Dairy Planner August 2017 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

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Vol.14 | No. - 08 | Aug - 2017

Cow Urine And Its Therapeutic Uses Signiﬁcance Of Semen Sexing In Dairy Animals Beneﬁts Of Cow Desi Ghee Role Of Hemoglobin For Optimum Milk Production In Dairy Cattle

Dr. Sanjay K Latkar

From the Pen of Chief Editor DNR needs authority to regulate farms

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SigniďŹ cance Of Semen sexing in dairy Animals

Dna Chips: Concept, Design And Analysis

Harmful Effect Of A1 Beta- Casein (a1 Milk) On Human Health

Role Of Hemoglobin For Optimum Milk Production In Dairy Cattle

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Common Diseases In Rainy Season For Bovines

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Cow Urine And Its Therapeutic Uses

Editorial

The Wisconsin Dairy Business Association has filed a lawsuit that would, if successful, take Wisconsin in the opposite direction of where it needs to go in regulating large dairy farms, The result could be more pollution of the state's waters, including vital groundwater sources on which many rely for clean drinking water, from dairy herds that are getting ever larger, The lawsuit says the state Department of Natural Resources is overstepping its authority by requiring dairy farms with 700 or more cows to obtain a wastewater permit, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reportedFederal regulations require a permit only when there is a discharge of manure and water into streams and the state is going too far the group says, The problem is that direct discharge into streams rarely happens,but manure and water still can enter the state's waters via farm runoff and groundwater, Take Kewaunee County, home to nearly 100,000 cows, where residents have for years struggled with polluted wells and manure runoff, Kewaunee County Supervisor Lee Luft told the Journal Sentinel that while the dairy association's press statement dealt with managing rainwater, the larger issue is the group's contention that large farms in most cases would not be required to obtain a wastewater permit, If anyone really believes the Dairy Business Association and its members were interested in finding solutions to our problems, their suit should put an end to that Luft said ,This is not just one county's problem. The number of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), in Wisconsin has grown by 400 percent from 50 in 2000 to 252 in 2016, agency figures show, and has played a key role in growing milk production as farm numbers fall, the Journal Sentinel reported, There is reason to believe the suit could succeed and expose more residents to the possibility of manure-related pollution, In a formal opinion last year, state Attorney General Brad Schimel said the DNR lacked the authority to deny well applications even if an irrigation well posed harm to nearby streams and lakes. Schimel based his opinion on a 2011 law that limits the power of state agencies by requiring them to first obtain approval from the Legislature before imposing regulations, With that law, the Legislature left the door open to environmental harm,It's all the excuse that some need to escape reasonable state regulation, We hope the group loses in court, But there's another option. We're not going to hold our breath, but legislators could make the suit moot by expressly giving the DNR the authority it needs to do its job protecting the state's vital natural resources from environmental harm.

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M.VSc.Scholar, Department of Livestock Prouducts Technology, Madras veterinary collage, TANUVAS, Chennai

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

COW URINE AND ITS THERAPEUTIC USES Urine 'The cow' is a mobile medical dispensary and Cow urine is one of the ingredients of 'Panchagawya' is capable of treating many curable as well as incurable diseases and has been used extensively in ayurvedic preparations since time immemorial as cited in ancient holy texts like CharakaSamhita, SushrutaSamhita, Athar va Veda, Bhavaprakash, RajniGhuntu, Amritasagar, etc. Gomutra is capable of curing blood pressure, blockage in arteries, arthritis, diabetes, heart attack, cancer, thyroid, asthma, psoriasis, eczema, prostrate, ﬁts, AIDS, piles, migraine, ulcer, acidity, constipation, gynecological problems, ear and nose problems and several other diseases (Jain et al., 2010). Composition of urine Cow's urine is not a toxic efﬂuent as 95% of its content being water, 2.5% urea and the remaining 2.5%, (Bhadauria, 2002) it also contains sodium, nitrogen, sulphur, Vitamin A, B, C, D, E, minerals, manganese, iron, silicon, chlorine, magnesium, citric, succinic, calcium salts, phosphate, lactose, carbolic acid, enzymes, creatinine and hormones (Jainet al., 2010). Cow urine therapy (CUT) As therapeutic agent Cow urine is basically an excellent germicide and a potent antibiotic. Therefore, cow urine therapy destroys all the pathogenic organisms and if it is taken on a daily basis, it boosts immunity (Chauhanet al., 2001). Some of the diseases that are proven to be cured by cow urine are cough, dysmenorrhoea, migraine or headache, constipation, thyroid and skin diseases like eczema, ringworm, and itching, a c n e , c a n c e r, h e a r t d i s e a s e s , musculoskeletal disorders, male sexual disorders, AIDS, diabetes mellitus, blood disorders, respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, endocrine disorders, gynaecological disorders, 05

opthalmic disorders, psychiatric disorders, urological disorders, asthma, kidney khrinkage, hepatic disorders and cancer etc (Jain et al., 2010). Presence of urea, creatinine, swarnkshar (aurum hydroxide), carbolic acid, phenols, calcium and manganese have strongly explained for exhibition of antimicrobial and germicidal p ro p e r t i e s of c o w u r i n e . U r i n e consumption improves immunity is due to presence of swarnkshar and fastens wound healing process which is due to allantoin (Randhawa, 2010). Cardiovascular system is maintained by a number of its attributes as kallikrein acts as a vasodilator, the enzyme urokinase is a fibrinolyte, ammonia maintains the structural integrity of blood corpuscles, nitrogen, sulfur, sodium and calcium components act as b l o o d p u r i fi e r s , w h i l e i ro n a n d er ythropoietin stimulating factor maintain hemoglobin levels (Randhawa, 2010). It contains nitrogen in very high concentration which acts as a renal stimulant, whereas uric acid, phosphates and hippuric acid act as diuretic agents. Presence of copper and calcium promote its anti-obesity and skeletal/ bone health effect (Randhawa, 2010). Aurum hydroxide and copper act as antidotes for various poisons in the body as certain poisons can be refined and purified if soaked in gomutra for 3 days (Jain et al., 2010). Apart from curing diseases, cow urine also helps in maintaining the homeostasis of body where it affects certain body functions by lowering cholesterol level, relieving tension, improving memory, enhancing the functioning of liver, slowing the aging process, giving strength to brain, heart and also destroying the toxic effects of medicinal residues in the body. In fact, if cow urine is taken regularly even without having any illness, it keeps our body healthy by boosting immunity, by eliminating toxic substances through generation of antioxidants and scavenging of free

radicals (Jaraldet al., 2008). Recent study have proved that cow urine, distillate, redistillate and residues, all exhibit antioxidant activity and that cow urine could be a potential source of natural antioxidant that could have greater importance as supportive therapy in preventing or slowing oxidative stress related degenerative diseases (Mandavgane, et al, 2005). As bio-pesticide Panchgavya' made up of five cow products; milk, curd, ghee, urine and dung, is also used as fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural operations. As per recent studies cow urine has proved to be an effective pest controller and larvicide when used alone and also in combination with different plant preparations by enhancing the efficacy of different herbal preparations (Chawla, 2010). In agriculture Total N content in the cow urine is very high ranging from 6.8 to 21.6 g N/l, out of which an average of 69% is urea (Bristow, et al, 1992). Urine increased the N concentration of grass (particularly the nitrate fraction) and increased the potassium concentration of grass and clover. Increased pasture growth from urine patches has been obser ved even following high N fertilizer application which may be due to greater amount of N applied or to some interaction with one of the other elements in urine such as potassium or sulphur (Saunders, 1982). For better rearing of honeybees Scientists in Uttarakhand are making use of cow urine to save bees from microbial diseases during the rearing process. Cow urine facilitated rapid and holistic recovery in disease infected combs, promoted the growth of brood, enhanced the efficiency of the worker bees in the colonies, thus revealed that Continue page on...8

