Dairy Planner Sept 2017 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

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Vol.14 | No. - 09 | Sept - 2017

20 Cool Facts

You Never Knew About Cows

Importance Of Deworming In Dairy Animals Indigenous Bovine Milk: BeneďŹ cial For Human Health Rsb Crackdown On Standards Leave Supermarkets Short Of Dairy Products Dairy Industry Committed To Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Climate Change Means More Dairy Farms Here

From the Pen of Chief Editor Importance Of Deworming In Dairy Animals

Dermatophilosis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Threat To Dairy Animals

Drug Residues In Milk And Their Effect On Human Health

Indigenous Bovine Milk: BeneďŹ cial For Human Health

Emergence Of Dairy Farming As A Potential Entrepreneurship Avenue...

Cattle Breeds Of India: Their Diversity And Unique Traits

Importance Of Indigenous Breeds In National Economy

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Editorial

C O N T E N T S

Small The Better The Livestock Growth in india has remained pegged at four to five per cent during the last five. There had been immense progress after the launching of white revolution and its successful implementation. But all this has depended on rearing bigger animals like buffaloes and cows. Consequently in the relatively richer and prosperous states dairy farms could be seen dotting the country side but it has been achieved after comparatively bigger investments by the farmers. During the process the dairy farmers had to raise laons from banks and even from private creditors. The success rate of these dairy farmers,therefore , depended on better management, availability of marketing of milk and dairy products as well as help rendered by the government and semi- government agencies in this field. It has always been loast sight of that bigger the animal, bigger the loss in case of any calamity. Beside, none has so far undertaken any survey to know whether the dairy farmers have been able to pay back the laons and raise their family income standards reasonably. In the light of this, it is imperative that the landless labour should also be given the right place in the scheme of thing while developing the dairy and livestock sector. If india is keen to find better resources of income for the landless labour, it is essential that in the livestock sector, beginning should be made from smaller animals.the speech of prof.orskov of orskov foundation , Scotland (UK) and internationally known nutritionist to the delegates of international tropical animal nutrition conference organized by the animal nutrition society of india at the national dairy research institute here has shown the way Indian planner. Prof orskov while dilating upon his experiences stressed that in inda the need was to supply smaller animals like goats , sheep, pigs and hens to the people living below povrty line to better their economic lot.it will be easier and economical for them to rear these animals and get maximum benefit out of their small investments. Those living below poverty line cannot afford to make bigger investments and raise loans for setting up big dairy farms. Even majority of then are incapable of rearing a single cor or a buffalo because of the high rising feed costs and less availability of green fodder. Furthermore, with the fragmention of land holding in the villages, grazing fields for cattles are diminishing every year. Therefore it is becoming increasingly difficult for these sections to rear bigger animals.the smaller animals on the no big investments and not big finances to feed them the sheep and goat could easily fill their bellies by grazing on the smaller shrubs which are available in plenty in the Fields of the farmers.they could do not need specified feed for yielding more milk. They could be resred without incurring much expences. The income form the sale of small animals and their milk could easily add to the kitty of the poor to buy essential items for their domestic use. Prof orskov gave ample examples of how smaller animals generates sufficient income to support families form the projects which his foundation had undertaken in Indonesia Ghana Malaysia and Kenya. Prof orskov is of the firm view that smaller the animals more the income and less the expenditure. It is for the planners of the country to sit with prof orskov study hid projrcts and find out feasible schemes to rear small animals and provide financial help to the poor to raise their standards of living . If prof orskov is taken at his words thousands of millions in the country could benefit and enjoy the fruits of economic prosperity attained by them with less investment.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

IMPORTANCE OF DEWORMING IN DAIRY ANIMALS Transmission Ÿ

Fecal-oral transmission

Transdermal transmission

Vector-borne transmission

Predator-prey transmission

Most Important Parasites Of Cattle And Calf Introduction

Paramphistome

India has a wide population of 200 million cattle, 108.7 million buffaloes, 65 million sheep, 135.17 million of goats, and 729.2 million of poultry. Parasitism (Helminth), especially, the gastrointestinal parasitism, is the major health problem severely affecting the animal productivity in calves and dairy animals. Helminth parasites (cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes) are present everywhere among Dairy animals. The worms mainly affect the efﬁciency of the animal and cause ﬁnancial loss to their owners. That is why it is most important to overcome the gastrointestinal worms to improve production of the animals. Worm infested animal shows, diarrhea, weight loss, soil licking and eating pieces of cloth, delay in attaining puberty, weakness and slow growth, decrease in milk production, death at an early age, thin and rough skin coat. The worms in animals are more in those areas where animals graze more, than in those areas where animals graze less. Correspondingly, more worms are found in young animals than in old ones. One important reason of lesser rate of growth in younger animals in India is the presence of worms in them.

Paramphistomum flukes are also known as rumen flukes. Predilection site for adult flukes is the stomach; immature flukes congregate in the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum). Paramphistomum have an indirect life cycle with freshwater snails as the intermediate hosts, e.g. of the genus Bulinus, Planorbis, etc.

Life-cycles Helminths form three main life-cycle stages: eggs, larvae and adults. Adult worms infect deﬁnitive hosts (those in which sexual development occurs) whereas larval stages may be free-living or parasitize invertebrate vectors, intermediate or paratenic hosts. 05

Cattle ingests the metacercaria during grazing in contaminated land. In the small intestine the young flukes leave the cysts, attach to the intestinal mucosa and continue development. They feed on the tissues of the gut wall. Later on, they detach from the gut epithelium and migrate to the rumen, where they complete their development to adult flukes and start laying eggs. After ingestion by the final host it takes 2 to 4 months for metacercaria to complete development and start laying eggs (pre-patent period).

Trematode Life Cycle

The adult flukes in the stomach are not very pathogenic, despite of the high numbers that can congregate there. However, masses of young flukes attaching to the gut wall and feeding on it are highly pathogenic. Those immature flukes destroy the gut tissue, including its glands. This disturbs digestion. The major clinical sign of stomach fluke infection is enteritis and fowl smelling diarrhea (watery scour) with blood clots, and as a consequence dehydration, dullness, emaciated, etc. Anemia and bottle jaw can develop. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

Life Cycle Like other tapeworms, Moniezia spp has an indirect life cycle with ruminants (sheep, goats, cattle, etc.,) as ﬁnal hosts, and oribatid mites as their intermediate hosts.

Figure2 Cattle showing 'Bottle Jaw' appearance

The ﬁnal host becomes infected after ingesting contaminated mites during grazing. The mites are digested and they release the cysticercoids, which will attach to the gut wall and develop to adult tapeworm, depending on the worm species and the ﬁnal host.

Prevention

Pathology

In endemic areas, preventive measures a r e t a ke n , t o r e d u c e t h e s n a i l populations, the infection of pastures with infective stages, or the access to livestock to infested fodders. Vector snails are aquatic and live in water (e.g. streams, pools, swamps, lakes, marshes, irrigation channels, water canals, ponds, waterlogging areas, etc.). Whatever the measures, help keeping the pastures dry have to be encouraged, to reduce the snail population, and to shor ten the survivability of encysted metacercaria

In heavy infestations, it has been postulated that they may compete for nutrients, excrete toxic materials or, because of their length, interfere with the motility of the gut. It must be also considered that sheep, goats and cattle are often infected not only with tapeworms, but also and mainly with gastrointestinal roundworms, which are substantially more harmful than tapeworms. In this typical situation it is difﬁcult to determine whether tapeworms signiﬁcantly worsen the harm due to roundworms or not.

