Dairy Planner - Dec. 2017

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Vol.14 | No. - 12 | December - 2017

Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley announced that the total allocation for rural, agricultural and allied sectors for 201718 is a record Rs 1.87 Lac crore which is 24% above from what was allocated last year.

‘Dairy India', an industry publication, has pegged the Indian market for milk and dairy products – in terms of the value paid by consumers – at around Rs 5.25 Lac crores in 2015.

With promise to boost Dairy economy, present Govt. announced earmarking of Rs.8000 crores for this sector. It is necessary as felt for a long time by Dairy Industry that infrastructure created four decades ago needed overhauling. It was the demand of the dairy sector as the existing infrastructure had become obsolete. The cooperative sector did not have funds to invest. The infrastructure created during the Operation Flood movement had become 30 to 40 years old was the statement of R.S. Sodhi, Managing Director of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (AMUL).

The Union Budget announced creation of Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund of Rs 8000 crore over next three years which Nabard the apex rural bank, (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) will streamline. In the first year, the government announced to give Rs 2000 crore. Sodhi feels that this is a huge investment and will help create an additional rural income of Rs 50,000 crore per annum. It will have a multiplier effect on the rural economy and especially the dairy sector. This is the first time after independence that such a large fund has been allocated for the dairy sector. Industry stalwarts are ofthe opinion thatthe current domestic milk processing capacity is about 850 LLPD (Lac Liters per day).

Thatincluded 450 LLPD of private dairies and 400 LLPD of cooperatives. Itis suggestedby industry thatthebenefitsofthis fundshouldbe extended to private dairies also and it should not be limited to just cooperatives, as it was during Operation Flood. Most of the capacities in the last decade or more have come up under the private sector, without any government assistance. “The target for agricultural credit in 201718 has been fixed at a record level of Rs 10 lakh crore,” Jaitley said in his Budget speech. An additional incentive of 3 per cent is provided to farmers for prompt repayment of loans within due date, making an effective interest rate for them at 4 per cent. To help farmers get better value for their produce, he said that a model law on contract farming will be circulated among states. Additionally, Jaitley reiterated the government's earlier goal of bringing in more regulated agriculture markets on the electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) platform. Bringing dairying in the ambit of digitalization will help dairy farmers get more profits. For that purpose spread of interevitable.

C O N T E N T S

Dairy Sector's Star Position In Budget 2017

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Fodder Management Forcattle Farming

By Small Land Holders

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Endocrine Regulation Of Climatic Stress In Ruminants

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Effect Of Heat Stress On Milk Production In Dairy Animal

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Bloat In Ruminants: Control And Prevention

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Chromium As An Essential Nutrient For Livestock

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Parturient Paresis (milk Fever) Qtl (quantitative Trait Loci) Its Applications And Future Scope In Livestock Breeding

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Press Release Ice Make Refrigeration Limited - Sme Ipo Gets Highest Subscription

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News

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Recipe

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Upcoming Event ADVERTISEMENT

Editorial

From the Pen of Chief Editor

Need Of Clean Milk Production At Dairy Farm

Amul

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Godrej Agrovet

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Indus Food

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Pixie

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#923, Sector-9, Urban Estate, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA

OUR TEAM

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER

Vishal Gupta

Dr. J Tamizhkumaran

Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in

M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph.D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

N.K. Gupta General Manager + 91 999 170 5005 pcslkarnal@gmail.com

Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

Dr. Mohanlal Shende BVSc&AH ,PGDBIM

Rakesh Kumar Founder - Growel Agrovet Private Limited

Aparna Marketing Manager + 91 999 170 5007 dairy.pcsl@gmail.com

Dr. Sanjay K Latkar Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai

Dr. Rabi Ranjan Naik Website : www.pixie.co.in 04

M.VSc.Scholar, Department of Livestock Prouducts Technology, Madras veterinary collage, TANUVAS, Chennai

Editorial Policy is Independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors.

Registered as Newspaper by Register of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARBIL/2004/22481 Editorial & Advertisements may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Dairy Planner. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein.

Publication of news, views and information is in the interest of positive Dairy industrial development in India . It does not imply publisher's endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited.

The Submitted material will not be returned.

Publisher, Printer : Mr. Vishal Gupta on Behalf of Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. Karnal.

Printed at : Jaiswal Printing Press, Jain Market, Railway Road Karnal.

Published at : 923, Sector-9, Urban Estate, Karnal132001 (Haryana) Editor-In-Chief : Mr. Vishal Rai Gupta All Legal matters are subject to Karnal.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

NEED OF CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION AT DAIRY FARM By launching dynamic campaign, clean milk can be produced by good animal husbandry practices in villages, small farms with the help of Dair y Development Boards, different Cooperative Dairy Federations etc Ÿ

Milk is a sterile product when secreted in the udder of healthy animal. Milk containsnutrients, which provides it a fertile ground for microbial growth.

Due to its susceptibility to microbial spoilage, there is requirement to adopt clean milk production principles to reduce chances of contamination in raw milk.

Attention to clean milk production or hygiene will ensure high quality milk produced from healthy animals.

Because high quality raw milk for a satisfactory economical gain is directly connected to healthy animals.

Corrspondingly, it is also important to ensure high quality raw milk can be produced from healthy animals under good hygienic conditions and that control actions are applied to protect human health. Maintenance of clean condition in the milking shed results both in better udder health and production of high quality milk that remains wholesome for longer time.

Most importantly, consumers are concerned about the quality of dairy products and the conditions under which these are produced.

Characteristics of clean milk Ÿ

Free from debris, microbes and sediment

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Free from off-flavours

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Should be low in bacterial counts

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Normal composition, pH and acidity.

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Free from antibiotics and its residues.

Strategies for clean milk production 05

Awareness and training programmes: The first point to clean milk production at dairy farm should be education and training of milk producers on sanitation, housekeeping, hygiene, good milking methods and good animal husbandry practices.

dairy farms: Cleaning and sanitation are complementary. By sanitation we adopt hygienic actions marking which are favorable to good health of animals and assuring product quality. The seactions include proper cleaning of habituation, suitable drainage system, proper lighting of sheds, proper ventilation and suitable disinfection measures. It involves cleaning of bedding material like straw, sawdust, paddy, etc. Watering and feeding material for dairy animals should be thoroughly cleaned.Disinfect the houses by washing the houses with boiling water or flame blower or by using suitable disinfectants such as formaldehyde, phenols, washing soda, cresols, bleaching powder quick lime, etc.Sanitation and hygienic process practiced in a dairy farm can not only keep the animal and surrounding healthy but will also find its way for export of milk a n d m i l k p r o d u c t s t h e r e b y, enhancing the efficiency of livestock and its productivity, survivability and longevity.

Educational aids and training programmes should be organized for the farmers for making them aware of the importance of clean milk production at dairy farm. This should be in the form of posters, charts displayed at society, villages, and milk collection centres.

Farmer's awarenessfor correct handling of the milk from udder to reception dock followed by maintenance of hygienic environment and clean utensils to availability of milk tanks. Ÿ

Housing management at dairy farm: The shed at dairy farm should be clean and comfortable with suitable arrangement to dispose urine, dung, feed and fodder residues. There should be proper supply of clean drinking water and shed should be washed before milking.

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Feeding practices at dairy farm: The feeds, fodder and silage of the animals should not introduce directly or indirectly chemical or microbiological contaminants in the milk in amounts that is objectionable to health. Therefore, feed, fodder and silage should be stored properly.

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Sanitation and Disinfection of the

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Udder Hygiene: Healthy milking practice is one important criterion in order to produce safe and healthy milk because failure of which may introduce contamination of milk.

With improper udder hygiene, the microorganisms present on the teat skin can contaminate the milk during milking or through the teat tip microorganisms will penetrate

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

the teat canal increasing the probability of mastitis. Hence it is necessary to implement hygienicmeasures in maintaining cleanliness and udder health before and after milking of dairy animals, with the help of disinfecting agents.

There are several procedures for udder hygiene prior to milking including, washing by spraying water and wiping of teats, washing of teats with disinfectant solution, wiping and drying with a proper cloth. Effective udder hygiene after milking is a very balanced method for maintaining suitable udder health status, and it is conducted by immersing teats in a disinfecting agent. This practice removes the milk droplets that are left behind after milking, which can serve as a b re e d i n g g ro u n d f o r n e a r b y pathogenic microorganisms.

