Dairy Planner by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Vol.15 | No. - 10 | October - 2018

From the Pen of Chief Editor

Editorial

Challenging days down at the dairy

C O N T E N T S

DAIRY farms have been the flagship for the Tasmanian

Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Animal Food Products: Threats and Challenges

agricultural sector in the past five years, with milk production expanding rapidly.

Mastitis in Bovines

Demand for milk and milk products has gone through the roof, largely

due to the insatiable appetite for milk powder of the growing Chinese middle-class. Prices have remained high amid this increase in production, resulting in

Management of Buffaloes to Reduce age at First Calving

Retention of fetal membranes in the cattle

buoyant confidence in the sector that has in turn encouraged further 13

investment. As we all know, confidence is a peculiar phenomenon because it feeds off itself. Success breeds success. The dramatic and sustained expansion and the perception of a “blue sky”

News

future in dairy has resulted in land that was sown with tree plantations — which had once been prime dairy land before forestry managed

Recipe

Event Calender

investment schemes artificially inflated prices and lured many of the state's dairy farmers into selling their farms — being returned to pasture and cows. The circle complete. However, in the first hiccup in the sector in some years, Fonterra, Tasmania's biggest dairy processor, yesterday announced it was cutting its supplier milk price. This less-than-welcome news came only a week after Murray Goulburn slashed its farmgate price.

Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd.

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Website : www.pixie.co.in 04

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Dr. Anjali Aggarwal Principal Scientist Dr. Sanjay K Latkar Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annanda Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar)

C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

Editorial Policy is Independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Register of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARBIL/2004/22481 Editorial & Advertisements may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Dairy Planner. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views and information is in the interest of positive Dairy industrial development in India . It does not imply publisher's endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The Submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer : Mr. Vishal Gupta on Behalf of Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. Karnal. Printed at : Jaiswal Printing Press, Jain Market, Railway Road Karnal. Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA

Editor-In-Chief : Mr. Vishal Rai Gupta All Legal matters are subject to Karnal.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESIDUES IN ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS: THREATS AND CHALLENGES Introduction Antimicrobial drugs are highly used to control diseases as it has to meet the world's demand of milk, meat, milk-by product, meat-by product, wool and other animal by products, even more for providing adequate amounts to the growing world population. Medication improve weight gain, feed efﬁciency and cure the diseases in food producing animals. However, the productivity in terms of quality can not be obtain as there is a risk associated with residues that remain in the tissues of treated animals at the time of slaughter or residues in animal derived products like meat, milk, eggs and honey that poses a health hazard to the consumer. There are many factors inﬂuencing the occurrence of residues in animal products such as drug's properties and their pharmacokinetic and dynamic characteristics, drug vehicle, physicochemical or biological reactions of animal body and processes on animal products. The most common reason are improper usage, extra-label or illegal drug applications. People who are working in food industries and medical concern have drawn public attention to the threat of pesticides in the environment and in food. Use of diethylstilbestrol (DES), growth promoters, mal-injection of oxytocin, use of bovine somatotropin, pesticide added fodders for animal consumption are few examples of residual impact on consumers. Factors affecting drug residues It is one of the major problems for food contamination. 1) Not following the recommended label instructions. 2) Not following of recommended withdrawal times when antibiotic used. 3) Administering too large volume at a single injection site may extend the drug release and metabolic time. 4) Used to mix multiple drugs. 5) Dosing, measuring, or mixing errors; allowing animals access to spilled chemicals or medicated feeds Animal effects- age, pregnancy, congenital, illness, allergies kind of animal factors. 05

6) Chemical interactions between multiple drugs. 7) Environmental contamination may alter. 8) Improper use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, plant growth promoters which ultimately come into animal feed and then to the human. Animal factors a) Age and species of animal: Weaning status and the age of the animal affect drug disposition. There is a probabiliy of species variation among animals in theirl ability to excrete drugs in the bile; example, chicken are good biliary excretes, whereas sheep and rabbit are characterized as moderate and poor excretes. b) Disease status animal: The disease perspective of an animal can also affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs which have administered, even it can influence the potential for residues. This can occur either when the disease affects the metabolic system (and consequently drug metabolism), or when the presence of infection and/or inflammation causes the drug to accumulate in affected tissues. Extra-label drug use (ELU) Extra-label Drug Use (ELU) refers to the use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions.ELU happen, when human practice drug used for animal.When a drug approved for one species of animal is used in another. When a drug is used to treat a condition for which it was not approved. The use of drugs at levels in excess of recommended dosages. The use of enrofloxacin solution as a topical ear medication (only approved for use as an injection) are the common ELU in veterinary medicine. Improper withdrawal time It is the in terval required from the time of drug administration to the required duration of time to excrete residues for safe food production before its slaughter. The withdrawal time (clearance period) is the time for the residue of drugs to reach at

safe concentration as deﬁned by the tolerance. Depending on the drug product, dosage form and route of administration, the withdrawal time may vary from a few hours to several days or weeks. Even different drugs have different biological and excretion activity that hampered the standard drug withdrawal time. Hence, improper withdrawal time is one the major concern for the presence of drug residue in animal food. Effects of veterinary drug residues on public health The major public health effects of drug residue are development of antimi-crobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, c a rc i n o g e n i c i t y, m u t a g e n i c i t y, teratogenicity, Infertility, disability and disruption of intestinal normal ﬂora. Ideally, the food product should not be consider for consumption until and unless there is complete elimination of residues. However, it can not be possible to determine. Hence, advancement of analytical equipment residues are denote as per the amounts present like parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) and parts per trillion (ppt) concentration. Development of drug resistance Resistant microorganism can come in contact easily to human, either through direct contact or indirectly via milk, meat, egg and other by products. The use of antibiotic in livestock production has direct relation with the development of human antibiotic resistance. The animal fed with the lowprophylactic level of antibiotic may develop bacteria evolving resistance to this antibiotic during the preparation or consumption of food of animal origin. Human being obtains drug resistant bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Staphylococcus from food of animal origin. This is the major health concern. One cannot avoid food for survival, similarly one cannot avoid of getting bacteria by inhalation, ingestion or by contact. Hence, resistance is spreading very rapidly. Drug hypersensitivity reaction Allergic reactions to drugs may include

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

anaphylaxis, serum sickness, cutaneous reaction, a delayed hypersensitivity response to drugs appear to be more commonly associated with the antibiotics, especially of penicillin (About 10% of the human population is hypersensitive), but in animals the extent of hypersensitive to the drug is not well known. Certain macrolides may also be responsible for liver injuries, caused by a speciﬁc allergic response to macrolide which hampered the hepatic cells. Carcinogenic effect The potential hazard of carcinogenic residues is related to their interaction or covalently binding to various intracellular components such as proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), glycogen, phospholipids, and glutathione. Mutagenic effect Several chemicals, including alkalizing agents and analogous of DNA bases, have been shown to elicit potenicial mutagenic activity. It has a potential hazard to the human population by production of gene mutagen or chromosome breakage that may have adversely affects human fertility. Teratogenic effect There are several drugs which are c o n t r a i n d i c a te d i n p re g n a n c y l i ke Benzimidazole is embr yo toxic and teratogenic when given during early stage of pregnancy because of the anthelminthic activity of the drug. In addition to embryo toxicity including teratogenicity, the oxfendazole has also exhibited a mutagenic effect. When these drugs administered to the cow and without allowing its clearance time, if pregnant woman drink that cow's milk, there is a more chances of occurrence of teratogenicity. Safety evaluation for veterinary drug Residues Acceptable daily intake (ADI) It is the amount of a substance that can be ingesteddaily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. Calculation of ADI is based on an array of toxicological safety evaluation takes into acute and long-term exposure of the drug and its potential impact. Maximum residue limit (MRL)

of any residue, resulting from the registered use of an agricultural or veterinary chemical, which is recommended to be legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in or on a food, agricultural commodity, or animal feed. The concentration is expressed in milligrams per kilogram of the commodity (or milligrams per liter the case of a liquid commodity). Detection methods There are different methods to detect drug residues like, liver enzyme digestion test, identiﬁcation of chemical bond and structure of chemical, Tissue extraction methods, Analytical methods, Gas liquid chromatography (GLC), HPLC, Fluorescence analysis method, Marker residue detection method. Measure to prevent residues Most pharmacokinetic parameters have been determined in healthy animals. Yet diseased animals might have altered physiology. This may result in increased elimination a half-life by a factor of six or more or less. Doubling dose of the drug should only prolong the approved withdrawal time by one half-life; however, doubling the half-life as a result of the disease might do the double the necessary withdrawal time pathophysiologic states. Hence, It must be required intensive study on diseased model of animal. The residue can be prevented by following measures: 1. Farm herd management must be follow. All food animals should be maintained in a clean and healthy environment and clean milk production strategy must be follow. 2. Carefully read all instruction and then only administer the drug properly. 3. Must give attention to withdrawal times, advice to farmer for withdrawal. 4. Prevent extra-label drug use. 5. Keep record of treated animals.

