Dairy Planner January issue-2019 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Vol.16 | No. 1 | January - 2019

From the Pen of Chief Editor

Editorial

Red tape sours Indian dairy industry? Indian government's tightened norms on importing high milk yielding cattle breeds have forced many large businesses to either shelve, defer or scale down their large integrated dairy farm projects. Several dairy industry players said animal husbandry officials who encourage dairy farmers to go for indigenous milch breeds, are holding back clearances to import highyielding livestock, hurting the sector's growth plans. India has close to 30 domestic cow types, including Gir, Ongole, Red Sindhi and Sahiwal. But most big players prefer foreign breeds like Jersey and Holstein Friesian. Imported cow breeds give 1.53 times more milk at 2540 litres a day than the average 10 litres from Indian cows.

The Indian dairy sector, which is currently growing at a compounded annual growth of 15 17 percent with a size of $70 billion (.`4.3 lakh crore), is expected to double to $140 billion by 2020, according to a report by the Investor Relations Society of India. Promoters of home grown large dairy firm Tirumala Milk Products, which was recently acquired by the world's largest giant Le Group Lactalis of France, have decided to go slow on their plans to set up Asia's largest integrated dairy farm. "The plan, involving 20,000 cattle and an investment of over Rs 6,000 crore, where we wanted to rope in a European partner, is being scaled down and implemented in a slow phase given regulatory hurdles in importing cows in large numbers," said Bolla Bramha Naidu, founder of Tirumala Milk. What every expectant. The Indian animal husbandry authorities give preference to the import of frozen semen and embryos over livestock imports, said the chief executive of a Hyderabadbased dairy firm who did not want to be identified. "Poor quarantine facilities in the country, heavy documentation work involved in obtaining approvals from multiple departments, including the director general of foreign trade (DGFT), given the restricted status to livestock imports are discouraging the entrepreneurs," he said. New-Zealand based dairy giant Fonterra's plans to set up .`1,000crore dairy joint venture with world's largest fertiliser cooperative federation IFFCO did not take off for want of regulatory clearances. "As against the original plan of 10,000 cows and buffalos including some 3,000 imported cattle, we are now looking at some 500 local breeds at the Kisan SEZ," a senior IFFCO executive told ET on condition of anonymity. Despite attractive growth and profitability in the Indian dairy sector, several new players with large plans are being forced to scale down, said Suresh Rayudu, managing director of Srinivasa Hatcheries. "Due to tougher norms and long gestations involved in importing livestock, we have decided to drop the dairy breeding business plan." Local dairy farms with aggressive growth plans argue that they save at least 34 years of previous time if import of livestock in large quantities from Europe and New Zealand is allowed. "China is allowing import of livestock in large numbers of 40,000 cows at a time, which explains why the Chinese dairy industry is catching up fast," says Creamline Dairy's managing director K Bhasker Reddy. While the animal husbandry department did not respond to ET's mail seeking reasons for regulatory hurdles, a senior biodiversity official said the tightened norms were aimed at protecting the local biological diversity. R HampaiahRalladoddi, chairman of Andhra Pradesh Biodiversity Board, said, "The companies are discouraged from importing animals in large scale due to fear of disease spread amongVeterinary scientist and animal activist SagariRamdas said highyielding breeds like Jersey and Holstein Friesian are highly susceptible to diseases. Very low immunity to local disease conditions would lead to massive expenditure on animal healthcare and the increased use of antibiotics would have its consequent effects, she said.

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Website : www.pixie.co.in 04

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Dr. Anjali Aggarwal Principal Scientist Dr. Sanjay K Latkar Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annanda Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar)

C O N T E N T S Endocrine regulation of climatic stress in ruminants

Management of dairy cattle in winter season

Sperm mediated gene transfer

Johne's disease in cattle

Brucellosis- a zoonotic disease

News

Recipe

Event Calender

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Editorial Policy is Independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Register of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARBIL/2004/22481 Editorial & Advertisements may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Dairy Planner. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views and information is in the interest of positive Dairy industrial development in India . It does not imply publisher's endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The Submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer : Mr. Vishal Gupta on Behalf of Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. Karnal. Printed at : Jaiswal Printing Press, Jain Market, Railway Road Karnal. Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF CLIMATIC STRESS IN RUMINANTS

Introduction Extremes climatic factors alter energy transfer between the animal and its environment which affect not only growth but the production also. Environmental stressors such as air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and humidity are the factors related to cold or heat stress. The stress inﬂuences animal's biology, speciﬁcally the endocrine system. Climate is one of the limiting factors in production as the dairy animals are homeotherms and try to maintain a nearly constant body temperature, when subjected to a wide range of environmental conditions. Ruminants have the unique ability to regulate internal body temperature. This ability allows them to function despite variations in the surrounding environment so that they may avoid heat or cold stress when the effective environmental temperature is in the thermo neutral zone. Dairy cows are in the comfort zone when environmental temperatures range between 5°C and 25°C. The zone of comfort for Indian cows is 10-26.7°C. Temperature ranges between -5 and 25°C are called thermo neutral condition while the below or above these temperatures are called lower critical temperature (LCT) and upper critical temperature (UCT) respectively. Within temperature range of thermo neutral condition, dairy animals require no additional energy above maintenance to cool or heat their body. LCT is the environmental 05

temperature at which an animal needs to increase metabolic heat production to maintain their body temperature likewise UCT is the environmental temperature at which the animals starts to dissipate extra heat by minimising metabolic heat production and resorts to various means of h e a t l o s s l i ke s w e a t i n g , panting, vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels and evaporative heat loss. Thermo neutral zone depends upon the age, breed, feed intake, diet composition, ability of temperature acclimatization, production, tissue insulation, external insulation and the behavior of the animal. Ambient temperature has direct relation with the cow's body temperature. The physiological mechanisms for regulating body temperature are under the control of a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, which acts like a thermostat. Some physiological processes are modiﬁed during heat and cold exposure in an attempt to support heat balance and hence homoeothermy is less disrupted. Reactions of homeo-therms to moderate climatic changes are compensatory and are directed at restoring thermal balance and homeostasis. Homeostasis is essential for animals to survive and re q u i re s h o r m o n e s , a c h e m i c a l powerful substances secreted by various organs in the body responsible for stimulating a cell-speciﬁc response. Adjusting to climatic stress induces a wide range of behavioral and physiological responses including endocrine changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis thus releasing corticosteroids and aldosterone. During winter it creates more impact on the performance of dairy animals as ambient temperature falls below the lower critical temperature. In hyperthermia, adrenal

function reduced and this may allow the animal to cope with the environment because of the lower calorigenic actions of glucocorticoids. Environmental modifications alleviate stress of heat and cold to some extent. The exposure of an animal to heat or cold stress elicits not only specific thermoregulatory responses, but also interactions between major physiological systems e.g. endocrine system. The overall effects on the animal are multifaceted and different. Endocrine responses of livestock to cold stress The stress due to cold activates the n e u ro e n d o c r i n e pa t h w a y w h i c h includes the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis, or the hypothalamus –autonomic nerves–chromaffin axis, to cause the release of cortisol, thyroid h o rm o n e , o r c a te c h o l a m i n e s i n vertebrates. The concentrations of serum T4 and T3 in cold stress conditions were higher than that of heat stress conditions (p < 0.05) because cold environment act as a stimulus to increase the output of t h y ro t ro p h i c h o r m o n e , t h e re b y increase thyroid activity to produce more heat and basal metabolic rate (BMR). The concentration of serum cortisol under cold and heat stress conditions was higher than that of optimum temperatures (p < 0.05); although the response was greater in the hot than in the cold weather. The increased level of cortisol in lambs exposed to cold stress may be due to the increase in lipolysis and utilization of brown adipose tissue for heat production. The level of catecholamines i.e. epinephrine and nor epinephrine in cold stressed animals is higher due to the contribution of non-shivering thermogenesis to increase heat production in response to cold. The elevation of catecholamine levels to cold-stress occurred earlier than that of DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