C o r re s p o n d i n g l y, s u b s e q u e n t drying of the disinfectant creates a thin layer over the teat orifice, mechanically inhibiting the invasion of microorganisms through the teat canal. The benefits are showed through a decrease in post secretory milk contamination, reduction of udder infections by environmental microbes, and by a decrease in the number of subclinical mastitis.

These days, the priority in conducting udder hygiene is given to ecologically acceptable disinfecting agents that are not unsafe to animals and the environment. Complete milking has to be done, because the residual milk may act an inducer for mastitis causing organisms and the overall yield may also be less. Ÿ

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Handling of milking vessels: The milking vessel should be made of stainless steel. It should be cleaned before and after milking with hot water and certified detergents and chemicals. The milker should

maintain personal hygiene and must be in perfect health to avoid transmitting zoonotic diseases that may compromise quality of the. He should wash his hands before milking and should not spit or s m o ke . F o r e m i l k s h o u l d b e discarded in a proper place also. Ÿ

Health practices and management at dairy farm: During milking, washing of udder and using teat dips should be an ongoing activity of the dairy farm. Good animal husbandry practices and health managements includes regular monitoring of disease such as mastitis should be a part of the routine work. Sick animal shed should be far away from the milking animals and separated from the healthy animals. The healthy animals must be milked first at dairy farm. Improper and objectionable use of veterinary drugs should be avoided.

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Milk collection and transportation: There should be a provision of bulk cooling tanks for milk storage in order to reduce the bacteriological load in the milk immediately after collection. Introducing different pricing system based on bacteriological quality of milk will help largely, in overall improvement of milk quality reaching the dairy dock.

Other requirements for clean milk production include hygienic conditions, good animal husbandry practices; proper handling, storage and transportation of milk are important components to produce high quality milk. The lids of the milk cans or tanks should fit tightly

preventing from entry of rain and dust. Excessive agitation during transportation should be avoided because due to agitation, the milk fat gets destabilised which becomes easily oxidized. The milk tanker should have proper insulation during storage or transportation.

The number of spoilage bacteria in raw milk depends on the level of hygiene during milking process and the cleanliness of the vessels used for storage and transporting the milk. During storage, first two-three hours after milking, raw milk is protected from spoilage by inherent natural antibacterial substances that inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria. However, if the milk is not cooled properly, these antibacterial substances break down causing bacteria to multiply rapidly. Cooling milk to less than 10°C may prevent spoilage for up to three days.

Because, high temperature during milk storage resulted in faster microbial growth and faster milk spoilage.

Conclusion: Raw milk is associated with pathogenic bacteria which causes various milkborne diseases (tuberculosis, brucellosis or typhoid fever). Therefore, clean milk production along with proper handling and storage of milk, and appropriate heat treatment can decrease or eliminate pathogens growth in milk. Hygienic milk handling includes using clean equipment, maintaining a clean milking environment, keeping good personal hygiene and preserving the quality of milk during storage and transportation to the consumer or processing plant.

Kantaa, Suprith Bb, Ashutoshb and Ankita Rautelab Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India b Division of Animal Physiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India a

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

FODDER MANAGEMENT FORCATTLE FARMING BY SMALL LAND HOLDERS

A n i m a l H u s ba n d r y i s m a k i n g a significant contribution to the national economy and socio-economic development in the country. In rural India where over 15-20% families are landless and about 80% of the land holders belong to the category of small and marginal farmers, livestock is the main source of livelihood. While the land owners prefer cattle and buffaloes, the landless prefer to own sheep, goat and poultry.

Presently, the major quantity of dry matter is contributed from paddy straws, wheat bhusa, sugarcane bagasse and trash, which are of poor nutritional value and with high fibre content. With new techniques, the quality of such fodder should be improved. This will also help in augmenting the fodder shortage.

Availability of Feed and Fodder Availability of feed and fodder is a major constraint in promotion of dairy husbandry in the country. It has been estimated that only 880 million tons of dry fodder was available including greens, which can meet only 35-40% of the demand. This clearly indicates that as most of the livestock are unfed, they are not able to perform optimally. Out of the available dry matter, most of it is available in the form of agricultural byproducts and dried grass collected from community wastelands and forests which are of inferior quality. Similarly, the concentrates required for feeding the livestock are also in acute shortage.

As a result, even the high yielding 08

animals, which are presumably well-fed are suffering from nutritional imbalance.

Availability of fodder and feed can play a very important role as about 70% of the cost of dairy husbandry is on feeding. There are several problems for the small farmers to procure good quality feed at the right price.

This is the right time for the country to take advantage of the global opportunities to meet the growing demand for milk and meat through reorganisation of the services and business approaches. There is also an opportunity to effectively involve the weaker sections of the society - the landless, women and the small and marginal farmers to take maximum advantage of these opportunities as they do not have many other options to earn their livelihood Strategies for Feed Production, Nutritional enhancement & Management Development of Public Wastelands: Efforts should be made to develop pasture lands involving local communities through soil and water conservation, introduction of improved legumes and grasses, forage tree species and prevention of grazing.

Fodder Banks: Establishment of fodder banks in fodder scarcity regions through Dairy Federations and People's Organisations can help small farmers to feed their livestock during scarcity. In paddy and wheat growing areas where

the straw is wasted, facilities for compacting straw should be installed and arrangement should be made to collect and pack them. Fodder banks can play a critical role in timely supply of feed to livestock owners during the drought years.

Azolla cultivation Introduction: Azolla is a free floating water fern. It is a common bio-fertilizer in rice crop. The blue-green algae (Anabaena azollae) grow in symbiotic association with this fern and are responsible for nitrogen fixation. The higher crude protein content (above 20 %) and presence of essential amino acids (high lysine content) vitamins like A&B and minerals like calcium, phosphorous, 12 potassium and magnesium made Azolla useful feed supplement for livestock, poultry and fish.

Procedure: Azolla is naturally found in ponds, ditches and wetlands of warm temperate and tropical regions throughout the world (at least 4 inches in the pond) is essential. For cultivation of Azolla, a shallow fresh water pond is ideal. The site under partial shade is ideal or else, shade has to be created to reduce the evaporation of water and also, for better growth of Azolla. The floor area of the pond should be free of pointed stones, roots and thorns that can puncture the sheet and cause leakage of water. The size of pond depends on factors like number of animals, quantity of supplemental feed

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

required and availability of resources.

For small holders, an area of 6 X 4 feet for Azolla cultivation can produce about one kg of supplemental feed per day. The side walls of the pond can be of either bricks or raised embankment with the excavated soil. After spreading the durable plastic sheet (silpauline, a polythene tarpaulin) in the pond, all the sides have to be secured properly by placing bricks over the side walls.

After the inoculation of culture, the pond needs to be covered with a net to provide partial shade and also, to prevent the fall of leaves and other debris into the pond. Thin wooden poles or bamboo sticks are to be placed over the pond walls to support the shade net. Bricks or stones can be used as weights on the edges for securing the plastic sheet and also, the net over the pond area.

Production of Azolla and maintenance of the pond/ditch: Sieved fertile soil mixed with cow dung and water need to be spread uniformly in the pond. About one kilogram of fresh Azolla culture is needed for a pond of 6 X 4 feet size.

Biogas slurry can also be used instead of dung. Application of about one kg of cow dung and about 100 grams of

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super phosphate once in two weeks will ensure better growth of Azolla. Any litter or aquatic weeds seen in the pond should be removed regularly. The pond needs to be emptied once in six months and cultivation has to be restarted with fresh Azolla culture and soil.

Silage making Introduction: Silage making is the process of preserving forages for future use while maintaining the nutrient contents. Many forage crops can be ensiled including legumes, corn/maize, sorghum, Napier grass and even pasture grass. Maize silage is preferred to the rest due to the tonnage produced per acre which is signiďŹ cantly high and also the nutritional content when harvested at the correct time.

Harvest- This is the ďŹ rst step in silage making here the forage eg. maize is harvested from the ďŹ eld. This can be done when a farmer see's that the feed is excess to the immediate feed requirement and ensiling becomes usefull in this situation as the farmer is able to preserve the feed in the same quality but for future use.