6. Keep record of all treatments, including date of treatment, diagnosis, dosage of treatment. 7. Do not give overdose from recommended levels and do not combine several antibiotics. 8. Prevent careless use of pesticides and insecticides, as well as cleansing and sanitizing agents. 9. Make individuals and organizations a w a r e of t h e p r o b l e m t h r o u g h education by veterinary personnel, organizations, and literatures and governmental agencies. 10. Rapid screening procedures for the analysis of antibiotic residues and instant grading and prohibition of food containing antibiotics must be follow. 11. Development of simple and economic ﬁeld test to identify drug residues in edible animal products should required. 12. Ethno-veterinary practices may be recommended and promoted to practice. 13. VeterinaryAyurveda and homeopathic approach may helpful. Conclusion Use of antimicrobial drugs in foodproducing animals have the risk factor to retain their residues in animal, by product and their derived products. Which is the health hazard to the consumers. The most prone reason for this, are improper management in treatments, improper usage, overdose, use of long acting medication and failure by farmers to withdraw the milk for the particular time period. As the pharma giants are launching their newer products day by day, there is limited information particularly veterinary drug residue. Therefore, research area should be focus to generate data regarding the residual time- period. Strict withdrawal time should be practiced. Farmers and Veterinarian can be trained as a step guard to prevent the residue hazards.

Dhruv Desai¹, Sonal Chaudhari², Rohit Kumar Jaiswal¹, Boopathi P. ¹ and Ketan Patel² ¹Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., India, ²Veterinary Ofﬁcer, Govt. of Gujarat, India

It is deﬁned as the maximum concentration 06

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

MASTITIS IN BOVINES Introduction Mastitis refers to an inﬂammation of the mammary gland (Udder) that may have infectious or non-infectious cause. It is major dreadful disease of Bovine industry and causes heavy losses to farmers and entrepreneurs. It is characterized by physical, chemical and biological (bacteriological) changes in milk (quality and quantity). Pathological changes in glandular tissues of the udder are evident at some stages of lactation. Inﬂammation of mammary gland parenchyma is caused by pathogens (usually bacteria) that invade the udder or gain access to it through systemic or other routes. These organisms multiply and produce toxins which are harmful to the overall functioning of mammary gland.

Number of organisrs

Blind treatment Milking machine

Milking techniques Pathogen factor Housing

Virulence factor Environmental Factors

Hygiene

Dietary

Host factors

Age/Parity

Treat injuries Breed

Dry period Milk SCC

Blood group Other diseases

Udder defense

Milking interval

Causes and effects In general, mastitis is a complex disease dealing with, the interaction of microorganisms and the cow’s anatomy and physiology, dairy husbandry and management, milking equipment and procedures and environment. Infectious mastitis results from the introduction and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in the mammary gland and this leads to a reduced synthetic activity, changes in the milk composition and elevated milk Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The bacterial contamination of milk from the affected cows render it unﬁt for human consumption and provide a mechanism of spread of diseases like tuberculosis, sore-throat, Q-fever, brucellosis, leptospirosis etc. These diseases have zoonotic importance. Mastitis is a multi-factorial disease. The cow udder is considered to be an ideal environment for microbial growth. Under optimum udder conditions such as temperature, nutrition and freedom from outside inﬂuence, pathogenic organisms multiply rapidly in it. This environmental factor elicits udder 08

Stage of Iactation

Udder conformation

Milk yield/ﬂow rate

Figure 1 . Risk factors associated with Mastitis

damage and triggers mastitis in animals. More than 200 infectious pathogens are known to cause mastitis in animals. In large animals, the commonest pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, other Streptococcus and Coliforms. Streptococcus dysgalactiae is considered to be a major organism isolated from the cases of subclinical mastitis in cows followed by Staphylococcus aureus and others. It may also be associated with many other organisms including Actinomyces pyogenes, Pseudaomonas aeruginosa, Nocardia asteroides, Clostridium perfringens and others like Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Pastuerella and Prototheca species and yeasts. The majority of the cases are caused by only a few common bacterial pathogens, namely, Staphylococcus s p e c i e s , St re p to c o c c u s s p e c i e s , Coliforms and Actinomyces pyogenes. Mastitis is one of the important production diseases of dairy animals

that affect the economy of the farmers and entrepreneurs directly or indirectly. It ultimately affects the economy of our nation. Economic losses from reduced milk production, treatment costs, increased labor, milk withheld following treatment and premature culling are some of the major causes that severely affect the economy of animal farmers. Despite proper application of proven control methods of teat dipping, total dry cow therapy and other methods, Mastitis continues as a problem in many dairy herds. Risk factors There are several risk factors associated with occurrence of mastitis in animals. Figure 1 summarises these factors. Diagnosis Clinical mastitis Clinical mastitis is diagnosed by the production of abnormal milk with or without secondary symptoms viz. swollen quar ters, elevated body temperature and/or other systemic

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

signs. Although clinical infections are rarely apparent prior to calving, routine observation for abnormal swelling is important. Normal prepartum udder secretions range from a honey-like appearance to normal milk. Sub-clinical mastitis Somatic Cell Counts (SCC): Subclinical mastitis is more difﬁcult to detect because the milk appears normal but the SCC is elevated and bacteria may be present in the milk. There is no absolute threshold of SCC t h a t d e ﬁ n e s t h e o c c u r re n c e of subclinical mastitis but it is highly likely that an animal with a SCC of >200,000 cells per ml post-calving has mastitis. It is important to recognize that DHI SCC values are from milk that is comingled from all four quarters.

S.No SSC

Inference

<2 lakh

Very good

2-10 lakh

Good

10-50 lakh

Fair

>50 lakh

Poor

on the cause of the microorganism and whether it is subclinical or clinical. This can be done using intramammary antimicrobials; the veterinarian will inform you as with regards to the treatment for mastitis in cows. Prevention is the key to controlling this disease, and is even more important than treatment. Here is a list of preventive measures for preventing contagious mastitis:

The standard SSC for pasteurized milk is less than 30,000.

Teat disinfection before and after milking.

California Mastitis Test (CMT)

Infected cows milked at the end.

The California Mastitis Test can be used postpartum to identify quarters that are likely to be and/or have been infected. All quarters with CMT reactions of trace or greater should be suspected of subclinical mastitis. However, the CMT should be interpreted cautiously because, although the slightest amount of thickening indicates the presence of a high SCC, only about 20-40% of CMT positive reactions are associated with culturable major mastitis pathogens.

Good hygiene during milking.

Good milking machine.

Drying treatment.

Call out a veterinarian.

Good nutrition and water.

Good quality bedding.

Good hygiene facilities.

Good ventilation.

Clean and dry teats.

Keeping cows standing af ter milking.

Sheikh Firdous Ahmad PhD Scholar, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly

Bacterial Isolation and identification It gives the confirmatory diagnosis. Treatment and prevention Prevention yields better results and is more efficient than the treatment that can be carried out. Treatment depends 09

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

MANAGEMENT OF BUFFALOES TO REDUCE AGE AT FIRST CALVING Introduction Early first calving in dairy animals ensures early return of the capital. However early calving is dependent on early sexual maturity. The buffalo is backbone of the farmer's economy of India, South-Asia and several European and American countries, benefiting nearly half of humanity in over 40 c o u n t r i e s . T h e A s i a n c o u n t r i e s a re producing over 96 % of 48 million tons of the world's total buffalo milk output at an annual growth rate of 4 %. Buffaloes contribute more than one-third of total milk production in Asia and are the second largest producer of milk in the world. The buffalo is a difficult breeder because of its inherent susceptibility to environmental stress, which causes anoestrus and subestrus. These two conditions are responsible for a prolonged inter-calving period resulting in great economic losses for the dair y industr y. The productive and reproductive efficiency of animals are complementar y to each other. Low reproductive efficiency in general and in the buffalo in particular remains a major economic problem globally and its incidence is higher in India. The main interest of the animal breeder is to achieve more young ones in a lifetime, reduced mortality, and healthy and superior young ones. To achieve this goal, normal reproductive tools to augment reproductive efficiency (fertility), means to overcome reproductive constraints and remedies are needed. The present ar ticle reviews reproduction in buffaloes and different approaches to augment reproduction.

scenario, an ample scope exists for increasing the reproductive efficiency by modification in the traditional methods of breeding, feeding, management and disease control. Normal Reproduction in Buffaloes The age of puberty in buffalo is 36 to 42 months in India. It is somewhat late as compared to other countries like Italy, where the age at first calving is 36 months on average. The estrus cycle length is 21 days with heat duration of 12-24 h. The ideal buffalo produces a calf every 13 to 14 months. The factor which most strongly influences age at puberty is nutrition level. Buffalo exhibit seasonablity in reproductive activity. The reproductive cycle of buffalo is as follows Ÿ

Age of puberty: 36-42 months

Length of estrous cycle: 21 days.