Treatment

Prevention And Control

It is not possible to eliminate the oribatid mites in the pastures. In endemic zones with high incidence, it is recommended to harvest the hay, and deeply plow the ﬁelds (the mites tend to burrow deeply in the soil). This can reduce the mite population. Even though, some mites will survive in the unplowed borders and will re-infect the pastures in a few years.

Oxyclozanide, narrow spectrum ﬂukicide, very effective against paramphistome Dose rate -18.7mg/kg second dose should be given 2 days apart

Niclosamide Dose rate 160 mg/kg as a Single dose or as two doses 3 d apart is effective

Treatment

Chemical control of the snails using molluscicides (i.e. snail killers) such as copper sulphate, sodium pentachlorophenate

Fenbendazole 5-10mg/kg

Moniezia

It is most common tapeworm seen in cattle, mostly in sheep and goat. The predilection site of adult Moniezia in cattle is the small intestine.

Praziquantel 3.75mg/kg, speciﬁc taenicides

Toxocara Vitulorum

Albendazole 5-10mg/kg broadspectrum

Toxocara vitulorum is a roundworm that infects cattle, buffaloes, bison . It is also

known as Neoascaris vitulorum. Predilection site of adult Toxocara vitulorum is the small intestine. Migrating larvae can be found in organs such as: lungs, trachea, bronchioles, liver, kidneys, mammary glands, etc. Life Cycle Toxocara vitulorum has a direct life cycle, i.e. there are no intermediate hosts involved. Adult females lay eggs in the small intestine of the host which are shed in the feces. The prepatent period (time between infection and ﬁrst eggs shed) is 21 to 28 days in calves. In adult cows it is longer, depends on the migration and dormancy period. However, it seems that most larvae do not complete development and lay eggs in adult cows but are perinatally transmitted to the offspring. Pathology Toxocara vitulorum is usually not pathogenic for adult cattle. But it can be very harmful to calves with high mortality rates if left untreated. Migrating larvae can seriously damage numerous organs in adult cattle, mainly the lungs, where they can cause infections with secondary bacterial infection and subsequent pneumonia. In calves, the adult worms in the small intestine compete for nutrients with the host, and can cause severe diarrhea (putrid), enteritis, colic, loss of appetite and weight loss. Due to the large size of the worm heavy infection can obstruct the intestine and even perforate it. Occasionally worms may also migrate through the bile duct and cause obstruction leading to cholangitis. A typical sign of Toxocara vitulorum infections in calves is a characterized by butyric acid or acetone odor on breath or urine, which may even stick to the meat and cause rejection during the time of slaughter or during the antemortem examination. Prevention And Control

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

Toxocara vitulorum being cattle speciﬁc, alternate grazing with sheep and/or horses may be considered as a good strategy. The longer the absence of cattle, the greater will be the reduction in the Toxocara vitulorum population in the pasture. However, this may not be advisable if the property has other gastrointestinal roundworms that are simultaneously parasitic to that of cattle, goat and sheep.

world but is very frequent and harmful in regions with tropical and subtropical humid climates. Haemonchus placei affects cattle mostly. Predilection site of adult Haemonchus worm is the stomach (abomasum). Life Cycle

irritated leading to gastritis. Hemorrhagic anemia occurs due to the daily loss of around 0.05 mL of whole blood per worm. Other effects of chronic infections are ascites, i.e. accumulation of liquid in the abdomen, hydrothorax, and accumulation of ﬂuid in submandibular tissue, which is known as "bottle jaw" and is c h a r a c te r i s t i c of i n f e c t i o n w i t h Haemonchus and other gastrointestinal worms. Grave infections can cause liver damage, weight loss, unthriftiness, diarrhea (dark) and dehydration.

Broad spectrum anthelmintic are effective against adult worms and larvae in the gut, e.g. (albendazole, febantel, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, etc.)

Haemonchus have a direct life cycle, i.e. there are no intermediate hosts involved. Adult females lay eggs in the stomach of the host which are shed in the feces. The prepatent period (time between infection and ﬁrst eggs shed) is 19 to 21 days (without dormancy) but can be shorter in animals with a compromised immune system.

Treatment

Drug Of Choice

Pathology

Ivermectin 200mcg/kg orally in calves at 7-9 days of age subcutaneously or orally

Haemonchus are the most destructing gastrointestinal worms for livestock in tropical and subtropical region. larvae and the adult feed on blood and cause a considerable damage to the stomach tissues. While feeding they release anticoagulants to which inhibits blood clotting. All these causes severe lesions in the stomach wall, which becomes

Moxidectin 200mcg/kg, by mouth or by subcutaneous injection, gives up to 35 days' persistent activity against H. contortus

Ivermectin 200-400 mcg/kg given by subcutaneous injection provides up to 14 days ‘protection against re-infection with H. placei in cattle

Haemonchus Haemonchus infects cattle, sheep and goats and other wild ruminants. Worms of this genus are also called barber's pole worm, twisted wireworm or Abomasal worm. It is found all over the Deworming Schedule In Calves Type Of Worm

Deworming Schedule

1. Roundworm

First dose at 10 days of age, and thereafter at monthly interval upto 6 month of age

2. Tapeworm

Twice a year (in January and June)

3. Flukes

Twice in a year in endemic areas (right before monsoon and after monsoon)

For Adult Cattle Type Of Worm

Deworming Schedule

1. Roundworm

Three times in a year in animals above 6 months of age

2. Tapeworm

Twice a year i.e. in January and June

3. Flukes

Twice in a year in endemic areas (before and after monsoon)

And the most important thing in deworming is frequent changing of the Deworer to prevent the resistance among the Helminths against certain drugs.

Tamizhkumaran J. ¹, Balaji.N ² ¹ Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, ² Under Graduate Scholars Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry – 605009 DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

DERMATOPHILOSIS – A THREAT TO DAIRY ANIMALS The condition is one in which an inflammation of the tissues between the toes, around the coronary region and in the bulbs of the heels occurs. The inflammatory reaction is followed by necrosis and sloughing of the affected par ts.Dermatophilosis due to Dermatophiluscongolensis is an exudative dermatitis which affects a wide range of animal species, including humans. The disease occurs in acute, subacute, chronic and latent forms, either in a generalised form or as localised lesions in different body sites, such as the dorsal region, the feet, the external genital area, mammary skin and the head area. The disease is characterised by proliferation of the epidermis to produce thickened crusts or scabs formed from palisaded layers of keratinocytes, serous exudation and infiltration of neutrophils. The moist places with decaying vegetable matter in them favour the propagation of the microorganism and when cattle walk through them the mud is forced up in between their claws. If an abrasion or wound exists the infection gains entrance to the tissue and the disease follows. The abrasion or wound is not necessarily a large one. It may only be a small puncture or something of that nature. When the infection becomes nested in the tissues the microorganisms commence to proliferate and results in a characteristic reaction. Symptoms Ÿ A f te r t h e i n f e c t i o n b e c o m e s established in the tissues, an inflammation occurs, and the first symptom observed is lameness. Ÿ On close examination swelling between the claws, around the coronet, and up as high as the fetlock may be seen. Ÿ As the inflammator y process proceeds, the lameness becomes more marked and in some cases so acute that the patient will scarcely b e a r we i g h t o n t h e a f f e c te d extremity.If the temperature is taken 09

at this time it will be found somewhat elevated. Lactating cows drop in their milk secretion. Ÿ Nearly all lesions sooner or later break open and discharge foul smelling sero-sanguinous material. When this happens the patient usually improves a little but will still remain lame. Ÿ In some instances they continue to improve, and ultimately completely recover, but it is dangerous to neglect these cases in this stage, for quite often the infection ﬁnds its way into the more vital structures of the foot and resultsin a pedal arthritis, necrosis and laminitis. When this happens the discharge u s u a l l y b e c o m e s p u s - l i ke i n character due to secondary invading microorganisms. Ÿ If the vital structures of the foot become involved the lameness continues and often grows worse. On occasions it will persist for months and results in permanent deformities of the extremity.

