Dairy Planner - January 2018 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Vol.15 | No. - 1 | January - 2018

Importance Of Bovine Colostrum In Sustaining Calf Health

From the Pen of Chief Editor

Editorial

Mandatory Food Safety Management in Dairy Products Albeit India is the top scorer in total milk production in the world and having varieties of tasty milk products, which are rarely found in other developed countries, most of the milk handing in India is confined to the unorganized sector of dairying . Naturally the question of health, hygiene and food safety together with shelf life in dairy foods comes in a bigger way despite rigorous dairy policies and regulations adopted by the government .There is a growing concern among consumer about the safety of food and this is the greatest challenge facing most of the food industries today. Consumer safety becomes a burning question of international concern in the late 1950s. At that time the foods and Agricultural organization (FAO) and the world health organization (WHO) of the United Nations established the codex alimentations commission and published the codex standards with a view to formalizing the world-wide approach to ensure supply of safe food. The necessity was felt during the supply of food to the Astronauts going in a space mission where food safety was the foremost thing to the Astronauts. Under these circumstances HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) -a method to prevent unsafe food came into being in the food safety management system. HACCP together with prerequisites such as good hygienic practices and good manufacturing practices form the food safety elements, which provide the tools and methods to ensure safe food.

C O N T E N T S

Coliform Mastitis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Overall View Economic Importance Of Livestock In Indian Farming

5 7 8

Stereotypic Behaviours And Their Management In Dairy Cattle

Bang's Disease

Diseases & Disorders After Parturition

13 14

Dairy Farming Business Plan Mastitis In Dairy Animals: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention And Control

16 17

Housing Management Of Cattle Under Heat Stress

HACCP system is a structured systematic tool developed to identify and assess the various food hazards such as microbiological, chemical, physical and allergenic together with risk involved in the total food chain .application of food safety management systems incorporating HACCP principal is going to be a mandatory requirement in food establishments in the proposed food safety and standards bill.

News

The Indian dairy also deals in dairy policies and regulations in the form of nine articles, which cover government policy of dairying, HACCP, Quality for exports, food safety ,GMPs, regulations in dairy processing, risk analysis in quality, WTO and ISO certification. Practically all these police and regulation are very limited in their uses especially for important subjects like exports where quality control and food safety certification is a must to avoid rejection by the importing countries.

Upcoming Event

Unlike poultry product the dairy milk, as soon it leaves the cow's udder it is likely to be contaminated unless and until it is processed, packaged, distributed and eventually consumed. Thus all dairy foods are highly perishable by nature and therefore, require HACCP Principal to follow right from the production centre to the consumption site in the food chain. Although milk has some inherent antimicrobial system due to some of the no immunological proteins that have antimicrobial properties, some basic practices should be adopted for ensuring shelf life as well as making it safe for the consumers.

OUR TEAM

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER

Vishal Gupta

Dr. J Tamizhkumaran

Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in

M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph.D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

N.K. Gupta General Manager + 91 999 170 5005 pcslkarnal@gmail.com

Dr. Anjali Aggarwal Principal Scientist

Rakesh Kumar Founder - Growel Agrovet Private Limited

Aparna Marketing Manager + 91 999 170 5007 dairy.pcsl@gmail.com

Dr. Sanjay K Latkar Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai

Dr. Rabi Ranjan Naik Website : www.pixie.co.in 04

M.VSc.Scholar, Department of Livestock Prouducts Technology, Madras veterinary collage, TANUVAS, Chennai

Recipe

ADVERTISEMENT Godrej Agrovet

Pixie

#923, Sector-9, Urban Estate, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in Editorial Policy is Independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Register of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARBIL/2004/22481 Editorial & Advertisements may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Dairy Planner. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views and information is in the interest of positive Dairy industrial development in India . It does not imply publisher's endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The Submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer : Mr. Vishal Gupta on Behalf of Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. Karnal. Printed at : Jaiswal Printing Press, Jain Market, Railway Road Karnal. Published at : 923, Sector-9, Urban Estate, Karnal132001 (Haryana) Editor-In-Chief : Mr. Vishal Rai Gupta All Legal matters are subject to Karnal.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

IMPORTANCE OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM IN SUSTAINING CALF HEALTH Introduction Colostrum is also called as 'fore milk' or 'liquid gold' or 'beestings'. It is the lacteal secretion of mammary gland released up to 72 hr post-parturition. Colostrum is regarded as one of the important source of neutraceutical used as a very good source of food and treatment of various disease. It is a very rich source of lact-albumin and globulin as well as also antibodies that gives passive immunity to the newly born calf. Bovine colostrum is also rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin and growth factors specifically used for treatment of autoimmune disease. Colostrum is used for treatment of various disorders like GI troubles including drug induced injur y especially occur by use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is also useful for immune disorders, infectious disease of new born like diarrhea along with controlling respirator y tract disorders, viral and bacterial infection a n d t i s s u e re pa i r. C o l o s t r u m i s extremely easy to digest and is therefore the perfect first food for calf. It is low in volume, but high in concentrated nutrition. Trans-placental transfer of antibody is absent in bovine due to intact six layer fetal membrane therefore passive transfer of immunity through colostrums is essential. Calf devoid of colostrums is more prone to die within a week. Feeding of colostrum to new born calves Colostrum should be given fresh as milked from the mother within 2 hr of birth @ 1/10th (10%) of their body weight up to 3-5 days post-parturition.

It should not be warmed as presence of large quantities of proteins, it will clot during heating.

colostral immunoglobulins are of IgG class and the mean concentration at the ﬁrst milking after birth is approximately 60 g/l (in human colustrum, IgA is the major class and it constitutes over 90% followed by IgG and IgM). IgG concentration falls sharply to approximately 1g/l at the 12th milking, reaching 0.5 g/l in mature milk. IgA content varies between 1 and 6 g/l and that of IgM vary between 3 and 5g/l in cow colostrum as compared with 0.05 and 0 . 0 4 g / l i n m a t u re m i l k , respectively. Colostrum and calf health

Immunoglobulins present in bovine colostrum Bovine serum and lacteal secretions c o n t a i n t h re e m a j o r c l a s s e s of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM and IgA. The ﬁrst colostrum contains very high concentrations of immunoglobulins (Igs) (40–200 g/l). In bovine colostrum these Igs constitute up to 70–80% of the total protein content compare to mature milk (1–2%). Over 90% of bovine

There are over 90 known components in colostrum. The primary components are divided into two classes' namely immune factors and growth factors. Colostrum also contains a precise balance of vitamins, minerals and amino acids. All of these factors work together in perfect synergy to restore and maintain health. Colostrum as a immune enhancer It has been reported that together with the antibodies absorbed from colostrum after birth, the complement system plays a crucial role in the passive immunization of the newborn calf. It plays a major role in the host defense mechanisms against microorganisms as it is involved both in speciﬁc and non-speciﬁc immunity. The killing of microorganisms, clearing of immune complexes, and induction and DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

enhancement of the antibody responses are the major biological functions of complement. The complete complement system can be found in bovine colostrum and components of the system are present in milk . Several studies have demonstrated the occurrence of haemolytic or bactericidal complement activity in bovine colostrum. Аntimicrobial and antiviral activity of colostrum is not only due to immunoglobulins and the complement system. The iron binding glycoprotein i.e. lactoferrin is responsible for the elimination of endotoxins and takes part in the host defense and the modulation of iron metabolism. Biological activity of bovine κ-caseino glycomacropeptide (GMP) has ability to bind Cholera and E. coli enterotoxins, inhibit bacterial adhesion, suppress gastric secretions, promote biﬁdobacterial growth and modulate immune system responses. Oligosaccharides and glycolconjugates are some of the most important biological components in colostrum. Their primary role seems to reside in providing protection against pathogens by acting as competitive inhibitors on the binding sites on the epithelial surfaces of the intestine. 06

Nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleobases belong to the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) fraction of milk; are used by the body as exogenous trophochemical sources which are impor tant for optimal metabolic functions. They not only act as metabolites, but are also involved as bioactive substances in the regulation of the body functions. These NPN compounds affect the immune modulation by enhancing the antibody responses of infants, contribute to the iron absorption in the gut, and also inﬂuences desaturation and elongation rates in fatty acid synthesis. Colostrum as a growth factors Colostrum is also a rich source of n a t u r a l g ro w t h f a c t o r s i n h i g h concentrations. These small bioactive molecules promote growth and maturation of various cell types and tissues. Major peptide growth factor constituents of colostrum and milk are: e p i d e r m a l g ro w t h f a c to r ( E G F ) , transforming growth factor α and β

(TGF-α and TGF-β), insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF I and IGF II), plateletderived growth factor (PDGF), bovine colostral growth factor (BCGF) etc. Growth factors are not only stimulate normal growth and development, but also help in regeneration and accelerate the repair of injured skin, mucosa, muscle, bone, cartilage, nerve tissues and build lean muscle mass. Other beneﬁcial components Vitamins and Minerals are nutrients that are essential for normal metabolism, growth and development. They act as coenzymes, enabling chemical process to take place throughout the body. Vitamins and minerals are indispensable for the maintenance of health. Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are required for growth and development. Conclusion Colostrum plays an important role in post-natal health and immune booster. Bovine colostrum contains several biologically active molecules that are essential for speciﬁc function. Bioactive c o m p o n e n t s l i ke g ro w t h f a c to r promotes the growth and development of newborn while antimicrobial factor provide passive immunity.