cortisol while the duration of the elevation of plasma catecholamines is shorter than that of cortisol. There are no changes in growth hormone concentration during cold stress whereas prolactin level decreases because water intake has to be reduced as an adaptive mechanism. Endocrine responses of livestock to heat stress The endocrine system involved in the coordination of metabolism is altered during thermal stress. The hormones associated with adaptation to heat stress are prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, catecholamines and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Concentrations of plasma PRL elevated during thermal stress which is involved in meeting the increased demand of water and electrolyte in heat stressed cows. During thermal stress basal metabolic rate decreases but water and electrolyte metabolism increases. Growth hormone is a calorigenic hormone produced from the anterior pituitary and does not function through a target gland but exerts its effects on almost all tissues of the body. The plasma GH levels declined from 18.2ng/ml under thermoneutral conditions to 13.5ng/ml in heat stressed Jersey cows. Plasma GH reductions occurred when THI exceeded 72. The decreased GH leads to less calorigenesis or heat production by stimulating thyroid activity aimed at the maintenance of heat in the body, 06

which is necessary for the survival of the homeotherms at high ambient temperatures. The thyroid g l a n d s e c r e t e s triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine/ thyroxine (T4). These hormones are the primary determinants of basal metabolic rate and have a p o s i t i v e c o r re l a t i o n to weight gain or tissue production. The response of T3 and T4 to heat stress is slow and it takes several days for levels to reach a new steady state. A decline in the plasma concentrations of T3 from 2.2 to 1.16 ng/ml has been reported whereas a reduced thyroid activity in thermal acclimated cattle has also been reported.

prolonged exposure which declined rapidly thereafter. This decline in aldosterone concentration is due to a fall in serum potassium levels because of its increased excretion in sweat and may be explained on the basis of a major difference between ruminants and non ruminants with respect to the location of sodium and potassium loss during thermal stress. Non ruminants produce sweat high in sodium and low in potassium concentrations; but this is vice versa for ruminants. The level of plasma catecholamines is found to be elevated during both acute and chronic thermal stress. On an average there were increases of 45 and 42% in short and 91 and 70% in long heat exposures for epinephrine and norepinephrine, respectively. Catecholamine regulates sweat gland activity by activating the sweat glands of cattle and buffaloes. An increase in the plasma osmolality or a decrease in blood volume, leads to ADH secretion from the pituitary gland which directs kidneys to retain water. Increased water losses in the respiratory tract and skin of thermal stressed animal evokes increased secretion of ADH which causes conservation and increased intake of water.

The declined level of thyroid hormones and GH plays synergistic effect to reduce metabolic heat production. Acute and chronic thermal stress shows differences in responding to glucocor ticoid concentrations. Its level increased from 2.4 to 3.9 μg/100 ml (62%) by the second hour of heat exposure; reached a peak of 5.4 μg/100 ml (120%) at 4 hours, then declined gradually to the normal of Conclusion 2.4μg/100 ml at 48 hours and stayed Endocrine regulation and thermal at this level inspite of continued heat balance among livestock is important stimulus. Initially plasma glucocorticoids for growth, health and ultimately for levels increase due to the activation of production. Further elucidation and a adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) releasing greater understanding of the factors mechanism in the hypothalamus by influencing the stress and hormonal thermoceptors of the skin while it responses in livestock, including the declines later on to normal, despite influence of environmental conditions, continuing heat stimulus by regulation w i l l i n c r e a s e o u r c a p a b i l i t y o f of negative feedback mechanism and developing various management decrease in the glucocorticoid binding practices that enhance production and r e c e p t o r i . e . t r a n s c o r t i n . T h e reproduction efficiency and overall glucocorticoids work as vasodilators; income of the farmer. cause proteolysis and lipolysis which help in providing energy to the animal due to the reduced dry matter intake Sunil Kumar¹*, A.K. Roy¹ and Suchit Kumar² during heat stress. Plasma aldosterone ¹Animal Physiology Division, concentration was found to be same ²AGB Division, during the first few hours of heat ICAR-National Dairy Research exposure while it was 40% lower with Institute, Karnal, Haryana, INDIA DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE IN WINTER SEASON In India in few state there is extreme weather condition were found , Temperature go's down the far below than normal in such metrological condition animal as well as human can't perform his normal physiological functions smoothly .During December – January month such condition is on peak . In such adverse climatic condition proper management of livestock is a great challenge we have to take care of animals spicily lactating and pregnant one. Following parameters we need to consider for proper farm management in winter. A Shelter Management - Shelter management is a key factor to overcome on the adverse climatic conditions . Cartons must be used if you are keeping animals in the loose housing system to stop the ﬂow of cold wind at animal level. It is possible with readily available materials like Bamboo ,Tadpatri , dry grasses ,paddy straw guinea bags , jute bags etc. Sunlight is the best medium to keep farm free from infection access of direct sunlight inside the shade will allow to keep farm free from infectious agents and it is readily available source but in case of winter sunlight availability go's less day is short and most of the time its cloudy and fog is there. We have to think for another alternative. It is also advisable that animals should be exposed to direct sunlight most important things is ﬂoor should not remain wet, drainage system should be standard and ask labor to clean the shed 3 times a day

to maintain hygienic conditions .In this season various diseases like Pneumonia ,Fever diarrhea is common. If we not put proper attention than there is possibility of death also .

Factors Affecting Milk Quantity Ÿ

Under normal situations, milk production increases during the ﬁrst six weeks of lactation and then gradually decreases

The actual amount of milk produced during the lactation period

Physiological factors 1. Species 2. Breed 3. Individuality of animal 4. Dry period 5. Parity / age and body weight

B Bedding Management suitable bedding is the one of the important factor to keep animals warm in cold climatic conditions 4-6 inches depth bedding is advisable for large animals and 2 inches for small animals. Direct contact with ﬂoor lead to more loss of body temperature so it advisable to keep away. Paddy straw dry grass wheat busaetc should be used for bedding purpose now a days commercial material is also available to keep animals warm which also protect from adverse climatic conditions .Good ventilation is also important factor to keep farm hygienic which also help to expel ammonia gasses from shed . C Personal Hygiene & Nutritionanimals must cleaned regularly with clean and soft material or brush . Hair should not be clipped during this season .bathing with cold water should be avoided. Always try to provide good quality nutrition and balanced diet .During winter climate temperature go's down up to 100 C to 50 C for proper physiological function body temperature should be maintain at 1010 C to 1020 C to keep body warm above the environmental temperature. Body require extra supplementation of protein & Energy .Berseem is the most easily available green fodder which contain high protein and water which support and help for lactating as well as growing animals .Concentrate cake are also options

6. Lactation number 7. Pregnancy 8. Season of calving 9. Temperature & Humidity 10. Disease

Environment factors 1. Feed and water supply 2. Milking interval 3. Milking frequency 4. Stress 5. Growth hormones

for optimum energy production subject to economic conditions .If green grasses is not available than 2030 kg of leguminous fodder can be used with 10 kg of wheat bhusa for feeding large animals. Apart from above 3 kg of concentrate mixture will be helpful to maintain the body temperature. Good quality 40-50 kg green fodder also provide the required energy to the animals which ensure up to 10 lit of milk production . D Prevention - In this season need to take care of Nitrate toxicity and blot conditions for this leguminous fodder should be mixed with either non leguminous or wheat bhusa etc. adding of 2% mineral mixture like Alvite M chelated and 1% salt in concentrate feeding is helpful. Product like KHURAK ,SHARKOFERROL and ALVITE –M chelated mineral mixture is highly beneﬁcial to maintain the animal health during this adverse climatic condition. Clean fresh lukewarm water should be given to the animals for proper physiological health . Regular deworming is beneﬁcial to reduce the worm load MINTHAL bolus and MECTIN Inj is best remedy to keep control over Endoparasites. For other best alternative remedies vet advice is preferable. Dr.Sanjay K Latkar, Dr. Santosh Shinde, Dr. AmitSingh, Dr. S. Midhun & Dr. Ramesh Jagtap Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