Chopping- The crops should then be chopped to lengths of between 1cm-

3cm.

Add Fermentable Substrate and compact- This stage is carried out differently by different farmers. There are those that prefer spreading molasses/raw jaggary diluted in water on the chopped crop as they compact it while others prefer to compact as is.

Especially in maize silage where I have heard seen some farmers ensile their maize without molasses and opting to utilize the natural sugars in maize plant.

Whichever way you take, compacting must be done well and thoroughly. This can be done in plastic bags, a silage pit or above ground. What you are trying to achieve is to expel as much air as possible and to maintain the condition as is without allowing air in. This can be done by using the tubes or by lining the pit walls with plastic and cover with the same.

Urea Treatment of Straw and Stover Introduction: The urea treatment technology is simple and has great potential for adoption at farm-gate level for enhancing the utilization of poor quality roughages.Urea treatment of straw leads to an increase in intake (20-25%), digestibility (10-15%), and

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

energy availability to the host animal which otherwise would have been wasted. Urea treatment also enriches the straw for its protein content (up to 9-10%).

Procedure: Ÿ

Chaffing/thrashing of crop residue/stoverby chaff cutter to 1-2” size

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Collect/store the chopped straw at a safe and dry place till further use

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We i g h 1 0 0 kg s t r a w f o r u re a treatment

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Make the urea solution by dissolving 4 kg urea into 40 liter water

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Spread the straw layer on polythene or tarpaulin sheet

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Fill the urea solution in a container and spray over straw layer uniformly

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Fill the urea treated straw

immediately in an airtight bag and close i t properly. Ÿ

Ensure the complete air tightness of bag and keep it for at least 2 weeks.

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Open the bag; remove top 1-1 ½ inch layer and offer the straw to livestock.

The feeding of urea treated straw is comparatively more viable in economic term as farmer can save 12.9 rupees more from same animal with same production level. For a large scale farm, the economics for the adoption of urea treatment technology on a wider scale makes much more sense due to large profit margin.

Caution- Urea should be used with caution within the recommended levels as its uneven distribution during sprinkling may result in toxicity. Neem treated urea shouldn't be used.

Hydroponic green fodder production

there by providing required nutrients for milk production and health of the dairy animals. The Hydroponic fodder as an alternative to conventional method of green fodder production, hydroponics technology is coming up to grow fodder for farm animals.

Procedure- Hydroponic Fodder Growing System in simple way we can say that it consists of a framework of shelves on which plastic trays are stacked. After soaking overnight, a layer of seeds is spread over the base of the trays. During the growing period, the seeds are kept moist, but not saturated.

They are supplied with moisture usually via spray irrigation. Holes in the trays facilitate drainage of excess water. The seeds will usually sprout within 8 to 12 hours after soaking and in 7 days have produced a 8 to 10 inch high grass mat.

Remove the green fodder from tray and feed it to dairy animals and even poultry according to body weight.

Advantages- Utilization of minimal l a n d , L e s s l a b o u r re q u i re m e n t , Increased nutritious value, Minimal loss of green fodder.

Introduction: Green fodder plays major role in feed of milch animals,

Suprith Ba, Kantaa, Ashutosha and Sushanta Debobermaa Division of Animal Physiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF CLIMATIC STRESS IN RUMINANTS

Introduction Extremes climatic factors alter energy transfer between the animal and its environment which affect not only growth but the production also.

Environmental stressors such as air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and humidity are the factors related to cold or heat stress. The stress influences animal's biology, specifically the endocrine system. Climate is one of the limiting factors in production as the dairy animals are homeotherms and try to maintain a nearly constant body temperature, when subjected to a wide range of environmental conditions.

Ruminants have the unique ability to regulate internal body temperature.

This ability allows them to function despite variations in the surrounding environment so that they may avoid heat or cold stress when the effective environmental temperature is in the thermo neutral zone. Dairy cows are in the comfort zone when environmental temperatures range between 5°C and 25°C. The zone of comfort for Indian cows is 10-26.7°C. Temperature ranges between -5 and 25°C are called thermo neutral condition while the below or above these temperatures are called lower critical temperature (LCT) and upper critical temperature (UCT) respectively. Within temperature range of thermo neutral condition, dairy animals require no additional energy above maintenance to cool or heat their 11

body. LCT is the environmental temperature at which an animal needs to increase metabolic heat production to maintain their body temperature likewise UCT is the environmental temperature at which the animals starts to dissipate extra heat by minimising metabolic heat production and resorts to various means of heat loss like sweating, panting, vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels and evaporative heat loss. The rmo neutral zone depends upon the age, breed, feed intake, diet composition, ability of temperature acclimatization, production, tissue insulation, external insulation and the behavior of the animal. Ambient temperature has direct relation with the cow's body te m p e r a t u re . T h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l mechanisms for regulating body temperature are under the control of a r e g i o n of t h e b r a i n c a l l e d t h e hypothalamus, which acts like a thermostat. Some physiological processes are modified during heat and cold exposure in an attempt to support heat balance and hence homoeothermy is less disrupted.

Reactions of homeotherms to m o d e r a te c l i m a t i c c h a n g e s a re compensatory and are directed at restoring thermal balance and homeostasis. Homeostasis is essential for animals to survive and requires hormones, a chemical power ful substances secreted by various organs in the body responsible for stimulating a cell-specific response. Adjusting to climatic stress induces a wide range of behavioral and physiological responses including endocrine changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis thus releasing corticosteroids and aldosterone. During winter it creates more impact on the performance of dairy animals as ambient temperature falls below the lower critical temperature. In hyperthermia, adrenal

function is reduced and this may allow the animal to cope with the environment because of the lower calorigenic actions of g l u c o c o r t i c o i d s . E n v i ro n m e n t a l modifications alleviate stress of heat and cold to some extent. The exposure of an animal to heat or cold stress elicits not only specific thermoregulatory responses, but also interactions between major physiological systems e.g. endocrine system. The overall effects on the animal are multifaceted and different.

Endocrine responses of livestock to cold stress The stress due to cold activates the n e u ro e n d o c r i n e pa t h w a y w h i c h includes the hypothalamic– pituitary– adrenal axis, the hypothalamic– pituitar y– thyroid axis, or the hypothalamus–autonomic nerves–chromaffin axis, to cause the release of cortisol, thyroid hormone, or catecholamines in vertebrates. The concentrations of serum T4 and T3 in cold stress conditions were higher than that of heat stress conditions (p < 0.05) because cold environment act as a stimulus to increase the output of t h y ro t ro p h i c h o r m o n e , t h e re b y increase thyroid activity to produce more heat and basal metabolic rate (BMR). The concentration of serum cortisol under cold and heat stress conditions was higher than that of optimum temperatures (p<0.05); although the response was greater in the hot than in the cold weather. The increased level of cortisol in lambs exposed to cold stress may be due to the increase in lipolysis and utilization of brown adipose tissue for heat production. The level of catecholamines i.e. epinephrine and nor epinephrine in cold stressed animals is higher due to the contribution of non-shivering thermogenesis to increase heat

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production in response to cold. The elevation of catecholamine levels to cold-stress occurred earlier than that of cortisol while the duration of the elevation of plasma catecholamines is shorter than that of cortisol. There are no changes in growth hormone concentration during cold stress whereas prolactin level decreases because water intake has to be reduced as an adaptive mechanism.

Endocrine responses of livestock to heat stress The endocrine system involved in the coordination of metabolism is altered during thermal stress. The hormones associated with adaptation to heat stress are prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, catecholamines and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Concentrations of plasma PRL elevated during thermal stress which is involved in meeting the increased demand of water and electrolyte in heat stressed cows.

During thermal stress basal metabolic rate decreases but water and electrolyte metabolism increases. Growth hormone is a calorigenic hormone produced from the anterior pituitary and does not function through a target gland but exerts its effects on almost all tissues of the body. The plasma GH levels declined from 18.2ng/ml under thermoneutral conditions to 13.5ng/ml in heat stressed Jersey cows. Plasma GH reductions occurred when THI exceeded 72. The decreased GH leads to less calorigenesis or heat production by stimulating thyroid activity aimed at the maintenance of heat in the body, which is necessary for the survival of the homeotherms at high ambient temperatures. The thyroid gland secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine/ thyroxine (T4 ).

