Poultry Planner January-2019

MONTHLY

VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

BROWN EGGS ARE MORE NUTRITIOUS

Ÿ Meet the farmer earning a decent living from chickens Ÿ Couple fail to get ten-year ban on keeping poultry lifted Ÿ Delhi HC bans chicken slaughter at ghazipur poultry market, says can sell only live birds Ÿ UK raine boosts exports of eggs in shell in 2018 Ÿ US poultry foundation supports 2018 national 4-h poultry & egg conference Ÿ UK chicken could face high eu tariffs: mps urged to take action to avoid no-deal brexit Ÿ New year, new yolk: noble foods launches new brand of eggs Ÿ Indian river training academy highlights effective hatchery management practices

From the Editor’s Desk

New Chicken Breed Changes Egg Industry Dynamics in India

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor-in-Chief

N.K. Gupta General Manager pcslkarnal@gmail.com

Aparna Mehmi Marketing Manager poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M: 999 170 5007

Designed By PRINCE

HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamilnadu Dr. J Tamizhkumaran

Seven years of research have paid rich dividends in the form of a unique breed of broiler chicken that can multiply three times as fast as ordinary hens, lay more eggs, and can survive in the open without any extra care, writes A Nair. The breed is the Jharsim chicken, a crossbred between the local and broiler variety, further crossed with imported Durham Red breed. Developed by the Birsa Agricultural University at Ranchi, Jharkhand, the bird actually performs better on a low level of nutrition. Scientists at the University claim the new breed of chicken called Jharsim - named so since it was developed in Jharkhand state and sim meaning hen in tribal dialect - is set to produce more eggs than the normal local hen, in a move that will enhance the economic power of poultry among farmers.

To develop the Jharsim breed, a PV2 male broiler from the state of Punjab was crossbred with a Jharkhand local hen. The hen produced by their mating was later bred with an imported Durham Red breed, imported by India for its bigger size and tender meat. For experimental purposes, the University distributed 25,000 chicks from its first lot to villagers across Jharkhand state. More than 95 per cent of the chicks survived with most reproducing. A handiwork of the All India Co-Ordinated Research Project on Poultry Breeding, the indigenous chicken boasts of faster growth, optimum egg production, an attractive multi-colour plumage, and better adaptability to agro-climatic conditions.

Scientists pointed out the birds weigh 400-500 grams at 6 weeks and 1600-1800 grams at maturity under the backyard system. The age at first egg laying is 175-180 days and the egg weight is 52-55 grams at 40 weeks of age. The birds have the potential to lay 165-170 eggs under the backyard system.

The variety is set to provide higher supplementary income and nutrition through both egg and meat to rural and tribal farmers. While the local hen variety lays around 50-60 eggs in 54 weeks, each Jharsim hen can lay between 130-170 eggs in 72 weeks, according to H. Rahman, Deputy Director General (Animal Science), Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Pointing out that poultry is the fastest growing sector in India, given that it provides jobs to an increasing number of rural and urban youth, Mr. Rahman said the development of the new, improved breed would give a big boost to poultry farming. He pointed out that the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has been promoting intensive schemes in five states across India - Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra and Jharkhand. At many of these centres, intensive research is being carried out in the development of chicken varieties utilising local germplasm, and aimed at catering to the rising economy of rural marginal farmers through the rearing of these chicken varieties. Noting that China was the global topper in poultry, contributing around 30 per cent of the world's production of meat and eggs, R.N. Chatterjee, Director, Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, said India lagged far behind, contributing barely 5 per cent-7 per cent. Jharsim can help boost production of meat and eggs in a big way," said Mr. Chatterjee, adding it provided immense potential for backyard poultry farming in Jharkhand's rural areas. Jharsim has also been termed as more resistant to diseases, and can survive in natural habitat without much care. Shushil Prasad of the Birsa Agricultural University added that since Jharsim has traits of local chicken as well as traits of an exotic variety, it grows up to be bigger and develops a stronger immune system.

M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D. (Ph. D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Ÿ

Mr. S.S Rathore

Ÿ

(MVSc Poultry Science IBRI, Izatnagar)

Ÿ

Dr. Manisha Singodia

Ÿ

(MVSc Poultry Science, Jaipur)

Dr. Annanda Das

Ÿ Ÿ

(Ph. D Scholar, WBUAFS, Kolkata)

Ÿ

Dr. M. Arul Prakash

Ÿ

(MVSc Assistant Professor, Tanjore)

Dr. B.L. Saini (Ph. D ICAR, Izatnangar)

Ÿ Ÿ

Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors.

Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/99 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers.

Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein.

Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India. It does not imply publisher’s endorsement.

Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited.

The submitted material will not be returned.

Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal Published at : C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

INDEX

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Features...

Departments...

06 EDITORIAL

33 NEWS

08 ADVERTISEMENT INDEX

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42 RECIPE

UPCOMING EVENTS

Articles...