SPERM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER Introduction Transgenic animals have become valuable tools for both research and applied purposes. The most widely used method to create transgenic animals is to microinject foreign DNA into a pronucleus of the fertilized eggs. H o w e v e r, t h i s p r o n u c l e a r microinjection method has only had limited success in producing transgenic animals of larger species. It also requires high technical skills and is labor intensive. The idea of using a sperm cell as a vehicle to introduce exogenous DNA into an oocyte is of interest for simple production of transgenic animals. This method is very simple and convenient. A primary impetus for the development of Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer (SMGT) has been the search for new methods of creating transgenic animals. Transgenic animals can encompass those that have had foreign genes inserted into their genomes but also gene knockouts (where a gene is made inoperative) and knockins (where a gene is modified in situ in the genome). Transgenic and knockout/knockin mice have revolutionized the study of gene function in the whole organism and are usually generated by injection of DNA into the pronucleus of the fertilized egg (Wall, 2001), or the injection of gene targeted embryonic stem (ES) cells into blastocysts to form chimeras, respectively. However, despite the success of these two approaches, concerns still remain about their efficiency. Transgenic versions of large animals like sheep, pig, and cow offer immense possibilities for agriculture and also for the generation of therapeutic human proteins in their milk (Niemann and Kues, 2007). A major limiting factor is the lack of efficient methods for creating transgenic v e r s i o n s of s u c h s p e c i e s . T h u s pronuclear injection is highly inefficient with respect to transgene integration 09

for cow, pig, and sheep, with only 1% of injections being successful (Wall 2002). This has led to a search for other ways of generating transgenic mammals. As a means to generate transgenic animals, SMGT is attractive since the sperm itself is natural vector carrying genetic information into the oocyte. Almost 40 years ago that rabbit sperm could take up exogenous DNA, it was not until approximately twenty years later that Lavitrano et al. (1989) demonstrated that mouse epididymal sperm incubated with plasmid DNA were able to transfer this DNA to the oocyte, resulting in transgenic offspring at an apparent impressive 30% efficiency. According to a study by Camaioni et al. (1992), exogenous DNA can bind to the sperm head in the subacrosomal region and in the proximity of the equatorial segment. Francolini et al. (1993) showed that mature sperm could spontaneously take up exogenous DNA. Moreover, another study by Lavitrano et al. (1992) suggested that DNA binding and internalization was not a random event but was mediated by specific DNA binding proteins on the sperm surface, with further studies by the same group indicating that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD4 proteins played important roles in this process of interaction (Lavitrano et al. 1997). Finally, Zani et al. (1995) identified an inhibitory factor (IF-1) in mammalian seminal fluid that appeared to block the binding of exogenous DNA to the binding proteins on the surface of the sperm. These findings might explain why mammalian sperm are resistant under normal physiological conditions to the uptake of exogenous DNA (which could be disastrous from an evolutionary point of view) and could also account for the varying success of the different studies investigating SMGT. Mechanism

method uses the 'natural' vector of genetic material, namely the sperm cell, for transporting exogenous DNA. The exogenous DNA molecules bind to the sperm cell's head in the subacrosomal region and in the proximity of the equatorial area. Once bound to the cell membrane, DNA molecules are taken up (Francolini et al., 1993). The process of DNA binding and internalisation is not a random event. The exogenous DNA interacts with DNA- binding proteins (DBPs) of 30–35 kDa, which are present on the sperm cell surface (Lavitrano et al., 1992; Zani et al., 1995) and in addition it is also shown that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD4 molecules also play a role in the process of sperm/DNA interaction (Lavitrano et al., 1997). In fact, sperm cells from MHC class IIknockout mice have a reduced ability to bind DNA compared with sperm cells from wild-type animals (Wu et al., 1990). Conversely, spermatozoa from CD4-knockout mice are fully capable of binding exogenous DNA, yet lose the ability to internalise it. To further support the role of CD4 in DNA transfer, Lavitrano et al. (1997) have shown that nuclear internalisation of exogenous DNA is prevented in wild-type sperm cells pre-incubated with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Thus, although not present in mature sperm cells, MHC class II expression appears to be required during spermatogenesis to produce sperm cells capable of taking up foreign DNA , whereas CD4 molecules present on sperm cells mediate the nuclear internalisation of sperm-bound DNA (Lavitrano et al., 1997). Nevertheless mature spermatozoa are naturally protected against the intrusion of foreign DNA molecules; in fact, there is a identiﬁed factor called inhibitory factor 1 (IF-1), present in the seminal ﬂuid of mammals that blocks the binding of exogenous DNA to sperm cells. This factor also

The uniqueness of SMGT is that the DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

exerts a powerful inhibitory effect on DNA uptake in sperm cells of heterologous species. The DBPs are the specific targets through which the inhibition is mediated because, in the presence of the inhibitory factor, the D B P s l o s e t h e i r a b i l i t y to b i n d exogenous DNA (Zani et al. 1995). Thus, the interaction of exogenous DNA with sperm cells does not appear to be a casual event but, in contrast, relies on a molecular mechanism based on the cooperation of specific protein factors. In the absence of IF-1, DBPs are able to interact with DNA and the complex can translocate the DNA into the cell in a CD4-dependent manner (Lavitrano et al. 1997). Thus, it is important that seminal fluid is removed from sperm samples by extensive washing as soon as possible after ejaculation so that these inhibitory factors can be reomved. After DNA–sperm cell interaction and internalisation, the subsequent step involves integration of the exogenous DNA into the genome. It has been suggested that various mechanisms may underlie DNA integration after the microinjection procedure (Brinster et al., 1985; Coffin, 1990). DNA may be integrated when chromatin is freed from the nuclear context at fertilisation, at oocyte activation, at nucleus decondensation or even later at the formation of the pronuclei. Using the SMGT technique, it has been found that foreign DNA sequences are tightly bound to the sperm nuclear scaffold and that integration of the exogenous DNA occurs preferentially in the long interspersed nuclear element type-1 elements, repeated sequences interspersed into the genome. Moreover the presence of a topoisomerase II consensus sequence at one end of the integration site suggests a possible role for this enzyme in the integration process (Spadafora, 1998). Sequence analysis of randomly 10

selected clones from a library of sperm genomic DNA incubated with pSV2CAT plasmid showed that foreign sequences were integrated in a unique site of the sperm genome (Magnano et al. 1998). Method The method of production of transgenic organism by sperm mediated gene transfer is to insert the transgene construct into the sperm cells of the male animal, so that the transgene is “taken up” by the spermatozoa and when fertilization occurs it is transferred to the progeny creating a transgenic offspring (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the different techniques available for

making ''transgenic'' mammals by genetically modifying male germ cells. Fig. 1 shows the generalized method for creation of transgenic organisms by SMGT: (A) In vitro transfection of spermatozoa followed by ICSI. Different permeabilization procedures of the spermatozoon plasma membrane can be used, such as Triton X-100, freezethawing, freeze-drying, or even REMI, before incubation with the DNA construct (step I). Oocyte fertilization is then performed by ICSI (step II), the embryos are cultured for 3 days (step III), and the viable ones are selected and reimplanted into the uterus of a pseudopregnant female (step IV). (B) In

