GroupeLactalis of France, have decided to go slow on their plans to set up Asia's largest integrated dairy farm. "The plan, involving 20,000 cattle and an investment of over Rs 6,000 crore, where we wanted to rope in a European partner, is being scaled down and implemented in a slow phase given regulatory hurdles in importing cows in large numbers," said BollaBramha Naidu, founder of Tirumala Milk. What every expectantThe Indian animal husbandry authorities give preference to the import of frozen semen and embryos over livestock imports, said the chief executive of a Hyderabadbased dairy firm who did not want to be identified. "Poor quarantine facilities in the country, heavy documentation work involved in obtaining approvals from multiple departments, including the director general of foreign trade (DGFT), given the restricted status to livestock imports are discouraging the entrepreneurs," he said. NewZealandbased dairy giant Fonterra's plans to set up .`1,000crore dairy joint venture with world's largest fertiliser cooperative federation IFFCO did not take off for want of regulatory clearances. "As against the original plan of 10,000 cows and buffalos including some 3,000 imported cattle, we are now looking at some 500 local breeds at the Kisan SEZ," a senior IFFCO executive told ET on condition of anonymity. Despite attractive growth and profitability in the Indian dairy sector, several new players with large plans are being forced to scale down, said Suresh Rayudu, managing director of Srinivasa Hatcheries. "Due to tougher norms and long gestations involved in importing livestock, we have decided to drop the dairy breeding business plan." Local dairy farms with aggressive growth plans argue that they save at least 34 years of previous time if import of livestock in large quantities from Europe and New Zealand is allowed. "China is allowing import of livestock in large numbers of 40,000 cows at a time, which explains why the Chinese dairy industry is catching up fast," says Creamline Dairy's managing director K Bhasker Reddy. While the animal husbandry department did not respond to ET's mail seeking reasons for regulatory hurdles, a senior biodiversity official said the tightened norms were aimed at protecting the local biological diversity. R HampaiahRalladoddi, chairman of Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Board, said, "The companies are discouraged from importing animals in large scale due to fear of disease spread amongVeterinary scientist and animal activist SagariRamdas said highyielding breeds like Jersey and Holstein Friesian are highly susceptible to diseases. Very low immunity to local disease conditions would lead to massive expenditure on animal healthcare and the increased use of antibiotics would have its consequent effects, she said.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTION IN LIVESTOCK – AN OVERVIEW Mycobacterium infections have been reported since ancient time. Molecular analysis of Neolithic skeleton found out near Heidelberg, Germany and Liguria, Italy reported M. tuberculosis infection persist from the predynastic period between 5000B.C and 4000B.C.and different species in the genus Mycobacterium may have caused the disease in mammals, birds, reptiles and fish . Mycobacterial infections are chronic in nature. Mycobacteria are aerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod shaped, acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacteria are resistant to several chemicals and are able to survive in 5% phenol, 15% sulphuric acid, 3% nitric acid,5% oxalic acid and 4% Sodium hydroxide. They are sensitive to Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde. Mycobacteria are able to survive in soil and fomites for days to months. At 1224°C Mycobacteria can survive for 50332 days in shade. At 24-34°C, it can survive from 8 to 31 days in sunlight. In deep soil at depths of 5 cm they will survive up to 2 years and in tap water mycobacteria will survive up to 236 days. Classification of Mycobacteria sp based on pathogenicity There are more than 137 species of Mycobacteria in the world and are classified into pathogenic mycobacteria and environmental bacteria. A. Pathogenic Mycobacteria I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Mycobacterium tuberculosis which primarily affects human and disease has also been reported in cattle, dogs, canine & birds

b. M y c o ba c te r i u m b o v i s w h i c h primarily affects cattle and disease has also been reported in human, dog & wild life 06

Mycobacterium africanum which affects human

d. Mycobacterium caprae affects goats e.

primarily

Mycobacterium pinnipedi affects fur seals and sea lion

II. Mycobacterium avium Complex a.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium cause avian tuberculosis consists of three serotypes (1, 2 and 3) and several genotypes: this subtype is fully virulent for birds and small terrestrial mammals

b. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis c a u s e s J o h n e's d i s e a s e i n ruminants and other animals; Crohn's disease in human being III. Mycobacterium genavense causes avian mycobacteriosis B. Environmental Mycobateria a.

Photochromogens - M. kansasii, M. marinum

b. S c o t o c h r o m o g e n s - M . scrofulaceum c.

Rapid growers - M. chelonae group; M. forfuitum group; M. phlei; M.smegmutis

Tuberculosis. In India 7.4% of livestock have been affected by tuberculosis infection, of these 8% were Bovine,11% were Camels, 2 % were Sheep and goats, 15% Pigs and 5% in Wildlife Pathogenesis The organism enters the body via the respiratory system in most cases, but it can also enter the body via the digestive system. Af ter the organism has established infection, it stimulates the formation of typical granulomas containing a central core of caseous necrotic tissue called tubercules. The centres of tubercules may later calcify. The bacteria from the tubercle spread to other parts of the body via the lymphatic ducts and lymph nodes or the blood stream to other parts of the body and form tubercles there. Sometimes lesions are localized. Lesions usually develop in the lymph nodes which drain the lymph of the affected part of the body or organ, and therefore the lymph nodes (particularly of the head and thorax), lungs, intestines, liver, spleen, pleura, and peritoneum are usually examined to determine the presence of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium infections have been reported since ancient time. Molecular analysis of Neolithic skeleton found out near Heidelberg, Germany and Liguria, Italy reported M. tuberculosis infection persist from the predynastic period between 5000B.C and 4000B.C.and different species in the genus Mycobacterium may have caused the disease in mammals, birds, reptiles and ﬁsh . Mycobacterial infections are chronic in nature. Mycobacteria are aerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod shaped, acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacteria are resistant to several chemicals and are able to survive in 5% phenol, 15% sulphuric acid, 3% DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

nitric acid,5% oxalic acid and 4% Sodium hydroxide. They are sensitive to Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde. Mycobacteria are able to survive in soil and fomites for days to months. At 1224°C Mycobacteria can survive for 50332 days in shade. At 24-34°C, it can survive from 8 to 31 days in sunlight. In deep soil at depths of 5 cm they will survive up to 2 years and in tap water mycobacteria will survive up to 236 days. Classiﬁcation of Mycobacteria sp based on pathogenicity There are more than 137 species of Mycobacteria in the world and are classiﬁed into pathogenic mycobacteria and environmental bacteria. A. Pathogenic Mycobacteria I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Mycobacterium tuberculosis which primarily affects human and disease has also been reported in cattle, dogs, canine & birds

b. M y c o ba c te r i u m b o v i s w h i c h primarily affects cattle and disease has also been reported in human, dog & wild life c.

Mycobacterium africanum which affects human

d. Mycobacterium caprae affects goats e.

primarily

Mycobacterium pinnipedi affects fur seals and sea lion

II. Mycobacterium avium Complex a.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium cause avian tuberculosis consists of three serotypes (1, 2 and 3) and several genotypes: this subtype is fully virulent for birds and small terrestrial mammals

b. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis c a u s e s J o h n e's d i s e a s e i n ruminants and other animals; Crohn's disease in human being III. Mycobacterium genavense 08

causes avian mycobacteriosis

b. S c o t o c h r o m o g e n s - M . scrofulaceum

nodes which drain the lymph of the affected part of the body or organ, and therefore the lymph nodes (particularly of the head and thorax), lungs, intestines, liver, spleen, pleura, and peritoneum are usually examined to determine the presence of tuberculosis.

Clinical signs

B. Environmental Mycobateria a.

Photochromogens - M. kansasii, M. marinum

Rapid growers - M. chelonae group; M. forfuitum group; M. phlei; M.smegmutis

Tuberculosis and Johne's disease are the two economically impor tant mycobacterial diseases that affect livestock and poultry Bovine tuberculosis Bovine tuberculosis is chronic debilitating zoonotic disease caused by M. bovis that affects cattle, other domesticated animals and certain free or captive wildlife species. Countries like Australia, Iceland, Denmark , Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Latvia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Canada, Singapore, Jamaica, Barbados and Israel are free from Tuberculosis. In India 7.4% of livestock have been affected by tuberculosis infection, of these 8% were Bovine,11% were Camels, 2 % were Sheep and goats, 15% Pigs and 5% in Wildlife Pathogenesis The organism enters the body via the respiratory system in most cases, but it can also enter the body via the digestive system. Af ter the organism has established infection, it stimulates the formation of typical granulomas containing a central core of caseous necrotic tissue called tubercules. The centres of tubercules may later calcify. The bacteria from the tubercle spread to other parts of the body via the lymphatic ducts and lymph nodes or the blood stream to other parts of the body and form tubercles there. Sometimes lesions are localized. Lesions usually develop in the lymph

Majority of infected cattle that react positively to the tuberculin test show no clinical symptoms. The symptoms in animals with diffuse lesions in the body become evident during stress and when the body is subjected to physical exertion as in calving. The clinical signs include: i.

Emaciation

ii.

Anorexia with a ﬂuctuating temperature

iii. Lethargy iv. Moist cough may occur especially early in the morning after exercise or when it is cold or dusty conditions in advanced cases with lung involvement. v.

Dyspnoea

vi. Continuous bloat as a result of p re s s u re o n t h e e s o p h a g u s through enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. vii. Tuberculosis –Metritis leads to infertility or abortion at advanced Mycobacterium infections have been reported since ancient time. Molecular analysis of Neolithic skeleton found out near Heidelberg, Germany and Liguria, Italy reported M. tuberculosis infection persist from the predynastic period between 5000B.C and 4000B.C.and different species in the genus Mycobacterium may have caused the disease in mammals, birds, reptiles and ﬁsh . Mycobacterial infections are chronic in nature. Mycobacteria are aerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod shaped, acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacteria are resistant to several DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

chemicals and are able to survive in 5% phenol, 15% sulphuric acid, 3% nitric acid,5% oxalic acid and 4% Sodium hydroxide. They are sensitive to Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde. Mycobacteria are able to survive in soil and fomites for days to months. At 1224°C Mycobacteria can survive for 50332 days in shade. At 24-34°C, it can survive from 8 to 31 days in sunlight. In deep soil at depths of 5 cm they will survive up to 2 years and in tap water mycobacteria will survive up to 236 days. Classiﬁcation of Mycobacteria sp based on pathogenicity There are more than 137 species of Mycobacteria in the world and are classiﬁed into pathogenic mycobacteria and environmental bacteria. A. Pathogenic Mycobacteria I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Mycobacterium tuberculosis which primarily affects human and disease has also been reported in cattle, dogs, canine & birds

b. M y c o ba c te r i u m b o v i s w h i c h primarily affects cattle and disease has also been reported in human, dog & wild life c.