Figure Geimsa stained showed characteristic rail road track arrangement of organisms.

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Scrubbing by equal mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride Spr. Povidone iodine for external application for a period of 2 weeks It was advised to keep the ﬂoor and lower limbs of the animal dry Control measures Isolating clinically affected animals Controlling ecto-parasites to break the infective cycle Preventing chronic maceration of the skin and Keeping the animals dry is very important.

Ÿ Affected animals should be handled Observation of the distinctive tramwith gloves, and thorough hand track appearance of D. congolensis washing with an antibacterial soap is has been demonstrated as the most recommended after contact with an practical diagnostic method for infected animal. dermatophilosis. Treatment Ÿ Inj. Enroﬂoxacine @ the rate of Kotresh Prasad, C., 5mg per kg body weight Deepandita Barman., intramuscularly for 5 Mahantesh, M. T. days PhD scholars, Livestock Production and Management ICAR- NDRI, Karnal, Haryana Ÿ

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

DRUG RESIDUES IN MILK AND THEIR EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH Human health is concerned with the environment and in particular the nature and quality of the food which is being consumed. Veterinary drugs are being used to improve the rate of weight gain, improve feed efficiency, or prevent and treat diseases in food producing animals. When they are not used as per the recommendations, there are chances of accreting some amount of drugs in the body tissues and its products, said as drug residues or in a simple we can say that the remnants of the drugs. These residues have the potential to enter into the food chain. Most of the drug administered are metabolized and get eliminated and to a large extent detoxified. In general, most of the parent product and its metabolites are excreted in urine and a lesser extent via faeces. However, these substances may also be found in milk and eggs, and in the meat. Classification of drugs and chemical with residue standpoint The drugs and chemicals in terms of residue, may be classified in three basic groups 1. Medicated feeds Drugs which are frequently incorporated in the animal's diet are antibiotics, anthelmintics, tranquillizers and hormone-like substances. For the fattening of cattle Diethylstilboestrol, dienestrol, iodinated casein synthetic c o m p o u n d s w i t h h o r m o n e l i ke properties are being used. Antibiotics have been used in feed to provide an e f f e c t i ve t re a t m e n t f o r s p e c i fi c infectious diseases, to increase growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and to decrease mortality. Arsenicals are used in commercial swine feed for growth stimulation. 2. I n s e c t i c i d e s , p e s t i c i d e s a n d agricultural chemicals Presence of residues in animal tissues may result from consumption of feed sprayed by insecticide or pesticides and 10

also may be from topical application of the same. Insecticides from main groups: chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. DDT) and organic phosphates (e.g. malathion) are being routinely used. Chlorinated hydrocarbons accumulate in the fat and persist making this group more of a problem from a health hazard standpoint than organic phosphates which are more rapidly eliminated.

Veterinary drug residues from milk reaches to human body after consumption and show various effects on the public health which are as follows: Ÿ

Drug resistance: Direct contact or indirect through milk microorganisms can affect the human. Human develop drug resistant bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and Staphylococcus eg. ﬂuoroquinolones and avaoparin.

Hypersensitivity reaction: Consumption of affected milk results in various hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylaxis, serum sickness, cutaneous reaction and delayed hypersensitivity response to drugs. Penicillin is responsible for such reactions.

Carcinogenic effect: Drug residues may be cause of cancer for the human being. Residues affect DNA, RNA and protein structure which may lead to generation of various abnormalities.

Mutagenic effect: A sudden change in the genetic make up of a particular human is called mutation. Residues present in the milk may cause the same effect and contributing factors for this may be alkalizing agents and analogues of DNA and RNA base.

Disturbance in the normal Intestinal Flora: Examples: ﬂunixin, streptomycin and tylosin

3. Therapeutic agents Some anthelmintics, antibiotics and tranquillizers are included in this group. As for the therapeutic agents, the most important problem of concern from the standpoint of residues is represented b y t h e p o s s i b l e p e r s i s t e n c e of antibacterial agents in milk. Antibiotics have been universally used by veterinarians and dairymen for over a decade in the treatment of bacterial diseases of dairy cattle. Possible reasons and risk factors for residues in milk Possible reasons for residues in milk include the not following recommended label dosage (extralabel usage), not adhering to recom m ended wi thdrawal ti m e, administering large volume at single injection site, use of equipments contaminated with drugs, allowing animals access to spilled chemicals or medicated feed, animal effects-age, pregnancy, congenital, illness, allergy, chemical interactions between drugs, environmental contamination, improper use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides etc. It was found in the studied that 92 % of antibiotic contamination of milk was due to the use of intramammary infusions for the treatment of mastitis. A single intra mammary injection of 1 million units of penicillin G can yield at ﬁrst milking a contamination level of 12 µg per ml of milk or greater depending on milk yield. Effects of veterinary drug residues on public health

Methods of Detection of various residues in the animal food products In order to monitor the antibiotic residues in milk to capture the share in international market and make the product safe for human consumption, there is a need for development of p re c i s e , a c c u r a te a n d s e n s i t i v e analytical methods to determine these residues to screen suspected milk and milk products for their presence before

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

processing export and consumption. As far as detection of drug residues is concerned, various laboratory and farm level tests are conducted to detect the presence and level of residues in the product. Currently, following detection methods are commonly used for detection of antimicrobial residues in milk, i.e., 1. Microbial growth inhibition assay 2. Enzymatic-colorimetric assays 3. Charm Test Milk hauler is responsible for collecting a sample of milk from each farm bulk tank. All samples are collected and delivered to milk plant, receiving station, or transfer station. On arrival at plant or transfer station, a milk screening test is conducted on the tanker load. Microbial growth inhibition assay It is also known as Delvo test P or Delvo t e s t S P. I n t h i s t h e c u l t u r e o f microorganism is done. If there is absence of antibiotics in the sample, the organism ( B. stearothermophilus) grows and can be detected visually either by the opacity of the agar growth medium or by a color change resulting from acid production. In presence of antibiotics, the organism fail to grow and a zone of inhibition or lack of a color change is observed. A –ve test is indicated by a color change from purple to yellow due to acid production at 64 0C.