SIGNIFICANCE OF POULTRY IN HUMAN SOCIETY

10

Dr. Ashish Saini

VIRAL DISEASES OF POULTRY AND THEIR PREVENTIVE MEASURE

16

Dr. B. L. Saini

VITAMIN C AND ITS ROLE IN POULTRY NUTRITION

22

Dr. Aderao Ganesh N.

ROLE OF ESSENTIAL OILS IN BROILER CHICKEN PRODUCTION

26

Dr. K. Rajkumar

THE FUTURE OF BROILER BREEDING

28

Dr. Kush Shrivastava

Advanced Bio Agro Tech Ltd

43

AWP (Mix Oil)

14

B.V. Bio-Corp Pvt. Ltd.

17

Gartech Equipments Pvt. Ltd.

37

Globion India Pvt. Ltd.

07

Godrej Agrovet Ltd.

03

Huvepharma

44

Indian Herbs Spec. Pvt. Ltd.

21

Indian Tr. Bureau Pvt. Ltd.

25

IPJA

39

K. K. Kansal Polyvin Pvt. Ltd. (Awon Plastic)

41

Natural Herbs

09

Natural Remdies

13

Nutrient Bio-Agro Tech Pvt. Ltd.

04

Promois

35

Sai Krishna Poultry Equipments

15

Venky’s

19

Ventri Biologicals

02

Zoetis India Ltd.

11

Zydus

05

Press Release

31 STRONG PRESENCE AND GRAND PARTICIPATION OF INDIAN HERBS IN POULTRY INDIA 2018, HYDERABAD FROM 28 - 30 NOVEMBER, 2018

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SIGNIFICANCE OF POULTRY IN HUMAN SOCIETY

Introduction Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is one of the most valued foods among people of all ages, throughout the world. Not only it forms a crucial part of various culinary traditions but it is also highly nutritious and delicious to taste.

A variable but moderate energy content, highly digestible proteins (with low levels of collagen) of good nutritional quality, unsaturated lipids (mainly found in the skin and easily removed), B-group vitamins (mainly thiamin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid), and minerals (like iron, zinc, and copper) make poultry meat a valuable food. There are many varieties of chicken, including free range chicken, organic chicken, and conventional chicken, the difference being on the basis of their breeding. While freerange chicken, as the term implies, is allowed to roam freely in the pastures; conventional chicken, which is also the most controversial, is kept in cages and not allowed to move freely.

Epidemiological studies performed across the world, in highly diverse populations with different food preferences and nutritional habits, provide solid information on the 10

association between poultry consumption, within a balanced diet, and good health.

Po u l t r y m e a t consumption also contributes to the overall quality of the diet in specific ages and conditions (prior to conception, during pregnancy up to the end of breast feeding, during growth, and in the geriatric age) and is suitable for those who have an increased need for calorie and protein compared to the general population.

Chicken - the miracle meat According to the USDA, chicken (100 g) has moisture (65 g), energy (215 kcal), protein (18 g), fat (15 g), saturated fat (4 g), cholesterol (75 mg), calcium (11 mg), iron (0.9mg), magnesium (20 mg), phosphorus (147 mg), potassium (189 mg), sodium (70 mg), and zinc (1.3 mg).

[1] In terms of vitamins, it contains vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D, and vitamin K. C h i c ke n m e a t i s a w h i te m e a t , distinguished from other meats such as beef and lamb by its lower iron content (0.7 mg compared with 2 mg/100 g).

Chicken meat has several advantages over other meats The fat content of cooked chicken varies depending on whether it is cooked with the skin on or off, the portion of the bird, and the bird’s diet and breed. Breast meat contains less than 3 g fat/100 g. An average value for dark meat (skin off) is 5 to 7 g/100 g.

About half of the fat from chicken meat is made up of the desirable monounsaturated fats, and only one-third of the less healthy saturated fats. There are much higher proportions of saturated fats in most cuts of red meat, which also vary considerably in total fat. Chicken meat is therefore seen as a healthy meat. Chicken meat does not contain the trans fats that contribute to coronary heart disease, and can be found in high amounts in beef and l am b. I n l ow-i ncom e countri es , commercially produced chicken meat is well placed to satisfy the demands of a rapidly increasing affluent, middle class who can afford to pay for broiler chickens. Facilities and infrastructure for producing broiler chickens can be established quickly and soon start generating.

In developing countries, the diet of people living in cities usually contains more animal protein than that of rural people, mainly because urban people are more prosperous, but also because they generally have access to a wider variety of foods at local markets Not only is chicken meat seen as a healthy meat, but it is also the cheapest of all livestock meats.

A major advantage of eggs and poultry meat as human food is that there are no major taboos

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on their consumption. In addition, a chicken provides a meal for the average family without the need for a refrigerator to store left-overs. Meat from other livestock such as pigs and cattle is kept mainly for special festive occasions and celebrations, partly because of a lack of storage facilities (no refrigerator or electricity supply).