These hormones are the primary determinants of basal metabolic rate and have a positive correlation to 12

weight gain or tissue production. The response of T3 and T4 to heat stress is slow and it takes several days for levels to reach a new steady state. A decline in the plasma concentrations of T3 from 2.2 to 1.16 ng/ml has been reported whereas a reduced thyroid activity in thermal acclimated cattle has also been reported.

The declined level of thyroid hormones and GH plays synergistic effect to reduce metabolic heat production.

Acute and chronic thermal stress shows differences in responding to glucocorticoid concentrations. Its level increased from 2.4 to 3.9 μg/100 ml (62%) by the second hour of heat exposure; reached a peak of 5.4 μg/100 ml (120%) at 4 hours, then declined gradually to the normal of 2.4μg/100 ml at 48 hours and stayed at this level inspite of continued heat stimulus. Initially plasma glucocorticoids levels increase due to the activation of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) releasing mechanism in the hypothalamus by thermoceptors of the skin while it declines later on to normal, despite continuing heat stimulus by regulation of negative feedback mechanism and decrease in the glucocorticoid binding receptor i.e. transcortin. The glucocorticoids work as vasodilators; cause proteolysis and lipolysis which help in providing energy to the animal due to the reduced dry matter intake during heat stress.

Plasma aldosterone concentration was found to be same during the first few hours of heat exposure while it was 40% lower with prolonged exposure which declined rapidly thereafter. This decline in aldosterone concentration is due to

a fall in serum potassium levels because of its increased excretion in sweat and may be explained on the basis of a major difference between ruminants and non ruminants with respect to the location of sodium and potassium loss during thermal stress. Non ruminants produce sweat high in sodium and low in potassium concentrations; but this is vice versa for ruminants. The level of plasma catecholamines is found to be elevated during both acute and chronic thermal stress. On an average there were increases of 45 and 42% in short and 91 and 70% in long heat exposures for epinephrine and norepinephrine, respectively. Catecholamine regulates sweat gland activity by activating the sweat glands of cattle and buffaloes.

An increase in the plasma osmolality or a decrease in blood volume, leads to ADH secretion from the pituitary gland which directs kidneys to retain water.

Increased water losses in the respiratory tract and skin of thermal stressed animal evokes increased secretion of ADH which causes conservation and increased intake of water.

Conclusion Endocrine regulation and thermal balance among livestock is important for growth, health and ultimately for production. Further elucidation and a greater understanding of the factors influencing the stress and hormonal responses in livestock, including the influence of environmental conditions, will increase our capability of developing various management practices that enhance production and reproduction efficiency and overall income of the farmer.

A.K. Roy1, Sunil Kumar1* and Suchit Kumar2 1 Animal Physiology Division, 2 AGB Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, INDIA

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY ANIMAL Introduction

Figure 1. Schematic of Relationships of Temperature and Thermal Zones1

Dairying is an important enterprise for many countries of the world and is especially Important source of income generation for rural families. With increase in population the demand for milk increases. Local breeds of tropics and subtropics are well adapted to the prevailing environmental stresses but have ver y low milk production, whereas, on the other hand, the specialized temperate dairy breeds, despite of having their high genetic potential for high milk yield in the intensive systems in which they were selected, cannot survive the harsh tropical conditions, to the point of risk of their survival. Seasonal heat stress effect on milk production, fertility and re p ro d u c t i o n of d a i r y c a t t l e i s worldwide and exert heavy economic loses to the dairy industry. In lactating Holstein cattle, the comfor table temperature is between the ranges of 4- 24oC. Heat stress effects on the cattle can be observed above 24oC, and milk yield markedly decreases above 27oC. Whereas, in most of the tropical and subtropical areas the ambient temperature rises even above 40°C that is obviously suboptimal for temperate breeds cattle to maintain their health and production performance.

4. change in animal behaviour

What is stress ?

The Thermo-Neutral Zone

Stress, as it relates to bodily functions, has been defined as the sum of all biologic reactions to physical, emotional, or mental stimuli that disturb an individual's homeostasis.

Thermo neutral zone is the range of environmental temperature over which the heat produced by a `warmb l o o d e d ' a n i m a l re m a i n s f a i r l y constant. Hence, it is the range in which the animal is `comfortable', having neither to generate extra heat to keep warm nor expend metabolic energy on cooling mechanisms, such as panting.

Animals adapted to cold environment tend to have broader thermo neutral zones than one living in hot environment. The thermo-neutral zone has three areas including optimum, cool and warm areas (Figure 1). The first area is the optimum area in which

What is stressor ?

A stressor can be defined as any internal or external stimuli or threat that disrupts homeostasis of the body, and elicits a coordinated physiological response within the body in an attempt to reestablish homeostasis Defining heat Stress Heat stress occurs when any 13

Lower Critical Temp.

Cold Stress low 1

Upper Critical Temp.

Heat Stress

Thermoneutral Zone Effective Ambient Temperature

high

Adapted from: NRC, 1981, Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals

c o m b i n a t i o n s of e n v i ro n m e n t a l conditions (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, air movement, and precipitation) cause the effective temperature of the environment to exceed the animal's thermo-neutral zone. Heat stress is a major cause for economic loss in the world's dairy industry. Annual losses occur due to decreased performance, increased mortality and decreased reproduction performance in dairy industry in India .

Indicators of heat stress There are some indicators of heat stress are: 1. Increased respiration rat 2. Increased rectal temperature 3. Increased skin temperature

animals have no change in performance (i.e. production, growth and reproduction). The second and third areas are located between the lower and upper critical temperature (cool and warm areas). These areas are where animals can adjust, so performance is not affected. Cold stress and heat stress zones are located outside lower critical temperature and upper critical temperature in which the animals cannot adjust to the environment resulting in a loss of performance.

Temperature Humidity Index (THI) Temperature-humidity index (THI) is the most common estimate of heat stress in the dairy industry. It combines the impacts of dry bulb temperature and relative humidity but does not include solar radiation or wind speed.

Thus, THI is a good indicator of heat stress in housing structures THI = 0.72 (Cdb + Cwb ) + 40.6 Where, Cdb (0C)

= dry bulb temperature

Cwb = wet bulb temperature (0C) Effect of heat stress on milk production Dairy cows automatically will reduce their feed intake during period of heat stress, and this reduction could increase as weather becomes hotter. Typically, early and high producing cows are more directly and severely affected than late or low producing cows. The reduction in nutrient intake has been

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

PRL signaling induced by variable photoperiod affects mammary gland development during the dry p e r i o d a n d subsequent milk production. Heat stress in cattle i n c r e a s e s circulating concentrations of PRL and an inverse relationship exists between circulating PRL and PRLR gene expression in the liver and lymphocytes (i.e., increased blood PRL concentration coupled with decreased PRLR gene expression) of late-gestation heats t re s s e d c o w. A d d i t i o n a l l y, t h e increased blood estrone sulfate and decreased progesterone

identified as a major cause of decline milk synthesis because has been associated to a negative energy balance state, regardless of the stage of lactation but under heat stress conditions.

The hormone prolactin (PRL) is integral to mammogenesis and lactogenesis in cattle and per turbation of PRL physiology during the dry period can affect future milk yield. Indeed, altered

concentrations observed in heatstressed dry cows are also elated to decreased PRL signaling in the mammar y gland. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that decreased PRL signaling in the mammar y gland occurs in heatstressed dry cows and exerts some effect to impair subsequent lactational performance.

Conclusion After thorough study we conclude that heat stress indirectly effect the milk production. It effects the mammary gland cell differentiation and development via affecting the release of hormones like estrone sulphate, progesterone and prolactin which adversely affect the release of milk from mammary gland. So we have to say that heat stress causes reduction in milk production.

Heat stress

Estrone sulfate ( Initiation of lactogenesiss)

Heat stress Plasma prolactin

Circulating progesterone (Negative effect on lactogenesis)

PRL-R gene expression Mammary gland development

Suppress the mammary epithelial cell differentiation Decreased milk production

1.Flow diagram of effect of heat stress on milk production

2. Flow diagram of effect of heat stress on milk production

1

2

1

1

3

4

Brijesh Patel , Varsha Jain , Vaibhav Purwar , Pratik Wankhade , Arun Prabhakar and Nishant Kumar 1 Ph.D Scholar, LPM - ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,Bareilly, 24312 2 Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Veterinary Hospital, Bhendri, Dhamtari, Chhattisgarh 3 M.V.Sc .Scholar, LPM, ICAR-IVRI, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA 4 Scientist, ARGO, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, INDIA

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

BLOAT IN RUMINANTS: CONTROL AND PREVENTION pastures are less likely to cause bloat than immature or rapidly growing pastures.