Sandeep Kumar Chaudhary*, Akansha Singh, Abhishek Kumar, Rohit Kumar Jaiswal and Vaibhav Purwar PhD Scholar, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. - 243 122

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

COLIFORM MASTITIS – AN OVERALL VIEW Introduction Mastitis is defined as an inflammator y reaction of the parenchyma of the mammary gland that can be infectious, traumatic or toxic nature. Mastitis is a disease of economic importance which could imbalance the margin of profit in dairy industry. It is a disease of complex nature, having different aetiological agents with different degrees of intensity and variations in duration of infection and residual effects. Mastitis due to inflammatory reaction in the mammary glands, following infection with variety of aetiological agents remains as a serious problem for the dairy industry and has a deleterious effect on its economic viability and profitability. It not only decreases the yield but also affects the quality of milk. The financial losses due to mastitis are enormous and occur in the form of treatment and labour as well as increased replacement cost. In India the economic loss due to mastitis was increased from Rs. 52.80 crores / annum in 1962 to Rs. 6053.21 crores / annum in 2001. Etiology Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. (coliforms) The most common cause of mastitis is infectious organisms. Over 200 microbial species, sub species and serotypes have been isolated from bovine mammary gland and identified as causative agents of mastitis. Apart from different species of bacteria, several other groups of microorganisms such as fungi, yeast and Chlamydia can cause mastitis in cattle and buffaloes. Mastitis causing organisms can be categorized as: contagious or environmental pathogens. The mastitis, which is caused by contagious organisms, is called as contagious m a s t i t i s , a n d b y e n v i ro n m e n t a l organisms known as environmental 07

mastitis. Contagious mastitis is the “cow associated” form where infected cows are the reservoirs for bacteria and spread occurs cow to cow at milking time. Environmental mastitis comes from the cow's world or environment. The organisms which are mainly responsible for contagious mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium. Environmental mastitis bacteria include a large number of both Gram positive and Gram negative species. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of the Gram positive species and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. (coliforms) of the Gram negative organisms are the most common environmental pathogens of the bovine udder. Coliform bacteria occupy many habitats in the cow's environment. Intramammary infections (IMI) caused by Gram-negative bacteria typically result from the bacteria traversing the teat canal and multiplying in the gland. Although the mammary gland is not considered a natural habitat for coliform bacteria, many strains are capable of surviving and multiplying in the mammary gland. Incidence Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter aerogenes, were the organisms commonly involved in coliform mastitis and the Escherichia coli was most prevalent among them. Coliform bacteria occupied many habitats in the cow's environment. IMIs caused by Gram-negative bacteria typically resulted from the bacteria traversing the teat canal and multiplying in the gland. Even though the mammary gland was not considered a natural habitat for coliform bacteria, many strains had

capability to survive and multiply in the mammary gland. The incidence of coliform mastitis peaks at post-parturition period soon after the cows enters the lactation cycle. During the dry period the organism establishes itself in the mammary gland. In Tamil Nadu, a cultural isolation of E. coli in 120 milk samples collected from clinical mastitic cows showed prevalence of 60.86% (Varma and Dorairajan, 2006). Cows suffering from peracute coliform mastitis may die within a few days due to endotoxemia (Jain, 1979). Severe form of coliform mastitis leads to decrease in milk yield, fever, and sometimes leads to culling of the animal. Clinical forms Peracute form Cows affected with peracute coliform mastitis died within a few days due to endotoxemia. Peracute form was characterized by sudden onset of agalactia and toxemia. E. coli and other coliforms multiplied rapidly in quarters with low cell count. This elicited inflammatory reactions that destroyed a large proportion of bacterial population. When Gram negative bacteria die and lyse, endotoxin was released from the cell wall. The symptoms produced because of this massive and sudden liberation of endotoxin were severe depression, shivering and fever with 40-420C temperature. The animal became recumbent within a few hours of onset. The milk secreted was very characteristically watery in initial stages and become thin, yellow serous fluid containing small meal like flakes later on. The recovered cows had a unique feature that the udder tissue gradually returned to normal without fibrosis resulting in optimal gland function in subsequent lactation. Continue page on...9 DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK IN INDIAN FARMING Livestock plays an important role in Indian economy. About 20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood. Livestock contributed 16% to the income of small farm households as against an average of 14% for all rural h o u s e h o l d s . L i ve s to c k p ro v i d e s livelihood to two-third of rural c o m m u n i t y. I t a l s o p r o v i d e s employment to about 8.8 % of the population in India. India has vast livestock resources. Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. Livestock resources in India Ÿ

World's highest livestock owner at about 512.05 million

First in the total buffalo population in the world 105.3 million buffaloes

2. Fibre and skins: The livestock also contributes to the production of wool, hair, hides, and pelts. Leather is the most important product which has a very high export potential. India is producing about 47.9 million Kg of wool per annum. 3. Draft: Bullocks are the back bone of Indian agriculture. Despite lot of a d va n c e m e n t s i n t h e u s e of mechanical power in Indian agricultural operations, the Indian farmer especially in rural areas still

Second largest poultry market in the world production of 63 billion eggs and 649 million poultry meat Third in the population of sheep (72 millions)

Fifth in in the population of ducks and chicken

Tenth in camel population in the world

Contribution of livestock to people The livestock provides food and nonfood items to the people. 1. Food: The livestock provides food items such as Milk, Meat and Eggs for human consumption. India is number one milk producer in the world. It is producing about 156 million tones of milk in a year (201516). Similarly it is producing about

materials: Dung and other animal wastes serve as very good farm yard manure and the value of it is worth several crores of rupees. In addition it is also used as fuel (bio gas, dung cakes), and for construction as poor man's cement (dung). 5. Storage: Livestock are considered as “moving banks” because of their potentiality to dispose off during emergencies. They serve as capital and in cases of landless agricultural labourers many time it is the only capital resource they possess. Livestock serve as an asset and in case of emergencies they serve as guarantee for availing loans from the local sources such as money lenders in the villages. 6.W e e d c o n t r o l : Livestock are also used as Biological control of brush, plants and weeds.

Second in the population of cattle and goats 140.5 million goats

74.75 billions of eggs, 8.89 million tones of meat in a year. The value of milk group and meat group at current prices was Rs 4,06,035 crores in 2013-14.

depend upon bullocks for various agricultural operations. The bullocks are saving a lot on fuel which is a necessary input for using mechanical power like tractors, combine har vesters etc. Pack animals like camels, horses, donkeys, p o n i e s , m u l e s e tc a re b e i n g extensively used to transport goods in different parts of the country in addition to bullocks. In situations like hilly terrains mules and ponies serve as the only alternative to transport goods. Similarly, the army has to depend upon these animals to transport various items in high areas of high altitude. 4. Dung and other animal waste

7.Cultural: Livestock offer security to the owners and also add to their self-esteem especially when they are owning prized animals such as pedigreed bulls, dogs and high yielding cows/ buffaloes etc. 8. Sports / recreation: People also use the animals like cocks, rams, bulls etc for competition and sports. Despite ban on these animal competitions the cock fights, ram fights and bull fights (jallikattu) are quite common during festive seasons. 9. Companion animals: Dogs are known for their faithfulness and are being used as companions since time immemorial. When the nuclear families are increasing in number and the old parents are forced to lead solitary life the dogs, cats are providing the needed company to DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

the latter thus making them lead a comfortable life. Role of livestock in farmers' economy The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The farmers in India maintain mixed farming system i.e. a combination of crop and livestock where the output of one enterprise b e c o m e s t h e i n p u t of a n o t h e r enterprise thereby realize the resource efﬁciency. The livestock serve the farmers in different ways. I. Income: Livestock is a source of subsidiary income for many families in India especially the resource poor who maintain few heads of animals. Cows and buffaloes if in milk will provide regular income to the livestock farmers through sale of milk. Animals like sheep and goat serve as sources of income during emergencies to meet exigencies like m a r r i a g e s , t re a t m e n t of s i c k persons, children education, repair of houses etc. The animals also serve as moving banks and assets which provide economic security to the owners.

ii. Employment: A large number of people in India being less literate and unskilled depend upon agriculture for their livelihoods. But agriculture being seasonal in nature could provide employment for a maximum of 180 days in a year. The land less and less land people depend upon livestock for utilizing their labour during lean agricultural season.