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

COMMON DISEASES IN RAINY SEASON FOR BOVINES

Introduction During monsoon period, humidity rises and inside the sheds it may further increase due to expirated air, heat and dung of animals leading to worsening of microclimate which goes beyond comfort limits and lead to various problems such as stress, injur y, infectious diseases, protozoan diseases etc. Close herding, hot humid conditions and wetness, which occurs during the rainy season, might contribute to spread the diseases. In this article we discussed the important diseases which are common during the rainy season i.e. haemorrhagic septicemia (HS), foot and mouth disease (FMD), black quarter (BQ) disease and protozoan diseases like triponosomiasis, theileriosis and babesiosis. 1. Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) It is impor tant bacterial disease occurred mainly in rainy season, caused due to pasterella multocida. It is also called paturellosis. Disease is most devastating to smallholder farmers where husbandr y and preventive practices are poor and free-range management is common. This is occurred due to contaminated water and feed. Disease can transmitted to other animals through direct contact or through contaminated feedstuffs or water. Infected animals show symptoms 06

like High fever (104°–106°F), Depression, Reluctance to move, hyper Salivation and nasal discharge, Painful, oedematous swelling of the throat, extending to the brisket, Congested mucous membranes, Respirator y distress. Death occur within 24 hours in acute cases. Prevention and treatment Must practice the vaccination before starting rainy season i.e. June and July months. Effected shed should be cleaned with the antiseptic solution. Immediate isolation of effected animals from the healthy animals. According to the stage of disease treat the animals with Inj. Sulphadimidin, Inj. Intacef tazo and Inj. X- ceft medicines. 2. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) It is viral borne disease affected to cloven hoof animals. Virus can be transmitted through contaminated air and milk of affected cattle. It is a common disease that occurred to cows, bulls, buffaloes, sheep and goat. The disease is characterized by high temperature 104°F to 105°F that declines rapidly after two or three days, blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling, and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months, as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and in cows, milk production can decline signiﬁcantly. Abortions are the main symptom in pregnant animals. Mainly this disease occurred in the

months of March, April, September and October. In rainy season because of marshy soils chances for prevalence of FMD is high. Prevention and treatment Practice the regular vaccination against FMD before rainy season. Isolate the sick animals from herd. Apply boric acid and glycerine mixture to vesicles of mouth. Clean the hooves with potassium permanganate solution and apply neem oil to the vesicles. Treat with Inj. Bisropen 2.5 mg, Inj. Enroﬂoxacin 50 ml, Inj. Ceftrixin 3 g., Inj. Melonex 30 ml and Inj. Nemovet 50 ml will improve the disease condition of animal. 3. Black quarter disease (BQ) It is a bacterial infestation caused due to Clostridium chauvoei. Susceptible age for this disease is 6 months to 2 year because at this age calves have low immunity levels. Prominent swelling on the upper part of the affected limbs leads to marked lameness. Swelling of throat, tongue and protrusion of the tongue. Oedema, emphysema, crepitation of affected heavy muscles on thigh with muscle stiffness. Black, dry and cracked skin and crepitating sound was observed in affected area. Prevention and treatment At initial stage of disease, use a n t i b i o t i c s l i ke Pe n i c i l l i n a n d Oxytetracycline. Isolate the infected animal or burial the dead animals will prevent infection to other animals in herd. For preventing this disease vaccinate the animals before the rainy season. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

Tick and ﬂea borne infestations

5. Theileriosis

6. Babesiosis

4. Tripanosomiasis

Theileriosis are those tick-borne protozoan diseases associated with theileria spp. high yielding cross bred cattles are more prone to this disease. Usually occurred in summer and rainy seasons. The disease characterized by high fever (105°F -106°F), swollen peripheral lymph nodes, pale mucous membranes, anaemia, nasal discharge, jaundice, salivation, rapid and shallow breathing, watery eyes and Bloodtinted diarrhoea, or with obvious blood clots.

Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle. Compared to desi cattle, cross bred cattle was more prone to the disease. 6 months to 1 year age calves were more majorly effected. Protozoa circulate in blood stream and effects erythrocytes cause severe anaemia. Usually shows coffee colour urine. F e v e r, i n a p p e t e n c e , i n c r e a s e d respiratory rate, sharp decrease in milk production, muscle tremors, anaemia, jaundice, abortion, constipation or diarrhoea are the common symptoms.

Prevention and treatment

Treat with Inj. Tetracycline, Inj. Progomine, inj. Nivaquin with iron injections or treat with Inj. Butalex 1ml for 20 kg B.wt. will help the disease condition. Regular tick control is the most effective way to keep these infections in check.

Effected animals treat with inj. Bernil. For all these above diseases prevention is important. Infected animals isolated from healthy animals in herd. Take the preventive care to control the ticks and ﬂeas. Clean the shed with antiseptic solution.

It is a protozoal infection caused due to Tripanosoma species. It is also called surra. Mainly occurred in buffaloes, cows, sheep, goat and dogs. Transmitted by biting ﬂies (tsetse ﬂies (Glossina spp.). Incidence of this disease is severe in rainy season. Progressive anaemia, weight loss and weakness are the common symptoms. Abortions, infertility and stillbirth may occur in buffaloes. Cattle may have a chronic course with high mortality and may last up to 2 years. Death may occur in 2 weeks to 2 months. Oedematous swellings of the lower parts of the body (legs, briskets and abdomen) may be seen. Lymph nodes also may be swollen. Nervous signs like head tilt, circling, blindness, hyper-excitability, paddling movements may also be seen. Prevention and treatment

Treat the animals with Inj. Bernil, Inj. Triquin and to recovery from anaemia Tamizhkumaran J. ¹, Dirisala Venkata Sivaji ² treated with Inj. Feritas. Do not allow ¹ Teaching Assistant, ² Post Graduate Scholar, the animal to wallow till full recovery. Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Control the biting ﬂies which transmit Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, the disease by spraying insecticide in Kurumabapet, Pondicherry – 605 009. the shed. Contd of... Page 5

the cow urine can serve as a potential eco-friendly measure for management of European foulbrood (EFB), a serious, bacterial disease of honeybee brood found throughout the world in honeybee colonies and also as an indirect c o n t ro l of m i te d i s e a s e s i n colonies. 08

COW URINE AND ITS THERAPEUTIC USES Kotresh Prasad, C., Deepandita Barman., RevanasidduDeginal., Sushil Kumar PhD scholars, NDRI, Karnal, Haryana

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

SIGNIFICANCE OF SEMEN SEXING IN DAIRY ANIMALS Sexed semen will contribute to increased proﬁtability of dairy cattle production in a variety of ways. It could be used to produce offspring of the desired sex from a particular mating to take advantage of differences in value of males and females for speciﬁc marketing purposes. Commercial dairy farmers, those who produce and market milk, could use sexed semen to produce specialized, genetically superior replacement heifers from as small a proportion of the herd as possible. Sexed Semen Semen having X or Y bearing sperm to produce more progenies of a desired sex either female or male (with about 80-90% accuracy) is known as sexed semen. Sperm are sor ted by identif ying differences between the X- and Y- bearing sperm. The X-chromosome (female) contains about 3.8% more DNA than the Y-chromosome (male) in cattle. This difference in DNA content is used to sort the X- from the Y- bearing sperm. Methods of Sexed Semen production Ÿ Semen contains roughly 50% each of male and female sperm Ÿ Sperms are identical in size, weight, swimming speed etc. Ÿ X-chromosome contains 3.8% more DNA than Y-chromosome Following methods are used forsemensorting