Bloat is an overdistention of the rumenoreticulum with the gases of fermentation, either in the form of a persistent foam mixed with the ruminal contents, called primary or frothy bloat, or in the form of free gas separated from the ingesta, called secondary or free-gas bloat. It is predominantly a disorder of cattle but may also be seen in sheep. The susceptibility of individual cattle to bloat varies and is genetically determined.Death rates as high as 20% are recorded in cattle grazing bloatprone pasture, and in pastoral areas, the annual mortality rate from bloat in dairy cows may approach 1%. There is also economic loss from depressed milk production in nonfatal cases and from s u b o p t i m a l u s e of b l oa t - p ro n e pastures. Bloat can be a significant cause of mortality in feedlot cattle.

Control And Prevention Prevention of pasture bloat can be difficult. Management practices used to reduce the risk of bloat include feeding hay, particularly orchard grass, before turning cattle on pasture, maintaining grass dominance in the sward, or using strip grazing to restrict intake, with movement of animals to a new strip in the afternoon, not the early morning.

Hay must constitute at least one-third of the diet to effectively reduce risk of bloat. Feeding hay or strip grazing may be reliable when the pasture is only moderately dangerous, but these methods are less reliable when the pasture is in the pre-bloom stage and the bloat potential is high. Mature 15

05

The only satisfactory method available to prevent pasture bloating is continual administration of an antifoaming agent during the risk period. This is widely practiced in grassland countries such as Australia and New Zealand. The most reliable method is drenching twice daily (i.e at milking times) with an antifoaming agent. Spraying the agent onto the pasture is equally effective, provided the animals have access only to treated pasture. This method is ideal for strip grazing but not when grazing is uncontrolled. The antifoaming agent can be added to the feed or water or incorporated into feed blocks, but success with this method depends on adequate individual intake. The agent can be “painted” on the flanks of the animals, from which it is licked during the day, but animals that do not lick will be unprotected.

Available antifoaming agents include oils and fats and synthetic nonionic surfactants. Oils and fats are given at 60–120 mL/head/day; doses up to 240 mL are indicated during dangerous periods. Poloxalene, a synthetic polymer, is a highly effective nonionic surfactant that can be given at 10–20 g/head/day and up to 40 g/head/day in high-risk situations. It is safe and economical to use and is administered daily through the susceptible period by adding to water, feed grain mixtures, or molasses. Pluronic agents facilitate the solubilization of water-insoluble factors that contribute to formation of a stable foam. A pluronic detergent (Alfasure®) and a water-soluble mixture of alcohol

ethoxylate and pluronic detergents (Blocare 4511) also are effective but are not approved by the FDA. Ionophores effectively prevent bloat, and a sustained-release capsule administered into the rumen and releasing 300 mg of monensin daily for a 100-day period protects against pasture bloat and improves milk production on bloatprone pastures.

The ultimate aim in control is development of a pasture that permits high production, while keeping incidence of bloat low. The use of pastures of clover and grasses in equal amounts comes closest to achieving this goal. Bloat potential varies between cultivars of alfalfa, and low-risk LIRD (low initial rate of digestion) cultivars are available commercially. The a d d i t i o n of l e g u m e s w i t h h i g h condensed tannins to the pasture seeding mix (10% sainfoin) can reduce the risk of bloat where there is strip grazing, as can the feeding of sainfoin pellets.

To prevent feedlot bloat, rations should contain ≥10–15% cut or chopped roughage mixed into the c o m p l e t e f e e d . P r e f e r a b l y, t h e roughage should be a cereal, grain straw, grass hay, or equivalent. Grains should be rolled or cracked, not finely ground. Pelleted rations made from finely ground grain should be avoided.

The addition of tallow (3%–5% of the total ration) may be successful occasionally, but it was not effective in controlled trials. The nonionic surfactants, such as poloxalene, have been ineffective in preventing feedlot bloat, but the ionophore lasalocid is effective in control.

Dr. M. Anudeep Reddy2 and Dr. K. Rajesh1 Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of veterinary Science, PV Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30.

2 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of veterinary Science, PV Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30.

1

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

CHROMIUM AS AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT FOR LIVESTOCK Chromium is naturally occurring heavy metal that is commonly used in industrial process. Since late 1950's chromium, Cr (III) is recognized as an essential nutrient. Almost all naturally found Cr is trivalent while hexavalent Cr is mostly of industrial origin. The Trivalent form is the most stable oxidation state considered to be safe form for living organism. The Cr is essential to normal carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. The chromium is also known to be partially responsible in blood cholesterol regulation.

Therefore, dietary supplementation of chromium is suggested as a new approach to produce low-fat, lowcholesterol meat from the meat producing animals.

Absorption of Chromium in livestock Chromium is present in feedstuffs in both inorganic and organic form. Chromium absorption is very poor in the body; particularly inorganic sources such as chromium chloride. Organic source of chromium is over ten times more bioavailable than inorganic sources.

Absorbed Cr circulates in blood bound to the β-globulin plasma fraction and is transpor ted to tissues bound to transferrin. Chromium quickly gets absorbed in bones; also it gets accumulated in spleen, liver and kidneys.

Cr absorption from food is enhanced by the presence of Amino acids, the ascorbic acid, high carbohydrate, oxalate and aspirin levels in the diet, while phytates and antacids reduce Cr concentrations in blood and tissues.

Metabolism of Chromium in livestock Chromium is called as Glucose tolerance factor. Chromodulin is a low molecular weight chromium binding substance and is assumed to be involved in the metabolism of glucose. Chromium deficiency is found to cause a reduction in insulin sensitivity in the peripheral tissues as well as a decrease in growth 16

rate. Moderate increases in plasma membrane fluidity have also been shown to increase glucose transport.

Chromium increases the synthesis of fats in adipose tissues and decreases the net release. Also it influences the m e t a b o l i s m of c h o l e s t e ro l a n d triglycerides. Chromium supplementation increases amino acid uptake by tissues and also intensifies the incorporation of amino acids into the proteins. Trivalent chromium involves in the structural integrity and expression of genetic information in animals.

Chromium protects RNA against heat denaturation.

Excretion of Chromium Absorbed Cr is excreted primarily in urine by glomerular filtration or bound to a low-molecular organic transporter and a small amount is eliminated via hair, perspiration and bile.

Sources Chromium The common sources of Chromium include whole grains, brewer's yeast, cereals, herbs, meat and fish meal.

Chromium content in common feedstuffs (Adapted from Subiyatno, 1994) Feedstuff

ppm

Dehydrated alfalfa

0.20

Corn silage

2.03

Ryegrass

0.44

Barley

0.83

Corn

0.91

Wheat bran

0.63

Meat meal

0.80

Fish meal

0.63

Soybean meal

0.15

Brewer's yeast

1.00

Brewers grain

0.23

environmental, dietary and hormonal stress. Currently there are no NRC recommendations in poultry diets (NRC, 1994). In ruminants, supplementation of chromium is recommended during heat stress periods, early lactation and during infections. A level of 4-5mg/head/day of supplemental chromium during the last three weeks pre-partum and 5-6 mg/head/day of supplemental chromium during the first few weeks postpartum may suffice. Pig requires about 0.2 ppm Chromium.NRC ( 1 9 9 5 ) h a s re c o m m e n d e d 3 0 0 μ g chromium per kg of the diet for laboratory animals.

Beneficial effects of chromium supplementation in livestock Ruminants High yielders will be in a negative energy balance during transition period due to tremendous pressure leading to increased production of non-esterified f a t t y a c i d s ( N E FA ) a n d β hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) in the blood stream. During this period Cr supplementation is beneficial, as it increases feed intake.

Swine O rg a n i c C r i s m o re e f fi c i e n t i n increasing reproductive performance in swine. Studies also show positive effect on body weight gain with 0.2 mg/kg of Cr supplementation. Cr also has positive effect on the reproductive cycle of sows, Cr influences size of the litter at birth as well as the weight at weaning.