Chronic form The term chronic coliform mastitis was used to denote coliform infections of relatively long duration with one or more clinical episodes. The signs commonly noticed during the clinical attacks were limited to secretion of abnormal milk, but swelling of the gland, anorexia and fever were also noticed in some instances. Clinical episodes were 09

v. Draft: The bullocks are the back bone of Indian agriculture. The farmers especially the marginal and small depend upon bullocks for ploughing, carting and transport of both inputs and outputs.

iii. Food: The livestock products such as milk, meat and eggs are an important source of animal protein to the members of the livestock owners. iv. Social security: The animals offer social security to the owners in terms of their status in the society. The families especially the landless which own animals are better placed than those who do not. Gifting of animals during marriages is a very common phenomenon in different

vi. Dung: In rural areas dung is used for several purposes which include fuel (dung cakes), fertilizer (farm yard manure), and plastering material (poor man's cement). % GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP.

Deepak Kumar¹, Diwakar², Manish Tiwari¹, Mayank Roshan¹ and Hanuman Prasad Yadav³ Animal Biotechnology Centre¹,Livestock Production and Management², Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics³, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001

COLIFORM MASTITIS – AN OVERALL VIEW

Contd of... Page 7

Acute form Dairy cattle with acute coliform mastitis, caused primarily by E. coli, exhibited a wide range of systemic disease severity, from mild, with only local inﬂammatory changes of the mammary gland to severe signiﬁcant systemic signs including ruminal stasis, dehydration, shock, and even death.

parts of the country. Rearing of animals is a part of the Indian culture. Animals are used for various socio religious functions. Cows for house warming ceremonies; rams, bucks and chicken for sacriﬁce during festive seasons; Bulls and Cows are worshipped during various religious functions. Many owners develop attachment to their animals.

preceded by marked increase in bacterial numbers

vaccination can be done to avoid coliform mastitis.

Prevention And Control

Conclusion The losses to the farmers because of coliform mastitis are: d e c re a s e i n m i l k y i e l d , c o s t of treatment, and loss of animal if it is culled. So, it is always better to prevent coliform mastitis rather than treating. E ve n t h o u g h , t h e re a re l o t s of preventive measures available to control the coliform mastitis still it is becoming a big problem to farmers.

Management procedures: Animals should be maintained in a clean environment to void mastitis problems. Animals should be cleaned properly. Teat dipping should be followed with Potassium permanganate solution after milking. Feeding should done immediately after milking to avoid lying down of the animal. If vaccine available,

R. Selvaraj¹, S. Suganya², A. Shanmuga sundaram³ ¹TamilNadu Dairy Development Department, ²Field Veterinary Practitioner ³Instructional livestock farm complex, MMC, TANUVAS, Chennai

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIOURS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY CATTLE

Stereotypies are deﬁned as repetitive, invariant behaviors without obvious goal or function. They indicate frustration or lack of stimulation experienced by the animal

to the feeding area can help reduce the incidence of this behaviour. Other ways of minimizing this behaviour include placing a serrated nose ring in the suckling calf, applying repellent materials to areas that are sucked, ﬁtting a muzzle, giving concentrates/ dry feed after the milk meal, leaving the bucket for the calf to suck after it ﬁnished the meal. These may prevent suckling but do not reduce the motivation to do so, and calf welfare should also be considered. Intersucking in cows is the continuation of a habit that is already established in a cow's sub adult life

Types Of Stereo types In Cattle

Self Sucking

1. Inter-Sucking, Cross-Sucking And Self Sucking

Sucking her own milk is called self sucking. It occurs due to hunger, pain in udder, nutritional deﬁcit, learnt behaviour.

Introduction

2. Tongue Playing Or Rolling 3. Eye Rolling 4. Bar Biting 5. Biting Inanimates Objects 6. Prepuce Or Scrotum Sucking 7. Urine Drinking Nursing-related Behavior Problems Inter suckling and Cross sucking Non-nutritional suckling is a common problem in calves; the suckling calf will suck on other calves or the cow on any available appendage or skin tag. This can lead to skin irritation and even umbilical hernias (if the suckling calf suckles on the umbilical sheath of another calf). Poor nutrition may inﬂuence development of this behaviour (increasing roughage can minimize the problem). Penning or isolating sucking calves does not solve the problem; the calf will continue to suckle on buckets or engage in selfsuckling. The problem is more common in calves that were weaned after 6 days of age. Non-nutritional suckling occurs mostly after feeding; Management: Providing dry teats next 10

, barren housing and tethering Management: Feeds with high ﬁber content decrease oral behaviors in calves . Provision of solid feeds next to milk replacer reduces non-nutritive oral behaviours . Provision of proper housing space and insertion of metal ring through the frenulum of the tongue is also effective against it.

Management: Applying a plate or anti suckling shield to mouth which will form a barrier between mouth and teats. Tying close to ground.Applying smelly and bad tasting cream on udder

Animal should be left for grazing or they should be given the freedom of movement by keeping them untied for few hours. Visual separation of affected animal is required to prevent the spread of this behavioural abnormality to other animals and they should be given some unchaffed fodder for chewing.

Tongue Rolling

Eye rolling

In this type of behavioural anomaly animals extrude their tongue from the mouth and moved by curling and uncurling outside or inside of the mouth. After that partial swallowing of the tongue and gulping of the air take place. It is perform by cows and buffaloes to satisfy their instinct of prehension of forage plants during grazing. Tongue rolling is seen most frequently immediately before and after feeding. It has been observed that hereditable factor and early weaning of calves can increase the incidence of this behaviour. Animals having the habit of tongue playing should not be kept as breeding stock.

This is condition in which eyes are moved in orbit at a time when there are no visible objects present in surroundings of the animal. Affected calves stand immobile for extended period of time, head is held motion less along with rolling of the eyes and it is repeated frequently.

Tongue rolling may be caused by several environmental factors, for example, frustration due to restricted offering of roughage , artiﬁcial suckling

Management: This behaviour has been found to be more in those calves that are kept in confinement in individual calf box and lack the access to loafing area. Calves should be given some loafing area for walking and exercise and if this is not possible then they should be kept loose for some period of time. Bar Biting In this condition animal champs his jaw around a bar and moving the head front & back for a minute or more. Bar biting DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

has been reported in 10% bulls in NDRI, Karnal. This behaviour develops due to confinement for long duration at one place & weaning of calves in very early age. Management: Feeding the calves by using artificial nurser/teat if weaning in early age.Use bedding material such as wheat or paddy straw which will provide oral occupation to calves. Licking of inanimate objects The behavior of the licking inanimate objects includes licking the wall and floor surfaces of the pen, mangers or chewing of woods, any other things. This types of anomalous behaviour found in adult animals as well as calves. This is observed in calves reared indoors in individual stalls not seen in calves suckled the dam & grazed 6 hr. daily.The deficiency of phosphorus or the imbalanced calcium and phosphorus ratio in diet also predisposes the animals to develop habit of licking of inanimate objects. Pica also occurs in young calves and in high yielding dairy animals.

and phosphorus should be maintained at 2:1. Animal should be given sufﬁcient space & allowed for grazing. Animal should not be allowed to graze in garbage thrown area.

own urine or the urine of their herd mates. This behavior is commonly seen in all age group animals and especially common in individually housed bulls

Prepuce sucking

and also in bullocks used for draught

Most prepuce sucking occurred before the feeding, indicating hunger to be a motivator in the process . Over 57% of 348 bulls observed over a 5 hr. period, sucked the prepuce of another bulls.

purpose. About 52 per cent of total cases of urine drinking has been reported in bull calves Management: Affected animals

Management: Adding hay, straw pellets or silage to a milk substitute diet of group housed veal calves had no inﬂuence on incidence of prepuce sucking . Providing group- housed veal calves with water teats( 1.5 lit./ calf) reduced but not eliminate prepuce sucking.

should be an easy access to watering

Urine drinking

troughs having fresh and clean water all

In this type of behavioral abnormality

over the time.

Management: The affected animals should be supplemented with phosphorus and the ratio of calcium

should be isolated from the herd and their diet is supplemented with mineral mixture and common salt. There should be sufﬁcient space to each animal and group size should be small. There

Diwakar , Deepak Kumar , Mamta Sahu , Dharma Sahu And Nitin Kumar1 1 Livestock Production Management ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 2 Animal Biotechnology Center ICAR National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

BANG'S DISEASE What is Brucellosis ? Brucellosis is a bacterial disease transferred from animals to humans. The bacteria multiply in the reproductive organs and mammary glands of animals. Infected animals are most contagious when they deliver or abort their young. Products expelled during the birthing process are highly infectious, such as the placenta. Synonyms of Brucellosis Animal Disease o Bang's Disease o Enzootic Abortion o Epizootic Abortion o Ram Epididymitis o Contagious Abortion Human Disease o Malta Fever o Undulant Fever o Mediterranean Fever o Rock Fever of Gibraltar o Gastric Fever

Brucella colonies on blood agar

thus stain red by the modiﬁed Ziehl Nealsen method. Cultural characteristics Direct isolation and culture of Brucella are usually performed on solid media. They require an atmosphere of 5-10% of co2 for growth.This enables the developing colonies to be isolated and limit the development of contaminants. There is many Kinds of commercialmedia, e.g. Brucella medium base, Trypticase soy agar, Columbia agar, Serum agar, dextrose potato agar or Glycerol- potato agar, liver infusion serum agar etc. The addition of 2-5 % Bovine or Equine serum is necessary for

materials must be handled under. Transmission could be either by contaminated food or invasion by intact skin, inhalation of aerosols containing the bacteria and aerosol contamination of the conjunctiva. Clinical Signs Cattle & Bison Ÿ

