Dairy Planner December Issue-2018 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Vol.15 | No. 12 | December - 2018

From the Pen of Chief Editor

Editorial

Mandatory Food Safety Management in Dairy Products Albeit India is the top scorer in total milk production in the world and having varieties of tasty milk products, which are rarely found in other developed countries, most of the milk handing in India is confined to the unorganized sector of dairying . Naturally the question of health, hygiene and food safety together with shelf life in dairy foods comes in a bigger way despite rigorous dairy policies and regulations adopted by the government .There is a growing concern among consumer about the safety of food and this is the greatest challenge facing most of the food industries today. Consumer safety becomes a burning question of international concern in the late 1950s. At that time the foods and Agricultural organization (FAO) and the world health organization (WHO) of the United Nations established the codex alimentations commission and published the codex standards with a view to formalizing the world-wide approach to ensure supply of safe food. The necessity was felt during the supply of food to the Astronauts going in a space mission where food safety was the foremost thing to the Astronauts. Under these circumstances HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) -a method to prevent unsafe food came into being in the food safety management system. HACCP together with prerequisites such as good hygienic practices and good manufacturing practices form the food safety elements, which provide the tools and methods to ensure safe food.

HACCP system is a structured systematic tool developed to identify and assess the various food hazards such as microbiological, chemical, physical and allergenic together with risk involved in the total food chain .application of food safety management systems incorporating HACCP principal is going to be a mandatory requirement in food establishments in the proposed food safety and standards bill. The Indian dairy also deals in dairy policies and regulations in the form of nine articles, which cover government policy of dairying, HACCP, Quality for exports, food safety ,GMPs, regulations in dairy processing, risk analysis in quality, WTO and ISO certification. Practically all these police and regulation are very limited in their uses especially for important subjects like exports where quality control and food safety certification is a must to avoid rejection by the importing countries. Unlike poultry product the dairy milk, as soon it leaves the cow's udder it is likely to be contaminated unless and until it is processed, packaged, distributed and eventually consumed. Thus all dairy foods are highly perishable by nature and therefore, require HACCP Principal to follow right from the production centre to the consumption site in the food chain. Although milk has some inherent antimicrobial system due to some of the no immunological proteins that have antimicrobial properties, some basic practices should be adopted for ensuring shelf life as well as making it safe for the consumers.

OUR TEAM Vishal Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in

N.K. Gupta General Manager + 91 999 170 5005 pcslkarnal@gmail.com

Aparna Marketing Manager + 91 999 170 5007 dairy.pcsl@gmail.com

Website : www.pixie.co.in 04

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Dr. Anjali Aggarwal Principal Scientist Dr. Sanjay K Latkar Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annanda Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar)

C O N T E N T S A2 Milk And BeneďŹ ts

Mineral mixture forcattle and buffalo: 9 an approach towards maximizing ... Incomplete cervical dilatation in farm animals

Brucellosis- a zoonotic disease

Milk fraudulent and its detection Importance of salt and trace minerals supplementation in livestock

News

Recipe

Event Calender

Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

Editorial Policy is Independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Register of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARBIL/2004/22481 Editorial & Advertisements may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Dairy Planner. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views and information is in the interest of positive Dairy industrial development in India . It does not imply publisher's endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The Submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer : Mr. Vishal Gupta on Behalf of Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. Karnal. Printed at : Jaiswal Printing Press, Jain Market, Railway Road Karnal. Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA

Editor-In-Chief : Mr. Vishal Rai Gupta All Legal matters are subject to Karnal.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

A2 MILK AND BENEFITS Introduction Milk is a great source of calcium and protein. Cows' milk is about 87 percent water and 13 percent solids—the solids being a combination of fat, carbohydrates in the form of lactose, minerals, and protein. The major component of the milk proteins is casein.

milk. The majority of cows that are being raised in the United States and other parts of the globe are A1 variety. Milk produced by A1 cows supposedly produces opiate-like effects resulting in the development of mild to serious medical conditions. Prominent professor Bob Elliot from the University of Auckland claims that a switch to A2

Milk and Beta-casein

Potential release of BCM-7 0.066-0.1g

Alpha Casein 3-4g

1 cup (250ml) of milk

Solids 30-38g Casein 6-8g

Beta Casein 2-3g (-1/2 teaspoon)

Other beta-casein peptides & amino acids 2-3g

Lactose Fat Minerals Protein 10-12g 7-15g 2-2.5g 7-10g

Water 212-220g

Kappa Casein 0.75-1g Whey 1-2g Figure 1: Composition of Milk

Casein is the largest group of proteins found in milk which makes up about 80% of the total protein content. About 30-35 percent of the casein is betacasein, of which there are several varieties, determined by the genes of the cow. The most common of these variants are A1 and A2 (named for the order in which they were identiﬁed by scientists), with the sole difference being that one of the 209 amino acids that make up the beta-casein proteins: a proline occurs at position 67 in the chain of amino acids that make up the A2 beta-casein, while in A1 beta-casein a histidine occurs at that position. The percentage of the A1 and A2 betacasein protein varies between herds of cattle, and also between countries and provinces. While African and Asian cattle continue to produce only A2 beta-casein, the A1 version of the protein is common among cattle in the western world. The A1 beta-casein type is the most common type found in cow's milk in Europe (excluding France), the USA, Australia and New Zealand. At present, there are two types of cow’s milk available in the market, A1 and A2

milk can ultimately solve all problems that 1 in every 4 Americans have in relation to dairy consumption. Difference between A1 and A2 Milk A1 and A2 beta-casein are genetic variants of the beta-casein milk protein that differ by one amino acid. Ÿ

A1 beta-casein comes from the most common cow breed that originated in Australia, United States, and Northern Europe. A1 beta-casein can be found on all commercially-prepared milk. A2 beta-casein is protein found in milk produced by cows like the Jersey, Charolais, Guernsey, and Limousin. Milk produced by other mammals such as those from human, goat, and sheep is similar to A2 dairy milk mainly due to the presence of proline.

A1 is considered a genetic mutation that results in the production of the compound BCM7 assumed to be

When Did the A1 Mutation Start ? Scientists believe the difference originated as a A1 gene mutation that occurred between 5000 and 10,000 years ago—as cattle were being taken north into Europe (i.e, when the proline at position 67 was replaced by histidine), and this mutation subsequently spread widely throughout herds in the Western world through breeding. Studies in cells found that digestive enzymes that cut up proteins interact with beta-casein precisely at that location, so that A1 and A2 beta-casein proteins are processed differently. A 7aminoacid peptide, beta-casomorphin7, (BCM-7) can be cut away from the A1-beta-casein protein by those enzymes, but the enzymes cannot cut the A2 protein at that location, so BCM7 is not formed from A2 proteins. BCM7 is the reason why regular cow’s milk is considered to be a less healthy option than milk containing A2 beta-casein. BCM-7 can also be created during the fermentation of milk or through the process by which cheese is made; those same processes can also destroy BCM-7. A2 Milk A2 milk is found in milk and dairy products produced by older cow breeds, have not been manipulated in any way. Thus many regard it as the better type of casein protein. It is found in milk we consume along with A1 milk. What is BCM7 ? BCM7 (Beta-casomorphin-7), an opioid peptide in A1 beta-casein is produced as a result of the breaking off of histidine in the number 67 amino acid chain during digestion.

Protein chain showing amino acids in A1 and A2 beta-casein

A2 beta-casein

Val

Tyr

Pro

Phe

Pro

Gly

Pro

lle

Pro

Asn Ser

Leu

Pro

A1 beta-casein

Val

Tyr

Pro

Phe

Pro

Gly

Pro

lle

His

Asn Ser

Leu

Pro

One amino and difference at position 67 in the protein chain

causing the development of unwanted health conditions and illnesses among consumers.