Cr-picolinate supplementation also had effect on ovulation rate, and progesterone and oxytocin secretion.

Poultry

The beneficial effects of chromium can be observed more efficiently under

Cr Supplementation has been shown to positively affect egg production and improves egg quality traits such as specific gravity, eggshell thickness, eggshell weight and Haugh unit. Cr also Continue page on...19

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

PARTURIENT PARESIS (MILK FEVER) blood calcium quickly 2. High producing dairy cattle: High producers are more susceptible because the fall in their blood calcium level is greater.

Hypocalcemic cow with head resting on flank

Milk fever occurs most commonly in high-producing adult lactating dairy animals during the first 48 hours of calving, but also occurs several weeks before or after calving. Jersey cows are most susceptible. A depression of the level of ionized calcium in tissue fluid is the basic biochemical defect in milk fever.

In normal calcium regulation, a decrease in plasma calcium levels causes the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates the activation of Vitamin D3 in the kidney. These two compounds act to increase blood calcium levels by increasing absorption of dietary calcium from the intestine, increasing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, and increasing resorption of calcium from bones. It has been found that tissue is less responsive to parathyroid hormone prepartum, compared to postpartum. It is believed that hypocalcemia causing milk fever is due to a lower level of responsiveness of the cow's tissues to circulating parathyroid hormone. The resultant decreased plasma calcium causes hyperexcitability of the nervous system and weakened muscle contractions, which result in both tetany and paresis.

Some of the risk factors associated with hypocalemia are 1. Increasing age of cow: Heifers are rarely affected. Old cows increase in susceptibility up to the fifth or six calving because they produce more milk and are less able to replace 17

3. Dry period nutrition-Feeding more than 100g of calcium daily during dr y period is associated with increased incidence. When the amount of calcium in the diet is greater than is needed, the efficiency of absorbing calcium from the intestine and the efficiency of transferring calcium from the skeleton both become very sluggish and the chance of milk fever is greatly increased.

The clinical signs of milk fever can be divided into three distinct stages Stage 1 First Stage is characterized by brief stage of excitement and tetany with hypersensitivity and muscle tremor of head and limbs. There may be shaking of head, protrusion of the tongue and grinding of teeth. Animal is usually ataxic and falls down easily while walking.

Stage 2 Second stage is prolonged recumbency. This stage is characterized by depression of consciousness, drowsy appearance in sternal recumbency, with lateral kink of neck or head turned towards flank region. Muzzle is dry, skin and extremities cool, and the rectal temperature is subnormal. Heart rate will be increased with decreased intensity.

Pupilary light reflex is incomplete, size of the pupil may be normal to maximum dilation. Smooth muscle paralysis can cause bloat and the animal may not be able to urinate or defecate.

Stage 3 Lateral recumbency, muscle

flaccidity, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and loss of consciousness progressing to coma. Heart rate can approach 120 bpm. There may be complete flaccidity of limb. If untreated, progression will continue to death.

The condition can be diagnosed by history of calving, typical clinical signs, serum calcium estimation(<8mg/dl, sometimes it may be reduced to 5 mg/dl) Treatment should be employed at the earliest to avoid complications. Intra venous administration of 400-800ml of 25% solution of Calcium borogluconate is the usual dose for cattle. As the calcium is cardiotoxic, heart rate should be monitored during the therapy.

Prevention Management of the diet during prepartum period can be a valuable aid preventing milk fever. Cows should be kept on a low calcium diet. Diet providing less than 20g calcium per day is highly effective. This stimulates their calcium regulatory system to keep the blood levels normal by mobilising the body stores of calcium from the bone.

When the demand for calcium increases at calving, calcium can be mobilised much more rapidly from bone than the feed, thereby preventing milk fever.

Calcium phosphorus ratio of 1:3 is recomm-ended.

Calcium gel, which contains 49% calcium chloride before calving, at calving and within 1day after calving, is effective.

A single dose of 10million units of Vit.D3 2-8 days before calving may be useful.

Over fattening and stress in animals should be avoided

J. Razia Sultana and S.M. Bhokre Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

QTL (QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI) ITS APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING Introduction QTL is a region on chromosome, detected via statistical analysis that harbors a gene or genes that influence the phenotypic expression of a complex, quantitative and economically trait. Mapping of the genome is done by: 1. AFLP find genes/markers that can be implemented in breeding programme via Marker Assisted Selection (MAS).

2. SNP QTL strictly applies to genes of any effect, in practice it refers only to major genes, as only these will be large enough to be detected and mapped on the genome. Ÿ

Most QTL known today can only be targeted by genetic markers.

Ÿ

Genetic markers are “landmarks' at the genome that can be chosen for their proximity to QTL. We cannot actually observe inheritance at the Q T L i t s e l f, b u t w e o b s e r v e inheritance at the marker, which is close to the QTL.

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Quantitative traits refers to phenotypes that vary in degree and can be attributed to polygenic effects i.e. product of two or more genes and their environment.

Polygenic inheritance - Inheritance of phenotypic characteristic that is attributable to two or more genes and can be measured quantitatively.

Multifactorial inheritance Polygenic inheritance that also includes interactions with the environment

Is mapping of QTL necessary Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

18

Purpose of mapping QTL livestock species is to identify-

in

Genes affecting quantitative trait and ultimately use existing variation in these genes to select superior individuals from the population.

A major objective of QTL studies is to

Ÿ

region from parents to offspring. Ÿ

I f QT L a re l o c a te d i n t h e chromosomal region, then this information can be used to obtain a more accurate estimate of the breeding value because the i n h e r i t a n c e of a l l e l e s a t t h e chromosomal region can be traced more precisely than inheritance at an unmarked QTL.

Ÿ

In this case, the additive genetic value of an animal can be partitioned into additive genetic value at the marked chromosomal region and the sum of additive genetic effects at all other QTL affecting the trait.

Once mapped, MAS for specific QTL can be more effective than Mass selection on the traits of interest particularly for low heritability traits.

Applications of QTL in Animal Breeding Dairy cattle Ÿ

DNA information has been used to select against deleterious alleles such as

Ÿ

Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Ÿ

Complex vertebral malformation

Future of QTL mapping

Pig breeding Ÿ

First test to be applied was for the Halothane-gene.

Ÿ

Occurrence of pale, sof t and exudative meat is associated with the recessive allele at halothane locus.

Ÿ

Recessive allele reduces meat quality, but it mproves lean meat content.

Ÿ

Genome wide association studies –excellent complement to QTL mapping.

Ÿ

QTL contain many linked genes

Ÿ

GWAS produce many unlinked individual genes or even nucleotides.

Ÿ

QTL studies inform functional genomics-to characterize allelic variation

Principle Of Qtl Mapping Trace chromosomal segments from parents to offspring and check if individuals that inherited alternative chromosomal segments differ with respect to the quantitative trait. Ÿ

I n f o rm a t i o n o n a n a n i m a l 's g e n o t y p e a t a m a r ke r l o c u s provides information on transmission of a chromosomal

Softwares Available for QTL Mapping Ÿ

QTL Cartographer

Ÿ

Map marker/QTL

Ÿ

MAPMARKER/EXP

Ÿ

Mapmanager

Ÿ

QU-Gene

Ÿ

PLABQTL

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

Ÿ

QTL express

Conclusion

Ÿ

Genetic power calculator

QTLs are useful starting points

Biases in Quantitative trait loci Ÿ

Ÿ

Unless samples are large (>500),the effects of statistically significant QTL are substantially overestimated.

Closely linked QTL with effects in the same direction tend to give the appearance of a single QTL of large effect.

Marker– assisted breeding, Positional

Nisha Sharma* Pooja Devi, Poonam Ratwan, Revanasiddu Deginal, Sushil Kumar and Shabahat Mumtaz * Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India

CHROMIUM AS AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT FOR LIVESTOCK

Contd of... Page 16

nullifies harmful effects during cold stress in laying hens and adverse effects associated with heat stress in broilers.

Chromium supplementation improves bodyweight gain and feed efficiency in broilers during heat stress.

Deficiency Symptoms Common deficiency symptoms include impaired glucose tolerance and increased insulin release subsequently leading to hyperinsulinemia. Cr deficiency has also leads to an increase in haematological parameters (haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocytes, leucocytes and mean erythrocyte volume); increased total protein concentrations and hyperinsulinemia.