Third trimester abortions with B. abortus

-Retained placenta

Once expelled will have a leathery appearance

- Endometritis - Birth of dead or weak calves - Respirator y distress and lung infections - Low milk yield Sheep & Goats Ÿ

B. melitensis causing late term abortions

- Retained placenta - Birth of dead or weak lambs/kids Morphology and Staining 1. The bacteria are obligate parasites of animals and man and prefer the intracellular habitat. They measuring 0.6-2 µm in length and 0.3-0.5 µm in breadth. 2. The species of the genus Brucella are small, non-motile, non-spore forming, Gram negative rods and they produce poorly developed capsules only in freshly isolated strains. 3. They are somewhat resistant to decolonization by weak acids and 12

the growth of strains such as B. abortusbiovar 2. Animal to animal Transmission The oral route by sucking the contaminated milk and contact with aborted fetuses and infected newborn lambs are considered to be common methods of spread, also the venereal transmission of the disease is occur due to infected male or contaminated semen. Sometimes mosquitoes and ﬂies can become carriers. Animal to human Transmission Infected tissues and contaminated

Goats - articular and periarticular hygroma localizations

- B. ovis causing abortions, fertility problems- Orchitis, epididymitis - Abnormal breeding soundness exam - Organisms present in semen Diagnosis 1. Based upon the sign and symptoms: History of the herd as well as epidemiology of the area. 2. Demonstration of the organism: Gram staining with aborted foetus and retained placenta samples. Continue page on...15 DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

DISEASES & DISORDERS AFTER PARTURITION Pregnant animal

Etiology It is basically due to failure of the villi of the fetal cotyledon to detach themselves from the maternal crypts of the caruncle.

Fodder containing estrogenic property

Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments, vulva and vulvar sphincter muscles When the cow sits down, intra-abdominal pressure is transferred to the ﬂaccid pelvic structures

Some Causes which leads to failure for detechment

Force the relaxed and loosely attached vaginal ﬂoor

1. Immature Placentomes.

A fetid odor is usually produced.

2. I n n o n - i n f e c t i o u s a b o r t i o n a n d premature birth.

Delay uterine involution

3. Following cesarean section and uterine torsion.

Prolapse A prolapse is deﬁned as falling down or slipping of a body part from its usual position.

Infection of the uterus during gestation

Brucella abortus, tuberculosis, Vibrio fetus etc..

Abortion and premature birth

Basic etiology (In prepartum) Increased concentration of oestrogen (leads to negative feedback on progesterone level decreased) leads to relax sacrosciatic ligament other pelvic ligament & structure and ultimately it increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Uterine inertia (primary or secondary)

Other predisposing factors

Endocrine disorder

1. Week / debilated animal.

Mechanical prevention

4. Placentitis and cotyledonitis. Direct causes Puerperium is deﬁned as the time from the delivery of the placenta through the ﬁrst few weeks after the delivery. This period is usually considered to be 6 weeks in duration. By 6 weeks after delivery, most of the changes of pregnancy, labor, and delivery have resolved and the body has reverted to the non-pregnant state.

Large amount of estrogen by the placenta

2. Increase amount of paravaginal fat. 3. Atony of genital tract.

Changes occur during the Puerperium

Indirect causes

1. Return of normal ovarian activity (3-4 weeks)

Stress

4. Hereditary effect.

Transportation, short dr y period, change of locality, management problem

Deﬁciency of vitamins and minerals, Carotene, vitamin A, iodine, selenium and vitamin E, imbalance in calcium and phosphorus

Hereditary factors

Some animal show symptoms only when animal sit down which are urinary bladder protrudes due to kink of urethra does not allow urination leads to urine accumulates butanimal stands bladder continuously hangs and contaminated from ground dust while siting These occur mostly in winter cool night (long period sitting) and observed in early morning.

2. Shrinkage of the uterus (25-35 days) 3. Regeneration of the endometrium (5060 days) 4. Elimination of bacterial contamination (4-5 weeks) Some of the most important postpartum complications 1. Retained placenta 2. Uterine prolapse

Clinical feature Ÿ

3. Uterine and vaginal rupture 4. Post parturient paraplegia

Occasionally the fetal membranes may be not hang but entirely remain in the vulva and uterus.

About 80% of cases show no marked illness.

5. Bacterial puerperal diseases 6. Puerperal intoxication 7. Puerperal infection 8. Septic metritis

About 20% may exhibit moderate to severe symptoms of metritis and septic metritis

In severely affected animals retention of fetal membranes may be associated with mastitis, perimetritis or peritonitis, sever straining, necrotic vaginitis, parturient paresis and acetonemia.

9. Puerperal vaginitis and vulvaitis Retained Placenta Normally fetal membrane are expelled within 12h after parturition in cattle but more than normal time retention of the placenta for longer period must be considered pathological. 13

A portion of fetal membranes hangs from the vulva 12hours or more time after calving.

Many a time, directly 3rd degree type is observed, cervical os is also visible if fetus died leads to induce abortion in animal. Diagnosis – By apparent Differential Diagnosis – Fetal membrane hyperemic with vaginal mucous dull colour at near to parturition, straining, and prolapse mass. Prognosis – better sequels, if diagnosed earlier favorable prognosis usually.

Dhaval Vaghela , Rameez Bloch2 and Kamlesh Solanki3

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

DAIRY FARMING BUSINESS PLAN Ÿ

F o d d e r management (Dr y fodder , green fodder and concentrate)

Adequate water supply

Good breed of cows (High yielding cows HF,Jersey, sahiwaletc)

Cow and Calves Management and Care Ÿ

Introduction Dair y farming is ver y profitable business in India. In many parts of India is it a rural or urban dairy farming business has gained its importance and became very popular in terms of its profit margin. No matter what the season is and no matter what the place is “There is always great demand for milk” in India. Due to the population increase and consumption of milk tremendously increasing day by day. The rising unemployment and people who are looking for starting a dairy farm in recent years is almost doubled. Milk production in India is expected to grow at about 3 to 4% every year.Any cattle farming business when done in proper and in scientifically manner with effective business plan leads to success. Mostly in every part of India cattle farmers are having lack of knowledge and also they are not aware of the latest methodology and technique due to which they are not succeeding in this business. Today, India has the world's largest dairy herd (composed of cows and buffaloes), at over 304 million strong, and stands first in milk production, with 112.5 million tonnes of milk produced in 2009-2010. Requirements of Dairy Farming in India: There are some componentsof dairy farming you should be aware before setting up a dairy farm. Ÿ

Proper shed construction.

Proper vaccination schedule.

Shed Construction: Hygienic conditions are very important in the shed for cattle health. When it comes to space, it is recommended to have 8 feet x 12 feet area for 1 cow. So total space required for 15 cows is about 120 feet x 12feet.Cow shed are basically of two types: Ÿ

Closed housing

Open housing

Open housing are not considered these days as we keep high milk yield animals which needs extra care. So generally we should use closed housing system. Head to head arrangement animal feeder or menzer is constructed in between the shed with a separation wall in between so that the cow can be fed from both sides facing head to head each other. On the other hand in tail to tail arrangement Feeder or menzer is constructed on either side of the shed so the cows are fed in tail to tail position. Fodder Management High milk yield cows must be given 1kg of concentrate in 2.5ltr of milk yield. If a cow yields 10 ltrs of milk then scintiﬁcally they should be provide with 4 kg of concentrate with mineral mixture. In fodder management we should know that

there are three types of fodder what we give to the cattle. Dry fodder Generally the dry fodder constitutes 2/3rd of the supplements. Dry fodder are wheat hay, paddy straw(kutti), chokar, etc. Green fodder Green fodder are basically leguminous rabby crops they are gram, barseem, maize, masoor, etc. They are rich in protein and hence increase the fat percentage in the milk. Concentrate and mineral mixture It is essential that minerals concentrate given to the cattle to overcome the mineral deficiency. It is also required for the good health of the cattle. Water Supply Clean water supply is required for drinking and cleaning purpose of the shed. Arrangements can be done by providing overhead tanks on the shed. Selection of Dairy Breeds Right breed selection is very much important in the dairy farming.For breed selection we must take care of the breed which is adapted to our climatic condition and their milk yielding capability. For this we suggest the cross breed of Holstein fresian(HF) with Indian sahiwal. Or Jersey with sahiwal. Also cross breed of jersey and red sindhi is preferrable for the good milk yield. Generally breed selection of these cow should be done on the basis of milk yield production in general 15-20 ltrs of milk yield in a day is preferrable. Cross breeding technique with artificial insemination (AI) has drastically improved the quantity of milk production in the country which also increased the per capita milk yield production. Cow and Calves Management and Care: Artificial insemination ormating of cows should be carried out after every 3 months (90 days) of calving. Indian cattle breeds take 3years in reaching maturity phase whereas high yield Jersey cross breed or HF cows reach maturity at 16 to18 months and DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

Note: - Before any vaccination, deworming is compulsory for better result.Source: - Indian Development Gateways InDG they will be ready for mating. In general, for every 13 months cows should be calving. Lactation period of cows should be 300 days and serviceperiod should be 90-120 days. Gestation period of cows isgoing to be 266 days. More attention and care is neededin case of pregnant cows as they need more nutritionduring this stage. C o n c e n t r a te & m i n e r a l m i x t u re shouldbe given during gestation period of cows and this feedintake should be increased as time passes to

ensureproper growth of calves and its udder. Within an hour after immediate birth calves must be given mother's ﬁrst milk colostrum,which is rich in protein vitamins and other antibodies. It contains 28% of solid material generally milk contains 13-14% of solid material. We insist on giving ﬁrst milk i.e.

colostrum just after an hour because at this time calves intestine are porous. The macro molecule and antibody in the colostrum easily penetrates through calf intestine and provide a good immunity and immune system to ﬁght with disease and infection.

