Dairy Planner - September 2018 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

INR 100

HARBIL/2004/22481

Vol.15 | No. - 9 | September - 2018

From the Pen of Chief Editor Small The Better

C O N T E N T S

Editorial

The Livestock Growth in india has remained pegged at four to five per cent during the last five. There had been immense progress after the launching of white revolution and its successful implementation. But all this has depended on rearing bigger animals like buffaloes and cows. Consequently in the relatively richer and prosperous states dairy farms could be seen dotting the country side but it has been achieved after comparatively bigger investments by the farmers. During the process the dairy farmers had to raise laons from banks and even from private creditors. The success rate of these dairy farmers,therefore , depended on better management, availability of marketing of milk and dairy products as well as help rendered by the government and semi- government agencies in this field. It has always been loast sight of that bigger the animal, bigger the loss in case of any calamity. Beside, none has so far undertaken any survey to know whether the dairy farmers have been able to pay back the laons and raise their family income standards reasonably. In the light of this, it is imperative that the landless labour should also be given the right place in the scheme of thing while developing the dairy and livestock sector. If india is keen to find better resources of income for the landless labour, it is essential that in the livestock sector, beginning should be made from smaller animals.the speech of prof.orskov of orskov foundation , Scotland (UK) and internationally known nutritionist to the delegates of international tropical animal nutrition conference organized by the animal nutrition society of india at the national dairy research institute here has shown the way Indian planner. Prof orskov while dilating upon his experiences stressed that in inda the need was to supply smaller animals like goats , sheep, pigs and hens to the people living below povrty line to better their economic lot.it will be easier and economical for them to rear these animals and get maximum benefit out of their small investments. Those living below poverty line cannot afford to make bigger investments and raise loans for setting up big dairy farms. Even majority of then are incapable of rearing a single cor or a buffalo because of the high rising feed costs and less availability of green fodder. Furthermore, with the fragmention of land holding in the villages, grazing fields for cattles are diminishing every year. Therefore it is becoming increasingly difficult for these sections to rear bigger animals.the smaller animals on the no big investments and not big finances to feed them the sheep and goat could easily fill their bellies by grazing on the smaller shrubs which are available in plenty in the Fields of the farmers.they could do not need specified feed for yielding more milk. They could be resred without incurring much expences. The income form the sale of small animals and their milk could easily add to the kitty of the poor to buy essential items for their domestic use. Prof orskov gave ample examples of how smaller animals generates sufficient income to support families form the projects which his foundation had undertaken in Indonesia Ghana Malaysia and Kenya. Prof orskov is of the firm view that smaller the animals more the income and less the expenditure. It is for the planners of the country to sit with prof orskov study hid projrcts and find out feasible schemes to rear small animals and provide financial help to the poor to raise their standards of living . If prof orskov is taken at his words thousands of millions in the country could benefit and enjoy the fruits of economic prosperity attained by them with

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Website : www.pixie.co.in 04

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER Dr. J Tamizhkumaran M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Dr. Anjali Aggarwal Principal Scientist Dr. Sanjay K Latkar Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd Mumbai Dr. Manisha Singodia (MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur) Dr. Annanda Das (Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata) Dr. M. Arul Prakash (MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore) Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar)

Repeat breeder cow and its economic loss to the Dairy Farmer

Mastitis in dairy cattle and their management

Management of livestock during monsoon

Dairy cattle nutrition & feeding 14 methods to increase milk production ... Importance of access and beneďŹ t sharing of animal genetic resources

Cyanide poisoning in ruminant

News

Recipe

Event Calender

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Editorial Policy is Independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. Registered as Newspaper by Register of Newspaper for India : RNI No. HARBIL/2004/22481 Editorial & Advertisements may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Dairy Planner. The publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. Publication of news, views and information is in the interest of positive Dairy industrial development in India . It does not imply publisher's endorsement. Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited. The Submitted material will not be returned. Publisher, Printer : Mr. Vishal Gupta on Behalf of Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. Karnal. Printed at : Jaiswal Printing Press, Jain Market, Railway Road Karnal. Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA

Editor-In-Chief : Mr. Vishal Rai Gupta All Legal matters are subject to Karnal.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

REPEAT BREEDER COW AND ITS ECONOMIC LOSS TO THE DAIRY FARMER Introduction Animal's reproductive ability is one of the key elements in a dairy herd. Production of one calf crop per year provides maximum profit to the dairy farmers. Good reproduction and good production are just like two sides of a coin for making the dairy enterprise profitable. The productive life of a cows starts with parturition which is the chief event of reproduction. After that the cow needs regular cycles of conception and calving to begin consequent lactation which is the key component of her productive life. Hence, for a successful dairy farming reproductive performance of the dairy animals play a ver y crucial role. Therefore, the reproductive problems that ultimately leads to reproduction failure needs to be diagnosed and checked as early as possible for optimal production and profit in the farm. One of the major loss making reproductive problems in dairy cattle prevalent at field level is existence of a large number of repeat breeder cows. A repeat breeder is a cow that has normal estrous cycle, is free from palpable clinical abnormalities, has no abnormal vaginal discharge, is less than 10 years old, has calved at least once but has failed to conceive after at least three or more consecutive inseminations. In a simpler term, in case of repeat breeding cows will come to heat regularly but not succeed to conceive after successful mating. Repeat breeding causes financial loss in terms of repeated inseminations, treatment, cost of feeding without production, production loss due to delayed conception. Major causes for repeat breeding. 1. Genetic: Chromosomal or genetic abnormalities of parent and those 05

defects that occur during the differentiation process may negatively affect fertility. There also exists breed difference in occurrence of repeat breeding in cattle. The incidence of repeat breeding is mostly prevalent in Jersey and Holstein cross bred cattle in our country. 2. Fertilization failure: Fertilization failure accounts for about 40 per cent of the repeat breeder cows. It may be due to failure of ovulation, delayed ovulation, defects in the ovum, poor quality of the semen used, low sperm concentration, poor motility, improper handling of semen and AI, inflammator y conditions and anatomical defects of the genital tract of cow. 3. Early embryonic death: Most of the embryonic death occurs between 8 and 19 days after breeding before the critical stage of maternal r e c o g n i t i o n o f p r e g n a n c y. Embryonic death may be due to cytogenetic abnormalities of the early embryo, unfavourable uterine environment by hormonal imbalances, uterine infections, nutrition, environmental stress and immunological factors. 4. Cytogenic abnormalities: Critical requirement for the embryo survival i s t h e p re s e n c e of a n o r m a l complement of chromosomes. Chromosomal aberrations play some un-quantified role in early embryonic loss. 5. Unfavourable uterine environment: Uterine environment enables the spermatozoa to ascend, provides adequate nutrients for different stages of embryonic development, maintains an appropriate milieu and fulfils immunologic requirements. Uterine environment can be affected by hormonal imbalance, infections,

nutrition and environmental stress. The presence of non-speciﬁc uterine infection around the time of insemination may interfere with fertility. 6. Anatomical defects of the genital tract: The reproductive tract of cow offers a appropriate atmosphere for oocyte growth, sperm transport, fer tilization and implantation. Anatomical or functional alterations of these structures can compel gestational failure and repeat breeding. 7. Improper ovarian function: The problem of ovarian cysts in dairy cows is a serious reason of reproduction failure. Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) is a cause of repeat breeding in cattle. Delayed ovulation, anoestrus are also linked with this problem. Luteal inadequacy resulting into p ro g e s te ro n e d e ﬁ c i e n c y m a y provoke repeat breeding syndrome.