1. Surface antigenic differences ( Albumin Gradient/ Percoll gradient/ Gradient swim down) 2. Free ﬂow electrophorosis 3. Volumetric differences 4. C e n t r i f u g a l c o u n t e r c u r r e n t distribution 5. Genetic approaches 6. Identiﬁcation of H-Y antigen 7. Flow cytometry 09

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of sex sorting using ﬂow cytometry

Among several methods for semen sorting, flow cytometry based sorting has emerged as most efficient and convenient. The technology is refined through the decades and finally sex sorting is possible at the purity of more than 90%. The technique is well standardized, patented and commercialized in USA, Europe and other countries. Advantages of using sexed semen Ÿ Sexed Semen with 90 % or more Xchromosome accuracy producing only female calves helps the farmers to save resources that would have been shared with unwanted males. Ÿ Production of more female calves: increase supply of replacement heifers. Ÿ Select the best cows to breed replacements from low value dairy bull calves. Ÿ Increase rate of herd expansion. Ÿ Speed up genetic improvement by increasing efficiency of progeny testing (PT) programme. Ÿ Re d u c e d i f fi c u l t c a l v i n g s a n d associated problems by producing more female calves, there will be less difficult births compared to male calves (dystocia). This is particularly useful for maiden heifers. Ÿ An economic way to boost up herd strength with no risk of introducing

diseases by purchasing heifers from outside (means improves biosecurity). Ÿ Opportunity to sell surplus heifers to other farmers/farms. Disadvantages of using sexed semen There are some difficulty in terms of technology and implementation of the sexed semen. Technological hurdles Ÿ High cost of machine and sex sorting process Ÿ Slow speed with Low sorting efficiency. Ÿ Require highly skilled staff to operate sex sorting machines. Ÿ Spermsdamage during sor ting process due to shear force, electrostatic charge, droplet formation and sudden stop. Waste approximately 50% of sperms. Ÿ Reduced freezing potential of the sorted sperms. Implementation hurdles Ÿ High cost of the product Rs.1,500 to 2,000 per dose as compared to Rs. 1520 per dose for conventional semen. However, some states are making it available at a subsidized rate. Ÿ The conception rate of AI with sexed semen is 10-15% less than the conventional semen. Management strategies to economize sexed semen AI Ÿ AI with sexedsemen should be considered when current pregnancy rate to AI is 60% or better. Ÿ It is used only in healthy cycling females with good body condition score. Ÿ Animals are inseminated only when the heat is confirmed. Ÿ Practiced only by experienced AI technicians. Ÿ Diligence with thawing and handling.

Rachana Sharma and Panjab Singh Yadav National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana)

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

DNA CHIPS: CONCEPT, DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Introduction A microarray is a glass slide onto which distinct spots of different DNA sequences have been evenly spotted. Many spots are present on a single microarray, and they are microscopic in size. Microarray analysis is a powerful new research tool that enables technicians to view and interpret at one time, on one small surface, the extent to which thousands of genes have been expressed in cells. Researchers developed and continue to reﬁne the technology by merging strides in genomics, computer science, and nanotechnology. Detecting patterns or changes in transcription in cells is a way to understand both normal and abnormal aspects of cell function. Foundation of nucleic acid hybridization led to development of microarray technology. Sol Spiegelman (1914-1983), an American molecular biologist developed the nucleic acid hybridization technique. Founders of DNA microarray are Patrick Brown and David Botstein. General Microarray Analysis Procedure 1. Obtain a microarray slide containing 70 bp oligonucleotide (DNA) sequences, each of which represents a gene sequence in the genome of your selected animal. Most scientists purchase these slides already prepared. The DNA is bound in spots approximately 100 microns in diameter. Each slide contains thousands of microscopic spots of DNA (each spot corresponds to a different gene sequence in the genome of the cell type or organism you are examining; humans have ~25,000 genes). While the function may be known for some of these gene sequences, many genes have unknown functions. 2. Extract mRNA from your target 10

animal and your control organism for comparison. 3. Prepare fluorescently labeled cDNA copies of this mRNA. Label the cDNA created from each sample of mRNA with different fluorescent nucleotides (either green Cy3 dye or red Cy5 dye). Denature the cDNA to produce single-stranded DNA prior to the next step. 4. Hybridize the microarray slide with both the green- and red-labeled cDNAs. Each cDNA will bind to the spots that have complementary sequences. Stringent conditions are used to ensure that the various cDNAs are entirely complementary to the microarray spot sequences to which they hydridize. 5. Wash the slide to remove excess fluorescent cDNAs not bound to spots. 6. Read the microarray using an instrument that measures the fluorescence of each spot at the two different wavelengths (for green Cy3 and red Cy5). Two images are created for each spot, but the instrument is connected to a computer that integrates the data into a single image. The colors of the spots are as follows: Green The spot is bound to Cy3labeled cDNA. These spots represent genes that are expressed in the tissue of cells whose mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA labeled with Cy3 (the green dye). Red The spot is bound to Cy5-labeled cDNA. These spots represent genes that are expressed in the tissue of cells whose mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA labeled with Cy5 (the red dye). Yellow The spot is bound to BOTH Cy3and Cy5-labeled cDNA. These represent genes such as “house keeping genes” that are required by all cells 7. Analyze the data to determine which genes (represented by spots on the

slide) are expressed in each cell sample and which are expressed in both. The next step in functional genomic studies is to study in more detail those genes that are differentially expressed in control vs. experimental conditions. Applications 1. To d e te c t a n d m e a s u re g e n e expression at the mRNA or protein level 2. To find mutations 3. To locate chromosomal changes (CGH = comparative genomic hybridization 4. Measure relative amounts of mRNA in a tissue sample 5. Testing all genes at the same time 6. Microarray-based gene expression profiling to identify genes whose expression is changed in response to pathogens 7. Linkage disequilibrium and genomic selection e.g. using Bovine HD BeadChip (777k) 8. Genome wide association studies: 90K Axiom Buffalo Array 9. GWAS identified SNP with significant associations and suggested candidate genes that were specific to each trait and also genes with pleiotropic effect, associated to multiple traits 10.DNA microarray technology could be foreseen as an automated process for screening of compound t a rg e t s , d i a g n o s t i c a n d d r u g development with improved efficiency, quality and reliability of data, helping to reduce overall cost of research and development Dr. Nisha Sharma Ph. D Scholar, Animal Genetics and Breeding Division #203, KAVERI HOSTEL ICAR- NDRI, Karnal DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