BCM7 found in A1 milk is known to have opioid or narcotic side effects and is identiﬁed to be the culprit of lactose

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

intolerance in humans. The absorption of BCM7 into the bloodstream leads to the high incidence of autism, schizophrenia, and other neurological disorders also. Despite extensive and ongoing research, the extent of BCM-7 absorption into the bloodstream still remains unknown. Studies reveal that BCM-7 is absent in the blood of healthy adults, whilst presence of BCM-7 in infants is a possibility. Impact of a1 and a2 milk on human health Milk from dairy cows provide a high quality source of protein and the essential micronutrients like energy, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus to human beings since long time (Bell et al., 2006). 1) Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Ty p e 1 D i a b e te s M e l l i t u s i s a n autoimmune disease that develops in children and is characterized by the inability of the body to produce insulin. Based on epidemiological evidence, the consumption of A1 milk is a contributing factor in the increased risk of development diabetes type 1 among children. Human breast milk contains A2 betacasein only whereas pasteurized milk formulations may either contain A1/A1 beta-casein or A1/A2 beta casein. According to a 1992 observational study by Elliot RB, there was low incidence of diabetes mellitus type 1 among infants who were breastfed in the Polynesian Islands as opposed to Polynesian infants in Auckland that were supplied with commercial milk formulations containing A1 betacasein. Observational studies were insufﬁcient to prove that A1 milk may cause type 1 Diabetes, but only showed that those who consumed more A1 beta-casein are likely to develop insulin-dependent diabetes. There are also reports that show no difference in the effects of A1 and A2 milk in children. Lastly, a few studies 06

claim that milk containing A1 betacasein has no effect on prevalence of diabetes type 1 altogether. 2) Harm Your Heart According to McLachlan, the regular intake of common milk containing A1 beta-casein inspires the development of coronary heart disease. The ﬁndings of McLachlan are suppor ted by e c o l o g i c a l d a t a p ro d u c e d a f te r extensive testing on rabbits. The test rabbits that were supplied with A1 beta-casein featured larger areas of fatty streaks in the aorta while those that received A2 milk came up normal. Apart from fatty streaks, rabbits nourished with A1 milk had higher levels of LDL cholesterol as opposed to those that received A2 milk for 6 weeks. The experiment on rabbits clearly showed that the accumulation of fats may potentially clog and block blood vessels that may result in heart disease. There are two human studies that have tested the effects of A1 beta-casein as a predisposing factor of heart disease. One study included 15 male and female test subjects with known high risk of heart disease. The crossover design of the study meant that participants consumed both A1 and A2 beta-casein at different periods of time. The results derived from the study tell us that there are no serious adverse effects on heart disease risk factors.

unexpected infant death without clear or visible cause. Some researchers hypothesized that BCM-7 from A1 beta-casein may be the culprit in some cases of SIDs. As some mothers may opt to breastfeed their babies up to 2 years of age, there are also those who prefer to provide their newborns with instant milk formulations instead. In one study, high levels of BCM-7 in the bloodstream were found among infants suffering from sleep apnea or temporary breathing patterns during sleep. Sleep apnea has been linked to an increased incidence of SIDS. BCM-7 penetration into a newborn’s CNS may potentially inhibit normal respiratory system functioning as evidenced by abnormal respiratory breathing, hypoxia, and excessive levels of carbon dioxide resulting in sudden death. Results obtained from these studies also tell us that some children may be suffering from hypersensitivity issues to A1 beta-casein in cow’s milk. More studies should be implemented before any solid conclusions can be made to connect A1 milk consumption with SIDS. 4) Autism

3) SIDS-Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by disabilities including problems with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviours. It was theorized that BCM7 plays a crucial role in the development of autism in children. Numerous studies try to link A1 milk to autism. In one such study conducted by Russian researchers, high amounts of BCM-7 were found in the urine of infants with autism that were fed with milk formula. Over time, there were infants that showed the ability to metabolize BCM7 at a fast rate, while some showcased inability to process and excrete BCM-7 and other peptides altogether.

The most common cause of death in infants less than one year of age is identiﬁed to be Sudden Infant Death Syndrome or SIDS. It involves an

The study also reveals that those who were fed with formula milk exempliﬁed delayed psychomotor development as well as high levels of BCM-7 in their

When compared alongside A2 betacasein, A1 showcased similar effects on blood pressure levels, blood vessel function, blood fats concentration, and inﬂammatory markers. Based on the results derived from the other study, there are no signiﬁcant differences in the effects of A1 and A2 beta-casein on blood cholesterol levels.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

bloodstream. On the other hand, infants with autism that were breastfed or those under Gluten-free, Casein-free or GFCF diet displayed more developmental improvements with no traces of BCM-7 in their bloodstream. Due to some observation from these studies, nutritionists have started recommending parents of children with autism to start supplementing their diets with A2 milk. Major improvements have been obser ved among children who regularly consume A2 milk sourced from Guernsey cows due to its high A2 beta casein at 95%. Those who opted to provide their children with A2 milk also reported improvement in digestive function, communication skills, and eye contact. Thus, making the switch from common A1 milk to A2 milk is supposed to be beneficial for child afflicted with autism. However, with autism, there is more than one cause to its development. Therefore, more human trials are required to prove the hypothesis that A1 and A2 milk have significant impact on the incidence and severity of autism symptoms. 5) Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance is the inability of

the digestive system to process milk resulting in the development of unpleasant symptoms such as stomach upsets, diarrhoea, ﬂatulence, and bloating to name a few. Based on studies, it was found that 1 in 4 Americans suffer from Lactose intolerance. A1 and A2 milk feature the same lactose concentrations. The makers of A2 milk contend that lactose is not the real suspect for the development of lactose intolerance, but a mutation caused by A1 beta-casein, a compound found in store-brought milk and dairy products. Some researchers say drinking A2 milk causes less digestive issues than milk containing A1 beta-casein. Studies that support these claims reveal that apart from lactose, there are other milk components that bring about unwanted digestive problems. It was also suggested by scientists that certain proteins present in milk may be the major suspects in some cases of milk intolerance. In one study involving 41 men and women, results revealed that drinking A1 milk may result in softer stools than A2 milk consumption in some test subjects. Additional students in rodents implicate that A1 milk may be a

predisposing factor to increased inflammation in the digestive system. Conclusion Thus, we can conclude that we should drink A2 milk, as it prevents us from various milk related health complications. Undoubtedly, the mutation of the A1 beta-casein may prove to be highly beneficial to dairy farmers who want to increase milk production without the added costs. However, more research is also required to prove the reality of the hypothesis of A1 and A2 milk. Even if there is solid evidence on the benefits of A2 milk and the detrimental effects of A1 milk intake, it will still take years, even decades, to adapt to the raising of pure A2 cow breeds and the manufacturing of A2 milk. In this aspect, Government’s support is needed to accomplish the above anomalies of milk quality and standards to improve the health of the people.

Garvita Mishra, Civil Lines, Behind Holika Mandir.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

MINERAL MIXTURE FORCATTLE AND BUFFALO: AN APPROACH TOWARDS MAXIMIZING PRODUCTION POTENTIAL growth rate in animals. Ø

Better utilization of absorbed nutrients due to their role in enzymes responsible for digestion and absorption.

Increases milk production in animals.

Improves reproductive efﬁciency and reduces inter-calving period.

Introduction

Increases productive life of animals.

Agriculture and allied sectors is the mainstay for majority of India's population wherein, livestock rearing and products contribute nearly 25% of agricultural GDP and 4% of overall GDP. Infectious diseases and nutritional deﬁciencies are the major causes for the losses faced by livestock farmers. These diseases can be very well prevented and treated by dietary manipulation in terms of nutrient composition and nonnutrient feed additives. Nutrient manipulation involves supplementation of vitamins and mineral mixture. Minerals are known to affect the production potential of livestock and prevent the reproductive disorders caused by their deﬁcit. Therefore it is imperative to supplement mineral mixture to livestock for maximum production with minimum input.

I m p r o v e s i m m u n e s t a t u s of animals.