Cystic ovary 8. Age: Effect of age on fertility is commonly reported as negative (Hodel et al., 1995). Higher incidences of repeat breeding have been seen in old cows (Hewett, 1968). It is observed that fertility in dairy cows get better after the 1st or 2nd parturition, and then declines from the 4th and 5th (Dominguez, 1989). 9. Nutritional causes: The conception of the cows is associated with body

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

weight. Mandatory weight which cows should achieve before breeding is for indigenous and jersey cross heifer 240-275 kg and for HF cross heifer 260-290 kg. Underweight animals show poor rates of conception. Balanced feeding (energy, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals) is the solution for this. The trace minerals particularly copper, cobalt, iron etc. are requisite for steroidogensis. Supplementing trace minerals and Vitamins A, D3and E, can assist in treating the problem of anoestrus/ repeat breeding dairy animals (Garg et al., 2008). 10.Artiﬁcial insemination: If animals are not inseminated at accurate time, it may cause conception failure. We should inseminate the indigenous cows according to AM.P.M. rule i.e. if a cow comes in heat in morning, she should be inseminated in the same day evening and if came to heat on evening she should be inseminated on next day morning. The exotic/crossbred should be inseminated in mid to late heat. It is better to give double insemination should always be done with the gap of 12-24 hours after ﬁrst AI in crossbreds.

Artiﬁcial Insemination Diagnosis 1. Reproductive history and gynaecological examination of the cow. 2. Examine for the normal structure of the reproductive organs, nature of discharge. 3. Tubal patency test by PSP dye. 06

4. Microbial culture of vaginal discharge. 5. Narrowing the exact cause is usually difficult. Treatment Specific treatments for conditions like endometritis, delayed ovulation may be carried out whenever suspected them as the cause. If specific cause was not identified the following guidelines may be followed.

remove cellular debris/ mild blocks in oviducts. 8. Sexual rest for two consecutive cycles and breeding. Managemental precautions taken for repeat breeder cow: 1. Animals with congenital defects of ovary, fallopian tubes or uterus should not be inseminated.

1. Bring the animal into positive nutritive balance.

2. Underweight (less than 250 kg), malnourished, anaemic animals should never be inseminated

2. Use good quality semen having more than 50 per cent progressive forward motility.

3. Mineral mixture supplementation should be an integral part of diet @ 2% of ration.

3. Inseminate the cow at right time of the estrum. Do AI twice at 12 to 24 hour interval.

4. Do not feed mould infested grains and green fodder and soiled wheat straw to dairy cows.

4. Follow proper AI technique. 5. After AI, Clitoral massage or 100 micro grams of GnRH or 1500 IU of luteinizing hormone may be administered to stimulate ovulation.

5. Cows showing turbid or discoloured mucus discharge should not be inseminated and should be checked for any uterine infections and treated accordingly.

6. Skip the AI; administer 1 million units of penicillin in saline twice at 12 hours intervel during estrum.

6. Avoid putting the straw back into the liquid nitrogen cylinder once after it has been taken out.

7. Flushing the uterus with normal saline with moderate pressure to

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DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Introduction Mastitis is the inflammatory disease of the udder, which, is characterized by an increase in the number of somatic cells in the milk and by pathological changes in the mammary tissue. Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of highyielding dairy cows that cause high economic losses and have negative influence on milk. Mastitis is the outcome of interaction of various factors associated with the host, pathogen(s) and the environment. It is of te n a s s o c i a te d w i t h ba c te r i a l intramammar y infections and is subdivided into clinical mastitis (inflammation with visual signs) and subclinical mastitis (inflammation without visual signs). Both Clinical and subclinical mastitis negatively influence the milk quality and quantity. Therefore, it is of major economic concern for the farmer. Clinical mastitis is also of potential concern from an animal welfare perspective. Mastitis is categorized as acute or chronic on the basis of duration and, as mentioned above, it is also divided into CM (clinical mastitis) and SCM (subclinical mastitis) on the basis of symptoms. SCM is more common than clinical mastitis and responsible up to 70% of economic losses in most dairy herds. It has a prominent place amongst the factors that limit milk production. The first signal suggesting mastitis occurrence in herd can be increased somatic cell count (SCC). SCC can be used to monitor the status of SCM in herds or individual cows which i s a n i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t of assessing milk quality, hygiene and mastitis control (Sharma et al., 2011). Most somatic cells are macrophages and neutrophils that influx mammary gland tissue from blood during inflammation. The SCC of healthy quarters is usually below the 100,000 cells/ml (Hamann, 2005). It is also depends on age, breed, stage of 08

lactation, and milk yield of the cow (Nyman et al., 2014). The high SCC is mostly related to the presence of microorganism in the udder but also the type of microbes could affect the SCC in milk. Intramammary infections are the most common cause of mastitis. In Asia, major mastitis causing organisms are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci, E. coli, Corynebacterium spp. and Klebsella spp. (Sharma et al., 2012). In India, Staphylococcus spp. have been reported to be the main etiological agents of mastitis in cattle and buffaloes. In clinical mastitis all the five cardinal signs (redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of milk production) of udder inflammation are present. There are no visible abnormalities of the milk or udder instead there is a high somatic cell count in subclinical mastitis. Types of mastitis Mastitis may be classified according two different criteria: either according to the clinical symptoms or depending on the mode of transmission. According to clinical symptoms 1. Clinical mastitis and Sub-Clinical mastitis 2. Per acute mastitis, acute mastitis, sub acute mastitis and chronic mastitis According to mode of transmission 1. Contagious mastitis 2. environmental mastitis Bacterial mastitis

According to Wernicki et al. (2014) common mastitis pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, less frequent Corynebacterium bovis or Mycoplasma bovis infections. Staph. aureus, E. coli and Klebsiella sp. causes the greatest losses of milk in primiparous cows that suffered from mastitis. The most significant losses in older cows are caused by Streptococcus sp., Staph. aureus, A. pyogenes, E. coli and Klebsiella sp. Mycotic bovine mastitis In general, fungi are rare cause of mastitis. Poor quality of materials used as bedding with high humidity can be source of fungi causing mastitis in cattle. Widely used antibiotics could the increased incidence of mycotic bovine mastitis. Authors suggested that treatment with antibiotic in case of bacterial mastitis can results in higher mycotic udder inflammations rate (Wawron et al., 2010). Elimination of antagonistic bacterial flora during antibiotic therapy stimulates fungi to multiplication and also decreased amounts of vitamin A. Protothecal mastitis Udder inflammations can also be connected with organisms from Prototheca genus (e.g. algae). Studies carried out by Lassa et al. (2013) revealed that algae were responsible for only 0, 9% of mastitis cases. Poor environmental conditions, inappropriate milking hygiene and prolonged antibiotic therapy can be the

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

reason of increased protothecal mastitis occurrence.