Mycobacterium africanum which affects human

d. Mycobacterium caprae affects goats e.

primarily

Mycobacterium pinnipedi affects fur seals and sea lion

II. Mycobacterium avium Complex a.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium cause avian tuberculosis consists of three serotypes (1, 2 and 3) and several genotypes: this subtype is fully virulent for birds and small terrestrial mammals

b. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis c a u s e s J o h n e's d i s e a s e i n 09

ruminants and other animals; Crohn's disease in human being

b. S c o t o c h r o m o g e n s - M . scrofulaceum

body and form tubercles there. Sometimes lesions are localized. Lesions usually develop in the lymph nodes which drain the lymph of the affected part of the body or organ, and therefore the lymph nodes (particularly of the head and thorax), lungs, intestines, liver, spleen, pleura, and peritoneum are usually examined to determine the presence of tuberculosis.

Clinical signs

III. Mycobacterium genavense causes avian mycobacteriosis B. Environmental Mycobateria a.

Photochromogens - M. kansasii, M. marinum

Rapid growers - M. chelonae group; M. forfuitum group; M. phlei; M.smegmutis

Tuberculosis and Johne's disease are the two economically impor tant mycobacterial diseases that affect livestock and poultry Bovine tuberculosis Bovine tuberculosis is chronic debilitating zoonotic disease caused by M. bovis that affects cattle, other domesticated animals and certain free or captive wildlife species. Countries like Australia, Iceland, Denmark , Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Latvia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Canada, Singapore, Jamaica, Barbados and Israel are free from Tuberculosis. In India 7.4% of livestock have been affected by tuberculosis infection, of these 8% were Bovine,11% were Camels, 2 % were Sheep and goats, 15% Pigs and 5% in Wildlife Pathogenesis The organism enters the body via the respiratory system in most cases, but it can also enter the body via the digestive system. After the organism has established infection, it stimulates the formation of typical granulomas containing a central core of caseous necrotic tissue called tubercules. The centres of tubercules may later calcify. The bacteria from the tubercle spread to other parts of the body via the lymphatic ducts and lymph nodes or the blood stream to other parts of the

Emaciation

ii.

Anorexia with a ﬂuctuating temperature

iii. Lethargy iv. Moist cough may occur especially early in the morning after exercise or when it is cold or dusty conditions in advanced cases with lung involvement. v.

Dyspnoea

vi. Continuous bloat as a result of p re s s u re o n t h e e s o p h a g u s through enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. vii. Tuberculosis –Metritis leads to infertility or abortion at advanced pregnancy. viii. In cases of tuberculosis-mastitishardening and/ or enlargement of the top portion of hind-quarters and enlargement of the supramammary lymph nodes. Necropsy ﬁndings When doing a post mortem all lymph nodes of the head, neck and thoracic cavity must be carefully examined. In the lungs of infected cattle, large DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

nodules are seen with normal lung tissue between them. These nodules increase in size and often coalesce to form large areas where the normal lung tissue is completely destroyed. When cut these nodules have a caseous centre and older lesions are 'gritty' due to the calcification. In cattle tuberculosis pleuritis and peritonitis are often found. Granular tuberculosis nodules on the pleura/peritoneum consolidate to form clusters like a bunch of grapes and are surrounded by connective tissue with caseous and sometimes calcified content. There can also be adhesions to other organs. Organs such as the liver, spleen, kidneys, ovary, testis, bone must also be examined. Samples for laboratory examination Live animal Lymphnode aspirates / biopsies Tracheo-bronchial lavage Milk -50 ml Dead Animal Lung, Lymph nodes and other affected organs on ice or in 10% formalin Diagnosis I. Direct examination a. Microscopic examination Mycobacterium bovis can be demonstrated microscopically on direct smears from clinical samples and on prepared tissue materials with Ziehl–Neelsen stain, but a fluorescent acid-fast stain may also be used. Immunoperoxidase techniques may also give satisfactory results. b. Culture The tissue is first homogenized using a mortar and pestle and decontamination with detergent (such as 0.375–0.75% hexadecylpyridiniumchloride [HPC]), an alkali (2–4% sodium hydroxide) or an acid (5% oxalic acid). The alkali or acid mixture is shaken for 10

10–15 minutes at room temperature and then neutralized. Neutralization is not required when using HPC. The suspension is centrifuged, the supernatant is discarded, and the sediment is used for culture and microscopic examination For primary isolation, the sediment is usually inoculated on to a set of solid egg-based media, such as Lowenstein–Jensen, Coletsos base or Stonebrinks; these media should contain either pyruvate or pyruvate and glycerol. An agar-based medium such as Middlebrook 7H10 or 7H11 or blood based agar medium may also be used. M. tuberculosis, M. avium and many of the atypical mycobacteria require glycerol for growth. However, glycerol is inhibitory to M bovis while sodiumpyruvate (0.4%) enhances its growth. Thus, the media with glycerol and without glycerol (but with sodium pyruvate) should be inoculated. The media can be made more elective by the addition of cycloheximide (400µg/ml), lincomycin (2µg/ml) and nalidixic acid (35µg/ml). The inoculated media are incubated for a minimum of 8 weeks (and preferably for 10–12 weeks) at 37°C with or without Co2. Colonial Morphology The luxuriant growth of M.tuberculosis on glycerol containing media, giving the characteristic rough, tough and buff colonies is known as eugenic while the growth of M. avium on media containing glycerol is also described as eugenic. M. bovis has sparse, thin growth on glycerol containing media that is called dysgenic and grow well on pyruvate-containing media without glycerol. II. Immunological diagnostic methods Tuberculin Skin Test The tuberculin test based on a delayed type hypersensitivity to mycobacterial

tuberculoprotein. This is the standard method for detection of bovine tuberculosis which involves the intradermal injection of bovine tuberculin puriﬁed protein derivative (PPD) and the subsequent detection of swelling (delayed hypersensitivity) at the site of injection 72 hours later. This may be performed using bovine tuberculin alone or as a comparative test using avian and bovine tuberculins. The tuberculin test is usually performed on the mid-neck, but the test can also be performed in the caudal fold of the tail. The skin of the neck is more sensitive to tuberculin than the skin of the caudal fold. The reaction in cattle is usually detectable 30 - 50 days after infection Single Intradermal (SID) Test In this test 0.1ml of bovine tuberculin PPD (2000 IU) was inoculated intradermally into skin fold at the base of the tail or into the cervical fold and the subsequent detection of swelling as a result of delayed hypersensitivity. The reaction is read 72 hours after injection .The positive reaction constitutes a diffuse swelling, edema, exudation and necrosis at the site of injection. Animals that are inconclusive by the single intradermal test should be subjected to another test after an inter val of 42 days to allow desensitization to wane (in some areas 60 days for cattle and 120 days for deer are used). Animals that are not negative to this second test should be deemed to be positive to the test. Animals that are positive to the single intradermal test may be subjected to a comparative intradermal test or blood test. Advantage Ÿ

Simple test

Disadvantages Ÿ

Speciﬁcity is low

Doesn't differentiate between

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

reactions due to infection with M. bovis and infection with M. avium, M. tuberculosis and M. paratuberculosis Ÿ Ÿ

ELISA for ESAT-6

infected with M. bovis, it is usually

Lymphocyte Proliferation Assay

through the intake of contaminated

IV. Molecular diagnostic techniques

disease does not have the tendency to

Minimal sensitivity

PCR

Failed to detect early infection, old animals and in recently calved animals

Techniques available for genotyping isolates

IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

Comparative intra-dermal (CID) test In this test, two sites on the mid neck, 10 - 12 cm apart, are shaved and the thickness is measured in millimeters with caliper before the injection of tuberculin. In the CID test, 0.1ml of avian PPD and 0.1ml of bovine PPD are injected intradermally into separate clipped sites on the side of the neck. After 72 hours the thickness of the skin at the sites is measured again.

dairy products, especially milk. The spread from one pig to Pigs are usually slaughtered under six months of age, hence it is normally the older breeding pigs that could be infected with M. bovis and can pose a danger for re-

b. variable-number tandem repeats typing

cattle. Pigs can be tested for

tuberculosis using the intradermal test

Spoligotyping (Spacer oligotyping)

infection if there is close contact with

done in the soft skin at the base of the

Differential Diagnosis

ear. The test is read after 24 or 48 hours.

Bovine pleuropneumonia

Pasteurella

Corynebacterium pyogenes

Aspiration pneumonia

necrosis. The test on pigs is, however,

A positive reaction will be characterized by the following measurements:

Caseous lymphadenitis

not reliable because the animals often

Melioidosis

overcome active infection. Where pigs

1. A bovine increase of more than 4mm

Chronic aberrant liver ﬂukes

2. A positive difference in increase of skin thickness between bovine and avian injection sites of more than 4mm

Tuberculosis in other animals

Advantage Ÿ

More speciﬁc

Differentiates reaction due to M. bovis and other mycobacterium

III. Blood based diagnostic assays Ÿ

Gamma interferon assay

In pigs with active lesions a skin reaction of 5 mm and more may be observed - sometimes even with

are the source of re-infection for cattle, measures will have to be taken to separate the pigs and their products

Pigs

totally from the cattle on the farm. The

Pigs are susceptible to infection with M.

possible transmission of infection by

bovis, M. tuberculosis, M. avium and M.

workers will also have to be prevented.

avium related bacilli. The lesions that

The slaughtering of the pigs, if feasible,

develop are usually not of a progressive

will possibly be the best solution with

nature. The lesions tend to diminish in

proper meat inspection.

size over time and to disappear or to become inactive. Where pigs become

Dr. S. Jaisree *, Dr. K.Manimaran and Dr. K. Karthik Central University Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai -51 *Corresponding author E-mai:l drjai81@yahoo.com Dr. S. Jai Shree

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MYCOTIC ZOONOSES Introduction Zoonotic diseases present challenges not only to veterinarians, but also to all professionals concerned with public health. Cooperation between veterinarians and public health physicians has been an important factor in zoonosis control programs. For the past few decades, mycoses in animals and man have emerged as a problem of greater importance because many fungal species have been demonstrated to be opportunists when predisposing factors are present in the host. Numerous fungal species can be involved in mycoses, some of which are regularly pathogenic for hosts and many others have the potential of opportunistic development.