HARMFUL EFFECT OF A1 BETA- CASEIN (A1 MILK) ON HUMAN HEALTH Introduction Milk is the base of all forms of dairy products that are consumed by the majority of people, and it contains a signiﬁcant source of energy, protein, and micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin B12. There are two major milk protein i.e. caseins and whey proteins (ßlactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin). The most common forms Casein is of beta-casein i.e. A1 beta casein and A2 beta casein in dairy cattle, while B is less common, and A3 and C are rare. The beta - casein A1 differs from the A2 variant at position 67 where a histidine (CAT) replaces a proline (CCT). The presence of histidine residue at codan 67 makes A1 variants exclusively vulnerable to gastrointestinal proteolysis digestion to release bioactive peptide, beta -casomorphin7 (BCM-7). This BCM-7 has been related with human ischemic heart diseases, insulin-dependent diabetes, atherosclerosis and sudden infant death syndrome. Effect of Beta-Casomorphin -7 (BCM-7) On Human Health There are several effect of bovine BCM7 on human health such as neurological d i s o r d e r, S u d d e n i n f a n t d e a t h syndrome, ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus Neurological disorder In brain basically three type of Opioid receptors are present i.e. μ (MOP), κ (KOP) and δ (DOP). MOP or μ receptor is found in brain, immune cells, and endocrine glands and to some extent in intestine. BCM-7 in bovine has higher afﬁnity for MOP receptors as compared to human milk BCM-7. Also BCM-7 level in human milk reduces drastically after 2 to 4 months of delivery of new born reducing overall effect of opioid peptides such as human BCM-7. Both schizophrenia and autism are mental disorders and it is believed that 11

the symptoms of these disorders can be reversed by changing in food habits. In mental disorder children generally show behavioral problems such as social isolation, autism, slow learning skills, difficult to speech, hyper-activity, self-mutilation, panic attacks and no eye to eye contact. Patients suffering from autism and schizophrenia (leaky gut syndrome) have shown large amount of BCM-7 in their urine. Such patients have shown dramatic improvements in their symptoms following gluten free and casein free diet. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) SIDS is the cause of death of infants between the end of the first month and the fir st year of life. Following absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, BCMs can cross the blood-brain barrier because of the infant's immature central nervous system. In infants with abnormal respiratory control and vagal n e r ve d e ve l o p m e n t , t h e o p i o i d peptides derived from milk might induce depression of the brain-stem respiratory centres, leading to death. Infants may absorb more BCM-7 due to an immature gastrointestinal tract incmpresion to adult. Ischemic heart disease / Coronary heart disease It is believed that BCM-7 should be involved in oxidation process of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL). This oxidized form of LDL is engulfed by heart kuffer cells i.e. macrophages. These macrophages ultimately converted into foam cells and start the process of atherosclerosis in heart .It is known that high fatty diet can increase the oxidation process in LDL. However, fish food containing (rich source of omega-3 fatty acids) or bovine whey protein is believed to be inhibitors of oxidation of LDL. Bovine whey protein i.e. Lactoferrin prevents the accumulation of cholesterol

in macrophages by oxidized form of LDL. Also, combination of vitamin E or C with omega-3 fatty acid is very helpful in inhibiting oxidation of LDL Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM-1) incidence has been increasing globally at 3% per annum. DM-1 develops as a result of the destruction of the insulinsecreting pancreatic β cells or pancreas loses its ability to produce insulin. This is mediated by an autoimmune process where T cells are thought to play a major role. The T cell immune response is also known as a 'cell-mediated' immune response as distinct from an 'antibody ' or 'humeral' immune response which is largely mediated by B cells. This disorder mostly affects children and older people. The loss of insulin secretion results in clinical diabetes and a lifetime dependence on insulin injection to control glucose level. The potential role of cows' milk in diabetes is still debated and there is no consensus on the diabetogenicity of individual milk proteins. It is believed that BCM-7 suppresses body's immune system that may enhance the survival of pathogens such as enteroviruses or bacteria (Mycobacterium Avium). These pathogens are ultimately involved in trigger of type1 diabetes like symptoms. Epidemiological studies showed a signiﬁcant association between the incidence of DM-1 and intake of A1 milk (but not A2 milk) compared DM-1 incidence in 0-14-year-old children from 10 countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and USA– San Diego) with the national annual cow milk protein consumption. The A2 Corporation (2006) explains that A1 beta-casein is cleaved enzymatically in the gut to produce BCM-7, whose Continue page on...13

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

ROLE OF HEMOGLOBIN FOR OPTIMUM MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues). There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism. In mammals, the protein makes up about 96% of the red blood cells' dry content (by weight), and around 35% of the total content Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL O2 per gram, which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind (carry) up to four oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin, in which CO2 is bound to the globin protein. The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group, releasing it at the same time as oxygen

estimated before commencement of treatment with Sharkoferrol vet. From day 1stSharkoferrol vet was started @25-25 gm / day for consequent 14 days PO.

Table no 4. Average hematological ﬁndings of group 1

Group 1 was received speciﬁc treatment of hemoprotozoal diseases. Along with other treatment Sharkoferrol vet was started @25-25 gm / day for consequent 14 days PO. Blood collection was carried out in citrated vial from jugular veins and processed in laboratory within 1 hour by manual method.

Graph no 1: group 1 hematology parameters

Results of each group recorded week wise and averages of the same were obtained by calculations. Results Table no 1. Hematology of group no 1 before treatment (Day 0)

Graph no 2: group 1 RBC indices

Table no 2. Hematology of group no 1 during treatment (Day 7)

In dairy cows Hb count is directly re l a te d w i t h t h e o p t i m u m m i l k production higher the Hb more the milk so it's always advisable to maintain normal Hb level in dairy animals. There are various reason due to which Hb level fall down if it not treated well in time than its life threatening also to avoid above unlikely events oral hematinic play an very important role .

Table no 3. Hematology of group no 1 after treatment (Day 14)

Table no 5. Hematological ﬁndings of group 2, before treatment (Day 0)

In the present study two groups of animals were used as follows Group 1 Six cattle suffering from hemoprotozoal infections Group 2 Six buffaloes having complaint of less milk production. Blood pictures of both groups were 12

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

Table no 6. Hematological ﬁndings of group 2, during treatment (Day 7)

Table no 7. Hematological ﬁndings of group 2, after treatment (Day 14)

Table no 8. Average hematological ﬁndings of group 2,

Graph no 4 : RBC indices

Graph no 3: hematology parameters of group 2.

Conclusions: after studying different hematological parameters it is concluded that feeding of sharkoferrol @ 25-25 gm doses increases percentages of hemoglobin and there is improvement in erythrocytic indices.

Dr. Sanjay K Latkar, Dr. Santosh Shinde, Dr. Amit Singh &Dr. S. Midhun Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai

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HARMFUL EFFECT OF A1 BETA- CASEIN (A1 MILK) ON HUMAN HEALTH

morphine-like activity may inﬂuence 3. The aim of changing the dairy herd the immune surveillance or response to to more A2 milk producing cows antigens, such as enteroviruses or may signiﬁcantly improve the endogenous retroviruses, which then public health. damage the pancreatic cells. It will be interesting to study the Conclusions association of A2 polymorphism with 1.

There is a need to eliminate the frequency of A1beta casein allele by screening and selection of young and proven bulls. Bulls having only A2 allele will be allowed for further breeding in the country.

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production traits specially milk and protein yield in crossbred our native cattle and buffalo breeds naturally dominant in A2 variant, so it will give an advantage in meeting the global demands for A2 milk in the international Dairy industry.