v i vo g e r m c e l l t r a n s f e c t i o n v i a microinjection within the seminiferous tubules. The DNA to be transfected is incubated with liposomes or retroviral constructs (step I), and the cells of the seminiferous epithelium are then transfected in situ after microinjections within the seminiferous tubules or within the rete testis (step II). The males can also be then mated with wild-type females (step III) and the progeny analyzed by PCR/Southern blotting to confirm that the transgene has been transmitted to the offspring. (C) Germ c e l l t r a n s f e c t i o n ( i n v i t ro ) a n d transplantation (in vivo). Testes are dissected out (step I), and germ cells are prepared by mechanical and enzymatic procedures. The cells are then transfected in vitro with exogenous DNA (step II) before transplantation into aspermatogenetic mouse seminiferous tubules (step III) generated by an antimitotic treatment (busulfan) or from genetically sterile mice. The microinjected animals are then mated with wild-type females (step IV) and the progeny analyzed by PCR/Southern blotting. The most commonly used animal model is the mouse. Use of electroporation and liposomes for enhancement of gene delivery Although in most cases spermatozoa are simply incubated in the presence of foreign DNA electroporation or cationic liposomes are sometimes used to enhance uptake. These methods have been used on several species including mice, salmon, finfish and shellfish, cows, zebrafish and chicken (Sato, 2005). Bachiller et al. (1991) first demonstrated that cationic liposomes can enhance uptake of exogenous DNA by spermatozoa. Further analysis revealed that about 80% of liposome/DNAtreated spermatozoa exhibit a signal specific for the exogenous DNA inside the sperm head. After IVF with DNADAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

introduced sperm cells, the resulting 2cell embryos were transferred to r e c i p i e n t s t o o b t a i n of f s p r i n g . Southern blot analysis of the offspring born failed to detect any signal for the exogenous DNA. The reason for this failure might be that the majority of sperm were of low motility and may have been more frequently labeled with the exogenous DNA, than the sperm which exhibit active motility and potentially are capable of fertilizing o o c y t e s . Ro t t m a n e t a l . ( 1 9 9 2 ) p e r f o r m e d l i p o s o m e - m e d i a te d transfection of rabbit, cow and chicken sperm cells with the alkaline phosphatase gene followed by insemination. The transgene was expressed at least several months after the birth of the only transgenic calf. Shemaesh et al. (2000) bound transgenes to liposomes before exposing DNA to bovine sperm. That treatment did not yield transgenic animals, but when restriction enzymes were added to the mixture, transgenic bovines were successfully produced (called restriction enzyme mediated insertion, REMI). Use of viral vector in the SMGT system

fertilization with adenovirus- exposed sperm, 21.7% expressed the lacZ gene incubated in the presence of foreign DNA and approximately 7% piglets were positive for foreign DNA after AI with adenovirus-exposed spermatozoa as analyzed by PCR, but none of the PCR-positive piglets exhibited the lacZ gene. Furthermore, the offspring obtained after mating the PCR-positive animals did not carry the exogenous DNA. This showed that the adenovirus is able to deliver exogenous DNA into pig spermatozoa, but the use of pig spermatozoa carrying replicationdefective adenovirus does not appear to be practically useful as a system for obtaining transgenic pigs. Gene transfer into oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of spermatozoa treated with DNA in vitro Perry et al. (1999) ﬁrst reported use of the combination of DNA-bound sperm and ICSI (called — TransgenICSI“) as an alternative to the traditional gene transfer method, pronuclear microinjection. They microinjected sperm exposed to naked DNA molecules into oocytes, and demonstrated that approximately 20% of founder mice had integrated and expressed the transgenes. The transgene behaved as expected (transgene inheritance was approximately followed by Mendelian rule). Transgene uptake and expression using TransgenICSI has been reported in other animals such as porcine embryos. Nevertheless, the technique still requires manual injection of the DNA- coated sperm into oocytes, which requires high technical skills.

The initial experiments for the production of transgenic animals with SMGT were performed in mouse using epididymal sperm cells, however, these experiments showed lack of reproducibility among some research groups. Since then researchers have focused their attention towards utilization of ejaculated spermatozoa as a vehicle for carrying foreign DNA. In case of epididymal spermatozoa the donor animal can be used just once whereas with ejaculated sperm the same animal can be used for its entire reproductive life. Lavitrano et al., 1996 have repor ted that sperms from different species has varying amount of capacity to carry the exogenous DNA. Lavitrano et al., 2003 has identiﬁed two important parameters that affect the SMGT technique which are (1) quality of semen sample; (2) DNA uptake which is dependent primarily on viability & motility. Semen quality is affected by parameters like season of collection, frequency, age of the donor etc., whereas motility should be around 80% initially and not less than 65% after washing procedures (Lavitrano et al., 2006). Lavitrano et al., 2003 have shown that after addition of exogenous DNA t h e D N A – s p e r m i n te r a c t i o n i s completed within 2 -4 hours, and the DNA should be added within 30 min of washing procedure (washing is done to remove seminal plasma that hinders with the uptake of foreign DNA). Interestingly, Chan 2000, has reported that the uptake of DNA (at least in mammals) does not generally interferes with the normal physiological parameters of the semen, such as motility at the time of collection and progressive motility, even in some cases the treated sperm cells perform better than the untreated sperm cells.

The possibility of infection of sperm by viral vectors to create transgenic animals is of interest. Retroviral vectors (RVVs) are one of the most frequently employed forms of gene delivery in animal transgenesis (Cepko et al., 1984). As in SMGT, zygotes can be incubated in media containing high concentrations of the resultant retroviral vector, or, the retrovirusproducing cell monolayers may be used; upon which zygotes are cocultivated. In either case, up to 90% of embryos can be infected. Farre et al. Technical aspects of sperm mediated (1999) used adenoviral vector to gene transfer method introduce foreign DNA into pig sperm. When spermatozoa were exposed to replication-defective adenoviral vector Rebeka Sinha¹, Kush Shrivastava² , Prajwalita Pathak¹, Deepandita Barman¹ bearing lacZ gene, gene transfer was ¹Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR- NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India obser ved in the heads of the ²Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of M.P., Madhya Pradesh, India spermatozoa. Of the 2- to 8-cell embr yos obtained after in vitro 11

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

JOHNE'S DISEASE IN CATTLE

Johne's disease is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, characterised by chronic diarrhoea and progressive emaciation. Though mortality is low, due to ill health and decreased productivity causes severe economic losses. Infection mainly occurs through ingestion of contaminated food and water. The primary site targeted by Johne's disease is the lower part of the intestine known as the ileum. The wall of the ileum contains a large number of pockets of lymphoid tissue known as Peyer's patches that lie just beneath the interior surface of the intestine. Peyer's patches are clusters of macrophages and lymphocytes organized much like

lymph nodes.Inside a macrophage, M. paratuberculosis multiplies until it eventually kills the cell, spreads, and infects other nearby cells. The animal's immune system reacts to the M. paratuberculosis invasion by recruiting more macrophages and lymphocytes to the site of the infection. Macrophages fuse together, forming large cells, called multinucleated giant cells, in an apparent attempt to kill the mycobacteria. Inﬁltration of infected tissues with millions of lymphocytes and macrophages leads to visible thickening of the intestines. This prevents nutrient absorption, and diarrhea results. In cattle, the main signs of paratuberculosis are diarrhea and wasting. Most cases are seen in 2- to 6year-old animals. The initial signs can be subtle, and may be limited to weight loss, decreased milk production, or roughening of the hair coat. The diarrhoea is usually thick, without blood, mucus, or epithelial debris, and may be intermittent. Several weeks after the onset of diarrhoea, a soft swelling may occur under the jaw. Known as "bottle jaw" or intermandibular edema, this symptom is due to protein loss from the bloodstream into the digestive tract. Paratuberculosis is progressive,