Dermatophytosis is an infection of keratinized tissue (skin, hair and claws) caused by one of the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Tr i c h o p h y t o n c o l l e c t i v e l y c a l l e d dermatophytes.

The mycotic pathogens can be acquired during close contact with an animal generally through inhalation, ingestion or other mechanisms resulting in the contamination of mucous membranes, damaged skin, or in some cases intact skin. Direct contact between healthy and infected or carrier animals

Indirectly from contaminated fomites building, vehicles or the soil

Clinical signs in Humans Ÿ

Lesions can be spread across the body by licking when the mycosis is associated with pruritic parasitic diseases.

In animals infected for the ﬁrst time, spontaneous healing is observed

within a few months, a decrease in the extent of lesions is also observed at turnout.

Specimens to be collected Ÿ

Hairs should be plucked from the lesions – never cut with scissors, as the basal portion of the hair often contain the most useful diagnostic material.

Scalp material should be obtained from the edge of the lesion as this is the site where the Dermatophytes is most likely to be viable. The blunt scalped blade is used to scrape until blood oozes out.

Diagnosis a.

Microscopic examination

Human infection caused by dermatophytes has several clinical aspects and localizations namely infection of hair on the head (Tinea captis, more frequent in children and women),the beard or the moustache(of ten inﬂammator y lesions of sycosis or kerion),the skin (Tinea corporis, Tinea pedis, etc.,) or nails(Tinea ungueum)

Microscopic examination of fungus by staining with lactophenol cotton blue

The dermatophytes infect only epidermis, hair and occasionally nails.

Deﬁnitive diagnosis and species identiﬁcation require removal of hyphae and macroconidia from the surface of the colony with adhesive tape and microscopic examination with lactophenol cotton blue stain.

Direct microscopic examination of hairs or skin scrapings may enhance clinical suspicion by demonstrating characteristic hyphae or arthrospores in the specimen. The technique is more useful in diagnosing dermatophytosis in large animals than in small animals.

Hairs (preferably white ones) and scrapings from the periphery of lesions are examined for fungal elements in a wet preparation of 20% potassium hydroxide that has been gently warmed or incubated in a humidity chamber overnight.

Clinical signs in Animals Ÿ

In cattle ringworm is frequent and is usually enzootic in herds, developing more frequently in calves and young animals of less than a year in age and is rarer in adults.

Skin lesions are particularly frequent on the head (periocular areas, ears, cheeks, etc),neck, shoulders and croup but all parts of the body can be affected.

Lesions are typically 10-50 mm circular patches that are either covered with thick crusty lamellar

Distribution: World wide Epidemiology: The principal epidemiological feature of dermatophytoses is its contagious nature which explains the rapid spread of infection in a herd and the difﬁculty to apply control measures. However, the contagious aspect differs according to the species of dermatophytes involved, the housing conditions of the animals and the individual susceptibility of the host.

Infections with T. verrucosum are more frequent in adults than in children

Etiology: Microsporum canis, M.gallinae, M. gypseum, M. nanum ,Trichophytrn e q u i n u m , T. m e n t a g r o p h y t e s , T. verrucosum and T. simii Host: Microsporum canis from pet carnivores but also other animals ( h o r s e s , r o d e n t s , r a b b i t s , e t c . , ) , T. mentagrophytes from various hosts (rodents, rabbits, dogs, horses, more rarely ruminants and swine) and T. verrucosum from ruminants mainly cattle.

Zoonotic human contaminations seems more frequent in temperate or cold regions than in tropical countries

scales that are difﬁcult to remove from the skin.

Transmission

Common mycotic zoonotic diseases 1. Disease: Dermatophytoses or Ringworm

25% of milking cow breeders in Sweden and 74% in Switzerland developed dermatophytic lesions of animal origin

b. Isolation DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

The container is then loosely capped to prevent drying. Incubation at room temperature is sufﬁcient except when culturing for T. verrucosum from food animals, in which case incubation at 37°C is necessary.

Isolation of Fungal culture with sabroud dextrose agar

T equinum requires nicotinic acid if sub cultured from primary growth, and some T verrucosum isolates require thiamine or thiamine and inositol.

Dysgonic strains do exist, but lack of growth of suspected ringworm is most likely due to lack of expertise in culture technique and fungal identiﬁcation or to disease processes other than ringworm that cause clinical signs.

d. Serology An ELISA for the Serodiagnosis of canine dermatophytosis has been researched but is not commercially available.

Treatment a) Topical antifungal treatment Ÿ

Methods of treatment against ring worm in livestock include the use of antifungal drugs that are applied topically on the skin or antifungal compounds that have a systemic action when administered orally.

Most of the topical treatments have a fungicidal action by killing conidia which are present on the skin and hair.

The treatment should be applied 2 to 4 times every 3 to 5 days over the entire body and not only on the site of lesions. Some have more antiseptic than

Presently, the most common drugs used against ringworm in livestock are natamycin (pimaricin),an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces natalensis (aqueous suspension in spray form).

Azole derivatives such as Thiabendazole (2-4% ointment) or the more recent enilconazole (0.2% aqueous suspension in spray form).

Systemic antifungal treatment

Griseofulvin -7 to 10 mg/Kg orally daily for 7 to 10 days but is antimitotic and teratogenic. For this reason, the use of griseofulvin is not used for pregnant animals.

Colony morphology Dermatophytic fungi have white to buff-colored, ﬂuffy to granular mycelia.

Dermatophytes growth is usually apparent within 3–7 days

fungicidal characteristics such as iodine(e.g. povidine –iodine) and sulphuric (e.g. selenium sulphide) preparations or chlorhexidine.

Hair stubble and skin scale are collected for placement on the growth agar.

Other systemic antifungal products such as ketoconazole, itraconazole and terbinaﬁne are not available for liveskock.

Lesions Ÿ

Placentitis,pnuemonia, the lungs contain multiple discrete granulomas,

Dead fetus is aborted at 6-9 month gestation and fetal membranes are retained

Lesions are also found in the uterus, fetal membranes and often on the fetal skin

In uterus, the intercaruncular areas are grossly thickened, leathery, dark red to tan and contain elevated or eroded foci covered by a yellow –gray adherent pseudo membrane.

Cutaneous lesions in aborted fetuses consist of soft, red to gray, elevated, discrete foci that resemble ringworm.

Diagnosis: A diagnosis based on culture results alone is not appropriate because aspergilli are ubiquitous and can be isolated from the nasal cavities of healthy dogs. Ÿ

Positive culture results should be supported by demonstration of narrow, hyaline, septate, branching hyphae within lesions or by serologic tests.

The agar-gel double- diffusion test for serum antibody is a reliable technique for diagnosis; improved sensitivity may be possible with techniques such as ELISA.

Immunoﬂuorescent procedures can be used to identify hyphae in tissue sections.

2. Disease: Aspergillosis; Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Aspergillosis is caused by several Aspergillus sp and it is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized. Etiology: Aspergillus fumigatus and A.terreus Host: Livestock, Birds and Human. Distribution: Worldwide Clinical signs in Human Ÿ

Allergic respiratory signs, especially in people with asthma or cystic ﬁbrosis; allergic sinusitis;pneumonia with d i s s e m i n a t i o n i n immunocompromised (can be fatal); c h ro n i c p u l m o n a r y d i s e a s e o r aspergilloma (fungus ball).

Clinical signs in Animals Ÿ

Treatment Ÿ

Clotrimazole is generally considered the ﬁrst-line treatment. It can be administered through indwelling tubes trephined into the frontal sinuses or via the nares as a single infusion.

Enilconazole, 10 mg/kg, instilled bid for 7–14 days, via tubes implanted

In ruminants may be asymptomatic and appear in a bronchopulmonary form, Mastitis,Abortion,Pyrexia, r a p i d , s h a l l o w a n d s te r to ro u s respiration, Nasal discharge and a moist cough

surgically into the frontal sinuses, has also been used with a similar success rate. Ÿ

Drugs given systemically include ketoconazole, itraconazole,

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

cases, but this stain can cause the organism to shrink and the capsule to become distorted.

ﬂuconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. Fluconazole (2.5–10 mg/kg, divided bid) and itraconazole (5–10 mg/kg, bid) are cost-effective

options. Ÿ

Ketoconazole (5–10 mg/kg, bid for 6–8 wk), while cost-effective, is not as effective clinically. Voriconazole (3–6 mg/kg, sid) is probably the most effective of the azole antifungals for treating aspergillosis, but the cost is

The best stain for Cryptococcus is Mayer's mucicarmine because of its ability to stain the capsule.

Immunoﬂuorescent staining can also be used. The large capsule and thin cell wall of Cryptococcus differentiate it from Blastomyces.

Cryptococcus, by its budding and lack of endospores, can be distinguished from Coccidioides immitis.

A latex agglutination test is commercially available in kit form. The antigen titer can also be used to help determine response to therapy.

very high compared to the other choices. 3.

Disease: Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis is a systemic fungal disease that may affect the respiratory tract (especially the nasal cavity), CNS, eyes and skin (particulary of the face and neck of cats). Etiology: Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii, C neoformans var neoformans, C neoformans var gattii Host: Birds including pigeons, psittacines; cats, sheep, goat and human

Treatment Ÿ

Fluconazole (2.5–10 mg/kg/day) or itraconazole (10 mg/kg/day) are considered the treatments of choice.

Amphotericin B can be given SC (0.5–0.8 mg/kg diluted in 0.45% saline containing 2.5% dextrose; 400 ml for cats, 500 ml for dogs <20 kg, 1,000 ml for dogs >20 kg), 2–3 times per wk.

Distribution Worldwide Clinical signs in Humans: Pulmonary granulomas, usually self-limiting in healthy host; skin lesions; CNS disease and dissemination most of ten in immunocompromised Clinical signs in Animals: In bovine cryptococcosis has been associated only with cases of mastitis, anorexia and decreased milk yield

Diagnosis Ÿ

The most rapid method of diagnosis is cytologic evaluation of nasal exudate, skin exudate, CSF, or samples obtained by paracentesis of the aqueous or vitreous chambers of the eye or by impression smears of nasal or cutaneous masses.

Gram's stain is most useful; the organism retains the crystal violet while the capsule stains lightly red with safranin.

Wright's stain has been used most often in diagnosing canine and feline

New methylene blue and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains are better than Wright's stain for this reason. Because of the rapidity of cytologic evaluation, impression smears or potassium hydroxide preparations should always be made of suspected cryptococcal lesions.