Effects on milk composition Ÿ

Decline in potassium and increase in lactoferrin.

Decreased in casein, as most calcium in milk is associated with casein, the disruption of casein synthesis contributes to lowered calcium in milk.

Transmission Mastitis is most often transmitted by repetitive contact with the milking machine, and through contaminated hands or materials. Another route is via the oral-to-udder transmission among calves. Feeding calves on milk may introduce some mastitis causing bacteria strain in the oral cavity of the calf where it will stay dormant until it is transmitted elsewhere. Since grouped calves like to stimulate suckling, they will transmit the bacteria to the udder tissue of their fellow calves. Too fast milking can increase somatic cell count and udder injuries which can effect on higher mastitis frequency (Sewalem et al. 2010). Route of infection Route through heifers can be infected when they have never been in contact with the milking machine. 1. Bacteria on the teat skin. 2. Bacteria in the environment of the heifer. 3. Bacteria transmitted by ﬂies 4. Sucklers' (animals that suckle other animals) in a group of young stock. Risk factor 1. Milking machine and procedure 2. Housing and climatic condition 3. Feeding stress 4. Infectious organism 5. Genetics of animal

Milk protein continues to undergo fur ther deterioration during processing and storage.

Milk from cows with mastitis also has a higher somatic cell count.

Consequences of mastitis 1. The magnitude of loss depends upon the bacteria involved, the herd's production level, and the accuracy of veterinarian and farmer in detecting and treating animals with clinical mastitis. 2. The losses consist of veterinary costs (treatment and visits), the value of milk discarded during treatment and withholding periods, additional farm labour, reduced production for the remaining lactation period, occasional deaths and involuntary culling. 3. Most clinical mastitis cases occur in the ﬁrst trimester of lactation. The proportion of heifers with mastitis around calving varies from 30-35%; stress, negative energy status and metabolic disorders are believed to be important risk factors. 4. In most of cases cows which presented subclinical form of m a s t i t i s decreased milk production by 10-15% from cow that milk production did not improve after cows were recovered from subclinical mastitis. 5.T h e l o s s e s a re

either due to temporar y or permanent loss of milk production, poor milk quality, discarding of milk from affected animals prior to or after antibiotic treatment and premature culling of the cow or reduced productive life of animals 6. Bacterial toxins released during mastitis inﬂuence conception and early embryonic survival in affected cattle by stimulating the production of prostaglandin F2 α, which subsequently causes luteal regression, thus potentially causing the loss of an established pregnancy 7. Clinical mastitis also induces hormonal alterations like decreased pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), signiﬁcant decrease in the ovulatory LH peak, decreased estradiol production leading to decreased estrus expression and failure of ovulation Management Diagnosis and treatment Ÿ

Cattle affected with mastitis can be detected by examining the udder for inﬂammation and swelling, or by observing the consistency of the milk.

Bacteriologic culture is necessary to accurate diagnose the source of the mastitis.

Culture bulk tank milk samples analysis can provide very useful information to treat those cows according to the type of organism(s) found.

California mastitis test, which is designed to measure the milk's somatic cell count as a means for detecting inﬂammation and infection of the udder.

Generally, mastitis treatment choices are made on the basis of bacteriological culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing when applicable.

Treatment is possible with long-

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

acting antibiotics, but milk from such cows is not marketable until drug residues have left the cow's system.

manage mastitis than is trying to treat and eradicate the disease. Following preventative practices are helpful for mastitis management:

Antibiotics may be systemic (injected into the body), or they may be forced upwards into the teat through the teat canal (intramammary infusion).

Clean udders/teats before milking:

Cleaning the teats before attaching the milking machine is a very impor tant step in preventing bacteria from getting into the teat canal during the milking process

To determine whether the levels of antibiotic residuals are within regulatory requirements, special tests exist. Vaccinations for mastitis are available, but as they only reduce the severity of the condition, and cannot prevent reoccurring infections, they should be used in conjunction with a mastitis prevention program.

Use proven effective pre and post milking teat dips

Germicidal teat dips have been proven in numerous research trials to be effective at killing bacteria on the teat surface and reducing the incidence. They should be routinely used by all dairy producers. Pre-dips should be left on the teats at least 20 seconds before wiping off. Dip cups should be cleaned between each milking

Therapeutic strategy should be based on organism culture and antimicrobial sensitivity results. Differential efﬁcacy of intramammary drug infusions during lactation period particularly against major mastitis pathogens, costeffectiveness of such treatments, potential danger of antibiotic residues and emergence of antibiotic resistant human pathogens are among most important considerations for nonantibiotic approaches for mastitis therapy Metal nanoparticles e.g. of silver and copper could be alternative for traditional antibacterial agents like antibiotics. One of their most important advantages is lack of risk of resistance against nanoparticles (Rai et al., 2012). Nanoparticles can be effective solution in mastitis prevention and treatment in dairy cows because of antibiotics reduction necessity or diagnosing bacteria susceptibility to antibiotic in each case.

Control and prevention Prevention is a much better way to 10

Minimize the use of water to wash udders and teats

Water is an excellent vehicle for transporting bacteria, so minimize the amount of water should be used.

Use paper towels or reusable cloth towels to clean and dry teats.

One cloth towel should be used for each cow to wipe the teats clean and dry before the milking.

ü Ÿ

to bacteria. ü Ÿ

Clean facilities mean cleaner cows, which mean less mastitis.

Vaccinate for coliform pathogens & Staph. Aureus

All vaccinations should be done according to manufacturer and your veterinarian's recommendations.

The use of vaccination to control infectious diseases in dairy cattle is common and vaccination against mastitis causing pathogens is a control strategy used by some dairy farmers.

The J-5 type of vaccine is being used to protect against intra mammary infection caused by coliform.

Check udders of cows and heifers while pregnant.

Udders should also be examined during the last 2-3 weeks of gestation of both cows and heifers, and treated as needed.

Consider using a teat sealant on dry cows

Normally, a keratin plug forms in the teat canals of cows after they are turned dry. The keratin plug acts as a barrier to organisms trying to invade the teat. Sealants can be helpful at reducing the bacterial invasion process before the plugs are formed.

Supplement selenium and vitamin E to all cows

Vitamin E acts in synergy with selenium and should be added to rations at the rate of 4000 IU/day during the last two weeks prepartum. Cows which do not receive an adequate intake of selenium and vitamin E are likely to have an increased incidence of mastitis.

Provide adequate energy intake at calving time.

When blood ketone levels become

Fore-strip milk from each quarter This practice should be done before attaching the milking unit to check for clinical infection. Use milking equipment properly

Using milking machines properly is an important part of a milking parlor or milking barn routine, plus an important component of a mastitis management program.

Provide comfortable, properly designed and bedded free stalls.