Mineral mixture and its advantages Minerals are the inorganic substances essential for proper functioning of body. Mineral mixture contains all the essential minerals in required quantity and proportion. However, mineral mixture is not necessarily same for different geographical regions due to different soil vis a vis plant composition. Therefore, feeding of area speciﬁc mineral mixture (ASMM) should be preferred so as to avoid deﬁciency diseases prevailing in that area. Advantages of feeding mineral mixture are enlisted below Ø

Prevents metabolic diseases like milk fever, ketosis, haematuria thatarise around calving period

Macro-minerals are those that occur in body in larger quantity and are required for body functioning in higher amount (e.g. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, s o d i u m , c h l o r i d e , s u l p h u r, a n d magnesium). Macro-minerals are known to have role in bone, tissue growth, body fluid maintenance, homeostasis, blood clotting, impulse transmission and vital organs contraction. Micro-minerals are needed for blood synthesis, hormone structure, normal reproduction, vitamin synthesis, enzyme formation, and immune system integrity. Trace minerals are added to dairy cattle rations in mg per animal per day and their concentration are expressed in the ration as parts per million. Deficiencies do not affect production or health of animals immediately after feeding deficit diets but it takes weeks or months for prior to affect.Deficiency disorders are one of the major challenges faced by animal nutritionist and livestock farmers. Why supplementation of mineral mixture...?? India is showing consistent improvement in milk production from the livestock. To maintain and increase milk production, feeding has crucial

Table 1. Macro-mineral requirement$ of mature animals for maintenance (g/d) and milk production. Minerals Species

Cattle and Buffalo kg Milk production Dry Lactating Cattle Buffalo

Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulphur Magnesium

16 8.0 7.0 10 40 1.0 8.0

18 8.0 14 10 71 1.0 8.0

3.2 1.8 0.7 1.7 1.3

4.8 1.8 0.5 1.2 0.8

0.7

1.2

*Requirements given in tables are for standard sized animals i.e. cattle and buffalo of 400 kg, $Adapted from NRC, 2001 for cattle buffalo

impact wherein, energy, protein, vitamin and minerals are ver y important. High milk yielding livestock are often stall fed wherein mineral mixture supplementation is imperative for sustaining the existing milk production. Due to high milk production, they are often susceptible to infections and nutrient deﬁciency diseases. Retention of placenta, infertility, silent heat, anovulation, repeat breedingand milk fever are few of the examples that can be prevented by mineral mixture supplementation. Different minerals required in different quantities for different production purposes that are to be supplemented (g/d) to the animals are given elsewhere in this context. The requirements mentioned in table no. 1 sufﬁce the maintenance purpose and in few cases production too. Mineral requirement to achieve Table 2. Micro-minerals requirement of cattle and buffalos Minerals

Maintenance mg/ kg Milk production (mg/kg DMI) Cattle Buffalo Cobalt 0.11 0.06 0.012 Copper 10 3.75 3.75 Iron 50 2.25 5 Manganese 15 3 3 Selenium 0.25 40 26.67 33.33 Zinc (80 summer) 0.25 50 19.5 Iodine (Summer 0.15) $Adapted from NRC, 2001 for cattle buffalo; Values given in the parenthesis are to be considered during summer, transition period

Helps improving muscle and bone DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

maximum production potential is given along with maintenance requirement in table no.1. Micro- minerals for maintenance and milk production Micro-minerals as discussed elsewhere in this context are crucial for maintenance of vital body processes and growth purpose too. Contrarily, they are not present at required quantity and proportion in the feed of animals. Hence, they are to be given special attention while preparing mineral mixture or during purchase of locally available mineral mixture so as to sufﬁce the micro-mineral requirement of animals. Table 3. Mineral requirement during pregnancy Macro mineral (g/d)

Till 6 months

1.5

Last trimester

1.39

1.027

0.33

Micro-mineral (mg/d)

Till 6 months

0.5

Last trimester

1.5-2.0

0.3

*NA represents requirements are sufﬁced by the supplementation for maintenance requirement

Minerals for pregnancy Pregnancy embarks high nutrient requirements that include two stages i.e. first 6 months and last trimester. During the first 6 months foetal growth is slow as compared to later stages and can be sufficed by the above maintenance requirement. However, during last trimester of pregnancy there is rapid growth of foetus and therefore supplementation of extra minerals through mineral mixture as given in table 3.is recommended. Mineral mixtures available in local markets can be purchased or can be manufactured if required in large quantities. Benefit in the later lies in the fact that we can manipulate it as per the prevailing mineral deficiencies of that particular geographical area. It is not

always possible to prepare mineral mixture at farm level, hence the available mineral mixture can be supplemented to the animals Conclusion Minerals being deficient in soils make the fodder grown on such soils deficient in those minerals and hence need to be supplemented to carry out normal functioning of body and improving p ro d u c t i o n of a n i m a l s . T h e re f o re , supplementation of mineral mixture at farm to cattle and buffaloes @ 30-50g/d as per the production potential and in sheep and goat @ 5-10g/d have beneficial effects in terms of improved healthstatus and production potential and thereby economic gains of livestock farmers.

Ganesh N. Aderao*, Nikhil K. C¹., Suhas K. S.¹, Vrushali S. Mhaske³, Pratik R. Wankhade¹, Lokesha E.¹, Pramod Chaudhary², Rajeshwar M. Khandare², Amol J. Talokar¹, R. S. Khetmalis¹ ¹PhD Scholar, ²M.V.Sc Scholar ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly- 243122 (UP), ³Livestock Development Ofﬁcer, Taleghar, Dist- Pune- 410509

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

INCOMPLETE CERVICAL DILATATION IN FARM ANIMALS Introduction Failure of cervical dilatation due to alterations in cer vical ripening mechanism or insufficient uterine contraction poses problems in delivery of foetus. Cervical ripening is a multifactorial process which is an outcome of hormonal regulation, inflammatory process and enzymatic breakdown of collagen. Incomplete cervical dilatation (ICD) is an important cause of maternal dy stocia (difficult birth) among farm animal species with maximum incidence in sheep and goat. In cattle, ICD occurs as important etiology in various forms of dystocia like uterine torsion, twin pregnancy etc. In cows, the cervix is relatively more cartilaginous than in the other farm animal species and severe dystocia can result if it is not dilated properly at the time of parturition. In cows, out of all cases of maternal dystocia 17% are of cervical origin while in beef cattle it is 38%. In sheep incomplete cervical dilatation is root cause for maternal type of dystocia and an indication for caesarean section. Although cer vix functions as an important physical barrier to protect the foetus during pregnancy, it has to be sufficiently dilated at the time of parturition for easy vaginal delivery. For this, cervical tissue undergoes a number of changes several days before and during the first stage of parturition. Number of factors and mechanisms are responsible to control these changes and when one or more of these changes fail to occur, animal undergoes cervical dilatation failure. Cervix Cervix acts as a passage for both fertilization and birth canal of female genitalia. The cervix is a fibrous organ c o m p o s e d of p re d o m i n a n t l y of connective tissue with only small amounts of smooth muscle bundles running longitudinally and transversely. Cervical tissue is made up of three 11

layers, a mucosal layer which consist of epithelium and underlying stroma, a muscular layer which consist of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer and an outer most serosal layer. Cervical stroma is made up of ground substance consist of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4- sulphate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparan sulfate and keratin sulfate associated with proteins like collagen, elastin and reticulin.

factor responsible for cervical nondilatation in farm animals. Alteration in hormonal concentration including steroids, prostaglandin and relaxin at term may be a factor in poor cervical ripening. Cervical ﬁbrosis, a condition affecting many pluriparious animals that might have cervical tear in previous parturitions will experience poor cervical ripening process at the term due to overgrowth of collagen ﬁbres that will be poorly digested.

Etiologies for cervical Dilatation Failure

Clinical Signs

Uterus Associated Disorders Myometrial contractions play an important role in dilatation of a ripened cervix. In primary uterine inertia, the causal factors may be hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, old age, debility, lack of exercise and pre-term calving and possibly hyposelenaemia, failure of sufﬁcient hormone secretion that control uterine contraction like estrogen, relaxin and prostaglandin or their imbalance. In secondary uterine inertia, it may be because of prolonged dystocia, malposition and twin calving. Among the hormonal factors, it has been seen that increased progesterone activity at the time of par turition inhibited myometrial contractility and myometrial gap junction formation and stimulated uterine inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that quietens uterus. Higher progesterone is also involved in down regulation of prostaglandin production, inhibition of development of calcium channels and oxytocin receptors. Among the metabolic factors, fat mobilization can reduce magnesium availability and calcium mobilization leading to uterine inertia and cervical dilatation failure. Also in some cases of abortion and uterine torsion, cervix fails to dilate but exact mechanism is not known. Failure of Cervix to Ripen Failure of cervix to ripen is the main

History plays an important role in diagnosis-non progressing prolonged first stage of labor. During normal parturition, generally cervix is not palpable per rectally because it become continuous with vagina but, in cervical non-dilatation, it is palpable through per rectal examination. On per-vaginal examination, 1 or 2 fingers may be inserted but whole hand cannot be passed through cervix. Parts of foetus or foetal membrane can be palpated sometimes. Management of Incomplete Cervical Dilatation To ensure that signs of imminent birth including ligament relaxation and colostrum in udder are present. Manual attempts by inserting one or two fingers (or the hand with fingers pointed in conical shape) can be made to dilate the cervix but bovine cervix consists of many annular rings, it is not often possible to dilate the cervix. If the fetus is present in the birth canal, gentle traction over long period sometime can dilate cervix. If the cervix is closed and foetus is live and foetal membranes are intact, then patients may be left for 30 minutes and re-examined. When the legs of a putrefied dead foetus are present in the birth canal and the fetus cannot come out because of incompletely dilated cervix, partial cervicotomy is suggested instead of caeseran section. In this technique cuts are made at one or more places in

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

The accumulation of HA and water in interstium between the collagen may promote dispersion or prevent aggregation of collagen ﬁbrils, thus weakening the tensile strength of the matrix. Intra-cervical application of HA improves cervical relaxation in ewes.