Amphotericin B lipid complex (1–2 mg/kg for cats or 2–3 mg/kg for dogs) can also be given 3 times/wk for 12–15 treatments. Flucytosine can be used alone; h o we ve r, d r u g re s i s t a n c e m a y develop, so combination therapy with amphotericin is recommended.

horses and Humans Distribution Worldwide Transmission Ÿ

Clinical signs in Humans Flu-like, febrile illness, usually selflimiting in healthy hosts; skin lesions; chronic pulmonary disease, usually with pre-existing lung disease; dissemination in ver y young, elderly, immunocompromised humans Clinical signs in Animals Ÿ

Enlargement of the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymphnodes, Ascites, Nodules in the lungs and Enlarged liver may have multiple, scattered, irregular shaped ,pale yellow foci

Diagnosis Ÿ

Histoplasma organisms are usually numerous in affected tissues, and a deﬁnitive diagnosis can often be made by ﬁne-needle aspiration and exfoliative cytology. Tissue biopsy may be required if cytology is not diagnostic.

Histoplasma organisms are difﬁcult to detect with routine H&E stain but s t a i n w e l l w i t h PA S , G o m o r i 's methenamine silver, and Gridley's fungal stains.

Yeast forms in macrophages and giant cells are round to ovoid (1–4 μm) structures with a thin cell wall and a thin, clear zone between the cell wall and cellular cytoplasm.

H. capsulatum can also be cultured from tissue specimens, ﬁne-needle aspirates, and body ﬂuids

Treatment Ÿ

Itraconazole (10 mg/kg/day) is the treatment of choice for disseminated histoplasmosis in dogs and cats, although ﬂuconazole is probably also effective.

Ketoconazole, 10–15 mg/kg, bid for

Etiology Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum Host Dogs, cats, bats, cattle, sheep,

Weight loss in dogs due to emaciation, Chronic cough, Persistent diarrhea, Fever and Anemia

Lesions

Disease: Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis is a chronic, noncontagious , disseminated , granulomatous disease of humans and other animals caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplama capsulatum.

Infection is mainly via aerosol contamination of the respiratory tract.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

4–6 months may be effective in early or mild cases of histoplasmosis in dogs. 5.

Diagnosis Ÿ

Disease: Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis is a sporadic chronic granuomatous disease of humans and various domestic and laboratory animals.

Etiology Sporothrix schenckii Host Horses, cats, other mammals, birds and Humans

Distribution Worldwide Transmission Infection usually results from direct inoculation of organism into skin wounds via contact with plants or soil or penetrating foreign bodies

Clinical signs and lesions

In tissues and exudates, the organism is present as few to numerous, cigarshaped, single cells within macrophages. The fungal cells are pleomorphic and small (2–10 × 1–3 μm); buds may be present and give the appearance of a ping-pong paddle.

A ﬂuorescent antibody technique has been used to identify the yeast-like cells in tissues.

In species other than cats, Sporothrix organisms are of ten sparse in exudates and infected tissue so that diagnosis usually requires culturing the organism.

The cat may be species with the greatest zoonotic potential, and transmission from cat to humans has been reported

Diagnosis can be made by cultural (samples obtained from unopened lesions) or microscopic examination of the exudates or biopsy specimens.

In cultures, a true mycelium is produced, with ﬁne, branching, septate hyphae bearing pear-shaped conidia on slender conidiophores.

Sporotrichosis is may be grouped into three forms-Lymphocutaneous, cutaneous and disseminated

Treatment

The lymphocutaneous form is most common-small, ﬁrm, dermal to subcutaneous nodules,1-3 cm in diameter develop at the site of inoculation

Itraconazole (10 mg/kg/day) is considered the treatment of choice for sporotrichosis. Treatment should be continued 3–4 wk beyond apparent clinical cure.

The cutaneous form remains localized

Disseminated sporotrichosis is rare

Etiology Malassezia sp

In humans, the incidence of systemic sporotrichosis appears to be rising, primarily due to infection of immunocompromised people

Host Dogs, cats, other animals

Disease Malassezia dermatitis

Distribution Worldwide Clinical signs Exfoliative dermatitis 7.

Disease Phycomycosis

Etiology Rhizobium mucor Host Cattle Distribution Worldwide Clinical signs Abortion in animals Prevention and control measures for mycotic zoonoses Ÿ

Education of pet animal owners and farmers so that they are aware of mycotic zoonotic diseases

Ø Practical hygiene, especially as it relates to children and those immediately at the risk of infection. Ø Isolation of infected animals, especially children's pets. Ø Continuing education of the public through the mass media on matters relating to the care of animals, the diseases they acquire and disease prevention. Ø Treatment of infected and carrier animals Ø Environment must be disinfected with undiluted bleach and 1% formalin will kill dermatophyte contain in the environment Ø Bleach at a dilution of 1:10 and 0.2% enilconazole solution have proved to be effective Ø Thiabendazole and enilconazole spray preparations can be more effective Ø Use of individual grooming kits and harnessing equipment helps to limit the spread of dermatophytosis Medical examination when purchasing animals and quarantine will limit the risk of introducing animals that are infected with mycoses.

K.Manimaran¹*, S.Jaisree² ,R.Mahaprabhu³,K.Karthik⁴ and R.Bharathi⁵ 1.Assistant Professor, Central University Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram Milk Colony,Chennai-51. *corresponding author mail id: maranvet@yahoo.com Dr. K. Manimaran

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Benefits of Cow Desi Ghee 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

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गाय का घी नाक म डालने से पागलपन दरू होता ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से एलज ख हो जाती ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से लकवा का रोग म भी उपचार होता ह।ै (20-25 ाम) घी व म ी खलाने से शराब, भागं व गाझ ं े का नशा कम हो जाता ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डाल ने से कान का पदा बना ओपरेशन के ही ठीक हो जाता ह।ै नाक म घी डालने से नाक क खु दरू होती है और िदमाग तरो ताजा हो जाता ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से कोमा से बाहर नकलकर चेतना वापस लोट आती ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से बाल झडना समा हो कर नए बाल भी आने लगते ह।ै गाय के घी को नाक म डालने से मान सक शां त मलती ह,ै याददा तज े होती ह।ै हाथ पाव मे जलन होने पर गाय के घी को तलवो म मा लश कर जलन ठीक होता ह।ै िहचक के न कने पर खाली गाय का आधा च च घी खाए, िहचक यं क जाएगी। गाय के घी का नय मत सेवन करने से ए सिडटी व क क शकायत कम हो जाती ह।ै गाय के घी से बल और वीय बढ़ता है और शारी रक व मान सक ताकत म भी इजाफा होता है गाय के पुराने घी से ब ो ं को छाती और पीठ पर मा लश करने से कफ क शकायत दरू हो जाती ह।ै अगर अ धक कमजोरी लग,े तो एक गलास दध ू म एक च च गाय का घी और म ी डाल कर पी ल। हथल े ी और पावं के तलवो म जलन होने पर गाय के घी क मा लश करने से जलन म आराम आयेगा। गाय का घी न सफ कसर को पैदा होने से रोकता है और इस बीमारी के फै लने को भी आ य जनक ढंग से रोकता ह।ै

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जस को हाट अटैक क तकलीफ है और चकनाइ खाने क मनाही है तो गाय का घी खाएं , हदय मज़बतू होता ह।ै देसी गाय के घी म कसर से लड़ने क अचूक मता होती ह।ैइसके सेवनसे नतथाआतंके खतरनाककसर सेबचाजासकताह।ै घी, छलका सिहत पसा आ काला चना और पसी श र (बरूा) तीनो ं को समान मा ा म मलाकर ल बाधँल। ातः खाली पेट एक ल खूब चबा-चबा कर खाते ए एक गलास मीठा गुनगुना दध ू घँ ूट-घँ ूट करके पीने से यो ं के दर रोग म आराम होता ह,ै पु षो ं का शरीर मोटा ताजा यानी सुडौल और बलवान बनता ह.ै फफोलो पर गाय का देसी घी लगाने से आराम मलता ह।ै गाय के घी क झाती पर मा लस कर ने से ब ो के बलगम को बहार नकालने मे सहायक होता ह।ै सापं के काटने पर 100 -150 ाम घी पलाय उपर से जतना गुन गुना पानी पला सके पलाय जससे उलटी और द तो लगगे ही लेिकन सापं का वष कम हो जायेगा। दो बं दू देसी गाय का घी नाक म सुबह शाम

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डालने से माइ ेन दद ठीक होता ह।ै सर दद होने पर शरीर म गम लगती हो, तो गाय के घी क पैरो ं के तलवे पर मा लश करे, सरदद ठीक हो जायेगा। यह रण रहे िक गाय के घी के सेवन से कॉले ॉल नही ं बढ़ता ह।ै वजन भी नही बढ़ता, ब वजन को सं तु लत करता ह।ै यानी के कमजोर का वजन बढ़ता ह,ै मोटे का मोटापा (वजन) कम होता ह।ै एक च च गाय का शु घी म एक च च बरूा और 1/4 च च पसी काली मच इन तीनो ं को मला कर सुबह खाली पेट और रात को सोते समय चाट कर ऊपर से गम मीठा दध ू पीने से आख ँ ो ं क ो त बढ़ती ह।ै गाय के घी को ठ े जल म फट ले और िफर घी को पानी से अलग कर ले यह ि या लगभग सौ बार करे और इसम थोड़ासा कपूर डालकर मला द। इस व ध ारा ा घी एक असरकारक औष ध म प रव तत हो जाता है जसे चा स ी हर चमरोगो ं म चम ा रक िक तरह से इ ेमाल कर सकते ह।ै यह सौराइ शस के लए भी कारगर ह।ै गाय का घी एक अ ा (LDL) कोले ॉल ह।ै उ कोले ॉल के रो गयो ं को गाय का घी ही खाना चािहए । यह एक ब त अ ा टॉ नक भी ह।ै अगर आप गाय के घी क कु छ बँ दू िदन म तीन बार, नाक म योग करगे तो यह दोष (वात प और कफ) को सं तु लत करता ह।ै वं दे गौमातरम।्।