Cows that rest in clean, comfortable free stalls is going to have cleaner teats will have less teat end exposure

Keep facilities clean and dry.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

elevated because cows are in a negative energy balance, the effectiveness of their immune systems is reduced. This situation can lead to an increased incidence of mastitis. ü

Keep cows cool during hot weather.

Use proper udder infusion techniques

The correct procedures to follow are as follows: Teats should be cleaned and dry, and the quarters milked out. Scrub the end of each teat to be treated with a cotton pad or ball soaked in 70% alcohol. Sanitize teats furthest away ﬁrst, then the nearest teats.

Cows that have clinical mastitis should be put in a separate group of treated animals

Limiting light exposure during the dr y period to 8-10 hours/day enhances the immune system, which should help destroy bacteria that invade the udder

Breed mastitis immunity into your cows

Try to select sires that transmit characteristics onto their daughters that help make them less susceptible to getting mastitis.

Mastitis in heifers can be prevented through following practices.

1. Optimize hygiene, starting directly after birth.

2. Reduce the amount of bacteria in the environment (clean housing and bedding). 3. Optimize insect control. 4. Remove 'sucklers' from groups of young stock. ü

In addition, changes that reduce or eliminate risk factors associated with mastitis should be considered:

1. Reduce stress on the animals. 2. Optimize nutrition. 3. Optimize ventilation. 4. Optimize housing.

B. L. Saini *, V. Purwar , R. K. Jaiswal , A. merhotra , Adesh kumar , a d a A. baranwal , Neha sharma , and B.C. Naha a

Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Ph.D. Scholar, Division of LPM, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar-243122, India, d PhD Department of Animal nutrion, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, india

b,c

Regulate day length during the dry period.

Contd of... Page 6

REPEAT BREEDER COW AND ITS ECONOMIC LOSS TO THE DAIRY FARMER

7. To avoid contamination, the AI gun should never be pulled out of the vagina and reinserted into it. 8. Maintain the record properly and rotate the breeding bull among the dairy farmers minimum after every 3rd year to check inbreeding. Conclusion Large scale dissemination of knowledge and tools to handle this 11

problem at farmers doorstep is need of the hour. Empowering the ﬁeld veterinarians with updated diagnostic and therapeutic options will certainly bring about a remarkable change in

scenario. Restoring the fertility in repeat breeder cow can be accomplished by synergistic efforts of farmer, veterinarians, policy makers and other stakeholders.

Dr Arun Somagond, Dr Prachurya Biswal, Dr Seema Yadav, DrVandana Yadav Ph.D Scholars, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

MANAGEMENT OF LIVESTOCK DURING MONSOON

Introduction An efficient management of livestock will be incomplete without a well planned and adequate housing. Improper planning in the arrangement of animal housing may result in additional labour charges and that curtail the profit of the owner. During erection of a house for livestock, care should be taken to provide comfortable accommodation for an individual animal. Monsoon is the most important season for the livelihood of the people of an agriculture based country like India. India generally follows South-West monsoon. The period between June to September is considered as monsoon period in India. Seasonal moderate rain is a much needed boon for India. When temperatures start to decline, especially during such a time when it is raining heavily in almost all parts of the country, it is time farmers begin to think about the effects the weather changes may have on livestock health, efficiency and productivity. It is now a long wet season and animals are susceptible to so many challenges that if a farmer is not careful, they may be killed by these diseases. This is what you have to look out for. Cows, pigs, chicken and goats, among other animals, need some closer attention during this period. Forget about their ability to maintain their own body temperature or their tolerance to cold. Common problems in a livestock farm during rainy season : Health Care It is important to resume a herd health program in consultation with a veterinarian to address possible disease concerns after a heavy rain or other strong storm. All the animals must be observed for physical injuries. Appropriate treatments by acceptable animal husbandry practices and with the guidance of a licensed veterinarian should be immediately initiated. The lack of 12

electricity caused by heavy rain can result in a loss of refrigeration for cattle vaccines stored at home or at working facilities. Most vaccines have a very limited self life when left unrefrigerated. Such ineffective vaccines should not be used in animals for vaccination and should be carefully discarded. Blackleg, anthrax and other clostridial disease are serious diseases that can be spread over by water logged condition. So the water logging condition from the animal area must be immediately taken care. Infrastructure management When water leaks into the shade, it affects the animals’ comfort. It does not matter whether you are keeping chicken, goats, pigs or cattle, etc. If the shade was not clean enough, the water leads to production of chemicals such as ammonia, which affect the eyes of animals, especially if it has no proper ventilation. It also causes irritation in the body. It is why the animals’ eyes swelling. Another disease called coccidiosis also occurs as a result of water leaking onto dirty shades. The best way to avoid this is to make sure that the shade does not leak and that it is always clean. Infrastructure is likely to get damaged after heavy rainfall and need of the new facilities may arise. Fencing of the boundaries of the farm / livestock premises should be the ﬁrst priority. Portable and ﬂexible facilities should be shared with neighbors if available. Unwanted mixing of cattle and other livestock should be avoided to check herd health and breeding related issues. The right action at the right time can save the farmer from loss which may arise due to natural disaster like heavy rain.

Use of water tanks from available nearby resources and local ﬁre departments should be arranged for immediate water needs of the animals. Ÿ

Dry cows need at least 7.5 gal/head/day of water

A cow-calf pair needs at least 9 gal/head/day water

We a n e d c a l v e s n e e d a t l e a s t 5 gal/head/day water

Livestock may refuse to consume forages in areas that have been contaminated by rainy water because of palatability problems. So one should make dry feed and forage available to the animals for consumption. Feed management When the rains come, new young grass sprouts up. This is very good for the animals. Animals easily pick at the soft grass and eat it up in big quantities. It is, however, worth noting that this grass has a lot of water and little fibre, which is not good for the animal. Animals need fibre for proper digestion. The water fills up the stomachs and yet it is virtually useless. This is why it is common to see animals passing watery dung during wet seasons. What animal keepers should do is to harvest/cut some of this young grass and dry it up when there is sunshine. It will reduce the water in the grass hence turn it into a good feed. This calls for the animals to respond accordingly by modifying their behaviour, for instance by seeking shelter or increasing their metabolic activity rates in

Water management Animals must have an adequate supply of fresh water to survive. Providing fresh drinking water should be the ﬁrst priority. DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

attempt to manage their body temperatures. Therefore, their dietary requirements increase, especially for those feeds with energy content. Avoid mouldy feeds If water gets into stored feeds, they will develop moulds. And when they are fed to animals in this state, they will carry bacteria. Gradually, the mouldy feeds can cause cancer. Make sure that the feeds are stored in a dry place. Ticks management

Hooves management Because the ground is soft and wet, cows tend to slide and break their limbs. In 13

Ensure that ﬂoors are rough enough to

Carcass Disposal

addition, external elements like stones and soil converge and entangle in between the hooves of animals, hence making it difﬁcult for them to move. Make sure that all these are checked regularly.