Sushil Kumar*, Saleem Yousuf, Naseer Ahmad Baba Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India

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BENEFITS OF COW DESI GHEE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

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गाय का घी नाक म डालने से पागलपन दरू होता ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से एलज ख हो जाती ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से लकवा का रोग म भी उपचार होता ह।ै (20-25 ाम) घी व म ी खलाने से शराब, भागं व गाझ ं े का नशा कम हो जाता ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डाल ने से कान का पदा बना ओपरेशन के ही ठीक हो जाता ह।ै नाक म घी डालने से नाक क खु दरू होती है और िदमाग तरो ताजा हो जाता ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से कोमा से बाहर नकलकर चेतना वापस लोट आती ह।ै गाय का घी नाक म डालने से बाल झडना समा हो कर नए बाल भी आने लगते ह।ै गाय के घी को नाक म डालने से मान सक शां त मलती ह,ै याददा तज े होती ह।ै हाथ पाव मे जलन होने पर गाय के घी को तलवो म मा लश कर जलन ठीक होता ह।ै िहचक के न कने पर खाली गाय का आधा च च घी खाए, िहचक यं क जाएगी। गाय के घी का नय मत सेवन करने से ए सिडटी व क क शकायत कम हो जाती ह।ै गाय के घी से बल और वीय बढ़ता है और शारी रक व मान सक ताकत म भी इजाफा होता है गाय के पुराने घी से ब ो ं को छाती और पीठ पर मा लश करने से कफ क शकायत दरू हो जाती ह।ै अगर अ धक कमजोरी लग,े तो एक गलास दध ू म एक च च गाय का घी और म ी डाल कर पी ल। हथल े ी और पावं के तलवो म जलन होने पर गाय के घी क मा लश करने से जलन म आराम आयेगा। गाय का घी न सफ कसर को पैदा होने से रोकता है और इस बीमारी के फै लने को भी आ य जनक ढंग से रोकता ह।ै

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जस को हाट अटैक क तकलीफ है और चकनाइ खाने क मनाही है तो गाय का घी खाएं , हदय मज़बतू होता ह।ै देसी गाय के घी म कसर से लड़ने क अचूक मता होती ह।ैइसके सेवनसे नतथाआतंके खतरनाककसर सेबचाजासकताह।ै घी, छलका सिहत पसा आ काला चना और पसी श र (बरूा) तीनो ं को समान मा ा म मलाकर ल बाधँल। ातः खाली पेट एक ल खूब चबा-चबा कर खाते ए एक गलास मीठा गुनगुना दध ू घँ ूट-घँ ूट करके पीने से यो ं के दर रोग म आराम होता ह,ै पु षो ं का शरीर मोटा ताजा यानी सुडौल और बलवान बनता ह.ै फफोलो पर गाय का देसी घी लगाने से आराम मलता ह।ै गाय के घी क झाती पर मा लस कर ने से ब ो के बलगम को बहार नकालने मे सहायक होता ह।ै सापं के काटने पर 100 -150 ाम घी पलाय उपर से जतना गुन गुना पानी पला सके पलाय जससे उलटी और द तो लगगे ही लेिकन सापं का वष कम हो जायेगा। दो बं दू देसी गाय का घी नाक म सुबह शाम

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डालने से माइ ेन दद ठीक होता ह।ै सर दद होने पर शरीर म गम लगती हो, तो गाय के घी क पैरो ं के तलवे पर मा लश करे, सरदद ठीक हो जायेगा। यह रण रहे िक गाय के घी के सेवन से कॉले ॉल नही ं बढ़ता ह।ै वजन भी नही बढ़ता, ब वजन को सं तु लत करता ह।ै यानी के कमजोर का वजन बढ़ता ह,ै मोटे का मोटापा (वजन) कम होता ह।ै एक च च गाय का शु घी म एक च च बरूा और 1/4 च च पसी काली मच इन तीनो ं को मला कर सुबह खाली पेट और रात को सोते समय चाट कर ऊपर से गम मीठा दध ू पीने से आख ँ ो ं क ो त बढ़ती ह।ै गाय के घी को ठ े जल म फट ले और िफर घी को पानी से अलग कर ले यह ि या लगभग सौ बार करे और इसम थोड़ासा कपूर डालकर मला द। इस व ध ारा ा घी एक असरकारक औष ध म प रव तत हो जाता है जसे चा स ी हर चमरोगो ं म चम ा रक िक तरह से इ ेमाल कर सकते ह।ै यह सौराइ शस के लए भी कारगर ह।ै गाय का घी एक अ ा (LDL) कोले ॉल ह।ै उ कोले ॉल के रो गयो ं को गाय का घी ही खाना चािहए । यह एक ब त अ ा टॉ नक भी ह।ै अगर आप गाय के घी क कु छ बँ दू िदन म तीन बार, नाक म योग करगे तो यह दोष (वात प और कफ) को सं तु लत करता ह।ै वं दे गौमातरम।्।

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

NEWS Farmers disappointed with Senate report on dairy industry

long-awaited government review of how to ﬁx the dairy industry's woes has left farmers feeling disappointed and dubious, Following last year's dairy crisis, the Senate Economics References Committee set out to establish a fair and long-term solution to improving everything from milk price contracts to supermarket b e h a v i o r, B u t f a r m e r s s a i d t h e recommendations fall short of paving the way for change, Gippsland dairy farmer Rob Paynter described the report as "damp squib" but is putting his faith in the competition watchdog, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), which is currently conducting its own review of the sector, Mr. Paynter was one of the people left with huge debts when Fonterra suddenly slashed prices last May, The committee has handballed t h e h a rd d e c i s i o n to t h e ACCC recommending it consider how to level the playing ﬁeld between farmers and milk processors, Last month, an industry-led voluntary code of conduct for the dairy industry was introduced. It requires processors to give farmers 30 days' notice before cutting prices, But the Senate committee has questioned whether the code goes far enough, and its chair, Labor Senator Chris Ketter, has

Committee handballs the hard stuff

told the ABC it should go further,In an ideal world, and this is my personal view, a code of conduct would be a mandatory one,he said,I think that's got a better chance of success a code of conduct that provides the risk to the processor as opposed to the farmer, The report recommends the ACCC consider ways to strengthen the code to give farmers more clout, and make it easier for suppliers to collectively bargain with processors,The committee has also encouraged farm groups to give their members better legal advice on milk contracts,I'm really asking farm groups to lift their game in this area Senator Ketter said. Farmers have been worn down by numerous Senate inquiries that have not presented solutions, This latest report skirts around one of the most controversial issues the ability for milk processors to claw back money from suppliers, While the committee is scathing of Murray Goulburn and Fonterra's decision to claw back debt last year, it has lef t scrutiny of controversial milk price contracts to the ACCC, And it has called for an independent review of the Government's concessional loan dairy

support package,citing concerns that it saddles farmers with more debt than necessary, With regards to one of the most talked about issues facing the sector $1 a litre milk prices the report recommends an "education campaign to promote awareness about the dairy industry so consumers can make informed choices when purchasing dairy products. In April last year, dairy processor Murray Goulburn suddenly and retrospectively cut the prices farmers received for the milk they supplied, Its largest rival, the New Zealand dairy giant Fonterra, followed suit and the industry plunged into crisis,The cuts left many farmers hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt, The ACCC launched inquiries, shareholders and suppliers initiated class actions, and the senators began their own investigation, In his first public comments since leaving Murray Goulburn on the same day the cuts were made, former boss Gary Helou told the Senate inquiry he "did not mislead" in the lead-up to the April 2016 announcement,Senators were due to report their findings in February. The release of the findings were again delayed in March, May and June.