Duration of heat: 12-24 h.

Time of ovulation: 10-14 h after end of estrous.

Period of maximum fertility: Last 8 h of estrous.

Gestation period: 310 days.

Period of involution of uterus: 25-35 days.

B re e d i n g s e a s o n : S e p t e m b e r t o February.

Reasons for poor reproductive performance

Poor thermal tolerance Buffaloes have poorly developed thermal regulation system. During the summer they have to be protected from the extreme heat by allowing them wallowing; also in winter, they have to be protected from extreme cold, which may predispose them to many diseases. One of greatest source of failure in A. I. is the inability to recognize estrous display. With frozen semen, the need to inseminate close to ovulation is even more imperative b e c a u s e of t h e l i m i te d s u r v i va l of spermatozoa. It is possible to extend the life of spermatozoa and package them in such a way as to retain them in the reproductive tract in a viable state for several days. Efforts are being made for micro-incapsulation of spermatozoa, which will help in survival of spermatozoa. There is an urgent need to start registration of all A.I. bulls by a national society or an all India animal breeder association and to initiate a certiﬁed semen programme. Strengthening practical training in animal reproduction for veterinary students and better training of inseminators is also essential. 1. Insemination should be done during the latter half of the period of heat.

Reproductive performance of buffaloes Reproductive efﬁciency is determined by many different processes, which result from interaction among genetic and environmental factors. The processes involved singly or in concert, include age of puberty/maturity, pattern of estrous cycle and estrous behaviour, length of breeding, ovulation rate/litter size, lactational anoestrous period, post-partum anoestrus inter calving period and reproductive lifespan. These traits combined measure breeding efﬁciency/performance.The reproductive effciency in buffalo is so alarmingly low that it poses a very serious threat of economic loss to Indian and animal husbandr y professionals . In such a

performance during the cool months; 7080% of conceptions in buffaloes occurs between July and February. Buffaloes are sexually activated by decreased day length and temperature. A lower number of services per conception are needed during the July-February breeding season than the March-June breeding season

2. In heifers, the ﬁrst heat should be avoid to make the animal more receptive. 3. Buffalo should be calm and quiet at time of insemination 4. The Best site for insemination is the mid cervix and the body of the uterus . Late puberty Effect of climate A determining factor in production and reproduction of farm animals all over the world is environment. Season affects the breeding efﬁciency in the case of buffaloes. There is a tendency to have better

The age at puberty in buffaloes is much higher than that in cattle. In the female swamp buffalo, puberty appears individually, seasonally, nutritionally and managerially different. The age at puberty in river buffaloes also varies considerably. When the calves are fed sufﬁciently and sprayed with water during the hot season,

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

their puberty was found to appear very early.

Less primary follicles

Maintenance of hygienic conditions on buffalo farms and in dairy buffalo stalls is less expensive. Health problems of buffalo may be widespread or localized. Provision of a dry place for resting, timely disposal of dung and urine, dairly washing/wallowing, sprinkling of phenyl lotion on water, occasional application of ﬂaked lime power and use of gunny bag soaked in saturated solution of washing soda at entrance particularly during the spread of viral disease like F.M.D. are considered useful in providing reasonably satisfactor y protection against many diseases.

The ovaries of buffaloes are smaller than those of cattle. There are less recruit able follicles at any given time in buffalo than those of the cattle. After birth, the ovaries of buffaloes have about 12,000 primary follicles compared with 133,000 in cattle. The transition from the growing follicles to the secondary follicles stage is at a slow rate. The number of secondary follicles is only 7.56% of the growing follicles. This may be a cause of poor reproductive performance in this type of animal. Silent heat Due to the low level of blood oestradiol-17 beta, the expression of estrus in buffaloes is ver y poor. Silent heat is one of the deleterious features to the reproductive performance in the buffalo. Estrus often passes unnoticed, especially in the hot and dry seasons when grass, wallowing pools and shades are in deﬁciency which made the expression more dubious. Seasonal breeding The water buffalo is the multiestrus animal and the sexual activities can occur all round year. Nonetheless, the ovarian activities have shown to be characterized by the seasonal low breeding period during the hot season. The water buffalo is heat intolerant by nature they need shade and water or mud to get rid of the heat from the environment. In the summer, while the temperature is high, pools of water become disappear, grass is also scarce those factors contribute to a decrease in activities in the buffalo which results in weak libido in the male and poor reproductive performance in the female. The endocrine of both female and male buffalo changes throughout the year. In the low breeding season, the female river buffalo features a high concentration of prolactin and low concentration of progesterone and oestradiol-17beta. This endocrine pattern may also be partially responsible for the low sexual activities and low fertility in the buffalo in low breeding season. The survival of embryo in the uterus is impaired due to the deﬁciency of progesterone in the hot season . Hot season was also proved to adversely affect the number of oocytes collected per animal and the subsequent results of somatic cell nuclear transfer. 11

Managemental Issues Three main constraints important in management of buffaloes are: 1. Summer stress 2. Winter stress at high altitude 3. Inadequate quantity of non-polluted, wholesome water for drinking and wallowing.

Increase sources of energy for breeding stock through high-energy diets.

Managemental practices for better reproductive efﬁciency

Managemental practices to overcome above motioned problems

Proper heat detection.

Summer management

Maintained of accurate record of heat.

Routine checking of adult females for heat.

Treatment of the females with abnormal uterine discharge during estrus.

C h e c k i n g f e m a l e f o r p re g n a n c y diagnosis after 45-60 days of natural service.

Keep buffaloes in air y, cool and comfortable place. Keep animals under shady trees and sprinkle water on their surroundings.

Provide fresh and cold drinking water.

Supply fresh green fodder.

Make provision for night feeding.

Grazing should be done only on green pasture in morning and evening hours.

Isolation of the diseased animals from the healthy herd.

Mineral mixture and salt should be supplied daily.

Following the vaccination programme.

A deworming schedule should be followed with spraying for ectoparasites.

Avoid overcrowding.

Sheds should be properly ventilated.

Winter management Ÿ

Protect buffaloes from extreme cold.

Provide proper bedding to the animals. 1

Provision of balanced nutrition.

Good housing systems.

Summary The major problems of reproduction, their causes and the use of newer technologies along with the new drugs are listed in this article. There is need to understand basic mechanisms of reproductive physiology in buffaloes and the interaction of these mechanisms in relation to season, nutrition, management and breeding technique, economics and social factors together along with use of new drugs. This will certainly help to evolve packages of practices that will help to improve reproductive efﬁciency and in turn milk production in buffaloes.

Dr. V. Boopathi , Dr. K. Sivakumar , Dr. V. Ramesh 4 and Dr. K. Chinnamani

Department of Livestock Production Management Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai. *1 &4 –Assistant Professor, 3-Professor and 2- Professor and Head

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

RETENTION OF FETAL MEMBRANES IN THE CATTLE Introduction The incidence of infer tility due to reproductive disorders is relatively increasing day by day which is ultimately affecting productivity of farm animals. Retention of fetal membranes (RFM) is the most common condition observed among the postpartum reproductive disorders in the dairy cattle. Placenta which is an essential organ for prenatal transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus is normally expelled 3 to 8h after calving. Retention of fetal membranes or retention of placenta (ROP) in the cow is the condition in which the fetal membranes are failed to expel within 8 to 12 hrs after expulsion of fetus. Incidence of RFM is 5 to 10% of normal calving. This is responsible for considerable economic losses to the dairy industry in terms of reduced milk production, longer calving inter val, treatment cost and decreased market value of the animal. Etiology RFM is multifactorial in causation enlisted below. Ÿ

Mechanical- abortion, twin calvings, stillbirth, premature birth, dystocia, primary uterine inertia, fetotomy, caesarean section and induced calving with the help of PGF2α and dexamethason are highly correlated to the RFM. Hormonal- imbalance of oestradiol: progesterone ratio, deﬁciency of PGF2α and oxytocin are often observed in RFM.