Other than the effects on animals, heavy downpour leads to difﬁculty in baling hay, keeping animals feed dry and paying attention to aﬂatoxins. Store animal feeds in a dry place. In particular, hay is likely to get mouldy if it is rained on. This reduces the quality of the feed and other forages resulting to poor intake by animals and high toxicity risks. Silage and manure should also be kept away from rain and surface water run-off. Silage is likely to cake if not wellkept hence cannot be fed to dairy cows. Manure should be piled in a store to avoid leaching of important components. All said, take appropriate steps to ensure that animals maintain body temperatures and gain the desired weights. This will save you from spending on what you could have s i m p l y a v o i d e d . T h e f o l l o w i n g a re management measures you should take during this rainy season: Ÿ

Cover all leaking points or get your roof repaired before the arrival of monsoon

Importance of waste management is especially magniﬁed during extended rainy and wet periods. Proper disposal of waste is particularly important here to prevent accumulation of garbage, mud a n d s e w a g e w h i c h a re c o m m o n breeding ground of ﬂies and other insect vectors

Covering of open manure pits, arrangements to avoid seepage of rain water into manure pits or sheds and maintenance of lagoon liquid level should be a priority at different farms as per method of disposal of waste

Disease of the udder The disease of the udder also becomes more prevalent during this season. Note that when the adder is diseased, then you have lost the animal. This disease is called udder mastitis. The udder swells and stops producing milk. The good thing is that it can be treated using general antibiotics. Also make sure that there are disinfectants to disinfect the farm all the time.

Animals should not be indulged in extreme physical exertion and should not be exposed to sun frequently avoid slipping of animals.

Pay attention to aﬂatoxins

Ticks are one of the most economically destabilising livestock pests. They also spread faster during the rainy season too. If not treated, ticks can suck animal dry and eventually lead to death because they spread a disease called east coast fever. In addition, there are more flies during the wet season too. Some of the flies are just inconveniencing because they do not bite, but simply fly around the animal, thus inconveniencing it. However, there are some flies which are deadly, for example, tsetse flies. Tsetse flies do not only suck blood from the cows, but their bite is too painful too. Bouquets of Nirgundi, Basil or Lemon grass may be hung up in the animal shed, the scent of which keeps the ecto-parasites away. Alternatively, a lemon oil based disinfectant may also be used to keep the sheds clean. Ensure that the animal sheds remain dry during the monsoon season.

If heavy rain-related livestock losses are experienced, those carcasses should be disposed of within 24 hours of death. Burial is the most often utilized method of disposal of dead animals. There are some best management practices which are recommended when using this method. The lowest point in the burial pit should be no more than 6 feet deep in a moderately well drained to excessively well-drained soil. Groundwater should not be able to enter the burial pit. The burial pit should be at least 100 feet from any well and surface water source. In the states of India, permits are not required for on-farm composting operations where the compost is considered to be part of normal farming operations and used on the same farm as par t of agronom i c or hor ti cul tural operations. Incineration is another method of disposal of a dead animal which can be very energy intensive. Conclusion Protection of farm animals from inclement weather conditions of rainy season is of utmost importance as it will provide economic beneﬁts to the farmers through maintenance of production of farm and will lead to the well-being of the animals. Hence, the aforementioned problems occurring during rainy season and their preventive measures must kept in mind by the livestock owner to prevent the animals from being stressed due to the inclement weather conditions, thus proving a boon for the prosperity of the farm.

Dr. Manisha Singodia Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION & FEEDING METHODS TO INCREASE MILK PRODUCTION IN ECONOMIC COST Feeding schedule for different classes of adult cows (approximate body weight-250 kg)

Indian breeds are well tolerated to diseases and most of the breeds are recognized for A2 quality of milk in India & gaining popularity worldwide. Casein is the largest group of proteins found in milk, A2 cows are Indian cows that produces A2 protein in their milk along with an amino acid called Proline. If proper feeding is done with essential & basic nutrients returns will be more and proﬁts can be generated by getting quality milk Feeding schedule of roughages, concentrates and other feed categories to make it proﬁtable:

into two parts half roughage ration in the morning and other fed in evening after milking & cleaning of animals High yielding animals to be fed thrice a day for concentrates & roughages or any other feed

1kg of straw can replace 4-5kg of grass on dry matter basis Concentrate mixture can be fed before the two milkings eg - half in the morning before milking and other half in the evening preferably before milking Roughages feeding time can be divided 14

Long and highly thick fodders should ﬁnely chopped before feeding

Grasses with high moisture content to be mixed with straw before feeding, Legume fodders can also be mixed with straw

Silage type feed to be fed after milking

Concentrate mash mixture to be mixed with some water and fed to animals and pellets can be fed as such

Check feed regularly for fungal growth if stored for long time

The concentrate to roughage ratio (on DM basis) should be 60:40 incase of highly lactating dairy animal

Suggested Concentrate mixture formula:

Proper nutrition should be given as per below schedule and care to be taken to minimize wastage Various kinds of Roughages saves concentrate mixture quantity, around 20kg of grasses or 6-8kg of legume fodders like guinea and napier can replace 1kg of concentrate mixture in terms of protein content

Suggested important points for feeding:

Avoid some feeding patterns which causes bloat & indigestion: Ÿ

Over-feeding of concentrates or grains may result in anorexia and indigestion

Sudden change in the feed

Sudden increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates

Feeding of grasses containing toxic substances or accidental ingestion Dr. Shubhangi Patil Biomore Life Sciences of some plants

Moldy feed DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

IMPORTANCE OF ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES All living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) carry genetic material and are potentially useful to humans. They can be used to develop wide range of products and services for human benefit. The term "animal genetic resources for food and agriculture" is often shortened to "farm animal genetic resources" or "livestock biodiversity". The different ways in which genetic resources are utilized and benefits shared can create incentives for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and will also lead to creation of fairer and more equitable economy. Animal genetic resources (AnGR) can be embodied in live populations or in conserved genetic materials such as cryo-conserved semen or embryos. The diversity of animal genetic resources includes diversity at species and breed and within breed level and if this diversity can be accessed in a sustainable way then the benefits will be significant globally. Significance of Animal genetic resources AnGR encompass all animal species, breeds and strains that are used now or in past and in future by humans for purpose of food production and agriculture. It forms the building blocks of the global livestock economy and employs at least 1.3 billion people and is essential to livelihoods of 600 million poor livestock keepers. It forms the critical nucleus to world food security and contributes to 40 % of global agricultural GDP as well as 26 % of global protein consumption. India has a rich diversity of animal genetic resources which is the largest in the world. According to FAO report of 2016 India is one of the 17 mega diversity countries identified globally by UNO. Within 2.4% of global land area 15

Various Stakeholders related to Access & Beneﬁt Sharing of AnGR

it harbours 8% of global species diversity. With the largest livestock population in the world India is ranked 1st in number of goat and buffalo, 2nd in cattle and 4th in poultry population. This large diversity holds the key for structural and functional genomic va r i a t i o n s f o r p ro d u c t i v i t y a n d tolerance. Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) Access and benefit sharing mostly refers to ways in which genetic resources may be accessed, and how the benefits that result from their use are shared between the people/countries. It involves agreement between users and providers on the sharing of benefits that may result from the use of genetic resources. It creates a system that facilitates access to genetic resources for environmentally sound purposes and ensures that the benefits resulting from their use are shared fairly and equitably between users and Providers and this benefit sharing will result in economic equality and Sustainable development.