19

Clonning and Functional and evolutionary studies

Toxic effects Accidental contamination of metal coating industries, especially water sources leads to toxic effect. Cattle are more prone to toxicity but symptoms are rare in sheep, goat and poultry. The maximum tolerable NRC level is 100 ppm for swine, horse, cattle sheep and 500 ppm for poultry. Among the dietary supplementsCr3+picolinate produces significantly more oxidative stress and DNA damage than niacin-bound Cr3+.Researchers have found the toxicity of chromiumpicolinate in renal

impairment, skin blisters, pustules, anemia, hemolysis, tissue edema, liver dysfunction, neuronal cell injury.

Conclusion Chromium is plays a vital role in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid in livestock. Organic form chromium is found to be highly efficient in usage. Chromium supplementation alleviates the negative effects of stress, thereby improves the performance and health of the livestock, leading to better farm profitability.

Arul Prakash. M2 Subhashini. J1, Sathyapriya. A1 and Rajkumar.K2 1 M.V.Sc. Scholars, Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, T.N. 2 Assistant Professor, Livestock Production Management, VCRI, Orathanadu, Tanjore, T.N.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

PRESS RELEASE ICE MAKE REFRIGERATION LIMITED – SME IPO GETS HIGHEST SUBSCRIPTION Ice Make Refrigeration Limited (Ice Make) is one of the fastest growing Company in Refrigeration arena providing total cooling solution of Refrigeration Equipements and it specifically deals in business vertical such as Cold Room, Commercial Refrigeration, Industrial Refrigeration, and Transport Refrigeration.

Ice Make is entering in Capital Market on SME Platform of NSE (NSE Emerge) and has offered issue of 41,60,000 Equity Shares of Rs. 10 each with the price band of Rs. 55 – 57 per Equity Shares. Its Issue (IPO) was opened on November 28, 2017 and was closed on November 30, 2017.

The IPOwas subscribed more than 261 times as the Rs. 23.71 crore initial offer witnessed a book size of nearly Rs. 6,200 crore with the record breaking subscription figure of an SME IPO. As per the data on NSE in details the portion of the issue reserved for Non RetailInvestors was subscribed about 400.45 times in different categories such as Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIS) with 0.53 times, Domestic Financial Institutions with 1.15 times, Corporates with 46.75 times Individuals (other than RIIs) with 348 times, other 4 times and Retails Individual Investors (RIIs) was subscribed about 149 times.

The Ahmedabadbased company's shares were offered in the range of Rs. 55-57 per share. Vivo Financial Services Private Limited was the Lead Manager to the issue. Ice Make is a refrigeration equipment manufacturer, engaged in providing cooling solutions for industries like dairy, ice cream, food processing, agriculture, pharmac20

euticals, cold chains etc. Money raised through the IPO will be used to finance setting up of a coil manufacturing facility, up-gradation of its existing facilities and construction of an administration office, all at places near Ahmedabad. It would also spend some funds towards brand building and also invest in Bharat Refrigerations Private Limited, its wholly owned subsidiary, for up-gradation of its facilities at Chennai.

Over the years, its product offering have involved to include Cold Room, Glass Door Display Chiller, Blast Freezer & Chillers, Incubation Chambers, Ripening Chambers, Pre Cooling Chambers, Water Cooled & Air Cooled Chilling Plant, Ice Building Tank , Refrigerated Vehicle, Eutectic Van, Bunk House, Bulk Milk Chiller, Ice Cream Hardener, Ice Candy Manufacturing Machines and other Commercial Refrigeration under the brand name of 'Ice Make' and 'Bharat'& 'Trasfreez' through its wholly owned subsidiary company Bharat Refrigerations Private Limited.

Cold Room Refrigeration business was commenced by Promoters in 2002. It contributed 63.41% of the total revenue for FY 2017. Commercial Refrigeration business was commenced by Promoters in 1993. It contributed 14.41% of the total revenue for FY 2017.

Industrial Refrigeration business was commenced by Promoters in 2003. It contributed 13.49% of the total revenue for FY 2017. Transport Refrigeration business was commenced by Promoters in 2012. It contributed 5.75% of the total revenue for FY 2017.

Company has PAN India presence as it

has branches, dealers and associates located in Ahmedabad, Chennai, Bikaner, Cochin, Cuttack, Goa, Hubli, Jodhpur, Kolhapur, Kolkata, Nagpur, Patna, Pune, Pondicherry, Trivandrum with wide and reputed customer base across each industry .

Ice Make's Key achievements and Milestones Ÿ

1993 Business started in a Proprietorship firm

Ÿ

2009 Incorporated as a Private Limited Company which took over t h e r u n n i n g b u s i n e s s of t h e erstwhile proprietorship firms

Ÿ

2011 Indian Leadership Award for Industrial Development

Ÿ

2013 ISO Certifications

Ÿ

2014 Best Medium Enterprise (Manufacturing) &Skoch Award

Ÿ

2015 Modification of Name to Ice Make Refrigeration Private Limited

Ÿ

2016 Acquisition of Bharat Refrigerations Private Limited & Indian SME 100 Award of FY 2015 - 16

Ÿ

2017 Conversion into Public Limited Company, NSIC – CRISIL Performance & Credit Rating

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

NEWS

Dairy farmers can take bite out of imports, says Graham's boss D

omestic dairy farmers could benefit from Brexit, a Scottish dairy company said yesterday, as consumers turn away from imported products, It's crazy that a country like Britain is the second largest importer of dairy products after China, Robert Graham, managing director of

Graham's the Family Dairy, said, We're a farming nation, He identified opportunities for farmers to replace butter imports from Denmark and yoghurt from France and Germany, We want to replace these products with British and Scottish products, he said,

The acquisition of Glenfield Dairy in Fife and volatile milk prices weighed on fullyear results for Graham's, taking the shine off a large rise in revenues. The Glenfield deal, completed in 2016, allowed Graham's to increase its range of products.

Cheeky DAIRY AIR ice cream shop logo butts up against protest A cheeky logo of a cartoon cow has s pa r ke d a b e e f b e t w e e n a derrière-themed ice cream shop and residents who say the image is sexist, Complaints against the newly opened Dairy Air Ice Cream Co. began Monday with an open letter by local business owner Amy Tingle, who blasted the store for sexualizing women to sell ice cream and demanded that the logo be put out to pasture, It is offensive and sickening, Tingle wrote, A hypersexualized, obviously female cow with her a upended and poking through a circle, tail raised up, waiting for what?

I'm not sure, but I do know that I am repulsed and offended, The logo is not visible from the store’s exterior but is plastered on the store’s furniture, walls

21

and cups, making girls and women feel as if we are t h i n g s f o r someone else’s sexual use, Tingle wrote This kind of m a r k e t i n g scheme is the r e a s o n w e currently have a sexual predator in the White House, she continued, This is offensive, not just to women, but to husbands and fathers and brothers and uncles and grandfathers who are trying to raise strong young women in a culture that continuously sexualizes them rather

than treating them equally, with dignity and respect Anthony Tortoriello, owner of Dairy Air Ice Cream, could not be reached for comment, The store’s online presence had been wiped by Wednesday and its Instagram page set to private.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

Nirmal said, "North East India is one of our primary target markets for our national expansion as it is one of the fastest growing in India, especially in Tetra Pak segment. We have strategized our products in line with the local demand as understand the requirements of the region since we already have presence here for a while. The market for UHT is growing fast and so is the demand for Tetra Paks is emerging as a preferred option of milk consumption in the North Eastern states. Our core focus ..

NEWS

Dairy supply chain startup Milk Lane ensures high quality milk for consumers

Read more at: //economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61565581.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&ut m_campaign=cppst

I

n yet another instance of startups solving India-focussed problems garnering investors' attention, dairy supply chain startup Milk Lane has raised Rs 27 crore in its first institutional round of fundraise. The round was led

by Switzerland-headquar tered incubator-cum-investment firm Pioneering Ventures, American dairy company Schreiber Foods and some ultra high net-worth families. Milk Lane controls the end-to-end dairy supply chain that ensures high quality milk for industrial buyers and consumers. The company is looking to utilise the capital to expand its network of milk collection centres as also strengthen its digital and analytics capabilities in supply chain, Despite being the largest milk producer in the world, India still lags behind global peers when it comes to collection and distribution of milk, both of which remain largely unorganised.