Nutritional- nutrients are crucial for uterine vis a vis animal health, deﬁciency of which may lead to altered hormonal imbalance and contractibility of uterus. Among them calcium, selenium, vitamin E, vitamin A and iodine deﬁciency are imperative for causing RFM.

Infectious- infections affect uterine health and thereby contractibility of uterus leading to RFM. Brucellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis are well known causes of RFM

Managemental- Management plays important role in animal health; lack of exercise, transportation stress, rough handling, poor feed quality and lameness are predisposing factors of RFM.

Clinical signs Ÿ

Hanging fetal membranes from the vulva however, in certain cases entire fetal membranes are retained inside the genital tract. Dry, discolored fetal membranes with or without fetid odour.

Forceful straining, elevated temperature and accelerated pulse.

Reduced appetite and milk yield.

Dullness and depression.

Figure: Hanging of fetal membranes from vulva

Consequences of RFM RFM is very good source of nutrient for establishment and multiplication of pathogenic microbes leading to metritis, pyometra and endometritis. Also, it causes infertility, longer calving intervals, mastitis and ultimately reduction in milk yield.

Therapeutic management

Prevention

Manual removal

There are no standard preventative measures for treatment of RFM however, good managemental practices can prevent or reduce its incidence that are as follows.

It is generally not recommended but is still practiced at field level. If it is essential, it should be carried out 24- 48h after parturition with care and gentle handling of fetal membranes. It is contraindicated in cows having elevated temperature, vaginitis and vulvitis. Administration of ecbolic agents or hormones The most commonly used hormone products for treatment of RFM are PGF2α and oxytocin. These hormones are imperative for uterine contraction and thereby help in expulsion of placenta. Administration of antibiotics Administration of intrauterine and systemic antibiotic is beneficial; rational behind antibiotic treatment is to prevent or treat metritis and its adverse effect on fertility. Parenteral administration of antibiotics like ceftiofur, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin for three days is effective in reducing the incidence of metritis due to RFM.

Breed heifer and cows at proper age and reproductive stage.

Avoid injury or redundant traction at delivery.

Provide adequate nutrition and exercise to pregnant cows.

Provide clean dry environment.

Vaccinate all animals in shed to control spread of infectious diseases.

Conclusion RFM commonly affects dair y cows immediately after parturition. Lack of exercise, poor quality of feed, abortion, twining, premature births, season of calving and brucellosis has profound effect on incidence of RFM. Treatment is less effective so prevention is the most convenient and useful way which is possible by good managemental practices and vaccination of animals against infectious diseases. 2

Rohit S. Kurhe , Abhishek Kumar , Amarjeet Bisla 1 3 Mukesh T. Nampalle and Amol D. Adbhai

*M.V.Sc Scholar, ²PhD scholar ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar ³M.V.Sc Scholar, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

vkink çca/ku ç.kkfy;ksa ds egRo lanHkZ esa fodkl'khy ns'k tkx:d gks jgs gSa] vkSj lHkh Lrjksa ij rS;kjh] çfrfØ;k vkSj LokLF; ykHk ra= dks lqO;ofLFkr djus ds fy, ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA ;g vPNh rjg ls tkuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr lfgr dbZ fodkl'khy ns'k ges'kk vkinkvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, rS;kj ugh jgrs gSaA fodflr rjg ls vkink çca/ku ;kstukvksa dh deh ds ifj.kkeLo:i ekuo thou] i'kq thou vkSj laifÙk dk xaHkhj uqdlku gqvk gS] tks vko';d ra=ksa ds LFkku ij cpk;k tk ldrk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls i'kqvkSa fd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds fy, cgqr dqN djus dh t:jr gSA Hkkjr esa i'kq/ku tula[;k 512 fefy;u gS] tks nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd gSA vkikr fLFkfr esa bl fo'kky i'kq/ku dk Hkkjh uqdlku gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ;g vkikr fLFkfr fdlh vkink ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gS tks çk—frd ;k ekuo fufeZr gksrh gSA ;|fi 80% vkink çk—frd çdkj ls fufeZr gksrh gS] Hkkjr ns'k esa Tokykeq[kh; xfrfof/k;ksa dks NksM+dj] lHkh çdkj dh çk—frd vkink;sa ?kVrh gSA vkink ls i'kq/ku lfgr muds mRiknu vkSj mRikndrk dh Hkh tcjnLr gkfu gksrh gSA HkweaMyh; Å"ehdj.k ds dkj.k gky ds o"kksaZ esa lw[ks] ck<+] Hkwdai vkSj pØokr dh vko`fÙk c<+ xbZ gSA mÙkjh fgeky;h igkM+h bykds esa cQZ ds rwQku] xaxk eSnku ck<+ ds fy,] nDdu iBkj lw[ks ls rFkk vfu;fer o"kkZ vkSj fofHkUu rhozrk ds Hkwdai ls xzLr gSaA ekuo fufeZr vkink ls tkuojksa dks lh/ks uqdlku ugha igqap ldrk gS ysfdu ijek.kq fjlko] ce foLQksV] çnw"k.k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ;k çk—frd vkokl ds fouk'k tSlh fLFkfr esa gks ldrk gSA vkinkvksa ds çHkko vkSj ifj.kke {ks= ls {ks= vkSj leqnk; ls leqnk; rd fHkUu gksrs gSaA vkink ds nkSjku] yksx viuh laifÙk vkSj vkthfodk [kks nsrs gSa tks iqu% LFkkfir djus esa le; yxrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vkink dk dksbZ Hkh :i lHkh leqnk;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gS D;ksafd vkthfodk ds fy, tkuojksa ij mudh fuHkZjrk cgqr cM+h gSA Hkkjr esa 67% NksVs vkSj ekewyh fdlkuksa vkSj Hkwfeghu Jfedksa ds LokfeRo okys 70% i'kq/ku gSaA ;|fi i'kq vkink dh fLFkfr esa thforgkuh Vkyus gsrq csgrj ekxZ miyC/k gS] bl fn'kk esa cgqr de ç;kl fd, x, gSaA fuEufyf[kr vkink çdkj vkSj mlds jksdFkke ds fy;s dqN mik; lq>k;s x;s gSa& lw[kk ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tgka i;kZIr vof/k ds fy, o"kkZ dh deh gksrh gSA ufn;ksa] ukyksa vkSj Hkwfexr ikuh esa gkbMªksy‚ftdy vlarqyu ds 13

dkj.k vkSlr ls de o"kkZ gks ldrh gSA lw[kk iMus dh otg ls pkjs dh deh gksrh gS vkSj tkuoj ruko esa vk tkrs gSa blfy, mudh mRikndrk de gks tkrh gSA Ÿ çkjafHkd psrkofu;ka lw[kk 'keu j.kuhfr;ksa Ÿ

ds fy, csgrj rS;kjh esa enn djrh gSaA 'kq#vkrh ;kstukvksa esa i'kq fpfdRlk LokLF; ns[kHkky laLFkkuksa] ty lalk/kuksa vkSj vkink lgk;rk dks vko';drk ds le; esa viuh lsokvksa dk foLrkj djus ds fy, 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A Vîwc dqvksa dh ejEer] VSadksa dh lQkbZ] VSadksa ;k cM+s rkykcksa esa o"kkZ ty lap;u dh rS;kjh ds ek/;e ls ikuh dh deh ds le; vfrfjä ikuh dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, çko/kku djuk pkfg,A ;fn ugha] rks ikuh ds vf/kdka'k lzksr tks ekuo ekudksa }kjk v'kq) gSa] dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijaijkxr pkjk lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx dk vUos"k.k djsa vkSj eos'kh [kk| la;a=ksa esa [kkaM+ dh vkiwfrZ dks çksRlkfgr djsaA lw[ks pkjk HkaMkj] ;wfj;k [kkaM+] ;wfj;k mipkjhr pkjk vkSj [kkaM+ vkfn ls cus bZaVsa xksnke esa lajf{kr dj ldrs gSA cht HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djds vkSj oSdfYid lw[kk çfrjks/kh pkjk Qlyksa dk jksi.k djds pkjk lalk/kuksa dks fLFkj djus ds mik;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djukpkfg;saA csgrj LokLF; çca/ku ds ek/;e ls jksx çdksi dk jksdFkke djuk pkfg;saA