affected animals become increasingly emaciated and usually die as the result of dehydration and severe cachexia. As the incubation period is very long, symptoms may develop after several months. Generally incubation period is 6 months to 2 years. However, affected animals will excrete organisms in faeces 15 to 18 months before expression of symptoms. Diagnosis Allergic test using Johnin is being applied. Double intra-dermal test is used. This test is performed by injecting 0.2ml of Johnin intradermally in the cervical area. This test is read at 48 hours. Increase of skin thickness by 3mm or more is taken as positive. Faecal examination and serological tests can also be used. In the early stages of the disease, the immune system is not stimulated strongly enough for it to produce detectable antibodies, so blood tests are usually negative. Similarly, little or no shedding of bacteria in the faeces occurs early in infection, so faecal culture tests may also be negative. Histopathological studies of terminal ilial or ileo-caecal lymph nodes help in diagnosis. The intestinal mucosa will be thickened three to four times and corrugated. The mesenteric or ileo caecal lymph nodes will be oedematous and enlarged. There is no treatment for Johne's disease. Control of this disease can be done by eradication of infected animals by slaughtering and disposal, maintenance of hygienic condition on farm for prevention of further spread, if the disease is present and vaccination of healthy animals to increase the resistance etc.

J. Razia Sultana¹ and Dr. K. Sushma² ¹Ph.D Scholar, Department of Livestock Production Management ²Assistant professor, Department of Livestock Farm Complex College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Johne's affected intestine 12

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

BRUCELLOSIS - A ZOONOTIC DISEASE enrichment in milk/milk products can be done in many ways like modifications in protein/amino acid composition, modifications in fat/fatty acid profile, alteration in lactose, humanization of bovine milk , eliminating β-lactoglobulin from milk, milk with human therapeutic proteins, decreasing of milk allergies, melatonin enriched milk and lots of more types of the modified or enriched milk can simply be obtained for the particular proposes. The functional and nutraceutical food are more preferred and consumed by the health conscious people. These food also called 'Designer food', 'functional food' and 'fortified food'. Designer foods are traditional foods for tified with health promoting ingredients and are similar in appearance to traditional foods and are consumed often as a part of diet. The ultimate satisfactoriness and extensive use of those foods rely upon correct regulation within the market by the regulatory authorities of the country and by making consumer awareness regarding their health benefits through various nationwide programs. The term was introduced in Japan in 1980s for referring processed food containing nutrient conferring of some further health advantages apart from its own nutritional value (Arai 1996) Milk and milk products are considered as complete food containing most of the nutrients needed for healthy life. The nutrients contents and its proportion within the milk can be modified by either incorporating required functional ingredients directly into fluid milk or dairy products or modifying the feed formulation of lactating animals to induce desired milk composition. The modification of feed formulation not only results in secretion of milk of desired composition however conjointly reduces the possibilities of incidence of cer tain diseases in lactating animals. Modification or 14

Cow milk allergic reaction in children could even be reduced by eliminating the betaLG gene from bovines (Sabikhi 2007). The genetic manipulation of dairy cattle is also a feasible and has significant impacts on milk quality, attributes of novel dairy products and human health (Karatzas and Turner 1997). Hernández et al. (2007) studied the impact of 11.2 % sunflower seed supplemented diet for cows on the chemical composition of milk and dairy products. Technologies Adopted for Development of Designer Milk Modifications in protein Transgenic cows are able to secrete elevated levels of β and k-caseins which may be produced by genetic engineering. β-casein, a most ample milk protein, is involved in binding calcium phosphate and thus controlling milk calcium levels. Higher k-casein in milk is connected to smaller micelles, better heat stability, and improved cheese-making properties. within the transgenic animals engineered by Brophy's group, the overall milk macromolecule accumulated by 1320% and total milk casein by 17-35% compared to non-transgenic management cows. Edible casein is employed in vitamin tablets, instant drinks and infant formulas, whereas acid casein is employed for paper coatings, cosmetics, button making, paints and textile fabrics. Caseins, particularly the β-, αs1- and αs2-

caseins, being simply digestible are quite sensitive to plasmin, a serineprotease occurring naturally in milk beside plasminogen. Plasmin activity leads to limited proteolysis in milk. This offers a dual disadvantage of decreasing the curd yield in cheese and causation organoleptic defects and gelation of ultra high temperaturetreated milk. Milk augmented with speciﬁc inhibitors of either plasmin or plaminogen activatorwould therefore be a boon to the process industry. Modiﬁcations in fat The 'ideal' milk fat for human health would contain <10% poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), <8% saturated fatty acids (SFA), and >82% mono saturated fatty acids (MUFA) [6]. Although it may not be possible to achieve this 'ideal' milk fat composition, manipulation of composition of milk fat is possible through altering the feeding practices for dairy cows and also through genetic interventions. Decreasing the level of saturated fat in the milk Feeding of unsaturated fats in an encapsulated or protected form results in prompt rise in the degree of unsaturation of the serum lipids, tissue fat and milk fat. Feeding canola oil in the encapsulated form leads to increase in linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids as compared to feeding of unprotected oil seeds. As the melting point of milk fat containing USFA is less, DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

disease and learning deﬁciencies. Equal amounts of these two fats in the diet will r e s u l t i n l o w e r r i s k o f c a n c e r, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, allergies, obesity, diabetes, dementia and some mental disorders. Alteration in lactose

the spreadability of butter made from such milk is improved tremendously. Escalating conjugated linoleic acid levels in milk fat Dairy products are rich in conjugated linoleic acid (CL A), a product synthesized in the rumen during the bio-hydrogenation of linoleic acid. Diets rich in linoleic acid lead to increase the CLA levels in milk fat two fold. Incorporation of CLA along with soy oil in the diet of cows increased the CL A levels and simultaneously decreasing the SFA in milk fat. Milk from grass-fed cows has five times greater CLA as milk from a grain-fed animal. CLAs reportedly inhibit carcinogens, proliferation of leukaemia, colon, prostate, ovary and breast cancers, altered nutrient partitioning and lipid metabolism, anti-diabetic action (type II diabetes), immune enhancement and improved in bone mineralization. Enhancement of Omega fatty acids Milk from pastured fed cows contains an ideal ratio of essential fatty acids (EFAs). Replacing grass in the diet with grains or other supplements increases the proportion of w-6 to w-3 fatty acids. Too much w-6 in the diet creates an imbalance that can disrupt the production of prostaglandins leading to increased tendency to form blood clots, inflammation, high blood pressure, irritation of the digestive tract, depressed immune function, sterility, cell proliferation, cancer and weight gain. On the other hand, deficiency in w-3 is associated with asthma, heart 15

As milk is a most important component in the human diet, lactose intolerance limits the utilization of valuable nutritional source for many people. In addition, since milk can provide much of the required calcium for maintaining bone healthiness, lactose intolerance may be associated with osteopaenia in later life – an issue of increasing importance in old people. The consequences of intolerance can be limited by nutritional changes such as avoidance of dairy products or through the use of β-gal-replacement (preharvest) or hydrolyzed low-lactose (post-harvest) products. Each of these management strategies requires dietary supplementation and varies in its efﬁciency. Not only is there an associated economic cost, but such strategies also do not adequately satisfy the world's nutritional needs. Decreasing of milk allergies In children, mostly the milk allergy to bovine's milk is due to b-lg protein, which is absent in human milk. Thus, removal of this protein by knocking out gene responsible for b-lg from bovines is suspicious to have any detrimental effects on bovine and might overcome milk allergy problems associated with bovine milk. Melatonin enriched milk Sleep disorders like insomnia can be treated by consumption of melatonin enriched milk. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant that acts as a terminal antioxidant which is now used in mitigation of various life-style diseases. The release of melatonin is three to four times higher in milk which is let down before sunrise than in the milk which is obtained during day time. The resources of melatonin are both