Manish Tiwari1, Diwakar2, Deepak Kumar1, Mayank Roshan1 and Ankur Sharma1 1 Animal Biotechnology Centre ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 2 Livestock Production ManagementICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

BANG'S DISEASE

Contd of... Page 12

6. Skin Delayed Type Hypersensitivity test (SDTH) Strategies to Fight Brucella 1 Collaboration among laboratory for ﬁeld and public health services regularly. 2 Control the infection

3. Isolation and Identiﬁcation of bacteria with cultural preparation. 4. Serological tests. 5. Biological inoculation. Diagnostic test for B. abortus 1. Rose Bengal Test (RBT) 2. Milk Ring Test (MRT) 3. Complement Fixation Test (CFT) 4. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) 5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 15

3 Test and slaughter method for Brucella positive animal (not applicable for India).

Prevent transmission of infectionespecially by carnivore animals or consumption of raw contaminated milk.

6 Regular Vaccination Programme

Restrict the movement of animals.

Different Brucella vaccines

Never preferred natural service at more affected area.

4 Quarantine of affected animal. 5 Depopulation at affected area.

1. Brucella melitensis (Rev-1 Vaccine) 2. Brucella abortus (S19) 3. Brucella abortus (Rb51) Control/Prevention of the infection Ÿ

Reduce the source of contaminated materials.

Rameez Bloch, Dhaval Vaghela, Shaul Ahmed R., HardikNaliyapara

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

MASTITIS IN DAIRY ANIMALS: SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND CONTROL discarded due to mastitis is 7% and the cost incurred on medical treatment and other veterinary expenses amount to 8%, of the total losses, reported worldwide. Mastitis low prevalence herds can save up to 25% cost on losses than the high prevalence herds.

secretions, in colostrum or milk by the presence of clots and ﬂakes, abnormal texture or discolouration. Ÿ

Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis can be made in a variety of ways including direct measurement of the somatic cell count (SCC) level or indirectly by performing a California Mastitis Test (CMT) on suspected quarters.

Bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) are performed routinely as an indication of milk quality but the BTSCC can be used to monitor the level of udder health when the bulk tank scores are monitored over time.

Symptoms

Mastitis is an inflammatory response of the mammary glandcaused usually by bacteria, is probably the most costly of theinfectious, endemic diseases to affect dairy cows and otherdairy species. Its impact is on animal production, animalwelfare and the quality of the milk produced.Mastitis is usually recognized by clinical signs, mostly by abnormalities in the milk and the udder. Thedisease is usually local but may become systemic, althoughrarely, in immune compromised animals. The incidence ofthe disease varies with the age of the animal and the stage oflactation, some 50% of cases occurring in the first 60 days orso after calving.They spread from cow to cow, primarily during milking, and tend to result in chronic sub-clinical infections with flareups of clinical episodes. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen responsible, but S. epidermidis and streptococci are also common causative agent (Hossain et al., 2017). Milk is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals. As an agricultural product, milk is extracted from non-human mammals during or soon after pregnancy. Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011, from 260 million dairy cows.Milk production in India during 2014-15 and 2015-16 was 146.3 million tonnes and 155.5 million tonnes respectively showing an annual growth of 6.27%.

Swollen, painful teat or quarter.

Flies become attracted to the teat's unpleasant-smelling yellow secretions.

Watery appearance, ﬂakes, or clots in milk.

Further signs as the illness becomes systemic are swelling of the hind legs, obvious lethargy and separation from the herd, abortion and even death (Oliver and Sordillo, 1988).

Repeated stripping and cleaning of the affected quarter, to remove as much affected material as possible, followed by intra-mammar y antibiotics and an antibiotic injection to counter the systemic effects of bacterial toxins. Heifers and cows with summer mastitis are best isolated to prevent the spread of the illness (Radostitiset al., 2000).

Long-term intra-mammary antibiotics, teat end sealants and good hygiene measures.

Intra-mammary antibiotics may require re-administration during the dry period.

Flying insects can be controlled by the use of pour-on anti-parasitic treatments, the use of ﬂy ear tags, and the application of teat ﬂy repellents to teats, such as traditional Stockholm tar and brown salves.

Results obtained using C. pyogenesvaccines are disappointing. Long-acting antibiotics offer good prospects in yearlings in the 1-2 year range. (Diergeneeskd, 1983).

Develop a simple and easy to interpret calendar of treatments for clinical cases and another for those who present in the drying period (Lamet al., 2015).

Transmission Ÿ

Primary environmental pathogens include two types of bacteria: coliformbacteria and species of streptococci other than Strep. Agalactiae.

Mastitis is most often transmitted by repetitive contact with the milking machine, and through contaminated hands or materials. Another route is via the oral-to-udder transmission among calves.

Feeding calves on milk may introduce some mastitis causing bacteria strain in the oral cavity of the calf where it will stay dormant until it is transmitted elsewhere.

Since grouped calves like to stimulate suckling, they will transmit the bacteria to the udder tissue of their fellow calves. The bacteria will lay dormant in the udder tissue as the calf grows until it begins to lactate. That is when the bacteria activates and causes mastitis.

Economic losses Globally, the losses due to mastitis amount to about $53 3 billion,Rs. 6053.21 crores per annum in India.The disease impact is very serious as it affects 50% dair y herd population in India. Mastitis, costs about estimated 301 US dollars per cow per year, above the desired baseline in European dairy herds. The estimated loss of milk per cow per one lactation cycle is 70% of the total losses and the cost of cows lost due to premature culling is 14%, while the cost of milk

Externally a sphincter of smooth muscles surrounds the teat canal which functions to keep the teat canal closed.

Prevention and control

Diagnosis Ÿ

Diagnosis can be done on the basis of history of ﬂies, season etc., on the basis of clinical signs.

C l i n i c a l mastitis can be recognized in pre-and postc a l v i n g

Mayank Roshan1, Diwakar2, Deepak Kumar1, 1 1 Manish Tiwari and Ankur Sharma 1 Animal Biotechnology CentreICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 2 Livestock Production Management ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

çkphu dky ls ekuo tkfr ds }kjk nw/k] ekal vkSj vaMs tSls i'kq/ku mRiknksa dk Hkkstu ds :i esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA i'kqvksa ls çkIr bu mRiknksa dh çxfr ds fy,] oSKkfudksa ,oa fdlkuksa dh –f"Vdks.k esa i'kqvksa ds fy, ,d u, {ks= esa 'kq#vkr djus dh vko';drk gSA gkykafd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ;g {ks= Hkkjh fujk'kk dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA D;ksafd çeq[k fgLls dk i'kq/ku mRikn dk lapkyu vlaxfBr gSA blfy, vko';drk gS fd ,d laxfBr i'kq/ku mRikn çlaLdj.k la;a= fodflr djus dh rkfd lapkyu rkSj rjhds ls fd;k tk ldsA Hkkjr dk fo'o esa nqX/k mRiknu esa çFke LFkku gS ysfdu laxfBr lapkyu esa cgqr ihNs gS tks ;g ckj ckj ;kn fnykrk gS fd Ms;jh çlaLdj.k la;a= esa tkx:drk vkSj /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA ijUrq Hkkjr esa Ms;jh çlaLdj.k la;a= dh 'kq#vkr djus ds fy, cgqr yksx bPNqd gS ysfdu muds ikl ç;kZIr tkudkjh ugha gSA orZeku v/;k; Ms;jh çlaLdj.k la;a= [kksyus dh ;kstuk cuk jgs yksxksa ds fy, gS fd mUgsa fdu fcUnqvks ij fopkj djus dh t:jr gS vkSj mldk lapkyu fdl çdkj fd;k tkuk gSA ,d Ms;jh çlaLdj.k la;a= dh LFkkiuk dh ifj;kstuk ds fy, mfpr rS;kjh t:jh gSA blesa fofHkUu egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 1- çLrkfor ifj;kstuk ds çk:i vuqlkj ,d lykgdkj fu;qä fd;k tk ldrk gSA lykgdkj ds ikl okLrq d kj vkS j lajpukRed xq.k gksus pkfg,A 2- ifj;kstuk ds çk:i dk <kapk rS;kj djus ls igys foLr`r cktkj losZ{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks fd cgqr ennxkj lkfcr gksxkA ftles mRikn dh ek=k vkSj lhek dk vkadyu ,oa la;a= dh {kerk dk irk yxkuk eq[; mnns'; gksxkA 3- vko';d dPph lkexzh dh ,d lwph cukbZ tk, tks gj jkst dh ek=k fu/kkZfjr çnf'kZr djsA 4- la;a= fofunsZ'kksa ds çk:i ds vuqlkj vko';d midj.kksa dh lwph] fofHkUu çHkkxksa 17