Hkwdai bekjrksa] cqfu;knh <kaps] iqyksa] cka/kksa] lM+dksa vkSj jsyos dks uqdlku igqapkrk gSA pkjs dh deh ds vykok] ikuh dk çnw"k.k yksxksa vkSj tkuojksa dks cM+h vlqfo/kk mRiUu djrk gSA pwafd Hkkjrds vf/kdka'k LFkkuksa esa] tkuoj T;knkrj ckgj ca/ks gksrs gSa ;k >qds vkJ; LFky esa j[kk tkrk gS tgka 'kkjhfjd pksVksa dh laHkkouk de gksrh gSA ysfdu tc tkuoj ca/ks gksrs gSa ;k cp tkrs gSa rks

muds Hkkxus dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA vkJ; ds fy, lcls lqjf{kr LFkku dh igpku djsa rkfd tkuoj fcuk fdlh lgk;rk ds 2&3 fnuksa rd thfor jg ldsaA VsVul ds f[kykQ ;k lcls çpfyr laØked chekjh ds f[kykQ tkuojksa dk Vhdkdj.k djok;saA lHkh —f"k midj.k vkSj vU; oLrqvksa dks nhokj ls nwj j[kk tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd muds }kjk mUgsa xaHkhj pksV yxus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ?kj ds vanj jgus okys tkuojksa dh ns[kHkky djus okys O;fä;ksa dks etcwr QuhZpj ds uhps doj djuk pkfg, vkSj mu oLrqvksa ls nwj jguk pkfg, tks f[kM+fd;ksa dh rjg VwVrs gSaA vkikrdky ds nkSjku }kj [kksyus ds fy, ,d cksYV dVj ekStwn gksuk pkfg,A vkikr fLFkfr ds ekeys esa i'kq fpfdRld dh lykg ysaA ck<+ lcls vke çk—frd vkinkvksa esa ls ,d gS tks laifÙk] i'kq/ku] Qlyksa vkSj ekuo thou dks O;kid uqdlku igqapkrh gSA gky gh esa dbZ jkT;ksa us bl rjg dh vkink dk lkeuk fd;k gSA gkykafd] tkuoj çk—frd rSjkd gSa; blfy, ;fn os ca/ks ugha gSa rks Mwcus ls cp ldrs gSaA ck<+ dh fLFkfr esa] i;kZoj.k] ihus ds ikuh vkSj ufn;k çnwf"kr gks tkrh gSaA vuqfpr çca/ku ls VsVul] MkblsaVjh] gsisVkbfVl vkSj [kk| fo"kkärk tSlh laØked chekfj;ksa dk çek.k cM+ tkrk gSA

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

tkuojksa dks rsth ls mPp tehu ij Lfkkukarfjr djsa vkSj i'kq fpfdRldksa }kjk pksVksa dh tkap djsaA ey xïk ls ihus ds ikuh esa cfgokZg dks jksdsaA rkykcksa vkSj ugjksa tSls lHkh LFkkuh; ty tyk'k;ksa dk fdlh Hkh ck/kk ds fy, fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lqfuf'pr djsa fd tkuojksa dks lHkh laØked chekfj;ksa ds fy, Vhdk yxk;k x;k gSA ;fn vkink dk iwokZuqeku igys ls gh gS rks tkuojksa dks lqjf{kr LFkkuksa ij Lfkkukarfjr djsaA ck<+ okys bykdksa esa tgka ty fudklh /kheh gS] cr[k ikyu vkSj eNyh ikyu ds mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA ekSle foKku] pØokr dh dqN lVhdrk ds lkFk Hkfo";ok.kh dh tk ldrh gSA blfy, fdlh ?kVuk dh csgrj rS;kjh ds ek/;e ls uqdlku ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

pØokr {ks= ls nwj tkuojksa ds fy, pØokr vkJ; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tkuojksa dks mPp tehu ij LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A i'kq [kk| vkSj nokvksa dk HkaMkj.k cuk, j[kk tkuk pkfg,A lHkh tkuojksa dk Vhdkdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A e`r tkuojksa ds 'koksa ds fuiVku ds çko/kku djsaA ;g xq#Rokd"kZ.k lapkfyr foQyrk vkSj feêh] pêku] ;k vU; eycs ds fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lrg vkanksyu ds ckn ds vkanksyu MkmuLyksi dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA bl 'kCn esa igkM+h dh pksVh ds vkanksyuksa dh vU; Jsf.k;ksa ds chp i`Foh dh LykbM] j‚d Q‚Yl] eycs çokg vkSj ewMLykbM 'kkfey gSaA HkwL[kyu ds dkj.k mi;ksfxrk vkSj ifjogu ç.kkfy;ksa esa O;o/kku] jktLo dk uqdlku yx tkuk leqnk;ksa] tkuojksa dh gkfu vkSj yksxksa] tkuojksa ds ?kjksa dh {kfr] ;k uqdlkuA ,lksfl,VsM [krjksa esa 14

{kfrxzLr fo|qr] ikuh] xSl vkSj lhost ykbu 'kkfey gSaA {kfrxzLr fo|qr rkj vkSj xSl ykbu vkx 'kq: dj ldrs gSaA vfLFkj Hkwfe ds dkj.k vU; nh?kZdkfyd [krjksa esa HkwL[kyu dk yxkrkj [krjk 'kkfey gSA <ykuksa vkSj {ks=ksa ij tgka HkwL[kyu gksrs gSa] xzkmaM doj yxkuk,d vko';d fuokjd mik; gSA ?kjksa vkSj i'kq/ku [kfygkuksa dh nhokjksa dks etcwr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekuo fufeZr vkink,a rc gksrh gSa tc fofdj.k fjlko] vfXu bR;kfn tSlh dksbZ vkdfLed fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g [krjukd lkexzh ekuo [kk| vkiwfrZ ds lkFk i;kZoj.k dks nwf"kr dj ldrh gSA jsfM;ks /kfeZrk ds lzksr ls tkuojksa dks lajf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn vko';d gks rks tkuojksa vkSj jsfM;ks/kehZ lzksrksa

ds chp ck/kk dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA yhM] ykSg] daØhV ;k ikuh bR;kfnA leqnk; dks fofdj.k ds [krjksa ls voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg,A uSnkfud y{k.kksa vkSj y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij] Rofjr mipkj çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lansg ds ekeys esa ,d i'kqfpfdRlk ls ijke'kZ ysaA lanw"k.k ls cpus ds fy, ikuh ds lzksr dks vLFkk;h :i ls IykfLVd 'khV ds lkFk doj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A [ksrksa esa vkx dh ?kVukvkSa dkçeku vf/kd gSA dhVksa ls cpus ds fy, 'ksM esa /kweziku vkSj LVª‚ ds fudVrk ls vfXu dk vkdfLed çdksi gks ldrk gSA ?kj ds vanj ca/ks tkuojksa dks ckgj ds yksxksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd tksf[ke esagksrs gSaA [ksr esa lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg, vkSj çR;sd i'kq?kj esa vkx cq>kus okys ;a= j[kok;s tkus pkfg,A 1- i'kq dks vkSj ihM+k ls jksdus ds fy, fudklh lcls vPNk mik; gSA cpko f'kfojksa ds fy, fudklh tYnh vkSj rst gksuh pkfg,A tkuojksa ds LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dks cpkus ds fy, tkuojksa ds xarO; vkSj ifjogu

nksuksa dks leUof;r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 2- ,d vkJ; dk çko/kku vkink ds çdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] pØokr ds nkSjku tkuoj mu vkJ; ds eqdkcys lqjf{kr gSaA ck<+ ds nkSjku 'ksM / ?kjksa esa ikuh dh xM+cM+h dk Mj gSA ysfdu lfnZ;ksa ds nkSjku] ghVj mfpr osafVys'ku okys {ks=ksa esa fLFkr gksrs gSaA 3- tkuojksa dks f[kykuk vkSj ikuh nsuk i;kZIr gksuk pkfg, rkfd ;g iks"k.k laca/kh vko';drkvksa vkSj LokLF; esa o`f) dks iwjk dj ldsA bl le; ds nkSjku pkjsa dh miyC/krk cgqr gSA egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ ds chp ,d cM+k varj gSA pkjk dh [ksrh] cht forj.k] ;wfj;k] xqM+] QhM Cy‚d] flyst QhfMax tSls xSj ikjaifjd [kk| lzksrksa dk mi;ksx çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 4- cpk, x, lHkh tkuojksa dks dqN la[;kvksa ds lkFk igpkuk tkuk pkfg,] dqy i'kq