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

A REVIEW ON ADULTERANTS IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS AND THEIR DETECTION TECHNIQUES “Adulterant” means any material which is or could be employed for making the f o o d u n s a f e o r s u b s t a n d a rd o r misbranded or containing extraneous matter. Food is adulterated if its quality is lowered or affected by the addition of substances which are injurious to health or by the removal of substances which are nutritious. It is defined as the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient. Food Adulteration takes into account not only the intentional addition or substitution or abstraction of substances which adversely affect nature, substances and quality of foods, but also their incidental contamination during the period of growth, harvesting, storage, processing, transport and distribution. Milk in its natural form has high food value and an essential commodity in daily life. It is not only a source of good quality protein, but also of calcium and riboflavin besides other nutrients. Due to its nutritive value, milk is significant to young and old people. Milk is most commercially sold commodity both by local vendor's as well super markets. Milk and Milk products have higher affinity for adulteration due to their higher demand. Due to rules laid by FSSAI, most of the branded milk products follow appropriate quality in the marketed products. However in local products to increase the yield certain adulterants are added which may affect the nutritional quality of milk. A national survey in India has revealed that almost 70% of the milk sold and consumed in India is adulterated by contaminants such as detergent and skim milk powder, but impure water is the highest contaminant. Milk and dairy product adulteration came into global concern after breakthrough of melamine 17

contamination in Chinese infant milk products in 2008 (Xin & Stone, 2008). However, history of milk adulteration is very old. Swill milk scandal has been reported in 1850 which killed 8000 infants in New York alone (How we poison our children 1858). According to National Survey on Milk Adulteration conducted by FSSAI (India) in 2011, water is the most common adulterant followed by detergent in milk. A survey by FSSAI in 2012, 68% milk samples was found to be adulterated in which 31 % were from rural areas. Of these 16.7 % were packet or branded milk and rest were loose milk samples from dairies. In the urban areas, 68.9 % milk was found to be adulterated with water, detergent, urea and skim milk powder. Despite the laws governing the quality and sale of milk existing in India for decades, the adulteration of milk has not been checked completely. Milk and milk products are declared adulterated when Ÿ

A substance is added which depreciates or injuriously affects.

Cheaper or inferior substances are substituted wholly or in part.

Any valuable or necessar y constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted.

It is an imitation.

It is coloured or otherwise treated, to improve its appearance or if it contains any added substance injurious to health.

For whatever reasons its quality is below the Standard.

Adulterants In Milk & Milk Products Adulterants in milk mainly include addition of vegetable protein, milk from different species, addition of whey and watering which are known as economically motivated adulteration. These adulterations do not pose any severe health risk. However, some

adulterants are too harmful to be overlooked. Some of the major adulterants in milk having serious adverse health effect are urea, formalin, detergents, ammonium sulphate, boric acid, caustic soda, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, sugars and melamine. Common parameters that are checked to evaluate milk quality are: fat percentage, SNF (Solid-not-Fat) percentage, protein content and freezing point. Adulterants are added in milk to increase these parameters, thereby increasing the milk quality in dishonest way. Cane sugar, starch, sulfate salts, urea and common salts are added to increase solid-not-fat (SNF). Urea, being a natural constituent of raw milk, has a maximum limit imposed by FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) Act 2006 and PFA (Prevention of Food Adulteration) Rules 1955 which is to be 70 mg/100 ml. Commercial urea is added to milk to increase non-protein nitrogen content. Similarly, melamine is added to increase protein content falsely. Ammonium sulphate is added to increase the lactometer reading by maintaining the density of diluted milk. Formalin, Salicylic acid, Benzoic acid and Hydrogen peroxide act as preservatives and increase the shelf life of the milk. Since milk fat is very expensive, some manufacturers of milk and dair y products remove milk fat for additional ﬁnancial gain and compensate it by adding non-milk fat such as vegetable oil. Detergents are added to emulsify and dissolve the oil in water giving a frothy solution, which are the desired characteristics of milk. Milk powder is the second most likely f o o d i te m b e i n g i n t h e r i s k of adulteration after olive oil. Khoa and its products, Chhena or Paneer are adulterated with Starch. Sweet Curd and Ghee can be adulterated with DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

Vanaspati. Ghee is also adulterated with mashed potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Margarine and other starches, Rabri by Blotting paper, Cottage Cheese, Condensed Milk, Khoa, Milk Powder by Coal Tar Dyes. Butter is adulterated with Vanaspati or Margarine. Tests For Some Adulterants In The Milk And Milk Products Test For Adulterants In The Milk Water The presence of water can be detected by putting a drop of milk on a polished slanting surface. The drop of pure milk ﬂows slowly leaving a white trail behind it, whereas milk adulterated with water will ﬂow immediately without leaving a mark. Acids Generally acids like Benzoic acid and Salicylic acid is used as a preservative in food industry. It is added to milk to preserve and thus increase the shelf life of milk. Presence of these acids can be detected by adding conc.sulphuric acid and ferric chloride, which when reacts with benzoic acid and salicylic acid to give buff colored and violet colored reaction products. Starch Add a few drops of tincture of Iodine or Iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of starch. Soap Soap is added to milk to increase the foaming of milk and thus to have thick milk. Addition of such chemicals will cause health problem especially related to stomach and kidneys. Soap can be detected by adding phenolphthalein indicator to the adulterated milk. A pink color will be observed if soap is present as the alkali will be neutralized by the acidity of the milk when phenolphthalein indicator is added. Urea Take a teaspoon of milk in a test tube. Add ½ teaspoon of soybean or arhar powder. Mix up the contents thoroughly by shaking the test tube. After 5 minutes, dip a red litmus paper in it. Remove the paper after ½ a minute. A change in colour from red to blue indicates the presence of urea in the milk. 18

Vanaspati Take 3 ml of milk in a test tube. Add 10 drops of hydrochloric acid. Mix up one tea-spoonful of sugar. After 5 minutes, examine the mixture. The red colouration indicates the presence of vanaspati in the milk. Formalin Take 10 ml of milk in a tests tube and add 5 ml of con sulphuric acid from the sides of the wall without shaking. If a violet or blue ring appears at the intersection of two layers then it shows presence of formalin. Ammonium Sulphate A m m o n i u m Sulphate is added to the milk as it increases the lactometer reading by maintaining the density of milk . Ammonium sulphate adulterated milk can be detected by adding sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and phenol, the reaction of the three reagents with ammonium sulphate results in formation of deep blue colour. The deep blue color is generated when the amine reacts with phenol in the presence of hypochlorite in an alkaline environment, results in the formation of a complex which is blue in color. Synthetic milk Synthetic milk has a bitter after taste, gives a soapy feeling on rubbing between the ﬁngers and turns yellowish on heating. Synthetic milk test for protein The milk can easily be tested by Urease strips (available in the Medical stores) because Synthetic milk is devoid of protein. Test for Glucose/inverted sugar M i l k does not contain glucose /invert sugar, if test for glucose with urease strip found positive. It means milk is adulterated. If it is made synthetically by adding while colour water paint, Oils, alkali, urea and detergent etc. Glucose, inverted sugar syrup is added in milk to increase the consistency and test. Hydrogen peroxide Add to 5 mL of suspected milk sample in a test tube, an equal volume of raw milk and 5 drops of 2% solution of para- phenylene diamine. Appearance of blue color indicates the presence of hydrogen peroxide as adulterant.

Nitrate Take 10 ml sample milk in a beaker. Add 10 ml mercuric chloride solution to it. After mixing, filter through what man No- 42 filter paper. Take 1 ml filtrate in a test tube and add 4 ml of diphenyl amine sulphate or diphenylbenzidine reagent. Appearance of blue colour indicates the presence of nitrates. Pure milk sample will not develop any color. Borax and boric acid Take 5 mL milk sample in a test tube. Add 1 mL conc. HCl to it. A turmeric paper is dipped and it is dried in a watch glass at 100 °C. If the turmeric paper turns red, it indicates the presence of borax or boric acid. Sugar Take 5 mL milk sample in a test tube. Add 1 mL conc. HCl and 0.1 g resorcinol solution. Place the test tube in water bath for 5 min. Appearance of red color indicates he presence of added sugar. Glucose Take 1 ml of milk sample in a test tube. Add 1 ml of modified Barfoed's reagent. Heat the mixture for exact 3 min in a boiling water bath. R a p i d l y c o o l u n d e r t a p w a t e r. Immediate appearance of deep blue color indicates the presence of glucose. Common salt Take 5 ml of milk sample into a test tube. Add 1 ml of 0.1 N silver nitrate solutions. Mix the content thoroughly and add 0.5 ml of 10% potassium chromate solution. Appearance of yellow color indicates the presence of added salts, whereas, brick red color indicates the milk free from added salt. Detergent Take 5 ml in a test tube and add 0.1 ml 0.5% Bromocresol Purple (BCP) solution. Appearance of violet colour indicates the presence of detergent. Unadulterated milk shows faint violet color. Coloring matter Take 10 ml milk sample in a test tube. Add 10 ml diethyl ether. After shaking, allow it to stand. Appearance of yellow color is in ethereal layer indicates the presence of added color or add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to milk sample. Appearance of pink color indicates azo dyes. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

Buffalo milk Dilute the milk 1/10. Put a drop of diluted milk on the centre of a glass slide. Now place a drop of Hansa test serum (duly preserved) on the drop of milk and mix together with a glass rod or clean tooth pick. Curdy particles develop within half a minute in milk containing buffalo milk. Test For Adulterants In Milk Products Coal Tar Dyes for Ghee, cottage, cheese, condensed milk, khoa and milk powder: Add 5 ml of dil. H2SO4 or conc. HCL to one teaspoon full of melted sample in a test tube. Shake well. Pink colour (in case of H2SO4) or crimson colour (in case of HCl) indicates coal tar dyes. If HCl does not give colour dilute it with water to get the colour. Vanaspati for Sweet Curd T a k e 1 teaspoon full of curd in a test tube. Add 10 drops of hydrochloric acid. Mix up the contents shaking the test tube gently. After 5 minutes, examine the mixture. The red colouration indicates the presence of vanaspati in the curd. Blotting paper for Rabdi Take a teaspoon of rabri in a test tube. Add 3 ml of hydrochloric acid and 3 ml of distilled water. Stir the content with a glass rod. Remove the rod and examine. Presence of fine fibres to the glass rod will indicate the presence of blotting paper in rabri. Vanaspathy or Margarine for Ghee Take about one tea spoon full of melted sample of Ghee with equal quantity of concentrated Hydrochloric acid in a stoppered test tube and add to it a pinch of sugar. Shake for one minute and let it for five minutes. Appearance of crimson colour is in lower (acid) of Vanaspati or Margarine.