dk eki bR;kfn Hkh 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A 5-la;a= fuekZ.k ds fy, ;kstukc) ,oa vPNh rjg O;ofLFkr jguk pkfg,A ftues eq[; fcanq 'kkfey gS&lkbV dk p;u] vko';d lsok, tSls fd ikuh] fctyh] lM+dksa] lapkj vkfn dh miyC/krk vkSj flfoy dk;ksaZ ds fy, fufonk] midj.kksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj LFkkiukdk losZ{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 6- foi.ku@ekdsZfVax dh ;kstuk çlaLdj.k la;a= dh LFkkiuk dh ifj;kstuk ls igys gh fu/kkZfjr gksuh pkfg,A bues 'kkfey gS& czkaM dk uke] iSdsftax vkSj bldh [kjhn] yscfyax lkexzh bR;kfnA Ms;jh çlaLdj.k la;a= dh LFkkiuk dh ifj;kstuk rS;kj djrs le; fjiksVZ esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh çnku dh tkuh pkfg,I ds ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A vkdkj] vkfn dh 'krsaZ Li"V :i ls mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,I foÙkh; rkdr dh lwpukvksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tkudkjh Li"V :i ls mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh tSls fd mRiknu çca/ku] foi.ku çca/ku vkSj foÙkh; çca/ku dk ifj;kstuk fjiksVZ esa mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A O;oLFkkvksa vkSj igyqvksa dh tkudkjh dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls fd laxBu ds lkFk okf"kZd vuqca/k] Fkksd cktkj esa mRikn dh fcØh vkfnA

ykxr vkSj O;; dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy,]

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1 2 3 4 पशधन ु उ पाद ौ ोिगक िवभाग , जलवायु एवं दिैहक िवभाग , पशु जनन िवभाग , पशु सू म जीव िव ान िवभाग , 5 6 8 9 पशधन ु उ पादन एवं बधंन िवभाग , पशु पोषण िवभाग , पशु अनवां ु िशक िवभाग , पशु अथशा िवभाग

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

HOUSING MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE UNDER HEAT STRESS Trees as well as artificial shades like, cloth roof, metal and gable roofs, significantly lowers the temperature measured under shade (29.0 – 30.2 °C) than that recorded outside the shade (35.5 °C). Similarly, rectal temperatures (38.7 °C and Figure 1: Custom designed animal shed (CRLRC, NDRI, Karnal) 40.1 °C, respectively) and Indian dair ying has become an respiration rates (61 and 79 important source of income for millions breaths min-1, respectively) for shaded of farmers and played most important versus unshaded lactating cows were role in providing employment and decreased significantly. The conception income generating opportunities. rate can be increased by the use of During the extreme hot and humid shade from 25.3% (unshaded) to 44.4% weather, thermoregulatory capability of (shaded). animals to dissipate heat by sweating Roofing materials and panting is compromised and heat Different materials are used as roof stress occurs. Severe heat stress can covering. Careful selection of material is further lead to rise in body essential in tropical building to prevent temperature, increased pulse rate, the solar radiation. It is preferable to increased peripheral blood flow, have material with low conductivity of reduced feed intake, and increased h e a t . T h e c o m m o n l y u s e d ro of water intake. All the changes associated materials are, with heat stress lead to loss of p ro d u c t i v i t y, re d u c e d b re e d i n g 1. Tiles: They are cheap and easily available in most of the places. It efficiency and even loss of life in conducts heat rapidly. Hence it is extreme cases. Every year, loss in milk suitable for hot climate. Wind or production due to heat stress causes accident easily damages them. It has huge financial loss in our country. to be renewed periodically. Though indigenous breeds of cattle are more thermo-tolerant, crossbred and 2. Aluminum Sheets: Corrugated aluminum sheets of different exotic breeds of cattle are highly thickness and dimensions are sensitive to heat stress. The cow available in the market as roof shelters under Indian conditions should coverings. They are 2 ½ feet width be designed to reduce the heat load and varying length from 8 to 12 feet. because heat stress cause more stress They are very light and can be easily to animals compared to winter. Dairy fixed. The bright and polished housing management helps the animal surface of new sheets provides a to remain in thermo neutral zone and reflective insulation and keeps the utilize their genetic ability and feed for animal houses cool during summer. optimal production (Figure 1). They are expensive but have a Shading systems greater resale value. They are rust A well designed shading system is proof and therefore they are more required to provide protection to cows durable. from hot climate. It can reduce the heat load by 30% in comparison to outside. 3. Thatched Roof: This roof is made of 18

either coconut or Palmyra leaves. Sometimes hay and straw are used as roof coverings. They are cheap and poor conductors of heat. They keep the house cool in summer. They are non-durable and has to be removed yearly or once in two year. They are very prone for ﬁre accident. 4. Galvanized iron sheets: These are iron sheets, which are galvanized on the surface and provided with corrugation. Galvanized sheets should be painted white on outer side to avoid absorption of heat. They are strong and may be rusted after long use. Shade size and orientation A shade structure of 2.5-3 square meters per animal gives the minimum desirable protection from direct solar radiation. A 3 meter by 7 meter roof provides adequate shade for up to eight cows. The roof should be a minimum of 3 meters high to allow air circulation. The size of this paved area depends on the orientation of the shade structure. If the longitudinal axis is east to west, then part of the ﬂoor under the roof will be in shade all day (Smith and Harner, 2012), which allow the cows to eat and drink in shade at any time of the day (Figure 2). By locating the feed and water in the shade, feed consumption will be encouraged, but more manure will be dropped in the shaded area, which leads to dirty cows. If the longitudinal axis is north to south, the paved area

Figure 2: Manger and drinking water under shed

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

Figure 2: Manger and drinking water under shed

must be three times the roof area i.e. one third to the east, one-third to the west and one-third underneath. With the north-south orientation, the sun strikes every part of the ﬂoor area under and on either side of the roof at some time during the day. This helps to keep the paved area dry. Roof Insulation In heat stress, a good thermal insulation of the barn roof reduces the ﬂow of heat into the barn and keeps it cooler, which will subsequently increase the consumption of feed (0.2 kg/day) and production of more milk (0.6 kg/day) (Menconi and Grohmann, 2014). Air Cooling Systems Air conditioning is the most effective option for reducing air temperature and relative humidity. It will help in providing better environmental conditions, resulted in average reduction in rectal temperature (0.4 °C) a n d i n c re a s e i n m i l k y i e l d ( 0 . 5 kg/cow/day). Mister fans are integrated with a ring of nozzles, which disperse water droplets into the surrounding air (Figure 3). Emitted water droplets are

immediately spread into the fans air stream, and cooled air is blown over animal bodies which resulting in lowering their b o d y temperature (Jones and Stallings, 1999). Evaporative cooling pads made of fibrous material woven together with large gaps in the grooves are generally added to the air inlets of tunnelventilated barns. In this way, the incoming air is pulled through a saturated medium where the conversion of water from a liquid to a vapour phase removes heat energy from the incoming air, which lowers its temperature but increases its relative humidity (Ward, 2016). Air movement Basket fans are low volume high speed fans and are 0.6 to 1.2 m in diameter. They should be spaced at a distance of 10 times their diameter, positioned so they blow air in the direction of the prevailing winds, and tilted downwards to aim their airflow at a point directly below the next fan in line (Atkins et al., 2017). An alternative to panel or basket fans for hot weather ventilation is high volume, low speed fans. Typically, 2.4–7.5 m diameter ceiling fans are installed 12–18 m apart, along the length of a barn. Incorporation of these fans to open-sided barns benefitted the dair y cows by reducing rectal temperature (- 0.4°C) and respiration rate (- 11 breaths/min) and improving conception rate (+ 30 units of %)

Figure 4: Sand Bedding

compared with control cows. It also improves feed intake (+ 0.6 kg/day) and milk production (1 kg/day). Bedding Bedding material should be selected based on cow comfort, cleanliness, and udder health. Limestone (25.9°C) and sand (26.9°C) are reported for lower temperatures as compared with wood shavings (28.6°C) at 25 mm below the surface (Cummins, 1998). A recent study showed that sand bedding had higher heat flux for cows when compared with straw and mattresses filled with rubber granules (Radon et al., 2014). Sand bedding remained cooler than dried manure bedding in all environments (thermoneutral, hot and dry, and hot and humid) and at all levels of cooling (water on or off) (Figure 4). Conclusions Heat stress can be alleviated through housing management by limiting the flow of heat into the shed or allowing increased convection or conduction, roof insulation, incorporation of evaporative cooling devices such as mister fans, comfortable bedding and nutritional management. Management of proper housing conditions improves cattle health, milk yield and reproduction performance under hot and humid climate.