importance of benefit sharing includes maintenance of genetic diversity and better resource utilisation thus averting natural disasters and will go a long way in poverty alleviation. The stakeholders who are involved in access to genetic resources and their benefit sharing include local communities and livestock keepers and sovereign states which have rights over their natural resources. Industrialists, researchers and institutes which require genetic resource for basic research and product development. They obtain information from national focal points which provide information o n G e n e t i c re s o u rc e s w i t h d u e permission from national competent authorities which are established government bodies responsible for granting access to AnGR. Key Agreements for Benefit Sharing Ÿ

Prior informed consent (PIC): Pe rm i s s i o n g i ve n f ro m t h e competent national authorities of a

T h e m a j o r implications and DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

and passed down from generation to generation.Supporting rural people and their indigenous knowledge to secure these assets and capitalise on them would create a win-win situation in which AnGR are managed properly and side by side providing beneﬁts to the rural people. Raika Community, Rajasthan country to a user prior to accessing genetic resources, with an appropriate legal and institutional framework. Ÿ

Mutually agreed terms (MAT): Agreement between the providers of genetic resources and users on the conditions of access and use of the resources, and the beneﬁts to be shared between both parties.

Traditional knowledge and potential of locally adapted AnGR Local breeds are an important selfreplicating asset of almost all rural people in developing countries and fulﬁl functions that go beyond the output of products. They are the major assets of the rural poor especially women and often essential to their livelihoods. They have the potential for equitable rural development and it is expected that the value will increase substantially in the near future due to increase in feed prices, need to adapt to climate change and consumer desire for more animal related products. Knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities related to genetic resources are imperative to genetic resource and diversity maintenance and proper utilization. For centuries, communities have learned, used and passed on traditional knowledge about local biodiversity, and how it can be used for a range of important purposes. These has been developed through the experiences of communities over centuries, adapted to local needs, cultures and environments 16

Benefits of Access to Genetic Resources Access to genetic resource is important for developing commercial products, royalties and licensing fees which are monetar y benefits while the non monetary benefits include technology transfer and product development, enhancement of research skills and it would create a wider genetic base which will act as insurance for future in the present and future scenario of climate change and food scarcity. It helps to preserve, maintain and even increase essential biological diversity over centuries. The wider genetic base is used by researchers to better understand biodiversity and the intricate web of life on earth and it provides vital source of information for identifying uses of genetic resources that humanity as a whole can benefit from. Without this knowledge many species currently used in research and commercialized products may never have been identified. Hence it is important to continue the wide access to several genetic resources for better identification and utilization. Legislations and implementations Legislations are required to ensure a transparent framework to facilitate access to various genetic resources and to make sure that benefits are shared equitably.it will also help to negotiate mutually agreed terms with the provider country prior to accessing genetic resources and will create a legal cer tainty and a fair relationship between providers and users. International implementations include Bonn guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties in the Convention on Biological Diversity

Pashtoon Pastoralists, Pakistan (CBD), 2002 which intended to assist governments in the adoption of measures to govern access and benefitsharing in their countries. The 10th Conference of the Par ties, 2010 adopted the Nagoya Protocol on ABS which was a landmark agreement in the international governance of biodiversity relevant for commercial and non-commercial sectors dealing with genetic resources for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising f ro m t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of g e n e t i c resources. The protocol creates greater legal certainty for users and providers of genetic resources and establishes more predictable conditions for access It creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources and enhances the contribution of biodiversity for development and human well-being. Major legislations in India include National Biodiversity Act (NBA), 2002 ( to c o m p l y w i t h C o n ve n t i o n of Biological Diversity), Patent Act, 1970 amended 1999, 2002, 2005 (to comply with TRIPs) and Geographical Indications and Registration of Goods Act, 1999 and all in a combined way play a major role for better access and benefit sharing of genetic resources thus minimising conflicts among people and states. Constraints and conclusion Better access to animal genetic resource also comes up with several shortcomings which includes less commercial interest shown by multinational companies in locally

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

Bargur hills Cattle Breeders, Tamil Nadu

adopted AnGR because they do not ﬁt into industrial system with which genetic companies work.On the other hand, it is just the spread of industrial systems that poses the danger to livestock biodiversity as they contribute to the destruction of native livestock based food production systems. A major threat to conservation and sustainable use of AnGR is posed by continuing importation of exotic breeds into developing countries.

However several steps can be taken for better conservation and access of AnGR like In developing countries, the services like in-situ conservation which is currently provided by small scale livestock keepers needs to be promoted. In marginal areas which are often very poor, means should be found to reward these livestock keepers for their service to humanity. In order to ensure beneﬁt sharing and create incentives for conservation the option of decoupling the sharing of beneﬁts should be examined and grant of “Livestock keepers' Rights” to communities that claim status of conserving indigenous animals. It's high time to implement the guidelines and legislations otherwise several genetic resources will never be documented and will remain invisible or destroyed by biopiracy if

Jaisalmer camel breeders, Rajasthan

international and national support is not provided for local livestock keepers who rear livestock in changing climate scenario.

¹Vivek Kumar Nayak and ²Prajwalita Pathak* ¹MVSc Scholar, ²PhD Scholar, Animal Genetics & Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

BENEFITS OF COW DESI GHEE

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

CYANIDE POISONING IN RUMINANT Cyanide is one of the most rapidly acting toxins which affects the cattle population. It is also known as prussic and hydrocyanic acid. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was isolated ﬁrst time from blue dye (Prussian blue) and due to its acidic nature, it known as prussic acid. Hydrocyanic acid is a colorless voletile gas with has bitter almond odour. More than 2000 plant species includes cyanogenic glycosides. Tare and sorghumare the most common resource of the prussic acid and these plants are often reasons of toxicity in ruminant. However the plants are the most important source of cyanide toxicity in animals and due to excessive cyanide level in plant, it can be fatal. Sources of poison: Approximately 200 plants are known to accumulate sufﬁcient quantities of cyanogenic glycosides to cause poisoning. Ÿ

Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass)

Sudan grass

Sorghum spp.

Sorghum–Sudan grass hybrids

Cynodon (blue couch)

Brachyachne (native couches)

Eremophila maculata (native fuschia)

Acacia glaucescens (acacia)

Linseed meal and cake (especially immature seeds)

Heterodendrum oleifolium (rosewood).

can contain more prussic acid than Sudan grass varieties vary in their prussic acid potential; Ÿ

Plants that are wet with dew or light rain.

Mechanism of action The toxic effect of cyanide is attributed predominantly to the production of anoxia following inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, a terminal mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme. This enzyme contains two heme A and two copper ions. Cyanide has a special afﬁnity for the heme ion and the reaction of cyanide with the multimeric iron enzyme complex is facilitated by ﬁrst penetration of cyanide to protein crevices, with initial binding of cyanide to the protein followed by binding of cyanide to heme ion. Thereby, a cyanide-heme cytochrome oxidase complex is formed which renders the enzyme incapable of utilizing the oxygen. The resultant oxygen saturation of the blood imparts a cherry red colour, which aids the diagnosis in most instances of cyanide poisoning.