is based on the principle that beta lactum antibiotics prevent bacterial multiplication by inhibting activity of DD-Carboxy peptidase. Enzyme activity liberates D-alanine from an enzyme substrate which is visualised by a color change. If color becomes pink, it denotes absence of antibiotic and if yellow so it denotes presence of antibiotic in the milk sample. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) In ELISA Charm test (for various specific groups of antibiotics), LacTek test, Delvo-X-Press B lactam II test and Beta Screen test are conducted for detection of pencillin. It is based upon antibody antibiotic complex usually linked to an enzyme that catalyses a color or flourescence reaction. After cmparison of intensity of test reaction with that of a control, it is determined whether sample is +ve or –ve. These methods are either qualitative, quantitative, or semi - quantitative. However, they have one or more limitations in terms of specificity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, cost and time. In, contrast to microbiological methods, chromatographic approaches provide a rapid response and offer both high sensitivity and separation efficiency. Control and Prevention Measures Ÿ

Follow label directions

Implementation of proper heard health and management programs

Enzymatic-colorimetric assays

Use of approved drugs

It is also known as Penzym test. This test

Establishment of valid veterinarian-

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client-patient relationship which will be helpful for awareness towards use of drugs and consumptions of food Ÿ

Proper drug administration and identiﬁcation of treated animals

Proper maintenance of treatment record and identiﬁcation of treated animals

Having proper drug residue testing capabilities of and off farm

The farmers should be educated to follow good dairy management practices

Tr a i n i n g s h o u l d b e i m pa r te d regarding milk withdrawal periods, adequate record keeping for mastitic animals and judicious use of antibiotics

The practitioner must have made a diagnosis and indicated the need for treatment

Conclusions Drug residues problems in milk continue to be an important public health issue. Education of stake holders in safe milk and meat production should be vigorously pursued and education, training and certiﬁcation of milkers at state, regional and country levels might be of one of the possible solutions for reducing drug residues in milk and meat.

Dr. Saurabh Rajvaidya National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India-132001

In India’s most preferred Dairy Magazines DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

INDIGENOUS BOVINE MILK: BENEFICIAL FOR HUMAN HEALTH Introduction Milk is good source of protein, amino acid, calcium and vitamins. Milk is source of complete food and easily digestible so it is good for infant, patient and old person. Calcium is essential for teeth and bone development as well as it is driving factor of fat metabolism which ultimately leads to fat loss from body. Hunger fighting hormone present in milk which maintain full the stomach for longer time. Traditionally, in human nutrition bovine milk and dairy products are used from longer periods of times. Milk from indigenous cow (zebu cattle) has a wide variety of advantages over the exotic cow (European cow). Milk from zebu cattle has A2 type casein peptide which is safe for human health and not associate with any risk factor of disease like type-1 diabetes, coronary heart disease etc. What actually is A1 and A2 milk contain 87% water and remaining 13% fat, protein, mineral and vitamins. Milk protein casein contribute 80% of total protein in which 30% of total protein contributed by beta casein. A2 milk contain A2 type beta variant casein and A1 milk contain A1 type and A1A2 type variant. Milk of ancient breeds/Indian cows is known as A2 milk and milk of European/exotic cows with mutated DNA is designated as A1 milk. In Australia, USA and other developed country people are consume milk A2 which are beneficial for good health. A1 milk is not beneficial for health of human. Role of genetics in A1 and A2 milk Twelve type of mutant variants of bovine beta casein gene are found in milk and out of these A1 and A2 are the most commonly available in bovine milk. Difference in A1 and A2 milk due to presence of amino acid at the 67 position. In A1milk histidine (CAT) found at 67 position and in A2 milk proline (CCT) present. The single nucleotide differences may lead to conformational change in the secondar y structure of beta casein protein. During digestion of the milk, proteins are broken down into peptide

and amino acid by enzymatic cleavage. After enzymatic cleavage A1 milk released a 7 amino acid called 'β casomorphin 7' (βCM-7) but A 2 milk does not release. The β casomorphin 7 has opioid properties and also has a potential effect on our body like as suppress the immune system. Advantages of indigenous milk for human health Nutrition of growing childhood and adulthood are playing an important role in good health. In western country bovine milk is a basic food for infants and childrens. The health conditions are directly or indirectly associated with A1 and A2 milk protein. A signiﬁcant relationship was observed between bovine milk protein consumption and the incidence of coronary heart disease, type-1 diabetes, arteriosclerosis, neurological disorders such as schizophrenia , autism and sudden infant death syndrome. Therefore, the composition of milk is a causative or protective factor for these conditions and impart a role in public health. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM-1) disease developed by the destruction of the pancreatic β cell which are secreting insulin hormone. The DM-1 disease is mediated by an autoimmune process where T cells are thought to play a major role. The βCM-7 released from A1 βcasein during digestion, suppress the immune system and also responses to antigenic agents like as entero-viruses or endogenous retroviruses which are damaging the pancreatic β-cells. Along with opioid effects, βCM-7 also has negative inﬂuence on lymphocyte, gut motility, mucus secretion and gene expression. A2 milk has not released βCM7 by digestion of A2 milk protein so safe for human consumption. The major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Both have common underlying processes of atherosclerosis (deposition of cholesterol and other material on the inner lining of arteries) and thrombosis.

The major risk factors for CVD are high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol levels, smoking and physical inactivity. According to A1/A2 hypothesis high intake of A1 β- casein is also risk factor for CHD. The animal proteins are more cholesterolemic and atherogenic than plant proteins. While no correlation has been demonstrated by researchers between A1 β-casein to CHD. Some researchers revealed that the c o r re l a t i o n b e t we e n n e u ro l o g i c a l disorders and A1 β-casein. In genetically susceptible individuals, the dietar y components like casein are broken down by an enzyme in the gut and produce peptide fragments which have opioid characteristics like as casomorphine. These compounds enter into the blood circulation, cross the blood brain barrier and influence neurological functioning. Additionally milk and dairy product is a good source of calcium and reduces the risk of osteoporosis and colon cancer. The ideal calcium and magnesium ratio for our body is 2:1. The A1 milk has 10:1 ratio therefore A1 milk consumption enhance the deficiency and imbalance of magnesium ion. Magnesium deficiency leads to improper digestion, inflammatory condition and reduces the alkalinity of the blood. So, A1 milk will lower magnesium levels whereas A2 milk does not. Conclusion Milk is a nutritious source of protein, micronutrient, energy and its prevents from many disease like diabetes type-1, coronary heart disease and neurological disorder. According to A1 and A2 hypothesis milk has beneficial impact on human health. More research is also required to prove the reality of the hypothesis of A1 and A2 milk. In this aspect, Government and private support as well as public awareness about A1 and A2 milk is needed to accomplish the above anomalies of milk quality and standards to improve the health of the people.

Sarita Kumari, Anurag and Priyanka Meena Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh 12

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

EMERGENCE OF DAIRY FARMING AS A POTENTIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AVENUE IN NORTH EASTERN REGION OF INDIA Introduction The North-Eastern Region (NER) of India comprising the states of Assam, A r u n a c h a l P r a d e s h , M a n i p u r, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura where livestock sector is an important subsidiary occupation of rural households. The total livestock population in India is 512.05 million (19th Livestock census-2012) which is decreased by 3.33% over previous census. In some N.E. states, livestock population has been increased such as Assam, Sikkim and Meghalaya by (10.77%), (7.96%) and (7.41%), respectively.Out of 299.9 million of total bovine population in India, NE region contributes 1.41 million of bovine population with an increased effort of dairy farming system. The dairy sector in India derives its strength from cattle and buffalo with 190.90 (37.28 %) and 108.7 (21.23 %)million country's total livestock population, respectively. Madhya Pradesh (10.27%) is the leading state in cattle populationnext to it, is U.P (10.24%). Assam is an emerging leading state in cattle population by 5.40% next to it, is Gujarat (5.23%).But in buffalo production, NE region is lacking behind because of less production, poor management and low yield potential and limited to swamp buffalo production for meat purpose. Table1: State-wise Female Buffalo and Cattle Population in NE Region

Status of Milk Production in NE Region

Constraints in Dairy Farming in NE Region

Per capita availability of milk in NE region is around 108.87 g/head/day, which is much lower than the national average of 337 gm/day/head. In NE region there are no recognized breed of cow and buffalo although these are the two important milk producing animals. A large percentage of animals in this part of country are of non-descriptor type, less productive and poorly managed. These poor breeds of animals are the source of meat, milk, curd, ghee and other milk products. There is no mass production of livestock products in fact, production is by the mass. However with the passes of time, the new generation of hill peoples is now conscious about the nutritious food and gradually shifted to milk and milk product and the demand of such items have been increasing.