animals as well as plants. The secretion of melatonin in different individuals varies according to their age, gender, and seasons and in certain diseases condition. The level of melatonin decreases with the advancement of age of an individual although its secretion is higher in older women than elderly men. The concentration of melatonin is reported higher in winters as compared to summers. The concentration of melatonin also varies with the type of milk in fashion of conjugated linoleic acid in different milks Fermented milk was produced by fermenting Chingshey purple sweet potato (CPSP) substrate/media milk with lactic acid microorganism strains possessing high GABA concentrations, organic acid contents, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity (Wu et al. 2011), among that calcium and vitamin D fortified milk and cheese are necessary for bone health of kids and women. Calcium and vitamin D fortified milk along with magnesium and zinc improves vitamin D status, lower parathyroid hormone levels and reduce bone turnover (Bonjour et al. 2009; kruger et al. 2010) Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified milk provides a mean intake of nearly four μg/d in children (Green et al. 2010; Houghton et al. 2011; Rich-Edwards et al. 2011) and study also showed that high-calcium enriched milk prevents the prevalence of overweight and obesity among postmenopausal women (Angeles-Agdeppa et al. 2010). DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

Good bone health may be achieved through acceptable diet and lifestyle, that protects from osteoporesis and bone fracture in later stage of life. Optimal intake of calcium and vitamin D in early adult hood is important and may be achieved through diet. Van der Hee et al. (2009) developed designer ice-cream fortified with calcium. Ca bioavailability within the two Cafortified ice cream formulations as high as milk indicates that ice cream are going to be a decent vehicle for delivery of calcium. Anemia throughout infancy impairs neurodevelopment; iron fortified milk improves anemic status (Rivera et al. 2010; Semba et al. 2010). Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are extremely prevalentamong preschool children and sometimes cause anemia and growth faltering. Milk provides an appropriate and effective vehicle for delivery of specific micronutrients, particularly zinc and iron. micronutrient fortified milk providing micronutrient bundle, improved growth and iron standing and reduced anemia in children 1–4 years old (Sazawal et al. 2010). Designer milk made by enriching milk with fish oil, oleic acid, minerals and vitamins reduces indices of endothelial cell activation in children (Romeo et al. 2011). EPA and DHA enriched milk reduces the level of blood lipids, mainly cholesterol, LDLcholesterol and triglycerides (LopezHuertas 2010). Consumption of DHA fortified milk throughout pregnancy and lactation improved composition of 16

red blood cell membranes similarly as in human milk (Atalah et al. 2009) and showed improved intelligence in infants (Gale et al. 2010). Selenium enriched milk may improve Se status and reduce the danger of

cancer (Hu et al. 2010). Human milk is the best food for neonates; but, in very low birth weight pre-term infants it's going to not provide spare protein and energy.

Priyanka Meena, Anurag Pandey, Subhash Raut, Sarita Kumari, Ravi Raman, Ashish Saini, Asman Singh Gurjar, Manisha Singodia, Department of Livestock Products Technology; Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

BENEFITS OF COW DESI GHEE

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

NEWS 10 ANIMALS KILLED AT LICON DAIRY FARM OVERNIGHT

JMC LAUNCHES RFID TAGGING SYSTEM FOR STRAY, DAIRY CATTLE

ammu Municipal Corporation (JMC) launched the Radio Frequency Identiﬁcation System (RFID) tagging system for stray and dairy cattle and imparted awareness to dairy owners for installation of biogas unit with the assistance of Khadi and Village Industries Commission.

everal animals in the Licon Dairy Farm petting zoo were killed by loose dogs overnight, according to the owners. The San Elizario farm posted about the incident Monday morning on. The post said a total of 10 animals were killed, with several more injured. Among the dead were deer, sheep and swans. We have had these pets for over 10 years and we are devastated," the Facebook post said. We ask for help from our community to find the owners so the can be held liable.The animals were allegedly killed by a German Shepherd and black Pitbull mix that were coming from Glorietta and Quemada streets, the post said. Farm managers said the dogs dug under the fence to get into the petting zoo cages. According to Angel Licon, a farm manager, the dogs attacked and killed the swan the previous night and then returned Sunday night when they attacked the remaining animals. This incident has prompted the owners to temporarily close the petting zoo, which is free to the public. We're temporary closing for a few days while we clean up and kind of figure out what we're going to do and we can replace the animals, but they were just part of the family so that's what hurts a little bit more," Licon said. According to the El Paso County Sheriff's Office, the San Elizario Marshal's Office is investigating the attack.Farm managers say they just 20

want the owners to come forward to take responsibility for the damages and say this should serve as a warning to pet owners to watch their animals more closely. We just want people to know that if they can just take care of their dogs a little bit more because it's not even the dogs fault its the owners that should secure their pets a little bit more," Licon said. Managers say there are three injured animals seeking medical care from a veterinarian. Community memebers told KTSM they are saddened after learning about the attack. It's a shame this happened because this place is historic and the kids here have a great time with those animals so its a shame to lose those animals," Socorro resident Jose Najera said in a Spanish interview. Meanwhile his wife, Agustina Najera, said people need to watch their dogs for the sake of the community. People who have pets need to be careful that they aren't loose because just like how they attacked these animals they can attack kids and people too," Agustina Najera said. Licon said they plan to open the petting zoo within a few days after they clean up the damage and treat the injured animals. Anyone with information on the dogs is asked to call Licon Dairy at 915-851-2705.The post has received 870 shares and has more than 135 comments including mostly support from the El Paso-area community.

The RFID tagging system was launched by Chander Mohan Gupta, Mayor in presence of Purnima Sharma, Deputy Mayor and Pankaj Magotra Commissioner JMC at JMC Cattle Pound Dogra Hall, here. Dr. Akshay Sharma, Councillor of Ward No. 8, Rajesh Bittu, Chairperson Goushalla, Amphalla, Ashok Kumar Singhvi, Assistant Director, KVIC Jammu and diary unit owners were also present. During the programme, Dr. Zaffar Iqbal, Municipal Veterinary Officer, JMC explained the benefits of RFID tagging system. This system will enable JMC to keep a tab on the stray cattle on road and prevent the theft and smuggling. This system is capable of even recording and providing the information about the vaccination and other medicines given to the animals.He informed that each biogas unit costs Rs. 30,000-35,000 and the owner of the dairy unit is given a subsidy of Rs. 13,000 for installing the highly efficient bio-gas unit. Mayor instructed the dairy owners not to pass the cow dung into the drains and install the biogas unit by availing subsidy given by KVIC and also install Vermicompost unit in their premises for converting the cow dung into a resource. Mayor also launched a Biogas Unit in JMC stray cattle pound, Dogra Hall.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