Figures 1 and 2 showing different hormones and drugs used in ICD treatment in farm animals: Figures 1

Estradiol Figures 2

cervical rim to dilate the cervix at the point. But there is a potential risk of sever haemorrhage in ventral quadrant and uncontrolled tearing may occur as foetus pass through. To avoid this problem, caesareans section is more safe procedure in bovine obstetrics. Some clinician suggests use of potent analgesic like Velethamide Bromide. Use of Hormones and Drugs Relaxin Relaxin induces cervical dilatation by remodelling of connective tissue in several mammalian species, especially in pigs. But in ruminants’ peptide homologous to the relaxin has been not found that is present in CL, uterus and placenta of other species. There is a very similar physiology for preparation of birth canal in cattle. The effect of porcine relaxin on cervical tissue of late pregnant heifers is very suggestive that effect is mediated by presence of receptors. Relaxin injected intramuscularly causes cer vical dilatation in late pregnant heifers but not in sheep. In contrast to these results intravenous infusion of relaxin in late pregnant heifers doesn’t results in earlier calving, although a decrease concentration of progesterone has been shown in these heifers. The timing and method of administration known to 12

play an important role in relaxin induced cervical remodelling in ruminants. Hyaluronan Hyaluronan has been shown in various studies on animal that hyaluronan (HA) content of cervix increases at term to facilitate cervical ripening by attracting water molecules, increasing collagenase a c t i v i t y, d e c r e a s i n g c o l l a g e n concentration, affecting function of polymorphonuclear neutophils (PMN) cells and relaxation of cervical smooth muscle. The function of HA is influenced by HA size and HA binding proteins. Increase expression of two types of HA in ovine at estrus in cervical tissue. In normal tissue, high molecular weight (HMW) HA is the predominant form and regulates cell behaviour; while low molecular weight (LMW) HA is angiogenic and up regulates the expression of inflammatory genes. These include chemokines, cytokines IL8 (Interleukin-8), IL-12 and TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α) and NO synthase. Both of these actions of low molecular weight HA are key components for cellular remodelling. There are two main routes by which HA could promote cervical relaxation either directly via tissue hydration by attracting water molecules or indirectly via regulation of inflammatory genes.

High estrogen is very essential for cervical ripening process. It induces collagenase activity and involved in collagen remodelling. It stimulates oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in endometrium as well as in cervical epithelial cells and hence causes release of prostaglandins. It is also responsible for powerful myometrial contraction. Thus, it can be used only in a case where cervix is partially dilated. Prostaglandins Role of prostaglandins in cervical softening may be suspected by virtue of that their increased levels in the uterus, cervix and foetal membranes have been observed in cattle and ewes during the time parturition. Well proved that an analogue of prostaglandin, PGE2 has capacity to change in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) content of cervix in sheep during estrus cycle. Local applications of PGE2 were widely attempted in clinical obstetrics for induction of cervical softening. The cervix of ewes and heifers undergo softening after endo-cer vical administration of PGE2. PGE2 has both pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory action. Pro-inflammatory actions are involved in synergistic action with IL-8 that attracts and degranulate the invading neutrophils while antiinflammatory action is involved in maintenance of pregnancy. Misoprostol (PGE1analogue) as a cervical relaxant for ewes with 1.0 mg of misoprostol dissolved in 0.5 ml of 30% gelatin. But action seems to be ineffective because there is only intrauterine penetration at 54 hrs post treatment in cyclic ewes. But in cattle, the results are goods with

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

- 400 mg arises within 5 -10 minutes after intramuscular injection; the full effect is seen after 10 - 15 minutes. Maximum animals having the undilated vulva and cervix results more than 25 cm dilatation at par turition after application of DH and CT.

Dose rate of different hormones and drugs are given bellow: S.N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Drugs Cloprostinol sodium (Estrumate) (PGF2α) Valethamate bromide (Epidosin) Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Cortisol) Oestradiol valerate (Progynon depot) Dinoprostone (Cervidil) Misoprostol (Cytotec) Denaverine hydrochloride (Sensiblex) Carbetocin (Duratocin)

Cow and Buffalo 500 µg (2.0 ml) 40-48 mg (6-8 ml) 40-50 mg (10 ml) 30 mg (3 ml) 5 mg 200 - 400 mg 5.0 - 10.0 ml 0.35 mg

misoprostol as compared to ewes. First successful use of misoprostol in a local breed of cows suffering from incomplete cervical dilatation with 1.0 mg (5 tablets) of misoprostol (Cytotec, Searle Pharmaceuticals Ltd, UK) inserted in partially dilated cervical canal. Dinoprostone (PGE2 analogue) is good as compared to misoprostol in ewes. Usefulness of exogenous dinoprostone with a single dose @ 10 mg via a lipid based vaginal suppository to anestrous ewes of various ages. About 67% ewes displayed cervical dilatation 3.0 hrs post treatment. Combination of Denaverine Hydrochloride and Carbetocin These are newly investigated drugs that were used very ﬁrstly in Simmental breeds of cows for painless delivery with promising results in relaxation of birth canal. Denaverine hydrochloride (DH) is

Ewe, Doe and Pig Route of administration 250 µg Intramuscular (1.0 ml) 12-16 mg Intramuscular 1-2 ml 12-16 mg Intramuscular 3-4 ml Intramuscular 10 mg 1 mg 200 mg 5.0 ml -

Intra-vaginal Intra-vaginal Intramuscular

Conclusion

Intramuscular

a neurotropic-musculotropic spasmolytic agent with analgesic properties. DH has anesthetic like action on birth canal soft tissue and increases the inﬂuences of Carbetocin (CT). Carbetocin is an uterotone drug which increases frequency of uterine contraction and strengthen them during parturition. That application of DH and CT facilitated cervical dilatation in cows. It also improve welfare by decreasing the number of animals s u f f e r i n g f ro m d i f ﬁ c u l t c a l v i n g , decreasing the number of animals requiring episiotomy and reducing numbers with post calving birth canal lesions. In cattle, the effect of DH @ 200

The cervical ripening process is poorly understood in animals. Till date, caesarean section is a best tool for cervical non dilatation in cattle as well as in sheep. Application of DH and CT acted beneficially, improving welfare by decreasing the number of animals suffering from difficult birth, decreasing t h e t i m e re q u i re d f o r d e l i v e r y, decreasing the number of animals requiring episiotomy, and reducing numbers with post-calving birth canal lesions. Dystocia affects the profitability of herds, animal welfare, and acceptability of the production system by consumers likewise, dystocia negatively affects reproductive traits, resulting in more than 32 days open compared with unaffected animals.

Hanuman Prasad Yadav¹*, Raju Kumar Dewry¹, Shabir Ahmad Lone¹, Uma Kant Verma², Raval Kathan Bhanubhai¹, Priyanka Patoliya³ and Tushar Kumar Mohanty¹ ¹Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, ²Animal Genetics & Breeding, ³Livestock Production & Management, Artiﬁcial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana- 132001

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

BRUCELLOSIS- A ZOONOTIC DISEASE Deﬁnition

Livestock producers

Brucellosis is a serious zoonotic disease of man and animals caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Brucellosis is one of the world's major zoonoses, which is endemic in India caused by Brucella abortus and B. melitensis and is readily transmissible to man as an occupational hazard. The disease in cattle is associated primarily with intensive farming practices in large organized animal farms.