1. Production

Table 2: State-wise milk production in NE states from 2013 to 2016

(Source:NDDB,2016)

a. Poor cattle population b. Very high ratio of non-descript animals c. Mostly indigenous stock- few cross breeds d. Low productivity e. Limited presence of organized milk production f. Inconsistent quality 2. Procurement a. Very limited presence of organized milk collection system b. Taboos amongst some Tribal groups c. Non-availability of storage and preservation facilities d. Inaccessibility in some places 3. Processing a. Limited presence of organized milk

processing activity b. Lack of basic infrastructure 4. Distribution a. Lack of organized milk distribution network b. Absence of organized markets c. Inadequate packaging and storage d. Poor transportation 5. Support facilities a. Lack of grazing pastures

(Source: 19th Livestock census, 2012)

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

b. Poor feeding, breeding and management

2000 litre/day of milk distributed in Dimapur and Kohima.

c. I n a d e q u a t e m a n p o w e r a n d training facilities

7. Sikkim Crossbreeding has been quite successful with 50% of cattle population being crossbred. Department of A.H. & Sikkim Milk Union are the developmet agencies with 2 Schemes under Integrated Dairy Development programme are in operation and 5 Milk Processing Units with combined capacityof around23,000 liter/ day are in place.

d. Lack of feed and fodder Current Status of NE States in Dairy Farming System 1. Arunachal Pradesh Monpa and Tibeto-mongolian tribes in West Koneng & Twang district depends primary on yaks while the veterinary institutions are not functioning properly. 2. Assam There are3 Milk Union (capacity 53,000 litre per day) includes Guwahati (only active union), Jorhat, Silchar and others are underutilized. In the state, there are 2 Central dairies with capacity 60,000 litre per day under coooperative sector with 297 Cooperative milk societies. In Assam, Kamrup, Sibsagar, Nogaon, Jorhat, Morigaon, Barpeta and Sonitpur are some of the potential districts for dair y development where urban pockets have good demand and farm gate prices are attractive. 3. Manipur The Department of A.H& State of Livestock Federation are the only developmental agency working with inadequate coverage for repeat breeding. Feed is brought from West Bengal & Bihar resulting in high cost. 4. Meghalaya Poultry and piggery are the major activities followed by dairy under State policy which encourages cross breeding particularly with Jersey cows.Cattle feed deﬁcit shortage estimated at 40%. 5. Mizoram Piggery and goatery are the major activities followed by poultry and dairy. 6. N a g a l a n d KO M U L - t h e o n l y organized milk procurement and marketing organisation has a milk processing plant of 10000 litre/day capacity. There are 46 dairy cooperatives are in operation. About 14

4.farms which would act as catalyst To be set up by Ÿ

Processing units

Cooperative Society movement

Private Enterprise

To galvanize dairy entrepreneurship

8. Tripura There is 1 Milk processing plant and Chilling center with capacity of 10,000 liter per day. A milk union has started functioning with Jersey cows and upgrading of reang Tribal buffalo with murrah breed. Road Map for Improvement of Dairy Farming in NE Region Development of milch cattle using cross breeding through artiﬁcial insemination using frozen semen of high quality breeding bulls is beneﬁcial to improve the milk production. Increase of milk production can be enhanced by providing technical guidance, training and input services.Procurement, processing and marketing of milk should be e n c o u r a g e d i n a c o s t e f f e c t i ve manner.Ensuring of remunerative prices to milk produces help to generate additional employment opportunities and income and thus lead to im provem ent of s ocial, economic and nutritional status of residents living comparatively in disadvantaged hilly and backward regions of NE. Dairy farming development should be done through integration of Push and Pull Mechanism. Push mechanism Through activation and augmentation of: 1. Collection system 2. Breeding, feeding & management facilities 3. Captive/satellite dairy

Pull mechanism Through market force to be created by Ÿ

Private & cooperative sector milk processing unit

Marketing networks set up by Private sector/ Coopertative

I. M a j o r p u s h m u s t c o m e f r o m activation of collection network by private sector and cooperatives. ii. Major market pull should be come from investment by private sector/cooperatives in the areas of milk processing as well as marketing. iii. Push to local entrepreneurship in the area of support facilities to come from encouragement of micro credit. iv. Identiﬁed projects and business opportunities show strong business sense to entrepreneurs. v. Integration of Government support, private investment and community participation should be encouraged. Dairy farming with crossbred cows is becoming more popular among the less privileged traditional cattle keepers of the North-Eastern region. The attitude of farmers towards dairy farming is reﬂected by means of changing the life style and family economic structure. Considering the

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

productive performance of cross-breed dairy animals, the farmers are adopting the commercial dairy farming system. Economics of Dairy farming in NE region In any business enterprise, proﬁt is the basic motive of an entrepreneur. The success of dairy farming depend upon marketing facilities available to producers as milk is highly perishable commodity, requires quick disposal or c o n ve r s i o n i n to d i f f e re n t d a i r y products. (1) Investment pattern in dairy farm The pattern of investment in dairy enterprise is an indicator of income generating capacity of the milk producing household. The patterns of investment comprised of ﬁxed and capital assets like cattle shed and stores, dairy equipments and milch animals. Table 3: Milk produced/day/animal during 2015 2016

of people. The milk procured by cooperative society is collected in aluminium milk cans and then transported to processing plants for testing (fat & SNF) before acceptance.Then the tested milk is pasteurized, chilled, packed and then dispatched to sell counter for marketing. The milk producers receive the milk payment from respectivevillage co-operative on weekly, forthnightly or monthly basis. (3) Procurement of milk by Cooperatives In N.E region, households used different marketing agencies such as village level dairy co-operative milk vendors to dispose of m a r ke t a b l e s u r p l u s of m i l k . Therefore, dairy co-operative plays signiﬁcant role in collection, processing and marketing of milk in dairy farms. (4) Annual expenditure on Dairy enterprise

(Source: BAHS, 2016)

(2) Production and utilization of milk Farmers rearing 10-20 numbers of milch animals produce total milk on average 10,57,970 litre and get total value of milk price Rs. 1,77,61,726/per annum in NE region. Out of the total milk produce, 43,413 litre is used for home consumption with 7, 11,247 litre supplied to milk society and 3, 03,310 litre marketed at private source.