NEWS TIM MACKLE: DAIRY FARMERS LEADING JERSEY AUSTRALIA CHARGE TO CLEAN UP WATER PROMOTES DAIRY'S FINEST

n recent years, dairy farmers have collectively under taken what I believe to be one of the biggest, if not the biggest, voluntary conservation initiatives this countr y has ever seen.The simple reality these days is that no dairy cow can get into a stream thanks to dairy farmers having fenced off 97 per cent of signiﬁcant waterways on farms.And that's only the start. Dairy farmers are also planting the riparian strip between the waterway and the fence, restoring wetland areas and establishing new ones - all to remove contaminates before they reach the water. They have also installed sophisticated on-farm efﬂuent management systems, and many have retired sensitive areas of their land, often placing them under protective covenant. In many regions farmers are going even further as they work towards meeting nutrient limits through changes in farm practices and systems.Yes, just as there are some laggards in most sectors, there are still some farmers who need to up their game, but these cartoons show there is a lack of understanding of what modern dairy farming is about, and therefore the picture they cast is far from reality.Sediment, bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorus - as well as heavy metals from urban areas - all have an impact on water quality in New Zealand.The burning issues all Kiwis need to address, including farmers, is how these contaminants are getting into our 21

waterways, and what does each one of us need to do to reduce our collective footprint.I can't go past noting the sheer frustration expressed on social media this week from farmers at the apparent hypocrisy shown by those organisations and businesses that regularly criticise dairy, and their reluctance to publicly call out concerns o v e r u r ba n o r w i l d l i f e i n d u c e d environmental pollution.Clear examples are human waste contamination of Auckland beaches and even the E. coli contamination of Queenstown's Lake Wakatipu possibly from freedom campers and/or wildlife (in this case ducks). Are they so concerned for their balance sheets that criticising urban pollution has become a sacred cow. Every one of us, including people living within city limits, has the potential to contaminate waterways for the simple fact that what we put down any drain can end up in our oceans and on our beaches, or in our rivers.Dairy farmers and the wider dairy sector believe so strongly that collectively we can all look after our streams, rivers and beaches that we're taking a leadership stand.Let's all do our bit and start a movement in New Zealand to change how we all look after our waterways.The Vision is Clear - and we all have the same vision. So, let's get behind it, work together and stop pointing the ﬁnger at one group of people who are already working hard to look after their part of New Zealand.

new promotion called Dairy's Finest highlights the strength of the Jersey cow and milk . Jersey Australia general manager Glen Barrett said the promotion wasn't just about the cow but also a focus on the qualities of Jersey milk. Along with a new corporate logo, Jersey Australia has developed sub-brands as part of the campaign. In the genetics field, the `5 Star' Jersey is being highlighted as the finest cow. A `5 star' Jersey is one that is registered, A.I-bred, herd tested, classified and genomic-tested, Mr Barrett said. It can also be promoted for five features of what is best known and loved about the Jersey cow as the highly fertile, feed efficient, heat tolerant, medium-sized and most profitable cow for Australia farming conditions," he said. Mr Barrett said it was a bold marketing strategy but one based on facts and Australian experiences. We see Jersey milk as dairy's finest milk and the Jersey cow as dairy's finest cow and we believe that this premium quality should be well known across Australia,” he said. There are now about 10 processors in Australia providing jersey-branded product, sold for a premium price and delivering premium returns to farmers. There are opportunities to support the growth of Jersey milk in the market place and we want to grow the breed and increase demand for the product,” Mr Barrett said. Jerseys currently represent about 15 per cent of the Australian dairy industry but Jersey Australia wants to achieve 25pc market share by 2030. It is an ambitious target but we're working towards growing the number of cows and product lines because we see Jerseys as the ideal cow for the Australian dairy industry,” Mr Barrett said. We also get a lot of feedback from coffee shops that pure Jersey milk makes the best coffee. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

NEWS BECOMING A MICRO-DAIRY

oyce Nelson of Dugan Road Creamery in Urbana admits that she prefers the micro-dairy life, as opposed to her previous dairy farm. And with low milk prices and high feed costs, who could blame her It's not a good situation (for dairy farms),” said Nelson. According to a recent Ohio State Extension article, Ohio dairy farmers have been leaving the business at a higher than usual rate because they've been struggling with lower milk prices and reduced revenue because the supply of dair y products has outstripped the demand.In the summer of 2016 Nelson and her husband, Chris, sold all of their 50 cows except for one because of economic reasons and the struggling dairy industry.But they couldn't live without cows for long.We couldn't handle it. We missed the cows too much,” she said. Six months after they sold their cows, they decided to start a micro-dairy. Now they have seven Holstein cows at their creamer y.Joyce and Chris Nelson opened The Nelson Family's Dugan Road Creamery in April 2017, offering ﬂavored milk, white milk, cheese curds,

cream cheeses in various ﬂavors, along with hand-stretched mozzarella cheese and Greek-style yogurt cheeses. Their creamery is located on Dugan Road in Urbana. The Nelsons have been on this farm for 32 years. Joyce and Chris moved to Ohio from Idaho in 1988, where they were milking 300 cows. Nelson admitted that she and her husband had an easy transition since they already had much of the infrastructure. The most signiﬁcant expense was the pasteurizing equipment needed for the creamery. Before they had been selling their milk directly to milk processors.Now they can better control their prices and sell locally. “I much prefer the micro-dairy,” said Nelson. Before they started their creamery, the Nelsons visited many micro-dairies in Maryland. She said the Ohio Department of Agriculture was encouraging during the process of starting the micro-dairy. She added that the health inspectors were also helpful. We have a whole generation of kids who aren't drinking as much milk as they should be,” Nelson said, adding that many schools do not have the capability to keep enough milk cold to offer to students at school.Kids need to know where their food comes from,” said Nelson. They need to know it doesn't come from Kroger.Nelson has been a 4-H advisor for 32 years and the Nelsons host Farm Days for kids at their creamery once a year. She also drives a school bus full time, which she said works with her schedule at the creamery.

DAIRY PRICES UP 4% IN LATEST AUCTION

airy prices have risen for a fourth consecutive global auction. The average price was up 4.2 percent to $US3057 a tonne.It follows a 2.8 percent rise in the previous auction two weeks ago.Dairy prices have been rising since late November when they had hit a two-year low because of an oversupply on world markets.The price for whole milk powder, which has a key 22

inﬂuence of farmer payouts, was 3 percent higher at $US2770 a tonne.Prices for most other products offered rose, with the biggest movements for skim milk powder, up more than 10 percent, and lactose, up almost 8 percent.While prices rose, volumes were down 2.6 percent on last month's auction.

CO BANK: EVOLVING CONSUMER DEMANDS RESHAPING DAIRY SUPPLY CHAINS

onsumer demand for more transparency and a sense of connection to where food is grown or produced continues to have a significant impact on food supply c h a i n s , a c c o r d i n g t o C o B a n k 's Knowledge Exchange Division. For the dairy industry, these evolving demand drivers will affect supply chains in different ways. According to a new report from the bank, meeting these increasingly important consumer demands provides an opportunity for some dairy producers, cooperatives and processors but will require reworking supply chains into greater segmentation and direct contracts with farms. Dairy supply chains are adapting in order to meet consumer demands for increased transparency about farm production practices,” said Ben Laine, senior economist for the dairy sector at CoBank. “However, the entire industry will be forced to walk a fine line to meet these demands in an environment in which cost reduction and efficiency are a constant focus. According to CoBank, the average American consumer is further removed from the farm than ever before, with less than 1% of the population engaged in farming. “This disconnect between consumers and farmers has contributed to the desire for more transparency throughout the supply chain back to the farm,” the repor t noted. “Consumers are increasingly forming opinions about farm management practices, ranging from the use of GMO [genetically modified organism] feed to animal welfare and antibiotic use. However, dairy producers taking advantage of the opportunity to ser ve this diversifying market face challenges. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

NEWS DAIRY AND CATTLE FARMERS WORRY NEW FOOD GUIDE WILL HURT BUSINESS

hen Trevor Welch meets with other beef farmers across New Brunswick, they usually direct their attention to the latest weather c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e d a y s t h e y 're concerned about Canada's Food Guide. The food guide is getting its ďŹ rst major facelift since 2007, and recommendations that Canadians eat less red meat and fewer saturated fats worry the farmers. They feel discouraged that they would see Canada's Food Guide go away from something that would be such a healthy choice," said Welch, a director of the New Brunswick Cattle Producers board and president of the Canadian Angus Association. Draft versions of the food guide were released in 2017, proposing a shift to more plant-based foods, "without necessarily excluding animal foods altogether. But in addition to recommending a diet with fewer processed foods, a draft also recommends less red meat and fewer foods containing saturated fat. Welch said many farmers in the province are c o n c e rn e d a b o u t s u c h c h a n g e s because their livelihood depends on beef sales.