vkcknh ij MsVk vkSj dqy i'kq cpk;k x;s] vkink ds nkSjku [kks x, tkuoj dks gkbykbV djrk gSA 5- lHkh ?kk;y tkuojksa dk rRdky bykt vkSj fnyokuh pkfg,A i'kq LokLF; ?kVd esa mfpr iks"k.k] xHkZorh tkuojksa dh ns[kHkky] uotkr vkSj ;qok tkuojksa dh ns[kHkky vkfn 'kkfey gSaA 6- vkink çHkkfor i'kq lewg esa ges'kk chekjh ds çdksi dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA iSj vkSj eqag dh chekjh] jälzkohiwfr] fclgfj;k] isLV Msl isVkbfVl jksfeusaV~l] bZ dksykbZ vkfn tSlh chekfj;ksa ds cM+s iSekus ij Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls tksf[ke ls cpk tk ldrk gSA mfpr LoPNrk vkSj LoPNrk ds lkFk dhV fu;a=.k ij dqN lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg,A 7- dbZ tkuojksa dks vkink esa ejus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS tgka e`r tkuojksa dk fuiVku ,d leL;k cu tkrk gSA ck<+ vkSj pØokr ds nkSjku leL;k vf/kd rhoz gSA ufn;ksa vkSj vU; ty tyk'k;ksa esa e`r tkuoj ds 'ko dks dHkhHkhu QsadsaA çksVksd‚y ds vuqlkj 'ko dks tyk fn;k tkuk pkfg, ;k nQuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

8- ,d fof/k gS tgka ehV Hkkstu] gìh Hkkstu] dSfY'k;e bR;kfn tSls e/;orhZ mRiknksa dks vko';d [kqjkd ds :i esa mRikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA çkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa [kkuk idkus] ulcanh] olk gVkus] lq[kkus vkSj varr% fefyax vkSj cSfxax ds :i esa lw[ks vkSj xhys çfriknu 'kkfey gSaA 9- tkuojksa ds xkscj dks ;k rks bZa/ku rS;kj djus ds fy, [kkn ;k ids gq, vkSj lw[ks ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgka laHko gks lds NksVs [kkn xSl bdkb;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA /kjrh [kksndj vkSj pwus ds lkFk fu;fer :i ls Lrfjr djds [kir fiV cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ck<+ ds ikuh ds yacs le; rd Bgjko ds nkSjku] cr[k ikyu vkSj eNyh ikyu dks dhV fu;a=.k esa mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA 10- ns'k esa dbZ xkS'kkyk;sa] dbZ chekj] HkVds gq,vkSj iqjkus tkuojksa dks vkJ; çnku djus esa enn djrs gSaA os ns'k ds i'kq vkuqokaf'kd lalk/kuksa dks lajf{kr djus esa Hkh ,d çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

vkinkvksa ds nkSjku] i'kq fpfdRldksa dh Hkwfedk i'kq LokLF; ds mPp ekudksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj tkuojksa ds e`R;q nj dks de djuk gSA i'kq fpfdRld lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij LFkkuh; çh&vkink ;kstuk dks c<+kok nsus esa ,d çeq[k

Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSa] tks i'kq/ku vkSj ikyrw fudklh dks lqfo/kktud cukus ij mPp çkFkfedrk j[krk gSA ,d ^lHkh [krjs^ –f"Vdks.k vkink çca/ku ç;klksa esa i'kq fpfdRldksa ds ,dhdj.k dh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gSA ;g –f"Vdks.k bl vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd fofHkUu çdkj ds vkinkvksa] lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifj.kkeksa ds çHkko ds ckotwn] i'kq/ku ij vkfFkZd çHkko ugha iM+rk gSaA i'kq fpfdRldksa dh vkink 'keu vkSj çca/ku ds lHkh pj.kksa esa ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gS] [kklrkSj ls jkgr ç;klksa ds nkSjku fd os ihfM+r tkuojksa dh thforrk esa o`f) vkSj cpko Vheksa esa rSukr fd, x, yksxksa dh thforrk esa o`f) djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA i'kq fpfdRldksa dk ;ksxnku lcls çHkkoh gksxk ;fn os vkink çca/ku esa 'kkfey vU; LFkkuh;] jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lewgksa vkSj ,tsafl;ksa ds lkFk viuh fo'ks"kKrk dks ,dh—r djrs gSaA iSjk&i'kq fpfdRlk deZpkfj;ksa vkSj lgk;d deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk i'kq fpfdRldksa dks chekj] ?kk;y tkuojksa rd igqapus ds fy, çHkkfor {ks=ksa esa vLFkk;h cpko f'kfoj LFkkfir djus esa

enn djuh pkfg,A fu;a=.k d{kksa dks i'kq fpfdRlk lgk;rk dk vknku&çnku vkSj leUo; djus ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA fu;a=.k d{k ,tsafl;ksa ls osnuk uk'kd] 'kked vkS"k/k] ,aVhck;ksfVDl] ÝSDpj midj.k bR;kfn tSls vkiwfrZ ds lkFk fyad vkSj leUo; j[krs gSaA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] vkink,a gj lky ,d vke ?kVuk gksrh gSaA lcls cqjh rjg çHkkfor Hkkjr esa xjhc vkSj vke leqnk;ksa ds yksx gSa] tks vkink gksus ij ekuo vkSj laifÙk ds uqdlku ds ekeys esa lcls T;knk ihfM+r gSaA fdlh Hkh vupkgs vkink ls yksxksa dks f'kf{kr djus ds fy,] 'keu j.kuhfr;ksa ds lkFk rS;kjh lcls vPNh fof/k gSA çR;sd O;fä dks i'kqikyu foHkkx ds ek/;e ls vkink çca/ku lewg cukus esa 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A vko';d {ks= ds deZpkfj;ksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls o"kZ ds detksj eghuksa esa fujarj rS;kjh esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A nqcyk vof/k ds nkSjku] Vhe dks viuh çHkkodkfjrk vkSj rS;kjh dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, rS;kjh vkSj jkgr vH;kl djuk pkfg,A ;g ,d vPNh rjg ls leUof;r dk;Z ç.kkyh fodflr djus esa enn dj ldrk gSaA

Hkk—vuqi&Hkkjrh; i'kqfpfdRlk vuqla/kku laLFkku] btruxj] cjsyh

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

BENEFITS OF COW DESI GHEE

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS DAIRY-FREE DIET: 4 WAYS DAIRY-FREE DIET IS AFFECTING YOUR HEALTH

airy and dairy products have been under the radar for quite some time now. Because of issues with weight loss, skin and even digestion, many people are taking up the no-dairy or dairy-free diet. But the thoughtprovoking aspect here is, is it safe to quit dairy? The impact of quitting dairy on health is something worth considering. Dairy products like milk, cheese, yogurt, and paneer have all been a part of people's diets for years. For vegetarians, dairy products are one of the primary sources of protein. So why quit dairy? Will it really help in losing weight, achieve a clearer skin or make a person feel healthier? Let's ďŹ nd out.A dairy-free diet might be helpful for those opting for weight loss. This weight loss in a dairy-free diet can be more visible in people who were on full fat dairy or those who consumed grilled

cheese and cheese sandwiches on regularly. Full-fat dairy products are high in calories and thus going on a dairy-free diet can help in weight loss. Dairy products are popular for their protein, calcium and Vitamin D content. All these nutrients are essential for bone and teeth health. Going on a dairy-free diet might make you miss on these extremely important nutrients. In case you are planning to go on a dairyfree diet, you should make up for these nutrients by having them through other dietary sources. Fatty ďŹ sh, dark leafy green veggies are all good sources of calcium. Many dermatologists are of the belief that dairy products are not good for skin and they are likely to cause acne. Some experts feel that hormones in milk products can be the contributing factor to acne. Many people on a dairy-free diet have

reported to get clearer skin. Thus, a dairy-free diet can help in reducing acne, but make sure you are making up for the nutritional requirements by adding other healthy foods in your diet. Thus, a dairy-free diet may be helpful. But it is recommended that you do it under the supervision of a health expert in order to avoid falling sick or getting