Anjali Aggarwal1, Urvashi Mothwal2, Renuka Choudhary3, and Mahendra Singh4 1 Principal Scientist, 2Research Associate, 3 SRF, Head, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal

Figure 3: Mister Fans

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

NEWS DAIRY FARMERS IN DESPERATE NEED OF WORKERS AS SECTOR EXPLODES

armers are voicing major concerns over a labour shortage during the busy spring calving season, as a mammoth dairy expansion moves two years ahead of targets, The State's largest farmer-owned dair y cooperative Dairygold revealed a quarter of its milk suppliers had signalled labour as a major obstacle to their future plans with more than 530 workers needed, The in-depth analysis was carried out amid concerns that farmer burnout could derail growth in the expanding dairy sector, Teagasc research ofďŹ cer Paidi Kelly said the addition of 350,000 cows following the scrapping of milk quotas had created a huge amount of extra work on farms, It is estimated that more than 6,000 people will need to enter the industry by 2025 as cow numbers soar from 1.4

million to 1.6 million, and the milk pool hits 8.3 billion litres, A major milking skills programme is being rolled out to try to train potential part-time worker s for the dairy sector after a pilot run in the south-east successfully recruited jobseekers, cattle and beef farmers and a number of women to learn the necessary skills, Padraig Madden, operations manager with Farm Relief Services (FRS) Network, said it would have its biggest ever numbers of employees on farms this spring at more than 1,300, with a waiting list building for peak calving time, It is going to be a very serious spring this year, he warned, with huge pressure" for the spring months when the bulk of calves will be born, FRS has experienced strong interest in its free-of-charge four-week milking course which is being rolled out a c ro s s t h e c o u n t r y, We h a v e experienced a growth in demand of 15 to 20pc for the last three years, year on year, and we expect it again this year,

The pressure is on; there are already people looking for operators, he said, Mr Madden said a person could hope to earn up to â&#x201A;Ź8,000 working in relief milking, rearing calves and other farm work, He said the network was willing to enrol applicants with no experience on the courses as long as they displayed a good attitude, In addition, FRS has travelled to New Zealand to promote an exchange programme to try to bring over young farmers to help alleviate the labour issue and provide them with experience, FRS is hoping to train up to 70 people next year,We're growing but the demand is growing faster,he added, The rapid rate of expansion was also highlighted at the recent Teagasc National Dair y Conference with statistics showing it is already well ahead of projected estimates, with a survey by dairy processor Glanbia predicting milk growth of 30pc by 2020, Mr Kelly agreed that it was possible actual growth could far exceed predictions, My worry would be that people would be over optimistic in terms of what they can do themselves, It is false economy to work yourself so hard that you are exhausted and the performance of the farm suffers.

RISING TIDE OF MILK' THREATENS TO UPSET BALANCE IN DAIRY MARKET, RABOBANK WARNS

ising milk production overseas could lower the prices paid to New Zealand farmers, Rabobank has warned in a quarterly report on the dairy industry, Fonterra warned on Friday that its farmers would probably produce 4 per cent less milk this season because of dry weather which had reduced the quality of pastures, Rabobank said the dairy industry had 20

turned to higher imports of palm kernel expeller, which is a byproduct of the controversial palm oil industry, to maintain their feed reserves, But the bank said the production situation was different overseas where supply was rising, Fonterra cut its forecast payout for milk solids for the 2017-18 season by 35 cents to $6.40 a kilogram in December, But Rabobank has now DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

NEWS revised its forecast down further to $6.30/kg, because of what it described as a wave of exportable surpluses from other countries which it expected to weigh on the global dairy market until the middle of 2018.

lot would depend on Europe where supply growth is expected to continue, Supply growth is emerging as the biggest risk for global dairy markets, with the entire dair y complex witnessing weakness he said.

Those surpluses were expected to be up by 3.2 billion litres between last October and March this year, compared to the six-month period a year prior, Senior dairy industry analyst Michael Harvey said Rabobank did not expect the rising surpluses would completely overwhelm global markets, but said a

Dairy policy moves in the European Union and the risk of the United States exiting the North American Free Trade Agreement were among key factors that could lead create volatility this year, he said, A smooth recalibration" of the global dairy market was unlikely, but Rabobank was forecasting a gradual

RIPPLE IS MAKING WAVES WITH ITS TASTY, PROTEINRICH PEA MILK

little pea packs a big punch. Ripple, a nutritious milk made of yellow peas, isn’t just yummy it’s packed with protein and is exactly what every other alternative milk is striving to be,There’s no doubt you’ve been exposed to the abundance of non-dairy milk options lined up at the supermarket. Unless you’ve been making your own, you’ve probably spent too much time hemming and hawing at the different varieties, (Almond? Coconut? Hemp?),Ripple is about to make this decision a heck of a lot easier, Ripple cofounders Neil Renninger and Adam Lowry made it their mission to offer something that was way more nutritious and delicious than dairy-free milks currently on the market. The creation of Ripptein, a pea protein,helped them ﬁnd success,Peas are an excellent source of protein, says Renninger,Ripple milk is packed with eight grams of plant-based protein per serving, which is identical to dairy milk. It has fewer calories than dairy 21

milk, and is creamy and smooth in ﬂavor, making it a perfect replacement for dairy, soy, or nut milks, It can even be used in baking! Lowry adds,The protein naturally found in peas helps you stay full between meals, and peas are easily digested and non-allergenic, Brit + Co’s food editor, Anna Monette Roberts, is a huge fan of Ripple milk, especially the unsweetened original ﬂavor, and can attest that Ripple really does have the tasty drinkability and velvety mouthfeel of regular cow’s milk with the added bonuses of it being high in protein and plant-based. The chocolate variety is a close second, and makes for an insanely delicious mocha or post-workout snack. The ripple effect on our planet Ripple isn't just good for our bods, it's good for our planet too because peas use much less water than dairy and almonds. Named after the ripple effect, this good stuff was created on the belief that sustainability should be effortless and that the foods we eat and the

tightening of surplus supplies during the second half of 2018, Harvey said, China will ... play a key role in ensuring global markets remain 'fairly balanced', with their import purchasing demand – assisted by lower-than-expected milk supply and some improvements in demand – expected to remain active throughout 2018, Milk production had peaked in New Zealand for the 2017-18 season and there were "clear risks" to milk ﬂows during the summer months, due to the threat of drought.

products we buy should have sustainability built-in. It takes 1,000 gallons of water to make just one gallon of milk, and 1.1 gallons of water to make a single almond, explains Renninger, Overall, with water scarcity taken into account, growing almonds takes 100 times more water than peas dairy milk takes 25 times more water than Ripple. If you've ever doubted your contribution to the planet's well-being, Lowry will reassure you. We believe that even the smallest actions can have far-reaching impacts; that even the simple choice of what's for breakfast can bring about a healthier you and a greener world. Let your love for ripple flow When we find a dairy alternative we love, we want it every which way we can get it. Ripple gets this, and they've got the plans to prove it. “Americans are increasingly conscious about the food we put in our bodies, and as people continue to adopt a dairy-free lifestyle or are looking to reduce their dairy consumption, we want to make sure they have delicious and nutritious options,” says Renninger. After all, we shouldn't have to sacrifice taste for health. Ripple promises us many more pea-protein products in the future. For now, we can indulge in their pea milk, Greek yogurt, and half-and-half cream. (High five, coffee lovers!) DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

Nirmal said, "North East India is one of our primary target markets for our national expansion as it is one of the fastest growing in India, especially in Tetra Pak segment. We have strategized our products in line with the local demand as understand the requirements of the region since we already have presence here for a while. The market for UHT is growing fast and so is the demand for Tetra Paks is emerging as a preferred option of milk consumption in the North Eastern states. Our core focus ..