Since New Brunswick is a rural province, Welch said, he hopes the changes in the food guide won't have a big impact on his fourth-generation beef farm.But he does expect some impact on his familyrun business, as well as on the other 600 beef farmers in New Brunswick. I do hope consumers do still see beef as a healthy choice and they continue to consume that in a balanced fashion, along with other food groups," said Welch, who sells most of his beef in the Carleton County area. Beef producers aren't the only ones worried about the potential changes. Dairy farmers are also expressing some concern. The draft food guide also recommends replacing foods that contain mostly saturated fats such as cream, high-fat cheese and butter, with foods that contain mostly unsaturated fats, such a s n u t s , s e e d s a n d a vo c a d o . I t recommends lower-fat milk and yogurt, and cheeses that are lower in both salt and fat.

We take great pride in the product that we're producing and to [say] that Canadians should reduce their intake of

"You're picking on a good food product forgetting all the nutritional qualities it provides for a person," said Paul

animal-based protein like beef, I'm kind of disappointed in that," said Welch, the owner of Garvie Mountain Angus, a beef farm in Glassville, about 130 kilometres north of Fredericton.

Gaunce, a dairy farmer in Passekeag, about 30 kilometres southwest of Sussex. He is also chair of the Dairy Farmers of New Brunswick. The New Brunswick dairy farmer says Health Canada would "substantially" downsize the dairy portion of Canada Food Guide, which could mean fewer sales, depending on consumers. Gaunce said he still doesn't know what the fallout will be for his industry. But he's hoping consumers will spend more time reading labels and ďŹ nding out exactly what kinds of nutrients are in the foods they're buying, particularly dairy products, It's certainly one of the marketing tools we're going to be using and all retailers are going to be using in the future," he said. Gaunce, who is also chair of the Dairy Farmers of New Brunswick and represents close to 200 dairy farmers across the province, says they, too, are concerned. They're skeptical about why they're picking on dairy when it's such a healthy product," he said. While Gaunce understands that certain foods should be eaten in moderation, he said cheese, in particular, "is being punished." He said health experts are forgetting the fact "it's full of nutrients for people.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

MINI TRIPLE CHOCOLATE CHEESECAKES

Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

USD 160 USD 250 USD 800

(Life Time period 10 Years)

Ingredients For the Crust: l 12 chocolate creme filled sandwich cookies (chocolate filled Oreos) l 2 tablespoons butter, melted

For the Cheesecake: l 12 ounces cream cheese, room temperature l 1 cup Ghirardelli 60% Cacao Baking Chips, melted l ½ (14 ounce) can sweetened condensed milk (about ⅔ cup) l 1 teaspoon vanilla l 2 eggs, room temperature

For the Ganache: l 2 ounces (1/3 cup) Ghirardelli 60% Cacao Baking Chips l ¼ cup whipping cream, hot

Method

Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Line a muffin tin with foil cupcake liners. Place cookies and melted butter together in a blender and puree until no large chunks. Divide among cupcake liners and press the crumbs firmly in the bottom of each. In an electric mixer, beat the cream cheese until smooth. Mix in the sweetened condensed milk, melted chocolate, and vanilla and beat until combined and smooth. Beat in the eggs one at a time until evenly mixed. Spoon batter into liners dividing it equally among all 12. The batter should be almost to the very top of the liner. Bake for 15-18 minutes until set (it won't jiggle when you shake the pan). Let the cheesecakes cool in the pan on a cooling rack for 15 minutes. Remove the cheesecakes from the pan onto the cooling rack and cool another 15 minutes. Move the cheesecakes to the fridge and refrigerate for 1-2 hours until cold.Gently remove the foil liners and top with ganache, whipped cream, a raspberry, and a chocolate square. Place chocolate in a bowl. Microwave whipping cream and pour over chocolate. Let it sit for 2 minutes and then stir until smooth. Spoon about 2 teaspoons of ganache onto the top of each cheesecake and spread to the edges.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

NEWS/EVENT CALENDER NLDB TO POPULARISE LIVESTOCK, DAIRY PRODUCTS

Agriculture, Rural Economic Affairs, Livestock Development, Irrigation and Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Minister P. Harrison instructed National Livestock Development Board (NLDB) officials to prepare a proper mechanism to improve the livestock sector. Minister Harrison told the officials that the livestock sector is important since its products are a main source of dietary protein and calories. The Minister said the NLDB should promote the consumption of meat, milk, eggs and other livestock products to fulfill the people’s nutrition requirement. The NLDB has to take into account the availability of product, type, income, and population to increase the quantity of livestock products. However, they have to improve quality of the products as well. Minister Harrison said a plan should be prepared to improve

livestock farms of the National Livestock Development Board that do not receive enough revenue. The Minister informed the officials that it is the responsibility of the NLDB to introduce dairy products to the general public and to provide the food products made in the farms to the consumer through NLDB shops. Stocks in the news: Gruh Finance, Bandhan Bank, Sadbhav Infra and Prabhat Dairy .Nifty futures on the Singapore Exchange were trading 7.50 point, or 0.07 per cent, lower at 10,797.50, indicating a flat start for the Nifty50. Here are a few stocks, which may buzz the most in today's trade. Gruh Finance, Bandhan Bank: The share swap ratio for the merger of Bandhan Bank and Gruh Finance looks unfavourable for the latter’s shareholders. Every 1,000 shares of Gruh will fetch 568 shares of Bandhan. Given the 73.3 crore paid up shares of Gruh, its valuation implied by the swap ratio works out to Rs 20,855.3 crore, or 7 per cent lower than its market capitalisation of Rs 22,436.2 crore at the end of Monday’s trading on the BSE. ONGC, Oil IndiaNSE -0.69 %: The government is planning to incentivise ONGC and Oil India to raise output from fields that were given away without auction to state-run firms in previous years, Oil minister

The Ofﬁcial

JANUARY 2019

Exhibition

Event Calender

Event Date Web

April 2019 Event Date Venue

: Dairy Innovation Summit 2019 : 3-4 April 2019 : Amsterdam, NSL ofﬁce, 2nd ﬂoor KPHB colony hydrabad

: IDFA : 20-23 January 2019 : www.idfa.org/events

OCTOBER 2019 Event

: Dairy & Food Industry Expo 2019 Date : 11-13 October 2019 Venue : Auto Cluster Exhibition Center Mob. : 8607463377

Dharmendra Pradhan said on Monday. “Most of the policy changes made in recent years apply to new ﬁelds or those that would start producing in future,” he said. The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) has asked if UK-based Liberty House is willing to go ahead with its resolution plan for the debt-ridden Amtek Auto in which it has emerged as the highest bidder. The appellate tribunal has also asked the Committee of Creditors (CoC) if it has a higher bid for Amtek Auto other than that of Liberty House. Bank of India: AXA Investment Managers may sell its stake in the Indian mutual fund joint venture with Bank of India. The asset management unit of French insurer AXA Group, which holds 49 per cent in BoI AXA Mutual Fund, has sounded out its domestic partner about its plan, said two people familiar with the matter. Re l i a n c e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s : T h e Supreme Court on Monday issued a contempt notice to Reliance CommunicationsNSE 2.97 % (RCom) chairman Anil Ambani over the company’s failure to pay dues worth Rs 550 crore to Ericsson and also refused to exempt him from personal appearance in court at the next hearing after the Swedish equipment maker didn’t accept part payment.

MARCH 2019 Event Date

: International Dairy Show : 26-28 March 2019

Venue

: Mccormick Place. Chicogo USA

OCTOBER 2019 Event : Dairy Fest 2019 Date : 19-20 October 2019 Venue : RBMC College Ground Telibagh Chauraha, Raibarelly Web. : www.dairyfest.in DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 16 | NO. 1 | January 2019

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