Expenditure incurred on fodderand feed concentrate is higher than human labour and veterinar y charges. The total fixed cost depreciation on animals is higher than fixed capital of cattle shed, storage, feeding pan and other dairy equipments. (5) A n n u a l i n c o m e f r o m D a i r y enterprise It is estimated that the total income of Rs, 42,929,470/- about 93.05% income derived from milk production and 6.95% on estimated va l u e of y o u n g s t o c k i n N E region.The profitability depends on

breeds of milch animals and lactation length of cows in milk. (6) Cost of production of milk In Meghalaya, the average cost of production of 1 litre milk is Rs. 17/for cow whereas it is Rs.15/- for buffalo milk. (7) Generation of income Majority of dair y farmers use dairying as the primary source of employment and income. Conclusions The dair y farming has special signiﬁcance in economic development in NE Region and the key to possess better milk production is the availability of quality milch animals, quality feed, fodder, control of animal diseases and marketing potential of milk and milk products. Agriculture economy in hill states depends upon symbiosis of crop and dairy farming. Therefore, annual expenditure on fodder and feed concentration can be minimized by utilizing the natural grassland and bared forest land. Launching of cross breeding programme improve the milk production in this region. Implementation of Government set up for dairy development policy should be encouraged by the new generation of dairy the entrepreneurs to reduce the employment gap and improve the livelihood in north-eastern region. Hence, the dairy farming in the N.E Region can be instrumental for generation of employment, income and in changing the lifestyle of the northeastern people provided the support services are made available for dairy farming as a potential entrepreneurship avenuein NE.

In NE region, the dairy farmers prefer to sale milk in open market as Deepandita Barman, Kotresh Prasad C, Prajwalita Pathak, the price is higher than the price Rebecca Sinha offered by co-operative milk Ph.D. Scholars, National Dairy Research Institute, societies.But demand of milk in Karnal, Haryana open market is limited due to poor economic condition and food habit 15

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

CATTLE BREEDS OF INDIA: THEIR DIVERSITY AND UNIQUE TRAITS Introduction I n d i a i s a va s t c o u n t r y, r i c h i n biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts a s we l l a s a l l t h e i n te r m e d i a te conditions. The animal wealth of India is of some 68371 species which includes 60000 insect, 1693 ďŹ sh and 372 mammal. The country is endowed with large genetic variability in most of the important domestic livestock species as is reďŹ&#x201A;ected by a number of described breeds and strains. Currently there are 40 described breeds of cattle, 13 buffalo, 42 sheep, 26 goat, 9 camel, 6 horse and ponies, 6 pig, 01 donkey and 17 poultry breeds. In addition country there is a number of rare species viz.

Yak, mithun and wild (arni) buffaloes, the ancestors of modern day buffaloes. In addition, several other forms like ducks, rabbits, donkeys, geese, quails etc. are also an important component of animal wealth and contribution to animal production. India is the largest producer of milk in world. Out of the total milk production about 48% is contributed by cattle; however the share of indigenous cow milk remains less than the crossbreds. Total cattle population of India is 199 million with total indigenous cattle is about 166 million, the population showed +7.5 % change from 2003 to 2007. The annual milk production of country is about 155.5 million tonnes in 2015-16 registering a growth of 6.27%. (BAHS, 2016), from which cattle milk makes up approx 48% of total milk production; out of the total milk production 26% contributed by crossbred cattle. The Indigenous cattle

contribute 12% of the total milk production in the country whereas Non-descript cattle contribute 9% milk production. Nevertheless indigenous cattle breeds has an added advantage over the crossbreds, as indigenous breeds have better adaptability in tropical climatic conditions, resistant to diseases, ectoparasites, possess A2 milk, the milk has better digestibility, have good draft power and are well suited for the different agro climatic zones. There are total 41 breeds of Indian cattle recognized by NBAGR, Karnal, which have their own unique characteristics; although mostly are draught animals but are very well adopted for their local terrains and some also carry disease resistant traits. These breeds of cattle, with their home tracts and the unique characters are listed in the table below:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

Kush Shrivastava¹, Rebeka Sinha²*, Prajwalita Pathak² ¹ Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of M.P., Madhya Pradesh, India ² Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR- NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India *Corresponding author – Dr. Rebeka Sinha, Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana 17

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS BREEDS IN NATIONAL ECONOMY Introduction India has the largest bovine population in the world owned by largely small and marginal farmers. Dairying is an activity that is a source of income for the 60 million rural households that own, on an average, a herd size of 2-3 milch animals. With 190.9 million cattle and 108.7 million buffaloes; the Nation has 14% of the world cattle population and 53 % of the world buffalo population. While water buffaloes are endemic to the Indian subcontinent, the country has 166 million Indigenous cattle Most of the Indigenous cattle (80%) are “Non- descript” and only 20% belong to Indigenous Breeds recognized by National Bureau of Genetic Resources. The bovine genetic resource of the country comprises 41 recognized Indigenous Breeds of cattle and 13 breeds of buffaloes. Most of the Indigenous Breeds have low genetic potential for milk production and are suited for draught animal power. However, some breeds have potential

to be highly productive under optimal nutrition and farm management conditions along with selective genetic breeding. Indigenous Breeds vis a vis Exotic and Crossbreds Indigenous animals are sturdy, and are endowed with the quality of heat tolerance, resistance to diseases and ability to thrive under extreme climatic conditions. Exotic species, like HolsteinFriesian and Jersey- and Crossbred cattle although more productive, have a tendency to wilt under Indian conditions of extreme and harsh climatic conditions. Exotic breeds and Crossbred cattle are susceptibility to tropical diseases while the Indigenous Breeds are more hardy, being both disease and tick resistant. Furthermore, Crossbred and Exotic cattle perform optimally only under a high cost input Farm Management System. The Indian Farm Management System is typically Low Input Low Output, with the majority of the animals

being raised by poor farmers. Global warming is likely to increase incidence of animal diseases, particularly viral and protozoan, in Crossbred and Exotic animals with a lesser impact on Indigenous Breeds. Studies suggest that the decline in milk production and reproductive efﬁciency on account of Global Warming will have the least effect on Indigenous Breeds. Status of Indigenous Breeds Population of some of the Indigenous Breeds is rapidly declining. Breeds like Tharparkar, Krishna Valley, Sahiwal, Deoni, Gaolao, Red Sindhi, Mewati, Amrit Mahal, Bargur, Binjarpuri, Ghumsuri, Ponwar, Siri and Pulikulam require attention; while breeds like Punganur and Vechur are under extinction and warrant urgent intervention. Naseer Ahmad Baba, Saleem Yousuf, Sushil Kumar Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

NEWS Sponsorship Appeal For Sponsorship J e e va n U t k a r s h F o u n d a t i o n i s a registered charity organization ( Reg. No.E-431 Nanded ) star ted by Veterinarian ,working for social upliftment of underprivileged section of society and needy people . Sir we have started a Library cum reading room for needy students and Dairy Farmers. Said library will help students to manage their studies who don't have space at their home along with newspaper and required study material. We are also planning to keep dairy farming & Animal Husbandry related study material and magazines for knowledge updation of Dairy Farmers / Veterinarians / Paravets. You can also display your Product information

Booklet , Samples etc. We seek your active cooperation in the form of Cash / Cheque ( i n f a vo r of J e e va n Utkarsh Foundation) / inputs (like chair, Table , Stationary Books .etc) You can transfer the amount on below mention account Yo u w i l l r e c e i v e thanking letter and cer tiﬁcate of appreciation from us.