Sh35 million boost for regional games

rookside Dairy has sponsored the East African secondary schools games to the tune of Sh35 million, The games, which bring together teams from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan, begin this 15

weekend in Gulu, Uganda, Brookside Dairy has for the ninth time in a row sponsored all the 21 disciplines to be contested for in the tournament, which will be held at the Sacred Heart Girls School, St Joseph Layibi and Kaunda DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

NEWS Grounds Hall in Gulu, This year's competition will mark the 16th edition of the tournament, Apart from the trophies, the federation of East African Secondary Schools Sports Associations (Feasssa) will also offer six talented players full scholarships at Strathmore Business School in Nairobi, The scholarships are only open for students taking par t in either hockey or basketball, Speaking during the launch on Tuesday in Nairobi, Feasssa president Justus Mugisha conﬁrmed that all measures have been taken to ensure a successfully championship so that the tournament achieves its purpose of nurturing sports talent,The

proﬁle of the games has been growing every year and there is already a lot of anticipation ahead of this year's event. The whole of Gulu is waiting for the competitions to start and this year we plan to have the games aired live on television so that the entire region can follow the proceedings from Gulu, Mugisha said, Every year we have had different countries winning different categories apart from netball where Uganda has dominated, but we believe that this year is going to be different. Maybe another country will walk away with the crown, Mugisha, together with Feassa Secretary General David Ngugi, said measures have been taken to

eliminate age-cheating, We have put in place strict rules this time to bar agecheating. Automatic disqualification and long bans await culprits, We have also endorsed an anti-doping policy and we are encouraging the participants to stay away from any performance-enhancing drugs, he said, For this year's event, Kenya is expected to field 50 teams consisting 700 players and 10 officials. The Kenyan delegation left the country by road Tuesday morning and is expected to arrive in Gulu Thursday afternoon ahead of Saturday's curtain-raiser, Last year's competition was held in Eldoret where Kenya retained the overall team title.

Nairobi accounts for 62pc of milk vending machines

Dairy Queen Is Dishing Out Bogo Blizzards For The Eclipse

airobi now accounts for twoﬁfths of milk vending machines, popularly known as ATMs, presenting major competition to the large processors, Data from the Kenya Dairy Board (KDB) indicates the number of the machines have now hit 275 from virtually none a few years back, with the capital city accounting for 62 per cent of the total units, Milk from a vending machine is cheaper than the one from the processors, making it popular with consumers. A litre of is currently retailing at Sh65 while half a litre from the processors goes for Sh50, KDB managing director Margret Kibogy says the growing number of ATMs is good as it gives consumers access to quality milk, The number of milk vending machines that we have licensed has been growing over the years and this is a good move as it gives consumers an opportunity to consume safe milk,she said. Milk processors have previously 16

raised concern over the growing numbers of ATMs as it eats into their market share, Traders who want to operate the dispensers pay Sh600 as licence fee to KDB to be allowed to sell milk to the public,Kenya has 25 registered milk processors with the main ones being Brookside, New KCC and Githunguri Dairies, The growing number of ATMs comes at a time the regulator says it has put in place regulations to ensure the safety of milk sold through the vending machines, The rules require all milk to be pasteurised (heated) while all operators have to undergo medical examination to certify that they are ﬁt to handle food products, All milk that is sold through vending machines has to be pasteurized, Currently, traders are not doing this and many at times sell raw product these regulations will ensure compliance with the set standards,said the regulator in June, The regulations also limit the number of days the milk can stay in the dispenser to less than 24 hours from the date of deliver y, Installed processing capacity in the country has increased from 2.9 million litres a day to 3.5 million litres in the past ﬁve years, according to the KDB.

ow that the weekend has arrived, it seems like everyone is psyched for the Great American Eclipse, Even milk royalty is pumped, No, it's not Princess Kay of the Milky Way,Good guess, though. It's Dairy Queen, and it's going to hook you up with a BOGO Blizzard deal in honor of the day being dark for like two minutes,The chain is offering a buy one get one for 99 cents deal on all its Blizzard Treats, which includes the new Triple Truffle Blizzard Treat. The deal kicks off on Monday, the day of the eclipse. However, if you're too busy being stuck in traffic or freaked out by the eerie silence of birds, you can still have the ice cream treat that can be turned upside down,The BOGO deal will run through September 3 at participating Dairy Queen and DQ Grill & Chill locations, If you're traveling to the line of totality Monday, you'll probably want to take both of those Blizzards for yourself so you can stay hydrated in traffic or something, There are lots of excuses for eating two Blizzards. And if you're not going to the eclipse, Neil Degrasse-Tyson has words for you, Wanna see the solar eclipse for yourself Check out Thrillist's state-by-state watch guides to the best viewing spotsin.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

NEWS Six silos for easy making of silage

n any livestock enterprise, feeding costs will constitute the highest proportion (usually above 70 per cent) of overall costs of production, The basal diet of ruminants mainly comprises of forage, However without prior planning, you can easily run into shortage of essential feeds, especially during dry seasons at a critical time when livestock products fetch premium prices. As such, it is important to conserve forage to ensure availability of quality feeds all-year round, Making silage is one of the best ways to ensure your animals do not lack feeds. However, while most farmers know the procedure of making silage, choosing t h e s i l o t o u s e of t e n p r e s e n t s challenges, To begin with, the silo you use will determine how long your silage lasts and in what quality, Start by knowing how much silage you will need, and choose an area to be used to meet this requirement, The amount of silage you require is determined by the number of animals you have, their nutritional requirements and quantity as well as quality of other available forages such as hay, The area required to make the silage is calculated from the expected fodder crop or pasture yields, which are in turn determined by growth curves and management practices (including fertilisation), The silo space required to accommodate the yield is calculated from the known density of we l l c o m pa c te d pa s t u re s i l a g e , Generally, a tonne of silage compacted at 60 per cent moisture content requires a space of 1.4 cubic metres, This translates to between 650 to 700kg 17

of silage per cubic metre. It is also impor tant to obtain the right machinery best-suited to the silo of choice and magnitude of silage making operation. Further, ensure the machinery is in good order before the operation starts, since you cannot afford to have a breakdown once the operation has begun, Tower silos are good for making silage because of their elevated heights, w h i c h a i d s c o m pa c t i o n a n d a i r exclusion, However, their major disadvantages are high cost of construction and need for specialised machinery to propel silage material over high elevations, Apart from the polythene sheet cover,no structure is necessary to conserve silage in this silo,The silage is simply placed on a convenient patch of ground with continuous compaction up to a height of about 2-4m and sealed in a day, or a maximum of three days, The area round the heap must be drained. Heap silos are cheap to construct and for this reason, they are very popular with many Kenyan farmers, However, sometimes silage along the sides may get spoilt due to improper compaction,Trench silos are constructed by excavating soil to form a trench or a furrow on a slightly sloppy ground, meaning the silage material will be ensiled below the ground sur face, It enables easy compaction of the material being conserved, The width should be at least 2m wide to allow compaction and the walls should be slightly slanting inwards towards the ﬂoor. Major limitations include the process is

labour intensive and silage may spoil due to rain water seepage, A polytube for silage making is a seamless 1,000 micron gauge open ended bag ranging between 2-2.5m long, It is tied on one end, filled with the material being ensiled and then tied at the top for fermentation to take place, It should be stored away from direct sunlight with some weights placed at the top,A single bag silo can hold between 350 to 500kg of silage and is suitable for small-scale farmers, The main limitation of this type of silo is destruction by rodents and high labour requirements in the long run, Bunker silos are used in flat areas unsuitable for trench silos,Aboveground walls are constructed using concrete or timber braced with poles, Timber walls that come into contact with silage should not be treated with preservatives but should be covered with polythene sheets to prevent m o i s t u re a n d a c i d p e n e t r a t i o n , Concrete floors are usually needed for easier loading and to minimise feed waste. Bunker silos require adequate drainage, Concrete floors are usually needed for easier loading and to minimise feed waste. Bunker silos require adequate drainage, They are suited for medium and large scale farmers, The most-effective way commonly used for sealing the silage is by using a sheet of polythene, at least 250 microns thick (preferably 1,000 microns) to prevent rainwater from entering. White polythene is preferable due to its superior UV light resistance and reduced silage temperatures beneath DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

NEWS

it,Allowance must be made for shrinkage and drainage by building up a crown in the centre of the silo, Always use large enough polythene sheets to avoid seams, but if this is not possible, ensure that the sheets overlap over a width of at least 45cm then cover the seam with soil, The sheeting can also be covered with used vehicle tyres, close to one another to keep the silage compacted and at the same time prevent the polythene sheet from being blown open by the wind.