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Milk Lane is looking to address these challenges by modernizing critical stages of the entire supply chain with the focus on creating high quality, toxin-free milk and at scale, Having been incubated by Pioneering Ventures in 2015, Milk Lane began commercial operations in Januar y 2017. An incubator and accelerator of agriculture and food supply chain ventures in India, Pioneering Ventures helps create and scale companies in the area of supply chain management and export of farm produce, Milk Lane works around a BCO (bulk cooler operators) model, which are collection centres with bulk tanks that can hold up to 2,000 litres of milk.

These BCOs help collect and store milk in a strict temperature-controlled environment thereby helping to increase the shelf life and quality of the milk, We work with farmers on the complete life cycle of the process

p ro v i d i n g a d v i s o r y s e r v i c e s o n managing and rearing cattle, managing farms and providing them with the right kind of cattle feed to help improve the milk yield and quality, Gaurav Haran, COO of Milk Lane, told ET, The BCO model, as against a typical central chilling/cold storage model, helps b r i n g d o w n t h e t i m e t a ke n f o r collection of milk to less than 45 minutes, he added. Centralised chilling models typically take anywhere between 2-3 hours for delivery to centres, Milk Lane maintains, Based out of Kuppam near Andhra Pradesh, the firm currently creates and collects 85,000 litres of milk through its network of over 8,000 farmers spread across Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu In order to improve the milk's quality and cattle's yield, Milk Lane works with farmers to help them scale their cattle herd size from 2-3 up to 20-25 with

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

NEWS high quality milk to Schreiber Foods, which in turn provides the same to its clients, A large part of the capital is being used for daily operations as also increase the number of bulk coolers as we look to expand further. We are targeting creation and collection of 400,000 litres of milk in the next two years, said Akshaya Kamath, director of Pioneering Ventures. ser vices on special care and management for the animals. Working in the B2B space, Milk Lane provides

Milk Lane is looking to widen its farmer network to 100,000 farmers and 1,000

BCOs in the next 24 months as also tap into dairy companies in India to expand its clientele.

Dairy code of conduct: Mixed views over ACCC call

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AIRY industry groups have mixed views on the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission's key recommendation of a mandatory code of conduct to replace the voluntary code, The two major dairy bodies, Australian Dairy Farmers and the United Dairy farmers of Victoria, are yet to commit to suppor ting a compulsory code to address contract issues between processors and farmers, Meanwhile, alternative Victorian lobby group Farmer Power and NSW's Dairy Connect have backed the introduction of a mandatory code of conduct, The ACCC said a mandatory code could include obligations on processors to enter into written contracts for milk supply, It also said a mandatory code could ban retrospective step-downs the practice that brought down Murray Goul burn, ACCC agricultural commissioner Mick Keogh said the voluntar y code of conduct had changed some processors' behaviour, but because they weren't obligated to change, some had continued with behaviours such as the “anticompetitive” loyalty payments, The issue we have is that when you look at the voluntary code, it is not mandatory and it does not have any penalties or indeed any mechanism to identify 23

whether or not a particular participant in the industry is in breach of that contract, he said, UDV president Adam Jenkins said the voluntary code had already gone some way to addressing unfair contract terms between farmers and processors, but there could be more done to hold processors to account, as recognised by the ACCC, Mr. Adams said, It was an important first step in our process of improving the balance of power in the supply chain and the ACCCs analysis will be incorporated into our already established review process, ADF chief executive David Inall said ADF members would be consulted about their views in regards to a mandatory code but he

didn't have a “strong pulse” that this was what the industry wanted, Dairy Connect chief executive Shaughn Morgan said his group backed a mandatory code, Mr. Morgan said the group agreed with the finding that processors, under pressure from supermarkets and exporters, used their bargaining strength to shift commercial risks downwards onto dairy producers.

Farmer Power's executive officer Gary Kerr said the ACCC's review found dairy farmers had little bargaining power, We support the ACCC's call for a mandatory code of conduct to replace the recently introduced voluntary code, Mr Kerr said.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

Mashed Potato Quesadilla Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

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Ingredients l 2 cups mashed potatoes6 slices cooked bacon,

crumbled l 1/4 cup sliced green onions l 8 flour tortillas l 2 cups shredded Cheddar cheese l 2 tablespoons softened butter l 1 cup salsa l 1/4 cup sour cream

Preparation Stir together the mashed potatoes, bacon, and green onions.

Spread the mashed potato mixture onto one side of half of the tortillas, spreading to within 1/2 inch of the edges.

Sprinkle the shredded cheese on top of the mashed potatoes and top with the remaining tortillas. Lightly butter each side of the quesadillas, Preheat a large skillet over medium heat.

Place a quesadilla into the preheated pan, and cook until golden brown and crispy, then turn over, and continue cooking on the other side until browned, 2 to 3 minutes per side. Repeat with remaining quesadillas. Serve with salsa and sour cream.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017

NEWS/ Edelweiss bullish on parag milk,heritage foods, prabhat dairy sees up to 41% upside

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esearch firm Edelweiss looked bullish on dair y products manufacturer as it has initiated its coverage with buy rating on Parag Milk Foods and Heritage Foods, citing strong growth ahead. Stocks rallied more than 4 percent and 2 percent intraday, respectively Tuesday, The brokerage house set a price target of Rs 340 for Parag Milk Foods, implying potential upside of 40.64 percent over Monday's closing price, Edelweiss feels value added products revenue share is expected to increase to 70 percent by March 2020 as Parag is fortifying its profitable value-added products share by investing and expanding capacity, It b e l i e v e s c o m p a n y 's a g g r e s s i v e advertising spends will strengthen brand equity going ahead, The research house expects revenue, operating income and net profit to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 14 percent, 32 percent and 49 percent, respectively by March 2020, We expect

margins to expand by 335 basis points to 9.6 percent by March 2020, led by i m p r o v i n g utilisations and return on capital employed is likely to expand by 1,064 basis points to 19 percent by March 2020, Edelweiss said, It further said improving cash flow will lower debt/equity to 0.1 times by March 2020,For Heritage Foods, the brokerage house has set a target price of Rs 976 per share, implying a potential upside of 28.5 percent over Monday's closing price, Stock entails immense potential in the sector, it said, Edelweiss sees sales & EBIT CAGR of 23 percent & 21 percent, respectively over FY17-20, The research house has maintained its buy call on Prabhat Dairy with a target price of Rs 211 per share, implying 32 percent potential upside over its

Monday's closing price, It has estimated sales, EBITDA & profit CAGR of 15 percent, 19 percent and 39 percent, respectively over FY17-20, B2C and value-added products will drive growth, Edelweiss said, adding it is seeing a rapid expansion of distribution network, At 11:22 hours IST, the stock price of Parag Milk Foods was quoting at Rs 250.55, up 3.64 percent and Heritage Foods was at Rs 767.10, up 1.03 percent while Prabhat Dairy was quoting at Rs 160.95, up 0.69 percent on the BSE.

Dairy start-up rm MilkLane raises 27 crore

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ilk Lane, a dairy supply chain company, said it had raised 27 crore in a pre-Series A funding from Pioneering Ventures, Schreiber Foods and ultra-high net worth families, The dairy-tech company plans to use this capital to expand its network of milk collection centres and strengthen its digital and analytics capabilities in the supply chain, We aim to improve India’s 26

dair y supply chain by applying international quality standards in technology and innovation to the ‘first mile’ of milk said Gaurav Haran, COO of MilkLane, in a statement. India is the largest milk producer in the world with millions working in the industry’s supply chain, However, the sector remains largely unorganised with collection and distribution still underdeveloped. This has led to problems like poor quality milk which can be contaminated with antibiotics and toxins, Milk Lane said it attempts to address these challenges by transforming and modernising critical stages of the entire supply chain, The company said it manages the entire supply chain from farm to processing, applying real-time IT-enabled process monitoring and data analytics.

February 2018 Food tech Pune (23rd -24rd-25th February 2018) Packaging Machinery, Food Products and Allied Industries www.foodtechpune.com March 2018 ANUGA FOODTEC (20th -23rd March 2018) Cologne, Germany www.anugafoodtec.com

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 14 | NO. - 12 | December 2017