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS HOW PROFIT-DRIVEN INBREEDING COULD BRING THE WORLD DAIRY HERD TO ITS KNEES

nown for their distinctive long horns, the Ankole cattle of western Uganda have evolved over millennia to withstand their harsh environment, with its lengthy dry spells and abundance of local maladies such as trypanosomiasis, a disease spread by the tsetse fly. But after flourishing for almost 10,000 years, the Ankole have begun to rapidly disappear.Farmland is dwindling in Uganda due to the expanding human population, and Ankole require vast areas to graze. Local herders have responded to the pressure by replacing them, crossbreeding Ankole cattle with industrial species such as the European Holstein. But while these hybrids gain favourable g e n e t i c t r a i t s f ro m t h e H o l s te i n , producing more milk and meat, and requiring less land to keep, there is a hidden cost.The genetic adaptations which enabled the Ankole to survive in such a harsh climate are diluted in the new hybrids, which lack the immune capabilities to resist local diseases. Instead of reaping profits, the herders now spend much of their money on antibiotics and pesticides to keep the animals healthy. In Burkina Faso, farmers who made similar decisions in recent years have lost almost all of their livestock to disease. But this problem isn’t restricted to impoverished African nations. Across the UK and much of the rest of the world, the cattle farming industry is facing increasing challenges 18

due to environmental pressures as well as the consequences of genetic selection programmes aimed at increasing income.Research has shown that between 2000 and 2014, nearly 100 native livestock breeds worldwide became extinct, as farmers attempted to boost falling proﬁt margins by either cross-breeding or replacing them altogether with a small handful of industrial breeds.If we don’t do anything to change this, it could spell long-term disaster for the farming industry particularly in the context of climate change, says Catarina Ginja, a researcher in biodiversity and genetic resources at the University of Porto’s Cibio-InBio laboratory. “The industrial breeds may not be capable of resisting new disease epidemics, which could arise as the climate w a r m s o ve r t h e next century. We already had some alarming examples of how vulnerable these breeds can be to a deadly pandemic in the re c e n t pa s t , f o r example the mad cow disease outbreak in the 1990s, although that was unrelated to climate change. I t ’s a s e r i o u s concern.The reason why industrial b r e e d s a r e particularly vulnerable to new bacterial or viral infections is because they have very little genetic diversity compared with local breeds,

due to decades of inbreeding. Ginja estimates that for breeds like the Holstein, millions of these cows originate from a mere handful of bulls.Over the past 15 years, this has been exacerbated by the advent of genomic sequencing. Breeders can now speciﬁcally select cattle with combinations of genes that are known to optimise milk and meat production, and because these are the only animals in the herd that are allowed to mate, over time the entire population becomes descended from a few individuals. This year scientists from the Netherlands published a study showing that genetic diversity in Dutch cattle populations has dropped alarmingly over the past three decades due to such breeding programmers.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS WORLD FOOD DAY 2018: THESE ARE FOODS LOWEST IN FAT CONTENT

orld Food Day is held annually on the 16th of October. This day is dedicated to tackle the problem of global hunger. On this signiﬁcant day, people from all over the world come together and take a step to eradicate worldwide hunger. Every year World Food Day is celebrated in the honour of the founding date of the Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n ( FA O ) launched by the United Nations in the y e a r 1 9 4 5 . Wo r l d F o o d D a y i s celebrated widely with great ecstasy by several other organizations which are concerned with food security and food safety such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Program and others. The primary objective behind launching and celebrating World Food Day is to advance the food security all over the world, especially in days of the crisis. Fat is a common nutrient that your body

needs for several reasons. These include giving energy to the body, to absorb vitamins, for maintaining a heart and brain health. You might be under the impression that fat should be avoided if you want to shed those extra kilos. It is extremely important for us to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy fats. "Unhealthy" fats, such as artiﬁcial trans fats and saturated fats, have been blamed for weight gain, clogged arteries, and other health problems. On the other hand "healthy" fats such as unsaturated fats and omega-3s might have an opposite effect. In fact, healthy fats play an important role in helping you manage your moods, your mental health, ﬁght fatigue and even help in managing your weight. Eating a variety of healthy fats can help you to get all the nutrients you need. For instance, your diet should include plenty of plant foods (such as whole-grain products, fruits and vegetables) , a moderate amount of lean, low-fat and animal-based food (like meat and dairy products) to help control your fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates and calories. Po t a t o e s t h o u g h r i d i c u l e d a n d

condemned cannot be eliminated from your diet. They are a perfect food especially for weight loss and optimal health. They are loaded with a variety of nutrients. The best part about them is that they are low in fat and will not lead to weight gain. They are particularly high in potassium, a nutrient that that plays a key role in controlling blood pressure. Another extremely healthy food but generally avoided because of its fat content is butter. Butter is one of the healthy fat foods which should be included in your diet. The omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids found in butter help function brain properly and improve skin health. Additionally, these two fatty acids are considered essential as the body needs them but cannot produce them on its own. Therefore, a healthy diet must include these food sources.

LINO SEES THE FORMER HEAD CHEF OF THE DAIRY TAKE ON AN ALL DAY RESTAURANT AND COCKTAIL BAR BY SMITHFIELD

e're always intrigued when a brand-new restaurant is carved out of an old space, and the one at LINO 20

sounds rather lovely. It's all part of the new development Bar ts Square, between St Paul's Cathedral and Smithﬁeld Market. Housed in a former linoleum and carpet warehouse - hence the name - it's been turned into a restaurant by Wright & Bell, the team behind Kitty Hawk in Moorgate and Wyte and Brown in Carnaby. Heading up the kitchen will be Richard Falk,

formerly head chef at The Dairy. And he's taking EVERYTHING in house from botanical infusions for cocktails to charcuterie and making their own bread. There'll be a distinct low-waste ethos - so you might ﬁnd Richard using left-over pastries from the breakfast kiosk for a Croissant ice cream, with brown butter, blood orange and coffee later in the day.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS A2 MILK BECOMES FIRST MAINSTREAM DAIRY BRAND TO DITCH PLASTIC BOTTLES

he ﬁrst mainstream fresh dairy brand to switch from plastic milk bottles to cartons goes on sale in UK supermarkets on Wednesday, in the latest drive to reduce the use of singleuse plastics.With millions of plastic milk bottles disposed of daily in the UK, a2 Milk is switching to 100% recyclable paper-based cartons that use 80% less plastic than bottles and carry the Forest Stewardship Council label. That means they are made with pulp from FSCcer tiﬁed forests and/or recycled sources. The UK uses 38.5m plastic bottles every day, of which 15m are not recycled, and they are now standard packaging for mass-produced cows' milk sold in UK supermarkets. Cartons are already used for long life or ambient milk and drinks, and for chilled drinks including non-dairy (soy, rice, oat and

almond) milk substitutes, but this is the ﬁrst such move into UK supermarket chiller sections by a fresh milk brand. In the UK, plastic waste has become a highly emotive national issue, with TV programmes such as Blue Planet II exposing its impact on the oceans and warning of the dangers of a global plastic binge. This backlash has led to more people signing up to doorstep deliveries for milk in traditional glass bottles, although its share of the sector across the country remains steady at about 3%, according to trade body Dairy UK.Research from Kantar earlier in the year highlighted consumer worries about plastic in the UK – a quarter (25%) expressed “extreme concern” about plastic and 21% said industry should go even further and opt for entirely plastic-

free packaging. The a2 Milk brand is growing in the UK (it has a 10% market share in Australia and is big in the US) and has become popular for people who suffer an adverse reaction to regular milk. It comes from selected cows on farms in Shropshire, Cheshire and north Wales that produce milk containing only the A2 beta casein protein type, and is free from the A1 protein type present in conventional milk, which some people believe is harmful. It is hugely impressive that a relatively small brand in the dairy industry should be the ﬁrst to make the switch from plastic bottles to paperbased cartons,” said Rosie Teasdale from the Forest Stewardship Council UK. “If all milk in plastic bottles used in the UK were changed to cartons we could signiﬁcantly cut plastic use.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS D A I R Y F A R M E R S DROUGHT MILK LEVY BACKFIRES ON COLES CONSIDER LAKELANDS A N D L A C PAT R I C K MERGER

meeting takes place later this month to vote on the proposed merger of two dair y companies. Lakeland and Lac Patrick are due to come together, with detailed proposals already circulated to share holders. The IFA is urging all dairy farmers to study the terms of the proposal, and move to ensure any merger agreement is to the beneﬁt of farmers and suppliers. Laurence Mc Name is the IFA's Dairy Chair in Donegal.