The test is specific for seasame oil which is compulsorily added to Vanaspati and Mrgarine. Some coal tar colours also give a positive test. If the test is positive i.e. red colour develops only by adding strong Hydrochloric acid (without adding crystals of sugar) then the sample is adulterated with coal tar dye. If the crimson or red colour develops after adding and shaking with sugar, then alone Vanaspati or Margarine is present. Mashed Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes and other starches for Ghee The presence of mashed potatoes and sweet potatoes in a sample of ghee can easily be detected by adding a few drops of Iodine, which is brownish in colour turns to blue if mashed potatoes/sweet potatoes/other starches are present. Starch for Chhana or Paneer Boil a small quantity of sample with some water, cool and add a few drops of Iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of starch. Vanaspati or Margarine for Butter Take about one teaspoon full of melted sample of butter with equal quantity of concentrated Hydrochloric acid in a stoppered test tube and add to it a pinch of sugar. Shake for one minute and let it for five minutes. Appearance of crimson colour is in lower (acid) of Vanaspati or Margarine. The test is specific for seasame oil which is compulsorily added to Vanaspati and Mrgarine. Some coal tar colours also give a positive test. If the test is positive i.e. red colour develops only by adding strong Hydrochloric acid (without adding crystals of sugar) then the sample is adulterated with coal tar dye. If the crimson or red colour develops after

adding and shaking with sugar, then alone Vanaspati or Margarine is present. Starch for Khoa and its products Boil a small quantity of sample with some water, cool and add a few drops o f Iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of starch. Si m p l e H o m e M a d e Te s t s T h e common ingredients used to adulterate milk are water and starch. The basic home made tests to identify these are: Milk slip test Put a drop of milk on a polished vertical surface. If it stops or flows slowly, leaving a white trail behind, it is pure milk. Milk mixed with water or other agents will flow down immediately without a trace. Reduction test Boil some milk on a slow heat while moving it with a spoon till it becomes solid. Take it off the heat and wait for 2-3 hours. If the produced solid is oily, the milk is of good quality; if it's not, it means the milk is synthetic. U r e a a d u l t e r a t i o n t e s t Ta ke a teaspoon of milk in a small cup. Add a teaspoon of soybean or arhar (Tur Dal) powder. Mix the contents thoroughly by shaking the mixture. After 5 minutes, dip a red litmus paper in it. Remove the paper after a minute. If the litmus paper shows change in color from red to blue, it indicates presence of urea in the milk. Test for artificial or synthetic milk Synthetic milk gives a bitter after taste. It gives a 'soapy' feeling if it is rubbed between two fingers. Another indication is that, it turns yellowish on heating. With some experience, one can easily make out whether it is pure natural milk or a synthetic liquid sold as milk. Detergent Shake 5-10 ml of sample with an equal amount of water. Continue page on...21

Rabi Ranjan Naik M.V. Sc. Scholar, Department of Livestock Products Technology, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai – 600007 Corresponding author: rabiranjann.g@gmail.com Rabi Ranjan Naik

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

BYPASS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT: AN ANIMALS' NEED Synonyms of bypass protein Ÿ

Rumen Un-degradable Protein

Rumen Protected Protein

Rumen Escape Protein

Introduction Ruminants are having four compar tmental stomach namely rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Microbial digestion (mostly bacteria, as well as some protozoa, fungi and yeast) occurs mainly in rumen which is helpful in digesting ﬁbers, especially cellulose and hemicelluloses. The main end products of microbial digestion are volatile fatty acids (VFAs), mainly: acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, with traces of protein (microbial protein) and nonstructural carbohydrate (pectin, sugars, and starches) are also fermented. The microbial fermentation of soluble protein in the rumen is an unavoidable consequence of digestion, which is a wasteful process because high quality proteins are broken down to ammonia and get wasted. The solubility of proteins changes when subjected to a special chemical treatment, advantage of which is to protect good quality proteins from rumen degradation. Number of chemicals like acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethanol, tannic acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide etc. have been tried to protect proteins. Amongst all, formaldehyde has been extensively used for production of bypass protein feed. Need to protect the protein Protein is considered as the ﬁrst limiting nutrient for cattle and buffaloes as they are fed mainly on low quality forages. All ruminants derive their protein requirement from two sources. One is rumen un-degraded feed protein, that gets enzymatically digested in the abomasums and small intestine and another source of protein is rumen 20

microbes. Straws, feeds and fodders get fermented in rumen to form VFA's and provides energy to the animals however when we are feeding oil cakes, protein meal or protein rich feeds to these ruminants, major part of the protein (60-70%) is broken down to ammonia by the rumen microbes, and most part of this ammonia is converted to urea in liver and excreted through urine and get wasted. This leads to loss of protein which is the most expensive part of animals' diet. Method of Protein Protection 1. Oesophageal groove closure: By use of copper sulphate. 2. Post Ruminal Infusion: Protein or amino acids are directly infused in duodenum or abomasums.

degradable at rumen pH and escapes the rumen. It gets degraded in small intestine. Hydrolysable tannin is mainly used @ 2- 4%. 6. Protection of Amino acids: It can be done by two waysŸ

Use of Amino Acid Analogues

Use of encapsulated amino acid

How to prepare rumen bypass protein with locally available feed materials Several locally available protein meals (like Groundnut meal, rapeseed meal, sunﬂower meal, guar meal, soyabean meal and cottonseed meal etc.) are treated suitably to reduce degradability of protein in rumen from 60-70% to 2530%. First ground the protein meal to 3 mm particle size then treats chemically and store for 9 days under airtight condition. After 9 days of incubation the protein meal is ready for feeding to the animals. It increases the storage capacity of the feed. Treatment does not affect color, ﬂavour and taste of protein meal/ cake. Feeding of bypass protein supplement There are two ways to feed bypass protein supplement

3. Heat Treatment: Dry heating at more than 100°C at various exposure times.

Fed directly to the animals as top feed @ 1 kg/animal/day.

Take 25 % of the treated protein meal and mixed in basal cattle feed. Give 4-5 kg of this mixeded feed per animal depending on their level of production.

Example- 150°C for 2 hrs - GNC and 100°C for 30 Sec- Soyabean. 4. F o r m a l d e h y d e t r e a t m e n t : Formaldehyde @ 1.0 – 1.2 g per 100 g of cake protein is sprayed on cake in a closed chamber. Then it is sealed in plastic bags for 4 days. Formalin gets adsorbed on the cake particles. It is a reversible reaction and pH dependent protection of proteins against proteolytic enzymes. In the acidic pH (abomasum), bonds get loosen and proteins become free for digestion. 5. Binding with tannin: Tannin form complex with protein which is un-

Beneﬁts of feeding bypass protein Ÿ

Bypass protein is a cheaper source of protein for dairy animals.

It increases the availability of essential amino acids to the animals.

It improves milk production.

This helps the high producing dairy animals to meet their protein need.

Bypass protein increases milk fat and SNF content.

It fastens the growth rate in young

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

animals. Calves attain maturity early leading to early age of ﬁrst calving. Ÿ

It improves the reproductive efﬁciency of animals. It increases libido in animals as well as increases semen quality.

It improves the immune system of body, consequently improves the disease resistance capacity of body.

It helps in controlling the bacterial and mould growth in cattle feed.

Feeding of bypass protein meal, lowers plasma ammonia level which lessens the interfering effect on embryonic growth in cows and buffaloes, ultimately results in better conception rates.

It Reduces dietary amino acid loss as ammonia and urea and conserve energy through less urea synthesis in rumen

treated protein meals. So these feed supplements bypass the rumen fermentation and get digested in lower digestive tract and releases free amino acids. These free amino acids are

utilized by dairy animals to improve their production and reproduction performance as well as also improve thse economy of dairy farm.

Sandeep Kumar Chaudhary¹, Akansha Singh² and Jyoti Patel³ ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P-243 122 1 MVSc Scholar, Animal Nutrition, ICAR-IVRI 2 MVSc Scholar, Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI 3 MVSc Scholar, LPM, ICAR-IVRI E-mail (Corresponding author): sandy6050@gmail.com

Conclusion Rumen microbes are not able to break

Dr. Sandeep Kumar

Continue page of...19

Formation of lather indicates the presence of detergent.

quality, namely, ultrasonic-based milk contents analyser (Ksheer Analyser) for fats, solid non-fats, protein, lactose, density and water addition.

Some Equipment For Checking Of Adulteration In Milk Ÿ

Ksheer-scanner The equipments have been developed by Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI). KsheerScanner', instantaneously detects the adulterants in milk. It is a lowcost portable system with userfriendly features. It enables detection of contaminants in just 40-45 seconds at the per sample cost of less than 50 paise. It detects major contaminant like the urea, salt, detergent, soap and soda. The equipment uses electrochemical technology to detect contamination. Ksheer analyser CSIR is also in the process of building a portfolio of technologies for detecting milk adulteration and analysis of milk

I n f r a - r e d R a d i a t i o n b a s e d Fa t Analyser (Irfan)

Rapid Milk Analyser (Ksheer Analyser+)

Milk Adulteration and Content Analysis (Ksheer Scanner Plus)

Handheld Milk Adulteration Tester for domestic usage (Ksheer Tester)

always convenient and accessible in these countries making it difﬁcult to address the diverse ways of fraudulent adulteration in milk. Awareness and access to information can play vital role in these regions to overcome this issue. Some of these easy detection methods at the consumer level and state of the art techniques at the authority level can bring this problem to an end.