2-3 minutes after the onset of per acute cases and within 1-2 hours in acute cases. Usually, animals are found dead with no signs observed. The brain and heart are the ﬁrst to be affected by lack of oxygen, and so the resulting clinical signs prior to death include in acute cases are: Ÿ

Almond smell with breathing difﬁculties

Chocolate coloured blood

Stumbling/staggering

Muscle tremors with terminal convulsions

Moaning

Dilated pupils

Signs of poisoning

Recumbency

Signs of poisoning usually occur 15-20 minutes after the toxin is consumed. Death occurs very quickly, approximately

Bloat and sometimes salivation

Bright red mucous membranes

Certain conditions lead to dangerous levels of cyanogenic glycosides in plants which are given below Ÿ

Frosted or wilted plants which have a transient increase in glycoside levels;

Herbicide-treated plants which have a transient increase in glycoside levels;

High nitrogen and low phosphorus levels in the soil;

Plant species such as sorghum, which

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

Cyanide poisoning treatment This forms methaemoglobin (Fe3+) from haemoglobin (Fe2+). If enough methaemoglobin is formed in the blood stream it attracts cyanide away from inhibited cytochrome oxidase, by mass action, forming cyan-methaemoglobin and allowing resumption of cellular respiration. This antidote should be administered in conjunction with thiosulphate. Prepare 60 g sodium thiosulphatein 600 ml of water andimmediately by drenching it to affected cattle. Repeat ithourly until the animal fully recovers. It also suggested to drench the dose to other animals in the affected herd by drenching. The most effective treatment for cyanide poisoning is an intravenous injection of sodium thiosulphate @ 660 mg/kg with oral or intraruminal @ 30g/dL of water. The animals may require repeated intravenous doses if they relapse. Sodium thiosulphate in a high dose can be effective when given up to 30 minutes

the risk of poisoning, as correct ensilage for 3 weeks reduces levels of toxin by approximately 50%. On feeding out, some toxin will be released as gas. It is still recommended that this feed be tested prior to use.

after the ingestion of a toxic dose of cyanide, but it must be given as soon as possible. The risk from potentially dangerous forages may be reduced by following these management practices Ÿ

Do not allow stock to graze droughtstressed, immature, wilted or frostdamaged plants which known as cyanogenic glycoside accumulators. Affected animal must be stop to drink water till period of 24 hours.

Never allow stock to graze immature sorghum that is less than 50 cm high.

Feed hungry stock with hay before allowing them to graze forages which may contain high levels of cyanogenic glycosides / prussic acid.

If purchasing sorghum hay, make sure that it was cut during low-risk conditions because there is no decrease in prussic acid content in the process of haymaking.

Feeding material as silage will reduce

Green chop forage may be safer than the same plant material in a pasture because selective grazing of high-risk leaf material is prevented.

Linseed gruel should be thoroughly b o i l e d o r s u n d r i e d to re m o ve cyanogenic glycoside.

Supplementation of sulphur (if a deﬁciency exists) will increase the efﬁciency at converting prussic acid to the non-toxic thiocyanate in animal.

Jivani Hetal, Kotadiya Chintu, Chamadia Bilal, Bloch Rameez and Vaghela Dhaval

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

NEWS DRINKING MILK DURING BREAKFAST MAY HELP MANAGE DIABETES: 5 DIABETIC-FRIENDLY BREAKFAST RECIPES

airing your breakfast with nutritious and ﬁlling milk could help lower blood glucose level throughout the day, reveals a new study. Elevated blood sugar levels are a symptom of diabetes. According to WHO, in the year 2014, 422 million people were diagnosed with diabetes across the world. Milk consumed with a high-carbohydrate breakfast reduced blood glucose even after lunch, and high-protein milk had a greater effect on glucose levels. The study published in the Journal of Dairy Science, said that milk

with an increased proportion of whey protein had a modest effect on pre-lunch blood glucose, achieving a greater decrease than that provided by regular milk. Not just this, high-protein treatment was also found to reduce appetite after the second meal compared with the lowprotein equivalent.Metabolic diseases are on the rise globally, with type-2 diabetes and obesity as leading concerns in human health," said Professor Douglas Goff, from the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. Thus, there is impetus to develop dietary strategies for the risk reduction and management of obesity and diabetes to empower consumers to improve their personal health," he added.The team included over 100 persons to examine the effects of increasing protein concentration and increasing the proportion of whey protein in milk consumed with a high-carbohydrate breakfast cereal on blood glucose,

feelings of satiety, and food consumption later in the day. The study also said that those who drank milk with breakfast cereal were shown to have reduced postprandial blood glucose concentration compared with water, and high dairy protein concentration, on the other hand reduce postprandial blood glucose concentration compared with normal dairy protein concentration. This study conﬁrms the importance of milk at breakfast time to aid in the slower digestion of carbohydrate and to help maintain lower blood sugar levels. Nutritionists have always stressed the importance of a healthy breakfast, and this study should encourage consumers to include milk," Goff said.Diabetics need to be extra mindful about their diet. They should make sure their meals are well balanced. Breakfast must include protein rich foods and vegetables along with good carbohydrates.

FROM GALT TO DAIRY FARMERS OF AMERICA

ou would have had a hard time tracking down Alexa Cabral when she was a student at Galt High School. You might have found her on the volleyball court or putting in her miles for crosscountry practice. You might have tried looking for her in Ms. Fischer's classroom where she would have been working on a project for ASB. But, more than likely, you would find her hard at work as an FFA greenhand officer, chapter officer or sectional officer. Nowadays, Cabral is just as hard to keep up with, splitting her time between the office and fieldwork as the 22

Field Services and Young Cooperator program coordinator with Dairy Farmers of America.I think being involved in FFA and the Ag Academy classes with the fabulous teachers who helped guide me and support me really made a difference,” Cabral said. “I was so lucky to have spent my time being taught by teachers who wanted to instill the skillset needed to survive this crazy life and prepare for the years after high school. After graduating from GHS in 2010, Cabral attended California Polytechnic State University and earned a Bachelor of Science in dairy science with a minor in agricultural business in 2014. In high school, she envisioned working as route breeder for dairies throughout the valley and later considered becoming a dairy nutritionist before deciding she wanted to work directly with dairy farmers. But at no point did she doubt that she wanted to work in the dairy industry.I knew that I wanted to spend my time working for farmers, and I have a love for dairy cows, so it really

couldn't get any better than working for a dairy cooperative,” she said of her current position. Dairy Farmers of America (DFA) is a dairy farmer-owned cooperative, more than 14,500 members strong. DFA markets members' milk, ensures prices remain competitive, and strives to be a leader in the dairy industry.As Field Services and Young Cooperator program coordinator, Cabral's job with Dairy Farmers of America is twofold. Her mornings start early so she can connect with dairy farmers before their day gets too busy, answering any questions they may have regarding legislative issues, milk price, and quality; keeping them informed on DFA initiatives; and encouraging their involvement with DFA. She is also in charge of DFA's Young Cooperator program, which Cabral says encourages dairy farmers between 18 and 40 to “connect with other farmers, develop leadership skills, and understand the latest happenings in the industry.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