MYSURU DAIRY FARMER STUFFS DEAD CALF, COW GIVES MILK AGAIN

hen a four-day-old calf died and its mother, a proliﬁc source of milk, went dry as cows are wont to when their calves die early, a dairy farmer here knew he had a problem. Then he hit upon a slightly disconcerting, but surprisingly effective, way to make the unnamed 23year-old cow start producing milk again: He skinned the dead calf, stuffed it with hay and placed it with hay and placed it near its mother. AP Jagadish, from Ramakrishnanagar H Block of the city, is no taxidermist and his stuffed cow was no work of art 22

Publicity stunt claimed would help struggling dairy farmers cope with the crippling drought has backfired on supermarket giant Coles. Agriculture Minister David Little proud is the latest to join a growing chorus of critics of Coles 10c/liter 'milk levy' and the Coles Dairy Drought Relief Fund, saying it had become a farce. The original idea of a milk levy floated by the Queensland Dairy farmers Organization was that it would be applied to all brands of milk and go back to the processors who supply the supermarkets, so the extra 10c/liter supplied could be paid directly to the farmers by the processors for the milk they'd supplied, Mr. Little proud said. There is now no guarantee the money Coles collects will even go to the farmers who supply its supermarket with milk, let alone be paid according to the volume of milk they supply Coles Mr. Little proud said Coles never wanted to make sure farmers received fairer pay and made a hasty announcement to match their competitor Wool worth's. I was initially prepared to give the benefit of the doubt but it hasn't been followed up with good policy work. It's an empty media stunt," Mr. little proud said. The result is a halfbaked policy which only applies to Coles'

3-litre variety of their own milk brand and may not even go back to the farmers who supply that tiny portion of drinking milk. I was also disappointed Woolworths only applied the levy to their own $1 milk. Queensland Dairy farmers Organization vice president Matthew Trace said National Farmers Federation had walked away from administering the funds. The N F F a l s o l i ke l y r e a l i z e d t h a t i t s involvement was counterproductive and could affect its relationship with its member organization the Australian Dairy farmers Federation,” Mr. Trace said. Following the rebuff by farmers, Coles said it would be would be handling the distribution of the proceeds of its 30c on 3L private label product internally, based on an application process. In its application guidelines, Coles states: “Coles will ensure 100 per cent of the proceeds from the additional 30c on sales of Coles Own Brand 3L milk between 21 September and 31 December 2018 will go directly to drought-affected dair y farmers. Eligible applicants are droughtaffected dairy farmers, including dairy farmers experiencing dry conditions and/or facing higher input costs due to the rise in prices for feed and water caused by drought

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS WEEKS AFTER GOVERNMENT’S PROMISE, MAHARASHTRA’S DAIRY FARMERS ARE STILL GETTING RAW DEAL OVER MILK PRICES them at 19 to 21 per litre.

t has been several weeks since the Maharashtra government assured its agitating dairy farmers of a minimum milk procurement price of 25 per litre. But farmers say they have been getting less than the promised rate because private and cooperative dairies, owing to government oversight, are ﬂeecing

After dair y farmers protested by blocking milk supply to Maharashtra’s cities last month, the state government assured a minimum procurement price of 25 per litre with milk containing fat and solids-not-fat (SNF) in the ratio of 3.5:8.5. (SNF refers to solids other than fat. The speciﬁed ratio is required to retain the quality of milk). The g o v e r n m e n t t h ro u g h a J u l y 1 9 resolution announced a subsidy of 5 per litre to dairy companies on their milk products if they procured milk from the farmers at 25 a litre. This procurement price was also made mandatory.

“Despite clear government orders, dairies are not following the norms even for the speciﬁed standard. The government also speciﬁed that for every point difference [over fat/SNF ratio], farmers should get 30 paise less but they’ve been getting much lesser ... even less than 20 per litre,” said Gulabrao Dere of Dudh Utpadak Kalyan Sanghatana, a body representing farmers. Farmers have also alleged that dairies have been deducting heavily for lowerquality milk , but have not been compensating adequately for higherquality milk.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

Breakfast au Gratin

Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

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Ingredients l 1 tbsp (15 mL) butter l 8 thin slices of baguette l 4 eggs l 4 slices of Canadian Raclette cheese l 1 cup (250 mL) vegetables of your choice (onions, mushrooms,

peppers, zucchini, etc.), diced

Preparation Raclette grill method l Heat raclette grill to medium-high. Heat 4 pans under the grill. l Melt ½ tsp (2 mL) butter in each pan. Break an egg into each pan

and top with cheese. Cook for 4–5 minutes or until desired doneness. l Meanwhile, melt remaining butter on the grill. Cook vegetables

and grill baguette slices. l Place 2 baguette slices topped with 1 egg and cheese on each of 4

plates. Add grilled vegetables and serve. Oven method l Preheat oven to 425°F (220°C). l Butter 4 gratin dishes and place 2 baguette slices in each dish.

Break an egg into each dish and top with cheese. l Cook for 7–10 minutes or until desired doneness. Melt some

butter in a skillet on medium heat and cook vegetables. Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

l Remove gratin dishes from the oven and top with vegetables;

serve. l Cooked, crumbled bacon can be sprinkled on top just before

serving, if desired.

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

NEWS/EVENT CALENDER MOTHER DAIRY REFUSES TO CUT PRICES DESPITE PATANJALI'S CHEAPER PACKAGED COW MILK Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd Director Saugata Mitra told PTI. Asked whether the company will cut rates, he said, "We will neither increase nor decrease our price of cow milk."

nfazed by the introduction of cheaper packaged cow milk by new entrant Patanjali group, market leader Mother Dairy Monday said the company will not reduce prices to match competition. Mother Dairy, which sells around 7 lakh litres of cow milk per day largely in Delhi-NCR market, also expressed conﬁdence that its sales volume will not be affected with more players entering in this segment.

Last week, Baba Ramdev’s Patanjali Ayurved announced its entry into the cow milk segment by launching cow milk and milk-based dairy products, targeting sales of around Rs 1,000 crore by FY20. Amul and Parag Milk, too, have launched cow milk in Delhi-NCR. "We have been serving the Delhi-NCR market for last 40 years. Our customers are loyal to the brand," he said, ruling out any adverse impact on its sales volume. "The packaged cow milk market across the country is estimated to be of around 10-12 lakh litres per day. We sell around 7 lakh per day currently and this is estimated to touch 8 lakh litre per day by March next year," Mr Mitra said, adding the entry of new players would expand the market size of this segment.

Haridwar-based Patanjali Ayurved has launched cow milk at Rs 40 per litre as against Rs 42 charged by the Mother Dairy. "We welcome competition. Patanjali group’s entry will lead to an increase in the overall size of the cow milk segment. It will also help farmers and the rural economy," Mother Dairy

Overall, Mother Dairy supplies about 36-37 lakh litres of milk (pouches and token) per day, of which 32 lakh litres per day are in Delhi-NCR through 1,400

The Ofﬁcial

OCTOBER 2018

Exhibition

Event

Event Calender Date Web

OCTOBER 2018 Event Date

: Doon International Dairy and Agri Exop : 12-14 Oct 2018

Venue

: Dehradun

Web

: https://10times.com/dida-expo

: 10th NIZO Dairy Conference – Innovations in Dair y Ingredients : 2-6 October 2018 : www.nizodairyconference.com

retail outlets. Its competitor Patanjali would supply cow milk in the markets of Delhi NCR, Rajasthan, Mumbai and Pune areas of Maharashtra with a network of around 56,000 retailers, dispensing around four lakh litres milk on daily basis. "Our milk would be cheaper than other established brands by Rs 2 at Rs 40 per litre," Mr Ramdev had said. Patanjali has set a target to touch daily sales of around 10 lakh litres of cow milk by FY2019-20. "We are aiming to have a business of Rs 1,000 crore by next ﬁscal. This ﬁscal, we would have a business of Rs 500 crore," Baba Ramdev had said last week.

DAIRY PLANNER Contact..

999-170-5007 OCTOBER 2018 Event

: North Odisha Agri & Food Processing Expo : 05-08 October 2018

Date Venue

: NOCCi BUSINESS PARK, Balasore

Web

: https://10times.com/noafope

NOVEMBER 2018 Event Date

: EDA Convention 2018 : 14 November 2018 - 17 November 2018 Venue : Ireland, Ireland Web. : www.euromilk.org

NOVEMBER 2018 Event Date Venue Web.

: : : :

Hi Europe 27-29 November 2018 Frankfurt, TBC, TBC Germany www.ﬁglobal.com

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 10 | October 2018

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