Women flex their muscles in beef cattle rearing

and training,she said,She added that they are working to change their lives because they believe in women empowerment, Ms Waithera said they bought 15 local Boran cattle at Sh14,000 each saying the venture is looking up, However, being small scale farmers, they are faced with a myriad of challenges, including unpredictable weather which affects marketing of their products, This makes them vulnerable to loses as they end up selling high value animals at throwaway prices, We don't have a ready market; we sell at the nearest open air markets to traders in Mwangulu, who in turn sell the animals to butchers she said, Most of the traders do not buy in cash she added,The butchers slaughter the animals and sell the meat to their customers, Ms Waithera said the group will work with the trade department and form a co-operative to help market their produce, She said agriculture and extension officers usually visit their farm to train them on how to use drugs to fight diseases and parasites such as ticks and tsetse flies, She added that extension officers guide them on proper management practices that can save money through lower treatment costs. Ultimately, this could lead to increased profits. No Country for Uniform Gain in Dairy Products Post GST

eef cattle rearing is daunting for many beginners. But, determined to make a difference in their lives, a women's group in Kinondo, Kwale County, is out to prove that this is not a male-only turf, Maisha Bora Women Group, which comprises 10 members, is hogging the limelight in its quest to become a model organisation at the coast, The group started in 2016 and wrote a proposal requesting for funds from the ofﬁce of the Woman Representative t h ro u g h t h e N a t i o n a l G o ve rn m e n t Afﬁrmative Action Fund, In an interview with the Sunday Nation, group secretary Rose Waithera said they got Sh250,000 and invested the money in beef cattle, “which are less troublesome compared with dairy cattle, Local beef animals take less capital, are readily available, mistakes done are less costly, and farmers need less experience

Indian dairies are staring at a mixed business during the upcoming festive season following the rollout of the uniform Goods and Services Tax (GST) across the country, which now makes certain products relatively expensive in the North and cheaper in the South, Ghee (a class of clariﬁed butter that originated in India), which is a major product sold during festivities, had attracted a 5 per cent valueadded tax (VAT) earlier in the North as against a 14.5 per cent VAT charged in the South, Post GST rollout, ghee now attracts 12 per cent tax uniformly across the country , making Southern dairies gain marginally up to 2.5 per cent and Northern dairies suffer an additional tax burden of some 7 per cent, According to industry representatives and analysts, ghee is the second-largest commodity product with a 15 per cent share in the diary sector after liquid milk, which accounts for a 65 per cent share, Further, nearly a third of the annual ghee sales is reported during the festive season, The changed scenario post GST

rollout has compelled some dairies to resort to increasing selling prices of ghee to cover up increased taxes, others decided to prune down their marketing budgets during festive season, Kuldeep Saluja, MD of Sterling Agro, which sells dairy products under the Nova brand in the Northern markets, said: "The increase of 7 per cent in taxes on ghee due to GST has been a big setback to the business as sales have been impacted despite partial passing on the price burden while also taking a hit on our margins. And we expect this impact to continue during the up coming festive season, Some analysts said dairies in the North, which are mainly into commodities or B2B segment, are likely to face the pressure on margins owing to increased tax on ghee,Also there will be a slight impact on the retail side as well with moderate price increases, We will be reducing our marketing budget accordingly du ring the festive season to counter any impact of increase in taxation on ghee and other value-added products, said Devendra Shah, chairman and managing director of Mumbai-based Parag Milk Foods, Dairies in the South like Heritage Foods and Hatsun Agro expect the impact to be either neutral or marginally positive. RG Chandramogan, CMD, Hatsun Agro said We are expecting a neutral impact of GST on ghee sales as there will be a slight reduction in taxes, coupled with lower milk prices during the festive season due to higher production, M Sambasiva Rao, the president of Hyderabad-based Heritage Foods, echoed similar views on the positive impact of GST rollout, Impact of GST on the dairy in dustry is expected to be neutral to positive in general," said Shiva Mudgil, senior analyst, Rabobank, adding that GST would further push formalisation of the sector at the expense of informal cash-dominated business channels, benefiting the organised segment, This will also impact the B2B trade business model of dairy commodity companies which relies on cash transactions e.g. for ghee. B2C branded ghee segment may see slight retail price increase for products like ghee in North India due to GST Mr Mudgil said, At present, India is the world's largest producer of milk, accounting for nearly a fifth of global milk production, followed by the US, China, Pakistan and Brazil, according to a report by brokerage firm Antique. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

NEWS Kollam to launch hi-tech dairy farm, branded milk

he ﬁrst ever hi-tech dairy farm in the State is all set for inauguration at Kuriyottumala in Kollam. The Rs 20 crore farm will have the branded farm fresh milk 'Kuriyottumala milk' that will hit the markets, with a vision to make the district self-sufﬁcient in milk production. The farm will be inaugurated by Minister for Animal Husbandry K.Raju on Saturday. The fully automated plant can accommodate as many as 240 cows at a time with an

BJP Seeks Probe into Cattle Deaths

expected production of 5000 litres per day in the ﬁrst phase,The hi-tech farm will not have human intervention in any stage of milk production from milking to packaging,Initially the packaged milk will be supplied in areas including Punalur and Pathanapuram and will eventually cover the entire district,The specialty of the farm is that it maintains utmost hygiene,said Kollam district panchayat president K. Jagadamma, The farm lies in 91.28 acres of land taken by the district panchayat in 2001. The construction of the hi-tech farm began in 2012. The farm has facilities including dung scraper that cleans dung, automatic drinkers for cattle, dairy fans for air ﬂow, TMR wagons that feed cattle, a bulk cooler having a capacity of

Iran's Dairy Industry Booming, as Exports Expand

DIA AS the State BJP demanded a probe into cattle vaccination against Theileriosis, Fisheries and Animal Re s o u rc e s D e v e l o p m e n t M i n i s te r Damodar Rout on Monday said, he has directed an inquiry into cattle deaths due to Theileria disease, Holding the State Government responsible for the death of immunised cattle, State BJP vicepresident Samir Mohanty said the vaccine administered to the cattle are either outdated or of poor quality, according to The New Indian Express, He urged the Government to send samples of the injections given to cattle for vaccination to various laboratories and make the reports public,If the reports prove that the vaccinations are not suitable for bovine use, action should be taken against Rout as per the law for cow slaughter,Mr Mohanty said, Mr Rout said, many cows have died due to the ﬂoods in the state of Odisha, As soon as he came to know about the vaccination causing cattle deaths, the Minister said, he immediately instructed a technical team to collect samples of the injections and get them tested. 19

5000 litres to store milk, cow brushes, and an activity monitoring system that closely watch the cattle. The farm that uses German technology is also equipped with milk parlours that can milk 12 cows at a time, The state animal husbandry department in association with the Kerala veterinary and animal sciences university has started diploma courses. Courses on dairy entrepreneurship and poultr y entrepreneurship with a duration of one year each can be attended in distance education mode while commercial dairy farming will be a regular diploma course of six months duration at the Kuriyottumala dairy farm. The last date for the application is September 25.