Conclusion This problem is more acute in the developing and under developed countries due to lack of adequate monitoring and law enforcement. The ﬁnancial gain is considered to be one of the major reasons for milk adulteration; inadequate supply for the increasing population all over the world has paved the ground for this as well. Existing common detection techniques are not DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

NEWS FMD Affects Cattle; Immense Losses Forecast

lready struggling to arrange for fodder for cattle even as the state reels under severe drought conditions, the state government is faced with another huge problem the outbreak of Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD) among the cattle and other hooved livestock acros s Karnataka, Accordi ng to Bangalore Mirror, the sudden FMD outbreak has occurred in 11 districts of the state; but what has emerged as a g r a v e t h re a t i s t h e l a rg e - s c a l e mobilisation of cattle to state-run 'goshalas' for want of fodder which c o u l d e a s i l y s p re a d t h e h i g h l y contagious FMD among the cattle across the state, threatening to wipe out a considerable cattle population,FMD is a severe, highly contagious viral disease that affects the cattle and cloven-hooved ruminating animals. The disease spreads very quickly if not controlled. The severe symptoms include fever; blisters in the

mouth, feet and teats; drastic drop in milk production; weight and appetite loss; quivering lips; frothing in the mouth; and even lameness, The disease, which has gripped the state in panic, has already claimed the lives of 10 cattle and forcing the state government to shut down two 'goshalas' to contain the spread of the disease, that is also threatening to affect the state's milk production. (Goshalas are protective shelters for cows/cattle), The situation is compounded by complaints pouring in from members of the farming community over quality and dependability of vaccines supplied to check the spread of FMD even as the disease is rampantly being diagnosed among already vaccinated cattle, Prompted by the newfound threat, the animal husbandry department has not only decided to compensate the death of livestock due to the disease across all its 'goshalas', but has also promised to commission a team of experts to ascertain the quality of FMD vaccines besides posting a veterinarian at each 'goshala' to monitor the health of the cattle, The state government, which was completely engrossed in arranging for fodder for the thriving cattle population, was alerted about the FMD

outbreak by various dairy units of Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF), BangaloreMirror also reports that dairy units in Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Hassan, Mysuru, Chamarajanagar reported FMD cases and brought that to the notice of the animal husbandr y department, In a swift move, samples were sent to the Animal Diseases S u r ve i l l a n c e ( A D S ) w i n g of t h e veterinary department at Hebbal, which also conﬁrmed the FMD outbreak, According to a copy of the report submitted to the government by the ADS wing, as many as 11 districts reported FMD outbreak, The disease has spread across Karnataka, especially in South Interior Karnataka. The highest incidence is seen in Chikkaballapura district in ﬁve out of six taluks followed by four taluks of Kolar and three taluks of Ramanagara and Bengaluru Rural the report said, A farmer leader from Kolar attributed the outbreak to poor quality of FMD vaccines, The FMD has been detected even in those cattle which have been previously vaccinated. We felt that there is problem in the vaccine supplied to cure/prevent FMD. We have submitted a memorandum to the KMF and animal husbandr y department to conduct an inquiry into the quality of the vaccine,” said the farmer leader who wished not to be

Unknown Disease Kills 13 Cattle in Odisha State

utbreak of an unknown disease in agrarian areas of Odisha's Kendrapara district has claimed 13 cattle over the past one week, a veterinary official said today, According to DNA India, unofficial reports, however, put the toll at 50, The disease hit areas are mostly from Iswarpur and Dangmal gram panchayats close to the Bhitarkanika national park, the official said, The veterinary units are on the job to contain the cattle

disease. A vaccination drive is underway and over 200 cattle have already been vaccinated. As per symptoms observed from dead cattle, it appeared that the cattle were affected by SARA (Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis) disease, said Chief District Veterinary Ofﬁcer (CDVO), Chaitnya Kumar Sethy, The disease is yet to be diagnosed though it is suspected to be Sara from the symptoms. Blood samples of infected cattle were sent for laboratory test. Mass vaccination drive has been undertaken and veterinary surgeons are keeping close watch on the situation ,the CDVO added, Veterinary ofﬁcials said the whole of the cattle population was being covered under the vaccination drive and were hopeful that the disease would be contained, However, locals alleged that though the outbreak of

the disease was reported more than a week back, the vaccination drive got underway only on Thursday, Huge backlog of vacancies in the posts of veterinary surgeons and livestock inspectors has aggravated the situation further, the villagers said, Around 50 milk-yielding cows have perished since past one week in these villages while nearly 100 cattle farmers are battling to save their domesticated animals from the deadly disease, the villagers said, The remote villages are home to around 2000 cattle farmers. Besides cattle farming, ﬁshing and crop cultivation are alternate livelihood sources,Dalits and migrant scheduled tribe labourers constitute sizeable bulk of the demographic pattern of the backward villages. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

NEWS Dozens of Wisconsin dairy farms could be forced out of business because of trade dispute

Dairy farms in Wisconsin and other states could be forced out of business as early as May because of a trade dispute that has halted the export of their milk to Canada, About 75 farms in Wisconsin have already been told that, in less than 30 days, Grassland Dairy Products of Greenwood will no longer buy their milk leaving the farms without a place to ship their product in an already oversupplied market, At issue is a U.S-Canada trade dispute over what's called “ultra-filtered milk,” a protein liquid concentrate used to make cheese. Until recently, it had entered Canada duty-free from the United States, Canadian dairy farmers objected, resulting in Ontario and other provinces applying import taxes, The (trade) rules that are in place are not being enforced, and this is causing revenue losses estimated at $231 million per year for Canadian dairy farmers, the trade group Dairy Farmers of Canada said in 2016, The losses for the dairy industries in Wisconsin and New York alone in not having Canada as a market for ultrafiltered milk could run into hundreds of millions of dollars, according to the National Milk Producers Federation, an Arlington Vatrade group, More broadly, tens of thousands of dairy farmers will be affected by the larger scope of what Canada is doing, which is using pricing policy to offload milk powder in global markets where it will be competing with U.S. exports said Chris Galen, afederation senior vice president, This is truly a national concern, For some Wisconsin dairy farmers, the pressure is on to find another milk buyer. Milk truck drivers and others face losing their jobs as well, Dairy farmer Jennifer Sauer, of Waterloo, said she and her husband, Shane, are urgently 23

seeking a processor for the milk from their 120 cows on their third-generation family farm, The April 1 letter canceling their milk contract because Grassland lost its Canadian business shook them badly, One day you are looking toward the future for your kids. And the next day it's all taken away from you, in a matter of minutes, when you open an envelope,” Jennifer Sauer said, You open that envelope, and you know that your business could be gone by May, Earlier, Grassland said ultrafiltered milk helped support more than 700 Wisconsin dairy farms and the company's plant in Greenwood. For now, about 75 farms are losing their milk contracts with the company because of the new Canadian import tariffs, according to the farmers, Even one farm is one too many,” said Goedhart Westers , vice president of business development for Grassland, When you lose a market, there's no easy fix. It puts a lot of people in a tough position, Members of Congress from Wisconsin and New York say U.S. exports of ultra-filtered milk are being unfairly blocked by Canada, in violation of trade agreements, These reductions in export sales impact dairy manufacturers, and their supplying farms, in areas of our states that are already struggling with depressed milk prices,” U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin (DWis.) said in a letter to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Legislators say they're bringing the issue to President Trump, who has pledged to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico, Our state's dairy farmers are some of the best in the world, and they should not be the victims of a trade dispute they didn't start," U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) said in an e-mail. "I urge the administration to work with the Canadian government and swiftly find a way to resolve this matter before hardworking Wisconsin farm families are hurt, Dairy processors across Wisconsin and New York have told their farmers that the Canadian market for ultra-filtered milk has dried up, according to the National Milk Producers Federation, Canada's protectionist dairy policies are having precisely the effect Canada intended:

cutting off U.S. dairy exports … to Canada despite long-standing contracts with American companies,” Jim Mulhern, federation president and chief executive officer, said in a statement, The prices that Wisconsin dairy farmers receive for their milk have fallen below a profitable level in many cases. A national glut of the product has resulted in milk being dumped on fields and processors refusing to take more of it, Now, the Wisconsin farms losing their milk sales to Canada are having a tough time finding another market, There was no way to know that we, as a dairy, and 74 others would be the ones to get picked off,” said dairy farmer Kristina Hopkins of Oconomowoc, Hopkins milks 150 cows. She and her family have been calling processors, farm cooperatives and anyone else who can help them find a milk buyer, Right now the imminent struggle is what do we do with 12,000 pounds of milk a day We have less than 25 days to figure this out, Hopkins said, At first, she thought the letter from Grassland might have been a sick joke since it was dated April 1, which was April Fool's day, There was nothing in the envelope that said you need to read this now because your life is about to change drastically in 30 days.' But little by little, reality set in that this is happening, Hopkins said, Dairy farmers face tough decisions because producing more milk lowers their cost of production, on a per unit basis, but adds to an oversupply problem and fur ther depresses prices,Even without trade disputes, dairy farming is a tough business loaded with risks that range from volatile commodity prices to having good weather for growing crops, Still, Hopkins said, farmers are scrappy,We are not going to settle for this being our fate. We are going to fight to the death to find a market for our milk,she said.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

NEWS Dairy Management April decisions

t's a big week for grass and breeding decisions on dairy farms, writes Jack Kennedy. I'm still getting reports of plenty of grass tetany on dairy farms. Make sure you take the precautions. One dead cow will pay for a lot of prevention care. If one cow shows signs, then you have a clear signal that more cows in the herd are near the edge. Be very careful and mindful of bulling cows that maybe haven't eaten nuts or are too busy bulling to be worried about feed, There is a good bit of grass on most farms – see Grass+ on page 40 for more,Many have skipped.

Dairy markets: hopes of price rise at GDT

pril, May and June contracts for whole milk powder (WMP) have been stable for the last week, leading to hopes that Tuesday's global dairy trade (GDT) price index will record a second consecutive rise, At the close of trade in New Zealand markets (NZX) last Wednesday, futures prices for WMP had recorded a 1% drop in price from the weekend prior. However, prices remained stable for the rest of the week, The next GDT is due to take place on Tuesday 4 April and while never set in stone, the futures market for WMP can act as a decent bell weather for… 24

Abobank sees stable dairy prices until late 2017

abobank is expecting prices for dairy commodities to remain broadly stable at least until the second half of 2017 but notes “hesitation” in the market as the uncertain outlook for production, foreign exchange markets and stocks fuels short-term volatility, The specialist agricultural lender noted that a steep decline in production in the second half of last year had led to a significant price rally but “as we move into 2017, the upward movement of prices has run its course, as milk production levels start to recover against still weak demand.” However, while the fall in production around the world steadily reduces, Rabobank does not expect to see growth in global milk production and any increase in export surpluses until the second half of 2017, Looking ahead, it says key factors to watch for include the French presidential elections, beginning May 23, and German federal elections on Sept. 24 as they could move exchange rates. Any weakening of the euro will increase the competitiveness of European expor ts, it said, The triggering of Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, removing the UK from the European Union could also give rise to currency risk. It notes the effect of the new US administration's policies on the US economy are still emerging and “together with planned interest rate increases, they could create exchange rate movement in either direction and add to uncertainty in the market, Regarding specific milk producing regions, Rabobank expects EU production to continue to catch up on 2016 “but exceeding last year's peak production level would still be a challenge.” It forecasts cumulative production for the first half of this year will remain 1 percent behind 2016. However, it expects second half production to exceed that of 2016 by 1.5 percent, In the US, an expectation of continuous yet modest US milk supply

expansion, together with relatively strong domestic demand, should render the US with little or no incremental exports through most of 2017, Rabobank said, It now expects New Zealand's current full-season productions levels to finish just down 2 percent from the previous season. Its full-year production forecast for the 2017/18 season (June to May) predicts a 2 percent increase in production, Rabobank expects Australian milk supply to finish the 2016/17 season down 7 percent – bringing annual milk production back below 8.9 billion litres, the lowest level in more than two decades. However, it is tipping a modest recovery of 4 percent for the following season as the “capacity for a stronger recovery is constrained by a lower herd size and willingness and ability to invest on-farm, The lender expects Brazilian production to advance at an annual level of 2 percent in the first half of 2017. In Argentina, where milk production declined 14.5 percent during the second half of last year in the worst performance on record, Rabobank said milk production will contract a further 2 percent in volume before starting a moderate recovery in the second half of the year, In China, Rabobank lowered its production forecast for 2017 by 1.2 percent on the back of worse-thanexpected official production data for t h e p r i o r y e a r. I t n o w e x p e c t s production growth at 1.7 percent yearon-year.