Bank of India , VIP Road Branch Nanded IFCE code : BKID 0000 651 Current A/c No. 065120110000303

Climate Change Means More Dairy Farms Here

limate change may give a big boost to dairy farming in the Midwest, including Michigan and northern Wisconsin, a new study of the future for U.S. dairy farms says, Dairy production in North America will shift to areas with sufﬁcient rainfall and adequate growing seasons, primarily migrating from the West and Southwest to Great Lakes regions and into the Canadian prairies according to Jack Britt, a former Michigan State University professor and now a North Carolina-based industry consultant, Dairy farms will relocate to regions that 19

have ample rainfall and suitable climates,he said in a recent study that looks at dairy farming in 2067, Five of the country's top 10 milkproducing states already are in the Great Lakes region: Wisconsin (2), New York (3), Michigan (5), Pennsylvania (6) and Minnesota (8). When it comes to the number of milk cows, Wisconsin is 2nd and New York is 3rd, with Pennsylvania in 5th place, Minnesota in 6th and Michigan in 8th. California ranks ﬁrst in both categories, according to Statista, Ernie Birchmeier, a livestock and dairy specialist at the Michigan Farm Bureau, said Michigan's dairy industry is already expanding fast, with a tremendous amount of growth over the last decade. The state accounted for one-third of the industry's national growth in 2016 because of the positive climate we have

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for dairy production. We have for the most part a temperate climate that doesn't stray much from the norms and conducive to growing feed stuffs,” Birchmeier said. We're also fortunate that compared to the Southwest we have a much more reliable water source, Looking ahead 50 years, Britt predicted that all seasons will become warmer in the upper Midwest and Northeast, and water demand will increase less in these regions than in almost any other parts of the country, That's bad news for the Southwest and West where the availability of water for dairy farms will be limited” by late in this century, he wrote in the study, And in an interview, Britt said rising temperatures will put Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Canada's prairie provinces in a sweet spot, Dairy farmers should take a long-term view to take advantage of those expected changes: “I'd probably be investing in land, he said I know farmers that are large-scale operators looking at where they're going to be dairying in 20 or 30 years, The Michigan Farm Bureau's Laura Campbell says preparations for climate-related

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

NEWS changes are underway among crop growers and other types of livestock farmers as well, whether they attribute their actions to climate change or to because it's right for my farm, For example, they're more aware of the impact of changes in precipitation than in the past and how that affects the movement of nutrients on and off of their ﬁelds,You'll see most of it in the western Lake Erie Basin where they're saying, We've got to do something about algal blooms,according to Campbell, the organization's manager

of agricultural ecology, The Farm Bureau's Birchmeier emphasized, however, that dairy farmers should make decisions based on economic returns “much more so than on climate change expectations, For example, he noted that Michigan already produces more milk than can be processed instate, so dairy cooperatives are sending the excess to Wisconsin, Indiana, Ke n t u c k y a n d Pe n n s y l va n i a f o r processing, Meanwhile, Brit predicted other signiﬁcant changes for the region's dairy industry, including a

doubling of milk production per cow, genetic breakthroughs and growing international markets. While U.S. demand will likely remain stable, demand will jump in Africa and Asia, which will be home to a projected 81 percent of world population in 50 years, he said, And U.S. dairy farmers need to develop products that meet the needs of those continents, Britt presented his ﬁndings at a dairy nutrition conference in Fort Wayne organized by MSU, Ohio State University and Purdue University.

Dairy industry committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions Manawatu dairy farmers record

egardless of the outcome of this month's general election, New Zealand's dairy industry is already committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, DairyNZ says,There's a political consensus regardless of who wins the election, that action must be taken, DairyNZ senior policy, advisor Kara Lok told rural professionals in New Plymouth on Friday, Half of New Zealand's GHG emissions came from agriculture and the dairy industry accounted for 46 per cent of total agricultural emissions Lok said, There's been quite a lot of discussion about this target and that it's not seen as particularly ambitious. In actual fact, in terms of New Zealand's emissions proﬁle in that half of our emissions come from agriculture and there is limited scope at this point in time to reduce those emissions, this is actually a very challenging target,In partnership with Fonterra and supported by the Ministry for Primary Industries and Ministry for the Environment, DairyNZ 20

had created the Dairy Action for Climate Change 2017-18 document, The plan is very much focussed on building a foundation and capability in the sector to get people to understand that this is something that will have an impact Lok said, The group was also aiming to create a lower emissions dairy industry by establishing 10-15 monitor farms on which farmers would demonstrate GHG reduction. By selecting a range of farms using different systems and in different regions, it was hoped the case studies would quantify the effect of lower emissions on productivity and proﬁtability, Through the Dairy Action for Climate Change plan, Fonterra had committed to running an on-farm GHG recording pilot involving up to 100 of the co-op's suppliers to help farmers better understand their GHG footprint, Through the Dairy Action for Climate Change plan, Fonterra had committed to running an on-farm GHG recording pilot involving up to 100 of the co-op's suppliers to help farmers better understand their GHG footprint,It's very much about education,if we want farmers to take action, they need to understand what their footprint is and what the key drivers are in terms of emissions.

almost a year's worth of rain

airy farmers are sick of the rain despite rising soil temperatures which should provide them with more pasture growth now, Other farmers told about 25 people attending a Tokomaru/Linton discussion group in Manawatū that they were short, of feed and more rain and cold weather during the weekend had not helped. The meeting was also attended by a handful of bankers, DairyNZ's consultant Scott Cameron and rural professionals, After a ﬁne period of two weeks which had lifted their spirits, they could have done with a little rain, However they got more than they bargained for with days of wet weather region-wide, The ground temperature is 14 degrees Celsius in the sand country, and probably about 12 degrees on these heavier soils. But the pasture is growing and milk production is on a par with last year for most of us,farmer Callum Bates said, Phil Manderson said the wet winter and early spring had resulted in farmers using supplements to keep condition

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

NEWS on cows and them milking well, Mostly hay and baleage were the things people fed out to cows, He was milking a mainly friesian herd once-a day, after moving from a twice-a day system last year, but was checking out kiwi-cross cows to see how they performed, Most farmers said they were producing between 1.6 to 2.3 kilograms of milk solids per cow each day depending on their pasture and paddock rotation, Manderson said his pasture cover was good, and cows looked well, We are on once-a-day milking this season, so their health should be good. There was hardly any pugging [tramping by cows, so paddocks are muddy and damaged] ] during winter, so pasture is ﬁne, Brian Underwood said he was feeding about three kilograms of palm kernel (PKE) a

day to twice-a-day milking cows because of the wet conditions, while cows milked once-a-day, got no extra PKE and relied on pasture, During the winter, it was so wet. I got up to 6kg of PKE to the cows, He said cows were generally ﬁtter and he had no trouble at calving, I would have calved two heifers out of 60, and I had to calve one cow, It was better than normal when it came to calving and milk fever [metabolic issues ,Manderson said conditions on his farm near Palmerston North as near perfect, But the farm had already recorded 800 millimetres of rain, and it's annual total was about 950mm, he said, Other farmers had also received most of their annual rainfall,If it averages out, we could face a dry period later this year, Manderson said, DairyNZ trainee

consultant Anna Arends, who took the discussion group, said the number of cows still to calve in the district was between 12 and 18 per cent, She said peak milk production happened about four to six weeks after calving, with peak feed intake 7-10 weeks after calving, Some cows are nearing peak intakes now, and others have only just calved. The average intake of the herd is most likely 15 kilograms of dry matter a cow as opposed to 8kg of dry matter as some farmers are feeding, The cows' hormones are what drives intake. Extra feed offered will be wasted as you cannot make the cows eat more, She said peak milk production was four to six weeks after calving on a cow basis, but was probably about a month away on a herd basis.