Laboratory personnel

Diagnostic facility available

Transmission Direct contact of infected animals

Ingestion

Oral route

In utero

Consumption of fresh milk and dairy products prepared from unpasteurized milk such as soft cheese, yoghurt, and ice cream contain high amount of the bacteria

Infection also occur through cuts and abrasions on the skin

Inhalation of airborne bacteria

In contrast to artiﬁcial insemination, bulls used in natural service fail to spread the infection as the infected semen is not deposited in the uterus

Host

Species B.melitensis

Goats and sheep In human all these

B.abortus

Cattle

four species are

B.canis

Dogs

infectious

B.suis

Pigs

There are seven well deﬁned species differing in their host preference and of public health and economic concerns are as below. Geographical distribution

Clinical sings

Brucellosis is widely prevalent in India among the bovine population both in farms and in the villages. There are about 1400 different infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans of w h i c h a b o u t 6 0 % a re z o o n o t i c . Brucellosis is a worldwide re-emerging infectious zoonotic disease caused by gram negative bacteria of the genus Brucella and the global annual incidence of brucellosis is about 500,000 cases due to brucellosis. Brucella is an intracellular bacteria that have a predilection for reticuloe-ndothelial system and the reproductive tract.

Sample collection

Human and animal brucellosis is of high prevalence (Mediterranean region, Middle East, Latin America and Asia) Brucellosis is also called “undulant fever” in humans Economic importance Ÿ

Abortion

Delayed conception

Temporary or permanent infertility

Inbreeding

Weak offspring

Reduced milk production

Risk group Ÿ

Abattoir workers

Veterinarians

a) Based on the Staining

Etiology

Stomach, kidney and heart

Direct examination of smears are made from specimens and stained by the modiﬁed Ziehl-Neelson (MZN) stain

Brucella sp appear as small, red staining cocobacilli in clumps by direct examination of smears made from specimens and stained by the modiﬁed Ziehl-Neelson (MZN) stain

b) Based on the colony morphology and isolation Ÿ

The Brucella sp appear as pinpoint, smooth, glistening, bluish and translucent colonies

c) Based on the biochemical test Ÿ

Catalase, Oxidase and Urease positive

d) Based on the serological test like Rose Bengal plate agglutination (RBPT) and Complement ﬁxation test (CFT)

From live animal

Treatment Treatment with Oxytetracycline @ 5mg/kg bwt i/v in combination with Streptomycin @ 11mg/Kg bwt i/m per day for ﬁve consecutive days Prevention and Control

Serum, blood, milk from affected quarters

Abortion cases: Smears and swabs from vaginal exudates

Placenta : Impression smears from at least 2-3 cotyledons on placenta in a sterile container

Avoid unpasteurized dairy products

Wear protective clothing/ barriers while handling still births/ products of conception

Awareness among farmers and general public through mass contact programme

Ø Mandatory testing of all breeding bulls in artiﬁcial insemination centres

From dead animals Ÿ

Foetus : smears from abdominal ﬂuid

Thoracic ﬂuid and foetal stomach content

Lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, foetal cotyledons, meconium, abdominal ﬂuid and thoracic ﬂuid on ice

Ø Control of brucellosis by calf hood vaccination in heifer calves at 3 months vaccination with B.abortus S19 vaccine and B.melitensis Rev 1 strain for sheep and goats

K. Manimaran*, S. Balakrishnan¹, B. Puvarajan² and T. Sivakumar³ Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University ¹Professor and Head, Dept.of VPH,

²Associate Professor, Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology, VCRI, Orathanadu, Thanjavur ³Dean, VCRI, Orathanadu, Thanjavur. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

MILK FRAUDULENT AND ITS DETECTION Introduction Milk in its natural form has a high food value, since it is comprised of a wide variety of nutrients which are essential for proper growth and maintenance of the human body. It is now forming a significant part of the diet for a high of the global population. As a result of the increased demand, some unscrupulous producers are indulging in milk fraud. The practice of fraud (by means of adulteration) of milk invariably reduces its quality and can even make it hazardous that effect human health. The milk fraudulent is intentional substitution or addition of a substance in milk for the purpose of increasing apparent value of the milk or reducing the cost of its production. Milk is often subjected to fraud for financial gain, but it can also be adulterated due to ill-informed attempts to improve hygiene conditions( ). Chemical adulterants are used for different purposes in fraud milk. The common adulterants in it are sugar, water, salt, starch, urea, detergents melamine, carbonate/bicarbonates and non-milk proteins etc (Kalra RL et al., 1999). To meet the deficit of milk, some people are preparing synthetic milk by mixing urea, caustic soda, refined oil and common detergents which has poisonous effect. Most of the chemicals used as adulterants in fraud milk are poisonous and cause health hazards. Fraud milk adulterants are mainly added to increase the shelf life of milk. Some of the preservatives like acid and formalin are added to the fraud milk as adulterants, thereby increasing the storage period of milk. Water is most common adulterant used, which decreases the nutritional value of milk. If it is contaminated with chemicals or pathogens then this poses a serious health risk for consumers. To the diluted milk, inferior cheaper materials may be added such as reconstituted milk powder, urea, and cane sugar, even more hazardous chemicals including urea, f o r m a l i n , d e te rg e n t s , a m m o n i u m sulphate, boric acid, caustic soda, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and melamine (Venkateswar Rao L, 2001). 15

These additions have the potential to cause serious health-related problems. So it is necessary to determine that the milk we use is real one or fraud milk . Awareness and access to information can play vital role in this issue. Some of the easy detection methods at the basic level can bring this problem to an end. Now, let us go through some of the common fraud milk adulterants and how they can impact on the health. Common Milk Adulterants: Human Health Impact Some of the adulterants have several health impacts, sometimes in the long run: Starch: Excessive starch in the milk can cause diarrhoea due to the effects of undigested starch in colon; however, accumulated starch in the body may prove very fatal for diabetic patients (Singuluri & Sukumaran, 2014). Urea: Urea in milk overburdens the kidneys as they have to filter out more urea content from the body (Kandpal, Srivastava, & Negi, 2012). Detergents: detergents in milk can cause gastro-intestinal complications, which can lead to gastritis and inflammation of the intestine. Melamine: Ingestion of melamine at levels above safety limit can induce renal failure and death in infants (Domingo et al., 2014). Carbonate and Bicarbonates: In addition, carbonate and bicarbonates might cause disruption in hormone signalling that regulate development and reproduction. Formalin: Some of side effects of formalin are cancer, skin diseases, eye diseases and gastro intestinal diseases such as ulcers kidney problems. Basic Level Tests 1. Water: The presence of water can be detected by putting a drop of milk on a polished slanting surface. The drop of pure milk flows slowly leaving a white trail behind it, whereas milk adulterated with water will flow immediately without leaving a mark.

2. Starch: Add a few drops of tincture of Iodine or Iodine solution. Formation of blue colour indicates the presence of starch. Iodine solution is easily available in the medical stores. 3. Urea: Take a teaspoon of milk add half teaspoon of soybean or arhar powder and Mix thoroughly by shaking. Then dip a red litmus paper in it and remove the paper after half a minute. A change in colour from red to blue indicates the presence of urea in the milk. 4. Detergent: Shake sample with an equal amount of water. Lather indicates the presence of detergent. 5. Synthetic milk: Synthetic milk has bitter after taste, gives a soapy feeling on rubbing between the ﬁngers and turns yellowish on heating. Summery The high nutritional value of milk and its relative low cost compared with other protein sources has made it form a signiﬁcant part of the diet. However, global increased demand has made milk prone to massive levels of fraudulent activity. Prohibited substances are often added in fraud milk or sometimes milk is totally substituted by synthetic milk. Hypertension, renal diseases, skin, eye, heart problem and cancer are some of the common disease caused by consuming fraud milk. This problem is more acute in the developing and under developed countries due to lack of monitoring and policies. Thus, more analysis is essential to generate awareness among public about malpractices or negligence of fraud milk production. Detection of fraud milk is complicated thus it is challenge to develop simple and cost-effective techniques for detecting adulteration in fraud milk. So, it is important to consume milk from only the most reputed brands. Trusting on the local milkmen is not a wise idea any more.