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NEWS IPL 2017: Delhi Daredevils extend association with Mother Dairy

s part of the association, the brand will be seen as the principal sponsor of the Daredevils' team jersey with the logo placed on the lead arm. Besides, the logo will be evident at several key spots on match days, conﬁrmed a statement from the dairy ﬁrm, Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Delhi Daredevils on Monday extended their association with leading dairy products manufacturer Mother Diary for the upcoming 10th edition of

the cash-rich T20 cricket league, starting on Wednesday, As part of the association, the brand will be seen as the principal sponsor of the Daredevils' team jersey with the logo placed on the lead arm. Besides, the logo will be evident at several key spots on match days, conﬁrmed a statement from the dairy ﬁrm, Speaking on the association, S. Nagarajan, Managing Director, Mother Dairy, said Our, association with Delhi Daredevils stays as a natural choice for us since both the brands have grown in Delhi and loved by Delhiites, This prolonged association with the team is a matter of joy for us as it gives us an opportunity to further strengthen our bond with the residents of this city, Elaborating on the partnership, Delhi Daredevils CEO

48,000 farmers applied for milk reduction scheme

n the back of the EU's €150m milk reduction scheme, almost 50,000 farmers have signed up to cut their milk production, According to ﬁgures released by the European Commission, 48,288 dairy farmers from across the European Union have applied to voluntarily reduce their milk production. By the last quarter of 2016 and the end of January 2017, some 861,000t of milk has been taken out of production, While there was a recovery coming in the global markets even at the time of the launch of the scheme, the European Commission is claiming that the reduction scheme further helped to drive the recovery, EU average farm gate milk prices have increased by 31% since last summer. The average February milk price was 33c/l across Europe, Farmers who signed up to the voluntar y milk reduction scheme receive 14.1c/l for every litre taken out of production, In Ireland, payments to some 3,500 farmers who signed up to the ﬁrst phase of the scheme were made at the end of March. Initially, 4,500 farmers 25

Hemant Dua said: “We are delighted to extend our relationship with Mother Dairy, Both brands, besides having their origins in Delhi, also communicate a healthy lifestyle and thus are perfect partners, We are looking forward to cheering our fans with our performances, both on and off the ﬁeld, with our exciting young squad, Mother Dairy will soon launch a mass campaign at the company's select booths across the National Capital Region (NCR), giving an opportunity to the fans to express their passion and support for their team. In addition, the brand will also launch a series of social media engagements with consumers to pep up the association.

Need right strategy to realize dairy potential

had applied to the milk reduction scheme, but according to the Department, 1,000 farmers opted not to follow through with reducing their milk supply, The average per-farmer payment is €1,850.

ujarat needs to formulate a suitable strategy to unlock the signiﬁcant growth potential of the dairy sector. This requires productivity enhancement, strengthening and expansion of villagelevel infrastructure for milk procurement, and providing greater market access to producers, states an analysis made by Assocham Economic Research Bureau (AERB). The bureau based its ﬁndings on statistics published by the National Dairy , Though the number of registered units manufacturing dairy products in India has increased by about 23% between 2010-11 and 2014-15, the number of

such units in Gujarat has dropped by about 14% during this period, the study said, There is a need to recognize the importance of small farm dairy units and opportunities for value chain development, which can lead to poverty reduction and rural development in Gujarat said D S Rawat, national secretary general, Assocham, Milk production in Gujarat grew by 4.9% to reach 11.26 million tonnes (MT) during 2015-16. "Despite commanding the third-highest share in India's total milk production, Gujarat has registered just about ﬁve per cent annual growth in this regard between 2014-15 and 2015-16," the study by Assocham said With a milk production of 26 million MT, Uttar Pradesh is ranked at the top of India's milk producing states. India's total milk production in 2015-16 was above 155 million MT, and UP contributed 17% of the nation's milk output. Rajasthan followed UP with 12% of national output, while Gujarat contributed 7.9%. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

CREAM PUFFS FILLED WITH STRAWBERRY CREAM

Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

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Ingredients 1 cup (125 g) flour

4 eggs

3.5 oz (100 ml) milk

Filling

3.5 oz (100 ml) water

2 cups (480g) heavy cream

2 tsp (10 g) sugar

1â &#x201E;3 cup (40g) powdered sugar

1/2 tsp salt

1 tsp (5g) vanilla extract

5 1/2 tbsp (80g) unsalted butter

Fresh strawberries, cut into slices

Directions In a saucepan bring the milk, water, sugar, salt and butter to a boil.Remove from heat and add flour all at once and incorporate mixing energetically with a wooden spoon until homogenous.Return the saucepan over low heat and while stirring cook for 1 minute or two to pull out the moisture from the batter and until it pulls away from the sides of the pan. You will see some of the dough sticks to the bottom of the pan.Transfer batter to a large bowl and allow to cool slightly. Add the eggs one at a time, carefully incorporating each into the batter using the wooden spoon or even a stand,mixer. It will result in a smooth, homogenous batter which still holds its shape.Fit a pastry bag with a large 1â &#x201E;2 inch (1cm) round tip and pipe the dough into 1 1 1/2 inch (34 cm) circles on a parchment paper lined baking sheet.Preheat oven to 350F (180C). Bake for 2530 minutes until browned and puffed.Prick each with a skewer to release steam and allow to cool on a wire rack.In a large bowl whip the cream with an electric mixer until it forms stiff peaks. Add sugar and vanilla extract and mix to combine.Split the cream puffs in half and fill them with cream mixture and strawberry slices. Dust with powdered sugar and serve. Tel.: + 91 (184) 4033326 | Fax : + 91 (184) 2231050

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017

/ NEWS Amul Dairy ups milk procurement price

MARCH 2017 Event

: Introduction to Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO) Date : 29-30 March-2017 Venue : Columbus 281 W. Lane Ave, The Ohio State University, United States Website : http://go.osu.edu/pmomilk

APRIL 2017 Event Date Venue

: : : Website :

Profood Tech 2017 4-6 April-2017 Chicago, United States http://www.profoodtech.com

s milk procurement has started dwindling with the early onset of summer, the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers Union Limited popularly known as Amul Dairy, has decided to increase milk procurement price paid to farmers by Rs 20 per kilo fat With effect from April 11 the milk union will pay Rs 630 per kilo fat to its milk producers instead of Rs 610 per kilo fat which it pays currently This increase has become necessary due to sudden changes in the climatic conditions. We are witnessing a d e c l i n e of 5 0 , 0 0 0 l i t r e s p e r d a y procurement since last fortnight,This is usually seen in the month of May said Amul Dairy's managing director Dr K Rathnam, adding that input costs like feed and fodder have also gone up We want to enable farmers to sustain the increase in cost of maintaining cattle with higher input costs,he said With this the dairy has increased procurement price

paid to farmers for the sixth time in a span of one year,In April last year the dairy was paying Rs 570 per kilo fat of milk,After the price increase,farmers will earn Rs 1.30 per litre more for buffalo milk with six percent fat, while they will earn 90 paise more per litre for cow milk with 3.5 percent fat, Nearly 2.60 lakh farmer members, who supply milk to the union will beneﬁt from the move. The dairy presently collects 22.50 lakh litres of milk per day in Gujarat and 6.75 lakh litres per day from states like Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal, The buffalo milk procurement price has increased by Rs 3.70 per litre while the cow milk procurement price has increased by Rs 2.70 per litre in last one year,While the consumer price has increased by 4 to 5 % after the Rs two per litre price hike, the price that we pay to farmers has increased by 10.5 percent in a year, said Rathnam.

Fear anger grip a village of Muslim gau sevaks APRIL 2017 Event

: International Dairy Expo & Summit China 2017 Date : 21-23 April- 2017 Venue : China International Exhibition Centre, China Website : http://en.dairyexpo.com

APRIL 2017 Event

: Dairy Lab For Improved Quality Date : 17-18 May-2017 Website : http://go.osu.edu/dairylab

auseva (serving cows) is something that comes naturally to Mohammed Yunus. But that is also the sole source of livelihood for his family of dairy farmers, Yunus spends around Rs 50,000 every month to get the best fodder for his cattle. A ceiling fan in his cowshed gives the bovines much-needed relief from the searing heat in Jaisinghpur, a hamlet in Haryana's Mewat district, But for all the care and provisions he has made for his cattle, the 56-year-old cattle-breeder now lives in fear as a recent horror keeps replaying in his mind, Pehlu Khan, a dairy farmer from his village, was beaten to death by alleged gau rakshaks (cow protectors/vigilantes) near Behror in

Rajasthan on Delhi-Alwar highway on April 1, I saw him being beaten by a mob. I was numb with fear when I saw Azmat (another villager) lying unconscious on the road and the crowd beating him with hockey sticks,” he recalls, adding, “I still can't believe how I managed to escape death that day, A lastminute decision to take another route turned out to be the difference between life and death for him, Yunus, Pehlu Khan and his sons, Azmat and others from Jaisinghpur were returning from Jaipur after purchasing milch cattle, when a mob stopped the latter, pulled them out of their pick-up trucks and beat them up. Khan succumbed to injuries, while others like Azmat are bedridden with multiple fractures, The incident has shocked Muslim-dominated Jaisinghpur and nearby villages, where almost 800 of the 1,000 families are engaged in dairy farming, Angered residents say that a man from a village of cow lovers was wrongly targeted and accused of smuggling the animal for slaughter. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 04 | April 2017