RSB crackdown on standards leave supermarkets short of dairy products

nside a supermarket in Kigali, two girls come rushing toward a large freezer. They look at all the ice creams inside. After about three minutes, they ask an attendant for a speciﬁc brand of ice cream, It's not available these days,the attended responds, This reporter then has a chat with the attendant, who says the supermarket no longer carries most locally-made dairy products, A spot check by The New Times at various supermarkets in the city later reveals that most locallymade dairy products, mainly cheese and ice cream, are not in stock. Reason? Failure to comply with the regulations 21

of Rwanda Standards Board (RSB), In an April 20 letter to s u p e r m a r ke t s a n d other dealers of dairy products, the regulator cautioned against selling products that do not meet the required standards, RSB hereby reminds you that with effect from the date you receive this letter, you should not accept any milk or milk product that does not comply with standard requirements with a proof of a certiﬁcation mark the letter, signed by RSB director-general Raymond Murenzi, reads in part, Then in another letter, dated June 21, the Minister for Local Government, Francis Kaboneka, wrote to all district mayors asking them to enforce RSB's instruction on sale of only dairy products, The minister's letter said it had been observed that there were some regions where milk products are sold in conditions that are not conducive and have high potential

to cause harm to consumers, The Director of Quality Assurance at RSB, Philip Nzaire, told The New Times that the letter is in line with existing laws, He said dealing with milk and milk products is business that should not be done by anyone who does not have skills, and means of handling them, We like milk, but bacteria like it too, and such bacteria can make people fall sick. Once it (milk) is contaminated, it will indisputably cause diseases among people,he said, noting that the credibility for quality is assured by a standards mark, When there is no standards mark, you cannot trust the quality of a product, and there is no way you can give assurance to people that the milk being consumed was checked by the agencies in charge he said, The strict rules have led to a hike in prices of products that have met the standards, Nzaire said the high prices for dairy products on the market, owing to their shortage, is outweighed by the safety of people who consume them. He called on companies that meet the standard

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

Raspberry Lemon Muffins

Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

USD 160 USD 250 USD 800

(Life Time period 10 Years)

Ingredients l 2 cups flour

l 1 tsp grated lemon zest

l 1 cup sugar

l 1/2 cup oil canola or vegetable

l 1 Tbsp baking powder

l 1 1/2 cups raspberries (fresh or

frozen)

l 1/2 tsp salt

For the glaze

l 2 eggs , lightly beaten l 1 cup milk

l 1 cup confectioners sugar

l 1 Tbsp lemon juice

l 2-3 Tbsp fresh lemon juice

Preparation Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. In a measuring cup mix together milk and lemon juice. In a separate large bowl combine dry ingredients: flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt in a large bowl.In another bowl, mix eggs, oil, lemon zest, and the milk/lemon mixture. Stir the wet ingredients into the flour mixture, stirring just until moistened. Fold in the raspberries.Line a muffin tin with liners, or grease it well with cooking spray. Fill 15-18 muffin cups 2/3 full. Bake at 400 degrees F for 18-20 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out with few crumbs. For the glaze Tel.: + 91 (184) 4033326 | Fax : + 91 (184) 2231050

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In a small bowl, whisk together the confectioners sugar and 2 tablespoons lemon juice. (if you want the glaze even thinner, add an extra tablespoon of lemon juice). Allow the muffins to cool for a few minutes before drizzling with glaze.

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Twelve Issues

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INR 46,800 x12 = 81,600

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017

/ NEWS

OCTOBER 2017 Event Date Venue

: : : Contact :

Ph. Email

Dairy Fest-2017 29-30 March-2017 Lucknow

Key2Green Pvt. Ltd. E-58, Third Floor, Behind PNB ATM110025, INDIA Old Jasola, New Delhi : +91-11-6551 5433, 2994 9816 : info@key2green.com

AUGUST 2017 Event Date Venue

: Dairy Tech India 2017 : 28-29-30- August 2017 : Bangalore International Exhibition Canter (BIEC Bangalore India) Contact : (Exhibition Division) J-73, Paryavaran Complex, J Block, Neb Sarai, IGNOU Road, New Delhi-110068. INDIA. Tel.: +9111-41859815 Website : www.dairytechindia.in

FEBRUARY 2018 Event Date Venue

: Food tech Pune 2018 : 23-24-25 Feb 2018 : Packaging Machinery, Food Products and Allied Industries Contact : (Exhibition Division) J-73, Paryavaran Complex, J Block, Neb Sarai, IGNOU Road, New Delhi110068. INDIA Ph. : +91-11- 65656553, 29535593 Email : foodtechpune@gmail.com Website : www.foodtechpune.com

to increase production instead of hiking prices,What we are responsible for is the safety of people's lives through controlling foods and beverages, as well as other commodities,” he said, adding that those that fail to meet the standards should work toward improving quality and production processes, Simba Supermarket procurement and marketing manager Peter Sebukayire said after RSB issued the guideline, the supermarket stopped the purchase of locally-produced cheese, pointing out that no local cheese had standards certiﬁcation on, The supermarket chain now imports cheese from Kenya,Sebukayire said the imported cheese is expensive as it is sold between Rwf5,000 and Rwf7,000 depending on the type, while the locally-made cheese is sold at about Rwf3,000, He said RSB should speed up standards compliance process so that local products are available on the market again as it is enjoyed by many in the country, In an interview with The New Times, Nakumatt countr y manager Adan Ramata said most of the time it sells local cheese, because there is no point in importing cheese when it is locally produced, However, he said, because there is no entity making cheese that had standards certiﬁcation, the supermarket chain ceased buying from local producers, When clients come, we tell them that we are waiting for a supplier. This directive has affected us a lot because now customers are not getting what they want, and they are suffering because they were used to it Ramata said, However, he added, they support

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the decision to demand quality standards as it is in the interest of the consumers and the producers as well, André Rwayitare, the managing director of Ingabo Dairy Ltd in Nyabihu District, Western Province, was among those affected. He told The New Times that the company was producing dairy products, including nine types of cheese, and five types of yogurt, which were all affected by the RSB directive, The decision has had an impact on our business, including stopping production for three months now he said, Rwayitare said the company is working on fulfilling the requirements by RSB, including setting up wellequipped infrastructure so as to produce products in a clean environment, ensure hygiene and integrate advanced processing techniques that guarantee safety, The Directorate General of Trade and Investment at the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Robert Opirah, told The New Times that for products to be sold on the market, they must meet required standards so that people do not fall victims of sub-standards products, something that can damage a reputation of a company, We will visit the affected dairy products processors and work with RSB to offer them required technical advice and support he said, In case they lack funding to set up required infrastructure, we will help them to secure financing so that they improve their businesses Opirah added, According to information from Rwanda National Dair y platform (RNDP), 61 dairy firms were affected by the decision, and that only seven passed.

In India’s most preferred Dairy Magazines

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Year.13 | Issue - 12 | December-2016

Postal Regn. No. PKL-62/2014-2016

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 09 | September 2017