Ruqayya Khan, IZZATNAGAR, Bareilly

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

IMPORTANCE OF SALT AND TRACE MINERALS SUPPLEMENTATION IN LIVESTOCK As one of the essential nutrients, different minerals are required by dairy animals for varied metabolic functions, growth, milk production, reproduction and health. Animal unable to synthesize minerals inside its body and usually feeds and fodders fed to the animals do not provide all the minerals in the required quantity. Therefore, animal should be supplemented with adequate amount of good quality mineral mixture in their ration. Level of minerals in feeds and fodder varies from region to region, thus mineral availability to the animal also varies. So, it is necessary to supply minerals as per the need of the livestock. Importance of Salt Sodium Chloride, also called as Common Salt, contains two important minerals sodium and chloride. Salt is unique in that animals have a much greater appetite for the sodium and chloride in salt than for other minerals. Most plants provide insufﬁcient sodium for animal feeding and may lack adequate chloride content. Therefore, salt supplementation is a critical part of a nutritionally balanced diet for animals. In addition, as animals has a deﬁnite appetite for salt, it can be used as a delivery mechanism to ensure adequate intake of less palatable nutrients and to limit the feed intake. Though, animal body contains about 0.2% sodium only, but it is essential for life and its level in the body is highly regulated. About half of the sodium in the body is in the soft tissues of the body; the other half in bones. Sodium makes up about 93% of the basic mineral elements in the blood serum and is the chief cation regulating blood pH. The contractions of muscles require proper sodium concentration. It plays major roles in ner ve impulse 16

transmission and the rhythmic maintenance of heart action through heart muscle contraction. Efficient a b s o r p t i o n of a m i n o a c i d s a n d monosaccharides from the small intestine requires adequate sodium. Chloride, the other nutrient in salt, is the primary anion in blood, and represents about two thirds of its acidic ions. It is essential in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood. Chloride is also a necessary part of the HCl produced by the parietal cells of gastric mucosa which is required to digest animal feedstuffs. The requirement of both minerals (Na &amp;Cl) are different and need to be met separately. Moreover, it is reported that there is close correlation between potassium and chloride excretion as potassium chloride in the urine of cows. Since many ruminant feedstuffs are quite high in potassium, the potassiumto - c h l o r i d e r a t i o i n t h e d i e t i s important. So, it is necessar y to eliminate high amounts of dietary potassium, which can dramatically increase chloride requirement. In mono-gastric animal, a chloride deficiency can also develop when low levels of salt are fed. Salt deficiency and symptoms When salt intake through all sources is below than requirement for salt, the animal adjusts by conserving and start showing deficiency symptoms. Urine output of sodium and chloride nearly stops. A continuous low salt intake affects the health of animals through a loss of appetite and weight. Feed utilization decreases and it takes more feed per unit of gain or product produced. Animals soon develop a craving for salt and can consume considerable amounts of dirt, wood, rocks and other materials. Such animals

can lick manure and urine to obtain the needed salt. Lactating animals are most susceptible to salt deficiency because milk contains a considerable amount of sodium and chloride. As the composition of milk is highly regulated, a deficiency of sodium or chloride in the diet will ultimately decrease milk production. Stress induced abnormal and stereo types behaviour (like licking the pen, licking the buckets and ear sucking) is reduced in salt supplemented calves than control calves with normal salt intake, which implicates increased requirement during stress (Philips et al., 1999). Abnormal behaviour, for example tail biting is noted in pig housed in highdensity confinement buildings. More intensity observed in diets containing less than 0.3% salt (Gonyou and Bergeron. 1996). Diets with 0.5-1% salt are used in such cases to treat outbreaks of tail biting. Factors affecting salt requirement Many scientists shown that the salt need of animals considerably vary. Some of the factors that influence salt needs are as follows: 1. The ration of the animal : It can be a biggest factor affecting salt requirement. Diets with different amounts of concentrates, pasture, hay, silage or by-product feeds account for much of the variation in salt requirements due to the wide range of sodium and chloride concentrations. 2. Water level of the Minerals (Na, Cl and other minerals): Animals usually consume water 2-3 times of dry feed. Water level of these minerals is another important factor and it depends on locality or area. 3. Production Level: It has great influence on mineral requirements.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

4. Temperature and/or humidity: With increasing temperature, dehydration and sweating increases and so does the requirement of salt. The heat stress also increases the need for potassium in the diet of high-producing dairy cows. With inclusion of 1.5% potassium in the diet increased milk production reported and thus sodium needs were increased with the higher levels of potassium in the diet. 5. Area-specificity: The concentration of sodium in the same feed stuff grown in different areas can be highly variable. This results in different supplemental sodium requirement even though the diets may be similar. 6. Potassium concentration in the ration: It can influence requirements for sodium and chloride. Sodium is required in the kidney for potassium conservation and to balance bicarbonate excretion (Vander, A.J., 1980). An excess of potassium can aggravate a marginal sodium deficiency. As certain pastures contain up to 18 times more potassium than sodium, deficiency can even occur when high forage (pasture, hay or silage) diets are fed. Adding supplemental potassium to reduce heat stress markedly increases sodium requirement of lactating cow (Scheinder et al., 1986). 7. C h l o r i d e a n d / o r s u l f a t e concentration in the diet: It greatly impact sodium requirements. 8. Immune status: The requirements 17

f o r Body Trace Mineral Balance and Efficiency of Animal Performance sodi Optimal Production, Reproduction and Immunity u m and/ o r Enzymatic function & Immunity chlor Highest Growth and Fertility i d e may b e incre Clinical Symptoms ased i n less Negative Balance Sub-optimal Balance Positive Balance than Body Trace Mineral Balance of Animal opti m al contractions with prolonged labor. conditions. Besides, Zinc has a critical role in repair 9. G e n e t i c Va r i a t i o n : G e n e t i c and maintenance of uterine lining differences in animals affect salt following parturition and early return to requirements. High yielding/ normal reproductive function and performing animals fed diets with estrus (Greene et al., 1998). Though greater caloric density require rare, once occurred selenium deficiency increased sodium and chloride can cause weak, silent or irregular concentrations in the diet. estrus, retained fetal membranes, early Therefore, salt needs vary among embryonic death, still birth or weak localities and with different feeding offspring and abor tions, low and management situation. conception rates in females (Randhawa Importance of trace minerals and Randhawa, 1994). Cobalt There are seven trace minerals that deficiency can lead to delay in onset of have been shown to be needed in puberty, delayed uterine involution and supplementing animal diets. They are d e c re a s e d c o n c e p t i o n r a te a n d iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, improper conditioning of offspring. iodine and selenium. Due to very small I o d i n e D e fi c i e n c y a f f e c t s f e t a l requirement in diet, they are called as development, basal metabolic rate and &quot;trace minerals.&quot; However, estrus cycle and lead to increased they are still significant nutrients and abortion percent (Hetzel, 1990). their deficiencies single or multiple can Implications of Subclinical trace l e a d t o i m p a i r m e n t i n h e a l t h , mineral deficiencies production and reproduction Subclinical trace mineral deficiencies per formance. For example, it is occur more frequently than recognized reported that copper deficiency lead to by most livestock farmers. Although early embryonic death and resorption many factors contribute, deficiencies of the embryo, increased retention of are mainly due to suboptimal or lack of placenta cases and further necrosis of one or more trace minerals in the diet; placenta (O’Dell, 1990) and low fertility which ultimately reduce performance due to delayed or depressed estrus efficiency of the animals. Currently this (Howell and Hall, 1970). Inadequate is a bigger problem than clinical mineral zinc levels in gestating cows may result deficiencies, because the farmer does in abortion, fetal mummification, lower not see specific symptoms that are bir thweight or altered uterine 100

Efﬁciency of Performance (%)

For example, cow’s milk contains approximately 630 ppm sodium and 1150 ppm chloride. As milk production increases so does the need for salt. Increases in rate of growth, reproduction, egg production, etc. will all increase the need for these minerals.