NEWS COW MILK, DIVYA JAL, FRENCH FRIES AND MORE: RAMDEV'S PATANJALI ANNOUNCES NEW PRODUCTS

oga guru Baba Ramdev's Patanjali has now added few more products to its kitty which include cow milk, curd, flavoured milk, buttermilk and cheese. The company, which had earlier launched noodles, will now start selling french fries too, The Haridwar-based firm has established a network of around 56,000 retailers and hopes to generage Rs 1,000 crore revenue by 2020 with these additional products. Patanjali said it aims to get Rs 500 crore from dairy products in this fiscal itself. The company is planning to sell its dairy products in Tetra pack. Our milk would be cheaper than other established brands by Rs 2, said Ramdev while

addressing a conference. We are targeting 10 lakh litre of daily sales, Ramdev added. In a press statement, Patanjali said that it produced 4 lakh litres of cow milk on the very ﬁrst day of its operation. It has tied up with around 56,000 retailers and vendors to supply milk across Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, Pune and Rajasthan and expects to produce 10 lakh litres of cow milk every day in the ﬁnancial year 2019-2020. The company has also made a foray into frozen vegetables like peas, sweet corn, mixed vegetables, urea free cattle feed, and

solar panel production. Patanjali will offer the frozen vegetables at half the cost of its competition. It plans to sell packaged drinking water under the brand name Divya Jal in pack size of 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 litre, 2 litres, 5 litres and 20 litres.

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

Cows may seem like simple creatures - most of us have seen them grazing with seemingly not a care in the world. Well, there's more to these ruminants than meets the eye. Here are 20 facts you probably haven't heard about cows:

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

Raspberry Lemon Muffins

Time Period 1 Year INR 1000 3 Years INR 2500 Life Time INR 8000

USD 160 USD 250 USD 800

(Life Time period 10 Years)

Ingredients l 2 cups flour

l 1 tsp grated lemon zest

l 1 cup sugar

l 1/2 cup oil canola or vegetable

l 1 Tbsp baking powder

l 1 1/2 cups raspberries (fresh or

frozen)

l 1/2 tsp salt

For the glaze

l 2 eggs , lightly beaten l 1 cup milk

l 1 cup confectioners sugar

l 1 Tbsp lemon juice

l 2-3 Tbsp fresh lemon juice

Preparation Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. In a measuring cup mix together milk and lemon juice. In a separate large bowl combine dry ingredients: flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt in a large bowl.In another bowl, mix eggs, oil, lemon zest, and the milk/lemon mixture. Stir the wet ingredients into the flour mixture, stirring just until moistened. Fold in the raspberries.Line a muffin tin with liners, or grease it well with cooking spray. Fill 15-18 muffin cups 2/3 full. Bake at 400 degrees F for 18-20 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out with few crumbs. Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : dairy.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

Advertisement Tariffs Advertisement Type Front Page Front Title Inside Front Title Opening Full Page 25

Single Issue (cost per issue) 20000 12000 10000 6000

For the glaze In a small bowl, whisk together the confectioners sugar and 2 tablespoons lemon juice. (if you want the glaze even thinner, add an extra tablespoon of lemon juice). Allow the muffins to cool for a few minutes before drizzling with glaze. Advertisement Type Back Title Back Title Inside Back Title Opening Center Spread

Single Issue (cost per issue) 15000 12000 10000 12000

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

NEWS/EVENT CALENDER JIO'S OFFER: HERE'S HOW YOU CAN AVAIL FREE DATA WITH CADBURY DAIRY MILK CHOCOLATE

ukesh Ambani-owned Reliance Jio is offering 1GB of free additional 4G data to its subscribers on scanning a barcode from Dairy Milk chocolate wrapper. The offer is available on MyJio app till September 30. Jio's allnew free data offer is applicable on Cadbury dairy milk chocolates worth Rs. 5, Rs. 10, Rs. 20, Rs. 40 and Rs. 100. The offer is also available on Cadbury dairy milk crackle worth Rs. 40, dairy milk roast almond worth Rs. 40, dairy milk fruit and nut worth Rs. 40 and Rs. 80, dairy milk lickables worth Rs. 35. Reliance Jio is offering additional free 1GB data above the existing data plan

to eligible customers. 'Eligible customer' means an active subscriber of Reliance Jio who purchases the product and scans the bar code available inside wrapper of Cadbury dairy milk using MyJio app, said the operator on its MyJio app. Subscribers can either avail the data on their account or donate the data to an NGO called Pratham Foundation. The free data will be credited into the MyJio account within seven to eight working days from the date of redemption. Only one empty wrapper is allowed to be redeemed per registered Reliance Jio account, said the operator.

The Ofﬁcial

Exhibition

Event Calender

round 68.7 per cent of milk and milk products sold in the country is not as per the standards laid down by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), a member of the Animal Welfare Board said Wednesday. Mohan Singh Ahluwalia, member, Animal Welfare Board of India said the most common adulterants are detergent, caustic soda, glucose, white paint and reﬁned oil. The state of adulteration in milk and milk products in the country is such that 68.7 per cent of milk and milk products sold is not as per the standards laid down by the FSSAI," he said. Quoting a report by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Mr Ahluwalia said 89.2 per cent of such products are adulterated in one form or the other. He said the production of milk in the country up to March 31, 2018 has been registered at 14.68 crore litres per day against the consumption of 480 grams per capita per day. The member was chairing a meeting of heads of different departments in Ludhiana. He added that adulteration in milk is more prevalent in northern states as compared to the southern states. Mr Ahluwalia said the National Survey on Milk Adulteration had conducted a survey some years back and found that due to lack of hygiene and sanitation in handling and packaging, detergents used in washing containers and other surfaces ﬁnd their way into milk and milk products.

OCTOBER 2018

Event : World Dairy Expo Venue : 3310 Latham Drive Madison, WI 53713 USA Date : 2-6 October 2018 Web : wde@wdexpo.com

Event

Date Web

OCTOBER 2018 Event

: 10th NIZO Dairy Conference – Innovations in Dair y Ingredients : 2-6 October 2018 : www.nizodairyconference.com

NOVEMBER 2018

Date

: North Odisha Agri & Food Processing Expo : 05-08 October 2018

Date

Venue

: NOCCi BUSINESS PARK, Balasore

Venue

: Dehradun

Web

: https://10times.com/noafope

Web

: https://10times.com/dida-expo

OCTOBER 2018

OCTOBER 2018 Event

68% OF MILK, DAIRY P R O D U C T S V I O L AT E FSSAI STANDARDS, SAYS PUNJAB OFFICIAL

: Doon International Dairy and Agri Exop : 12-14 Oct 2018

Event Date

: EDA Convention 2018 : 14 November 2018 - 17 November 2018 Venue : Ireland, Ireland Web. : www.euromilk.org

DAIRY PLANNER | VOL. 15 | NO. - 9 | September 2018

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