he Iranian dair y industr y is beginning to expand, as dairy companies now target expor t destinations such as Russia, according to DairyReporter, a French news service in dairy processing industry, Last month, Pegah Iran Dairy Industries Company opened the largest milk powder factory in Iran in Lorestan P ro v i n c e . T h e c o m pa n y i s a l s o undergoing growth, with the opening of Aligudar z Animal Husbandr y Complex with a capacity of 2,000 livestocks and a daily production of 80 tons of raw milk, Pegah, which has 17 production facilities and ﬁve distribution companies throughout the countr y, makes a range of dair y products, including cheese, milk , doogh (a savory yogurt drink), yogurt, powder and cream, Mehdi Hajibeygi, international affairs manager at Iran Dair y Industries Company, told

DairyReporter the industry is healthy and improving, He noted that six factories are listed on Tehran Stock Exchange, with Pegah leading the way with a 21% market share. Kalleh has a 16% market share and Damdaran held 8.6%,In terms of brand awareness, Hajibeygi said Pegah tops the list in the country at 22%, with Kalleh close behind with 21, Hajibeygi said Pegah dominates when it comes to brand choice, with 39% of consumer s choosing Pegah pasteurized milk as their ﬁrst choice and 46% naming Pegah as the top domestic cheese brand, International companies have not made a big impression in the Iranian dairy market. However, Danone does have a good presence in the country,he said, Nestlé is another international company with presence in Iran, Other countries are starting to import Iranian dairy products, which last year amounted to 387,000 tons worth $634 million, marking an increase of 19%,While the three most important export markets are Russia, Iraq and A f g h a n i s t a n , p ro d u c t s a re a l s o DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

NEWS exported to Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Kuwait, Qatar, Malaysia, Thailand, the UK, Canada, Austria, Lebanon, Syria and Georgia, Hajibeygi said exports to Russia are i n c r e a s i n g , D e p u t y M i n i s t e r of Agriculture Hassan Rokni said 198,000 tons of dairy products were exported in March-April 2017,compared to 103,000 tons in the same period of 2016,Trends in Iran tend to mirror those in other countries, as probiotic and low-lactose products are trending, he said, Pegah's protein-enriched butter and ﬁber yogurts are new products, which have taken advantage of current trends.

CME: USDA Makes Modest Adjustments to Corn, Soybean Harvest Forecasts

espite much talk of deteriorating conditions and the potential for lower yields in several parts of the Corn Belt, USDA made some very modest adjustments to its corn and soybean harvest forecasts (see our report on 11 August for full coverage of the WASDE update), reports Steiner Consulting Group, DLR Division Inc, Corn production for 2017-18 is currently forecast at 14.153 billion bushels, 100 million bushels less than the earlier forecast but still about 260 million bushels more than trade was expecting. There are plenty of private analysts 20

pointing to the potential for downward revisions in yields in the September report and this divergent opinion was expressed in the pre-report survey, It is possible that USDA will present a different picture in its next update, after all at that point USDA analysts will start to get objective field data, including ear weights. Windshield tours are nice and all but it is always hard to try to come up with national yield estimates without a large enough sample of data, There have been some parts of the country with significant drought conditions this year while others have enjoyed above average weather. We have included two charts (bottom of the page) that USDA updates each week. We think they give you a good sense as to what areas have been impacted by drought and how important those regions are for the national corn and soybean harvest,For the week ending 13 August, USDA reported that 62 per cent of the corn crop was in g o o d o r e x c e l l e n t condition, this was 12 points under last year's levels and the lowest rating for this week since 2012. The rating is near the 10-year average but keep in mind that average includes 2012, which had a good/excellent rating of 23 per cent If we were to take that year out of the average as an outliner, then current condition rating would be about 5 points under the average. The current corn crop is also a bit behind last year's in terms of maturity, with 61 per cent of the crop in the dough stage compared to 70 per cent last year and 16 per cent of the crop dented compared to 19 per cent a year ago and 20 per cent for the five year average,Drought pressures in

the Dakotas have increased and we now are seeing more corn acres in Iowa also come under some drought pressure. According to USDA, 10 per cent of corn acres in Iowa are now in either severe or extreme drought conditions while an additional 32 per cent of the corn planted acres in Iowa are in moderate drought, For the entire country, 5 per cent of planted corn acres are in either extreme or severe drought and another 11 per cent are in moderate drought. So while the rating percentage has not slipped much in the last few weeks, one should recognise the impact that drought conditions may have on ear weights and ﬁnal yields, Summer weather takes a toll on pastures during this time of year and this year is not different. USDA currently estimates that 47 per cent of pastures and ranges are in excellent or good condition, 4 points less than the same time last year. Current conditions still are above that 10 year average but, as with corn, one needs to recognise that the long run average includes that disastrous 2012 year when good/excellent rating dropped to under 20 per cent. Current pasture rating is the worst since 2013, Deteriorating pasture conditions and deteriorating proﬁt outlook could continue to put pressure on cow-calf operators, pushing calves to market earlier than expected and, in some cases, forcing producers to change their plans about expanding the beef cow herd, Low feed costs and ample hay supplies have bolstered calf supplies in the last three years. But much as we would like that to be the case, weather patterns turn and invariably this directly impacts cattle production (pastures/corn) and hog / chicken production (corn).

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017

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/ NEWS

Molecule Increases Pregnancy Rate, Number of Offspring in Cattle

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esearchers at Inprenha Biotecnologia, a company based in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, working in par tnership with colleagues at the University of São Paulo's Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCFRPUSP), have discovered a molecule that can increase bovine pregnancy rates and reduce early embryo loss,The discovery resulted from a project supported by the Small Business Innovative Research Programme (PIPE) from the São Paulo Research Foundation and gave rise to a product that enhances reproductive efﬁciency in domestic animals such as cattle and horses, The product has been tested by Inprenha, which has also patented it in Brazil, eight other countries, and in the European Union,In Brazil, the product is awaiting registration by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, We've discovered a new application for the molecule. We've found no similar product under development in the animal reproduction market in Brazil or worldwide, said Marcelo Roncoletta, Inprenha's production and research director and principal investigator for the project, Mr Roncoletta's partner in the company, Erika da Silva Carvalho Morani, is also a scientist. They both earned master's degrees and PhDs in veterinar y medicine and animal reproduction from São Paulo State University (UNESP) at Jaboticabal, with scholarships from FAPESP, Since they founded the company in 2008, both have studied ways of increasing animal fertility and reproductive efﬁciency,One of their lines of

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investigation has aimed at reducing early embryo loss in bovine gestation based on hypotheses arising from studies of maternal recognition of pregnancy and maternal-fetal immune tolerance for pregnancy maintenance, During their research, they read a scientific paper published in the late 2000s, according to which a re c o m b i n a n t p ro te i n i n t h e β galactoside-binding lectin family had immunomodulator y and antiinflammatory properties; participated in several biological processes, such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation; and, above all, endowed cells in the trophoblast (the specialized cells of the placenta, which play a major role in the maternal-fetal interface) with immune privilege by modulating a number of regulatory mechanisms for pregnancy establishment and maintenance. For these reasons, the protein was recommended for use in assisted reproductive procedures such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer, Following this discovery, they contacted a group of researchers at FCFRP-USP led by Professor Marcelo Dias Baruffi to find out whether the group had produced the recombinant protein and were interested in providing samples of it. In fact, since the early 2000s, with the support of scholarships from FAPESP, the group has produced this recombinant protein and has studied its role in the immune response of mice to Chagas disease and, more recently, to dengue, The partnership between FCFRP-USP and the company resulted in confirmation of the hypothesis that

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 08 | August 2017