80 70 60 50

40 30

20 10

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

characteristic of a subclinical trace mineral deficiency. Instead, the immune system is depressed, the animal begins to grow more slowly, and fertility is impaired, which results in inefficient production and lower profitability. The below figure depicts body trace mineral balance and its impact on immunity, production and reproduction efficiency of the animal. Therefore, a profitable and efficient farm operation must provide the supplemental trace minerals. In highly competitive animal enterprises, it can be the difference between profit and loss. Most of the farmers in India do not supplement the ration of dairy animals with mineral mixture. Therefore, the animals are solely dependent on feeds and fodder to meet their mineral requirements (Table 1). However, feeds alone cannot meet the entire requirement, as they are deficient in number of macro and micro-minerals. The mineral deficiency or excess is an area specific problem and is influenced to a great extent by mineral content and its levels in feeds

and fodder fed to animals. Moreover, different geographical regions or states vary with respect to soil and thus feed mineral profiles in India. A recent study in Jharkhand showed the feeds and forages available in the state may not meet the requirements for P, Mg, Ca, Cu, Z n a n d C o to s u s t a i n t h e m i l k production of ~10 kg/day. It shows necessity of supplementing minerals in the ration of dairy cows for improving productivity and reproduction efficiency. Conclusion Optimal trace mineral supplementation of dairy cow diets is essential to maintain the health of dairy animals and the economic competitiveness of the dairy farmers. Subclinical trace mineral deficiencies occur more

frequently than clinical mineral deﬁciencies. Though the effects of the short-term deﬁciencies of minerals are not evident but in the long run it will affect the health &amp; productivity of animals. Besides trace minerals, salt supplementation is a critical part of a nutritionally balanced diet for animals. A continuous low diet of salt may lead to loss of appetite and body weight and notable drop in milk production. Stress, whether production, management or any other kind can increase salt requirement and may lead to abnormal behaviour symptoms in some species of livestock. Hence, supplementation of trace minerals and salt through lick blocks or mineral mixture powder or by any other method is utmost important to ensure better health and maximum production.

¹Dr. Ramesh B. Jagtap and ²D J Kalita ¹M.V.Sc. Ph.D., Manager- Technical and Regulatory, Zydus Animal Health, Division of Cadila Healthcare Ltd.

²M.V.Sc., DGM – Technical and Regulatory, Zydus Animal Health, Division of Cadila Healthcare Ltd.

Wishing you a very happy

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

BENEFITS OF COW DESI GHEE

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

NEWS AMUL GAINS EDGE OVER MOTHER DAIRY IN RACE TO RUN DELHI MILK SCHEME

mul brand owner Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) has outbid government-promoted Mother Dairy in the race to run beleaguered dairy retail unit Delhi Milk Scheme (DMS), people aware of the matter said. A ﬁnal decision though is still pending. GCMMF has offered Rs 42.30 crore as

annual rent for use of DMS’ property, machinery and retail network in Delhi, compared with Mother Dairy’s offer of Rs 42.20 crore, industry executives said, requesting not to be named. The financial bids were opened on November 27. An official of the agriculture ministry said, “Both the financial bids were accepted and submitted to the bid evaluation committee. Amul has offered the highest bid. Now the evaluation process and commercial formalities will begin and once it’s completed, we will announce who will run the DMS operations. The rent agreement will be for an initial period of 30 years. A decision on the proposal to give the assets of DMS on lease was pending since the time of the UPA government.

DMS, started by President Rajendra Prasad in 1959, has a milk processing unit with capacity of 5 lakh litres a day spread over 25 acres in the national capital. It also has ﬁve milk collection and chilling centres and 566 milk booths in the Delhi NCR region. The retailer employees about 700 people. An industry analyst said that DMS, which has piled up losses of nearly Rs 900 crore, will now be able to clear its dues. Amul, in its bid, has said it will give Rs 42.30 crore annual rent with an annual increase of 7%. So in its 30 years of operation, total rent will be close to Rs 3,400 crore, which can clear the huge ﬁnancial burden DMS has,” said an industry executive in the know. He said there shall be a net gain by way of realised lease rentals.

BACK TO BACK RISE AUSTRALIAN AGRI-TECH FIRM TO TRAIN 2 LAKH DAIRY FARMERS IN INDIA FOR DAIRY PRICES

he average price rose 1.7 percent to $US2844 a tonne in the latest auction.It follows a 2.2 percent rise in the previous auction two weeks ago and is the ﬁrst time in six months there have been back to back rises,The price for whole milk powder, which has a key inﬂuence on farmer payouts, was fractionally higher at $US2674 a tonne.Prices for most other products offered rose with solid rises for butter, cheese, and skim milk powder.The amount sold was slightly lower which may have helped to lift prices. 21

ooo Far m, an innovative Australian agri-tech company on 26 November said that it will train two lakh dairy farmers in India by 2020 to develop their skills in areas such as cattle nutrition with a view to boosting farmers' income by at least 20%.The Australian company uses global leadership and expertise in the area of skills, agribusiness, and technology to bring social change in developing countries like India.As per the latest announcement, MoooFarm will train the dairy farmers with the help of UDAY, a skill development ﬁrm, which is its partner in India. The company will also launch a hashtag named as #TheColorofMilk on the occasion of National Milk Day, urging people to ﬁnd the purity of milk. As many of you may know that November 26, which marks the birth anniversary of, father of the White Revolution in India, Verghese

Kurien is observed as National Milk Day.Founder of MoooFarm, Param Singh while talking to media said, "Our master trainers are offering content to farmers for scaling up, which is being d e l i v e re d t h ro u g h v i l l a g e - l e v e l entrepreneurs. Our target states are Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha,An ofﬁcial of Animal Welfare Board had previously said that around 68.7% of milk and milk products sold in India are not according to the standards of Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI).

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

NEWS SECURITY OFFICER POLITICS THIS MORNING: TRUDEAU TO ATTACKED WHILE HOLD YEAR-END PRESSER, MEET WITH PATROLLING DAIRY DAIRY FARMERS Ont. Discussion is expected to centre on NEAR RIVERBANK the government’s support for female

n officer with Ontel Security Ser vices was attacked while making his rounds early Saturday morning near Riverbank, according to the Stanislaus Sheriff’s Office. At just after midnight Saturday morning an Ontel officer was patrolling a dairy on Lang worth Road, near Claribel Road, s a i d S h e r i f f ’s S g t . J u a n A l a n i s . According to a Facebook post from Ontel, the guard had noticed a vehicle following him earlier. After completing his rounds, he exited the property and he noticed the same vehicle parked down the road. According to Ontel, the officer did not see anyone and returned to locking the gate when he heard a noise. Then he was struck on the head with an object. Ontel said the officer was able to hit the distress button on his radio. Ontel’s dispatch attempted to contact him, and other patrol officers were called to check on him. The officer was found on the ground, non responsive behind his vehicle. Law enforcement was called and they checked the area, but no one was located.

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rime Minister Justin Trudeau is slated to hold a year-end presser at the National Press Theatre at 2 p.m. Later this evening, he’s expected to meet with local dair y farmers in Napanee, Ont., where he also plans to campaign for Liberal MP Mike Bossio at his ofﬁcial nomination event as the party’s candidate for Hastings-Lennox and Adding, Ont. Mr. Bossio won the riding with a razor-thin margin of 0.5 per cent, capturing 42.4 per cent of the vote in 2015. The nomination event is at 6 p.m. at the Stratchona Paper Centre. After stumping for Mr. Bossio, the PM heads to Kingston, Ont., for a party fundraiser at St. Lawrence College’s Kingston campus. His remarks are scheduled for 7:30 p.m.NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh is in his home turf of Brampton, Ont., for an announcement in response to Ontario Premier Doug Ford‘s funding cuts for education. In O c t o b e r, t h e F o r d g o v e r n m e n t announced its intention of cutting $305-million in funding that had been e a r m a r ke d f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f campuses in Brampton, Markham, and Milton. Local city councillors and students will be on hand for that event on the southwest corner of Mill Street and Church Street.Status of Women Minister Maryam Monsef and Small Business Minister Mary Ng are teaming up to host a town hall in Peterborough,

entrepreneurs. That’s at 3 p.m. at the Nexicom Studio.Fisheries Minister Jonathan Wilkinson is in Vancouver for an announcement on the feds’ latest efforts to protect the endangered population of southern resident killer whales. Last month, Mr. Wilkinson announced that Ottawa wants to create new sanctuaries for the southern resident killer whales off the B.C. coast. in a bid to address the population decline.Infrastructure Minister F r a n ç o i s - P h i l i p p e C h a m pa g n e ‘s agenda includes a visit to the worksite of the new Champlain Bridge in Montreal. He’s there to mark a milestone in the project, according to his office. That’s at 8:30 a.m.Andrew Scheer is not planning to lose next year’s election: Even if the Liberals form a minority government, the Conservative leader believes that his party will want him to stay on the job. (via Toronto Star)Ottawa offers $1.6B backstop for energy sector as political tensions with Alberta fester: A large portion of the money, which will mostly be doled out as loans, is earmarked for exporters to spend on new technologies to help them diversify. (via CBC News)Trump’s steel, aluminum tariffs contradict new trade agreement and will have to go, says Freeland: The new deal’s provision on autos, which increases the content requirements for cars made in North America, makes it hard to rationalize keeping the tariffs in place. (via the Canadian Press)Canada has fifth biggest AI workforce, but still l a c k s d i ve r s i t y, s t u d y s a y s : Womenaccount for just 24 per cent of the country’s workforce in this field, according to the World Economic Forum. (via the Canadian Press)