NEWS

Read more at: //economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61565581.cms?utm_source=contentoﬁnterest&utm_medium=text&ut m_campaign=cppst

CO-OPERATIVES DRIVE GROWTH OF DAIRY SECTOR

he once insigniﬁcant dairy cooperative movement, which was seen as a refuge for struggling smallholder farmers, has turned out to be the vehicle that has driven growth of the sub-sector, According to estimates, at least ﬁve per cent of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was generated from milk, The Ministry of A g r i c u l t u r e ’s N a t i o n a l D a i r y Development Policy says co-operatives form a key cog that turns the wheels of the dairy industry in Kenya, Its strategy paper notes that through bulking, cooperatives have been able to reduce the cost of milk marketing and enabled farmers to realise higher returns through provision of a reliable and remunerative outlet for milk, Brookside Dairy, which procures nearly 1.5 million litres of raw milk from farmers every day, largely owes its success to these producers.It has partnered with over 300 dairy groups where it sources its raw material, As a result of our partnership with dairy groups, many of them have grown to become industry giants who have extended their business beyond the primary role of marketing milk for small-holder farmers and ventured into provision of 22

financial services, says Mr John Gethi, Brookside Dairy’s director of milk procurement, The New Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC) managing director Nixon Sigey said they had developed robust extension services covering the firm’s eight factories in Kenya, Feeding is the key in increased milk production. This is one challenge New KCC is addressing by training farmers on how to conserve fodder for use during the dry spell, Mr Sigey said, Liberalisation of milk marketing and withdrawal of many government technical services as part of industry reforms two decades ago forced dairy co-operative societies to assume a greater role in these areas, Today, a number of groups have also set up agro-vet services where members access inputs on credit, recoverable from proceeds of milk deliveries, Dairy groups are also playing a role in empowerment through training, According to Mr Sigey, New KCC is training farmers on how to get quality feed and the right ration to boost their production, Mr Sigey said his firm is exposing farmers to local and international exchange programmes to

widen their knowledge scope, Brookside, on its part, has revamped its extension services programmes. “This year alone, we targeted nearly all our partner dairy co-operatives in our extension service programme. We carried out dairy training sessions in collaboration with these groups as a strategy of empowering members and exposing them to best practices in dairy cow husbandry,said Mr Gethi, Large processors such as Brookside, New KCC and Daima have in addition empowered co-operatives through timely payment for milk supplied by groups, Mr Gethi said Brookside would continue to provide the groups with an assured market for members’ milk as part of a growth strategy between processors and dairy co-operatives, We have made a commitment to all our milk suppliers, including the large ones like co-operatives,that we shall continue to make guaranteed payment for every litre of milk sold to us irrespective of the prevailing or ﬂuctuating market prices,added Mr Gethi, By having a reliable source of income through assured payment for milk delivered, dairy co-operatives DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

NEWS have had a relatively healthier cash ﬂow status compared with other cooperatives, such as those in crop sector, Mr Gethi noted that more farmers were i m p ro v i n g t h e i r f a m i l y i n c o m e , following sustained efforts by processors and dairy groups to increase farmers’ capacity in animal husbandry through dair y training cour ses, Brookside will upscale its partnership with all dairy groups across the country to ensure that dairy remains a key driver to the economies in rural areas, Mr Gethi said, The ofﬁcial noted that dairy co-operatives can also play an integral role in the elimination of post-harvest losses along the milk value chain, Our partner groups have a major role to play

in the reduction and eventual elimination of losses on raw milk occasioned by poor handling during milking, transportation and collection, Mr Gethi said, This, he said, can be achieved through training on clean milk production,In the past, there have been concerns over weak management structures of a number of dairy cooperatives which leads to poor business planning, unrealistic and conﬂicting goals and targets, To mitigate the e f f e cts of dr y we ath e r o n m i l k production, Brookside Dairy has lined up a series of trainings for group members on feed preparation and conservation as a strategy to ensure optimum milk production across all

seasons, The new training model will see farmers from more than 25 counties a c c e s s i n f o r m a t i o n o n w a y s of increasing production through investment in high quality animal feed, Mr Gethi said year-round availability of quality feeds was critical in sustaining optimum milk production on the farms and enhance the groups’ income, We have scheduled a number of dairy training courses for farmers across the country in the new year as part of efforts to sustain production of raw milk. We will be working with a number of strategic partners to ensure that as many farmers as possible access knowledge on ways of growing milk production,” he said.

THE SHIFT FROM MEAT, DAIRY IS GOOD FOR YOUR WALLET AND HELPS THE ENVIRONMENT

here's a groundswell in this country which seems long overdue, of people taking the plant-based pledge and turning away from the meaty tables of their youth. My every sojourn into vegetarianism growing up was beset upon my friends and family alike, repeating the rhetoric of milk commercials and talking wistfully of small farms, the likes of which are unheard of these days. But now, to my amazement, these same people are making the change.The truth must be out, My own mother, who grew up and later worked on her family farm said to me recently, “I've been lied to my entire life,” in reference to the exaggerated claims of meat products. When visiting my hometown in fall of 2017 on assignment, I found no meat in any fridge or freezer, save old relics soon 23

to be used up. Later I got into a car with several childhood friends in the heart of farm country, mind you and was amazed to learn there were no regular meateaters among us, Thanksgiving not with standing, I'm approximately vegan,” said one friend, expressing exactly my feelings on the matter. When undertaking this diet over the summer I decided not to take myself too seriously, and to strive for no one's standard but my own. If I'm served meat, or in a restaurant dealing in meat heavy meals, I'll partake.Otherwise, I live for broccoli, so you could say I'm approximately vegetarian, giving up 95 per cent of my usual meats. In addition I've given up cheese and traded cow milk for the vastly superior almond. Eggs are my only routine crutch, and the odd m o d i ﬁ e d m i l k i n g re d i e n t , W h a t 's incredible is that I don't miss it, while I have noticed the $25 no longer spent on meat and dairy each week at my local farmers market. Contrary to messaging in the aforementioned milk commercials, my bones have not yet shattered from lack of calcium. Months into this approximate vegetarianism I had the pleasure of giving blood and was relieved

to hear it's as iron rich as ever. My recreational athleticisms haven't suffered one bit, while my carbon footprint was shrunk dramatically, The exact figures I can't tell you, because everyone seems to have their own source, but I will say meat i s a n e x t re m e l y i n e f fi c i e n t f o o d . Producing one pound of meat requires several pounds of vegetables, unreal sums of water and results in alarming amounts of methane, one of the most potent drivers of climate change we've got. It's often said that going vegan, or approximately vegan, is the most important move an individual can make in the face of climate change, on par with giving up one's car or, heaven forbid, becoming politically active, I don't know what success this veggie uprising will have, but given the number of panicked, overtly wholesome ads coming from producers of meat and dairy, I'd say it's making a dent. This is a shift I'm proud to be part of, and unless there are specific health issue at play in your body, you can too. All it takes is a little veggie variety, and keeping no one's standards but your own. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018

EVENT CALENDER/NEWS The OfďŹ cial

Exhibition

Event Calender JANUARY 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

: : : :

Food Tech 25-27 January 2018 Kerala, Cochin www.foodtechkerala.com

FEBRUARY 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

: : : :

FEBRUARY 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

: : : :

Gulf Food Dubai 18-22 February 2018 Dubai www.guffood.com

: : : :

Packplus South 09-12 March 2018 Hyderabad www.packplussouth.in

: 46th Dairy Industry Conference Date : 08-10 February 2018 Venue : Kochi Web : www.dairyexhibition.com Event

FEBRUARY 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

: : : :

MARCH 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

Plastindia Tradefairs 07-12 February 2018 Gandhinagar-Ahmedabad www.plastindia.org

FEBRUARY 2018

Acrax India 22-24 February 2018 BIEC Bangalore www.acrex.in

MARCH 2018 Event Date Venue Web

: : : :

MARCH 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

: : : :

Anuga Foodtec 20-23 March 2018 Cologne, Germany www.anugafoodtec.com

Aahaar 10-14 March 2018 New Delhi India www.Indiatradefair.com

MARCH 2018 Event Date Venue Web

: : : :

Dairy Focus Asia 21-23 March 2018 Bangkok www.positiveaction.co.uk

GOVT TO STRENGTHEN DAIRY INFRASTRUCTURE TO IMPROVE FARMER INCOME

he government is working on creating additional milk processing infrastructure to double the dairy farmers' income by 2022 and meet the future challenges, For about 15 years, India continues to be the largest producer of milk in the world and likely to retain its prime position with annual growth rate of 5.53 per cent for last three years as against global milk production, which is growing at 2.09 per cent, The Economic Times reports that Indian milk has increased to 163.7 million tonnes in 2016-17 from around 17-22 million tonnes in the 1960s, said the Agriculture ministry in a press statement. It increased by 19 per cent during 2016-17 in comparison to 2013-14. It increased the per capita availability of milk by 14.3 per cent to 351 gram in 2016-17 from 307 gram in 2013-14,It is necessary to gradually shift towards a technology-driven 26

environment. To achieve the same, Department of Animal husbandry, dairy and ďŹ sheries is working on a National Action Plan Vision 2022 where suitable provisions are being made to build additional milk processing infrastructure for processing additional volume of milk expected on account of higher production and meeting the increased demand for valuea d d e d p ro d u c t s , s a i d A g r i c u l t u re minister Radha Mohan Singh while addressing consultative committee meeting on dairy development on Thursday, He discussed ongoing dairy development projects such as the National Dairy Plan Phase I (NDP I), National Programme for Dair y Development (NPDD) and Dair y Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS), According to Mr Singh, the dairy sector provides livelihoods and security net to the landless and

marginal farmers with seven crore rural households are engaged in dairying in India. Meanwhile, consumer interest in high protein diets is increasing and growing awareness and availability of value-added dairy products, Mr Singh estimated that value-added products offer 20 per cent higher revenue to farmers and its share is estimated to increase to 30 per cent by 2021-22 from 20 per cent today, The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is implementing NDP I through state cooperative milk organizations. NPDD is being implemented through the state government through the co-operative milk organizations of the concerned state, The dairy entrepreneurship scheme is being implemented by National Agricultural and Rural Development Bank through the state government through nationalized banks at the district level. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 1 | January 2018