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

NEWS NEW FIGURES SHOW NI DAIRY HAS SLASHED EMISSIONS AS PRODUCTION SURGES

orthern Ireland dairy has seen a 50% increase in production since 1990. However, over the same period, the industry has also cut fuel and electric emissions by almost 70%.Over the same period, manure emissions dropped by 27% and methane from enteric fermentation emissions fell by 30%.The figures were made public this week in an EU Sustainable Dairy factbook produced by the Dair y Council for Northern Ireland. The first edition looks at how the sector is working to improve its emissions and mitigate against climate change, with specific reference to Greenhouse Gas emissions.At each stage in the dairy supply chain, the sector has, and continues to make, significant progress to reduce its environmental footprint.In a number of key areas – emission of greenhouse gases, waste, pollutants and energy efficiency – significant improvements have been made on our journey of continuing to improve our environmental sustainability.Dairy Council chief executive Dr. Mike Johnston MBE said: “The emissions most associated with agriculture (methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia, which causes nitrogen deposition) are the outputs of complex natural processes.The agri-food sector is taking firm action to minimise emissions and the interaction between farmers, 23

industry leads and applied researchers have resulted in wide-ranging step changes in productivity, efficiency and environmental outcomes.The sector has sustained the livelihoods of thousands of farmers who act as the custodians of the land and created large-scale employment in highperforming dairy processing plants that produce award-winning food.The dairy sector recognises its responsibility to produce high-quality milk and dairy products, from farm to fork, in ways that are efficient and safeguard our environment. Electricity emissions have also been reduced by 68% between 1990 and 2017, whilst manure emissions have reduced by 27% over the same period.A recent study by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reported that between 2005 and 2015, global dairy Greenhouse Gas emission intensity dropped by almost 11%.During that time, milk production increased by 30% and absolute emissions from the dairy sector by 18%. According to FAO, had the dairy sector not made efficiency gains, the emissions would have increased by 38%.Mike added: “This publication recognises many of the important achievements and positive progress made by the Northern Ireland dairy sector in meeting the evolving environmental challenges.These stand

as a testament to the hard work and commitment across the entire supply chain, including Government and other partners, in a collective pursuit of improved environmental sustainability of the sector. The fact book concludes with a chapter on human nutrition, which explores the latest research on assessing the sustainability of our diets.Climate change and emission of greenhouse gases cannot be the sole dimension on which we assess the sustainability of foods. There are four dimensions we must consider, the environmental footprint, nutritional value, economy, and food culture.

REGULATORS PROPOSES FINE FOR DAIRY WHERE WORKER FATALLY HURT

LEARWATER, Neb. | Federal safety regulators are proposing to ﬁne a northeast Nebraska dairy where an employee was fatally injured.The U.S. Depar tment of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration said in a news release Monday that Thiele Dairy, in Clearwater, didn't develop and implement safety programs related to grain bin entry. The company faces penalties totaling nearly $79,000.One of the dairy's owners, Tom Thiele, declined to comment.The accident occurred July 9 when an auger being used to remove corn from inside a bin lacerated one of the man's legs. He's been identiﬁed as 52-year-old Robert Pokorny. He lived in Clearwater.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

Panna Cotta with Cranberry Coulis USD 160 USD 250 USD 800

(Life Time period 10 Years)

Ingredients

Panna Cotta l 1 pouch (1/4 oz/7 g) unflavoured gelatin l 2 tbsp (30 mL) cold water l 2 cups (500 mL) 35 % cream l 1 cup (250 mL) 10 % cream l 1/3 cup (80 mL) sugar l 1 1/2 tsp (7 mL) vanilla extract Cranberry Coulis l 4 cups (1 L) fresh or frozen cranberries l 3/4 cup (180 mL) sugar l 1 orange, zest and juice Preparation Panna Cotta In a very small saucepan, sprinkle gelatin over water and let stand for 5 minutes to soften. Heat mixture over low heat until gelatin is dissolved. Remove pan from heat and set aside, In a large saucepan, stir together creams and sugar; continue to stir and bring to a boil over medium heat. Remove from heat and stir in gelatin mixture and vanilla extract Mix well, Divide cream mixture among 8 lightly buttered 1/2 cup (125 mL) ramekins/custard cups. Let cool to room temperature. Chill ramekins, covered, at least 4 hours or overnight, Dip ramekins, one at a time, into a bowl of hot water. Gently run a knife around the edge and invert onto a serving plate. Drizzle with Cranberry Coulis. Garnish with whipped cream. Cranberry Coulis Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

In a saucepan, combine all ingredients and simmer over medium heat until cranberries burst 14 to 15 minutes. Press mixture through a sieve and discard solids.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

NEWS/EVENT CALENDER HEALTHY AGEING AN IMPORTANT ISSUES ON CATTLE TRADE TO BE RESOLVED TREND FOR INGREDIA

At Health Ingredients Europe 2018, Ingredia product manager Elsa Trotier spoke with Food Bev about the company's latest protein concepts and how healthy ageing is an increasingly important focus for the company. At the show, Ingredia essentially focused on the nutrition and health of elderly consumers, and showcased three concepts to cater to this demographic: a 'ﬁnger-food' style dairy snack; a a high protein beverage to combat overnight fasting; and a calcium-rich yogurt used to prevent osteoporosis. The ﬁnger-food snack concept was made with Ingredia's Promilk SH 20 micellar casein and Promilk 600 A milk protein ingredients, creating an easyto-eat, nutritious snack which easily prvides the daily protein requirements of elderly consumers. Meanwhile, the

h i g h p ro te i n b e ve r a g e c o n c e p t contained a unique combination of Ingredia's Prodiet Fluid native micellar casein and the Prodiet Hydrolysate S25 native whey protein. Trotier says that the combination of the two proteins create a beverage which simultaneously accelerates muscle synthesis to avoid muslce loss and provides slow digestion to help consumers feeel fuller for longer, Finally, the calcium rich, high-protein yogurt concept also contains the Promilk 600 A milk protein, creating a yogurt which fulﬁlls the daily protein and calcium requirements of elderly consumers, helping to preserve bone health and prevent osteoporosis. Trotier also discussed the importance of the healthy ageing trend, as well as Ingredia's plans for the future. I think that the senior nutrition market is growing, and dairy ingredients are the ﬁrst choice to formulate new products for senior consumers, as with dairy protein you can have high nutritional quality. For example, you can have high protein products, you can have something really tasty, healthy and indulgent. In future, we will continue to work on clinical nutrition, especially in senior nutrition and in sports nutrition.

The Ofﬁcial

JANUARY 2019

Exhibition

Event Calender

Event Date Web

April 2019 Event Date Venue

: Dairy Innovation Summit 2019 : 3-4 April 2019 : Amsterdam, NSL ofﬁce, 2nd ﬂoor KPHB colony hydrabad

: IDFA : 20-23 January 2019 : www.idfa.org/events

OCTOBER 2019 Event

: Dairy & Food Industry Expo 2019 Date : 11-13 October 2019 Venue : Auto Cluster Exhibition Center Mob. : 8607463377

SOON, SAYS MINISTER

NDIA - The issues related to the notification on cattle trade, which was stayed by the Madras High Court, will be resolved soon, Union environment minister Harsh Vardhan s a i d o n M o n d a y. H e s a i d t h e government was looking into the matter. According to Deccan Chronicle, the government will notify specific clauses of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act that deal with sale and purchase of cattle from markets for slaughter afresh. We are studying the whole thing rationally and very soon the matter will be solved," Mr Vardhan told reporters, flanked by newlyappointed minister of state for environment Mahesh Sharma.

MARCH 2019 Event Date

: International Dairy Show : 26-28 March 2019

Venue

: Mccormick Place. Chicogo USA

OCTOBER 2019 Event : Dairy Fest 2019 Date : 19-20 October 2019 Venue : RBMC College Ground Telibagh Chauraha, Raibarelly Web. : www.dairyfest.in DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. 12 | December 2018

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