Health Benefits of Chicken meat Ÿ

High Protein Content

Poultry Industry in Indian Economy

Ÿ

Rich in Vitamins & Minerals

Ÿ

Control of Blood Pressure

Ÿ

Reduced Cancer Risk

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Easy to Digest

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Low in Calories, Cholesterol, Sodium, and Fat

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Helps build muscles

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Strong bones and healthy teeth

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Re d u c e s P M S ( p re - m e n s t r u a l syndrome) symptoms

Ÿ

Relieves stress

Ÿ

Helps boost testosterone levels

Ÿ

Boosts immunity

Poultry farming in India, in spite of several constraints, has progressed considerably during the last decade.

Poultr y production in India was confined to backyards till recently. Local breed of birds were reared for the s u p p l y of e g g s a n d m e a t . T h e i n c re a s i n g d e m a n d f o r p o u l t r y products necessitates augmenting the supply by importing improved breeds of poultry. In 1961, the proportion of hybrid populations in the total population of poultry was about 2 percent. Within a couple of decades, these birds have dominated the market sidelining the indigenous birds. The technological advances have revolutionized the role and the structure of poultry industry in India. It became one of the most specialized enterprises in many parts of the country.

Chicken Eggs Eggs can be purchased relatively cheaply and in small numbers. One egg is almost a meal in itself and when hardboiled will last for several weeks. It can be taken to school safely by children for lunch. Scavenging chickens provide cheap eggs and meat Scavenging family poultry provide much-needed protein and income, and contribute to food security for many families living in poor rural regions of developing countries. The eggs and meat produced by their own or neighbours’ small poultry flocks are the only eggs and poultry meat that the majority of these families are ever likely to eat. This makes family poultry increasingly important as the world’s population pushes towards 7 billion people. Furthermore, it is not difficult to improve the nutritional value of the egg, to become a functional food.

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In religion Since antiquity chickens have been, and still are, a sacred animal in some cultures and deeply embedded within belief systems and religious worship.

The term "Persian bird" for the rooster appears to have been given by the Greeks after Persian contact "because of his great impor tance and his religious use among the Persians".

Others The egg has a long-standing tradition of being honored during ceremonies

welcoming spring and the arrival of new life. Before eggs were available yearround, the spring equinox marked the availability of fresh eggs. The egg was celebrated as a symbol of fertility during the Spring equinox, representing the rebirth of life in the new season. Later, eggs came to symbolize the resurrection of Jesus Christ, merging the traditions and symbols of the pagan Spring festival with the Christian celebration of Easter.

Even the name of the holiday is a derivative of the Spring goddess Eostre.

Eggs have been colored as symbols of life for thousands of years. Some modern-day genuine chicken feather earnings also utilized by humans.

Common Myths about Raising Poultry Brown eggs are more nutritious than white eggs The nutrient content of an egg is based largely on a hen’s diet, not the color of its egg, which is determined solely by the chicken’s breed. A free-roaming chicken that consumes grass and bugs will lay eggs with less cholesterol and saturated fat and more Vitamin A and E, betacarotene and Omega-3s than a c h i c ke n f e d p u re l y c o m m e rc i a l corn/grain-based foods Chickens carry disease Chickens don’t carry any more risk of disease than a dog or cat. In fact, they love to eat ticks and other pesky critters known to transmit diseases like Lyme

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ARTICLE disease, tapeworm and heart worm.

While salmonella can be transmitted to humans through poultry dander and feces, simply washing hands after handling the chickens keeps the risk of infection minimal. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also cautions against live poultry inside the home and against letting children younger than five years old handle poultry.

Chickens attract rodents and predators “Wild predators are not any more attracted to chickens than they are to wild birds, rabbits, squirrels and other small animals,”. “The truth is, predators are likely already living in midst. The key to keeping them at bay is to keep chickens safe in an enclosed pen or run area. Chicken feed should also be taken up at night and stored in predator-

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proof container s to reduce the possibility of flies and mice.”

Chickens are noisy “Despite what we have heard, chickens are pretty quiet. In fact, a clucking chicken tends to be on par with normal human conversation (60–65 decibels).

In other words, it’s a lot quieter than your neighbor’s barking dog, lawn mower or car alarm,”.

Conclusion Poultry has a major role to play in developing countries. Produce is relatively inexpensive and widely available. The commercial poultry industry provides employment and is growing rapidly. To produce 1 kg of meat from a commercial broiler chicken only about 1.7 kg of feed is needed. Poultry production has a less detrimental impact on the environment than other livestock,

and uses less water. Semi-scavenging backyard indigenous poultr y are extremely important in providing income and high-quality protein in the diets of rural people whose traditional foods are typically rich in carbohydrate but low in protein. Chicken meat can make many positive contributions to the diet of those on low incomes.

Although not all meat is seen as healthy, chicken meat is, and is frequently more affordable than other meats. It is of a consistently high quality, is low in saturated fats, can be enriched with some essential nutrients and is sought after worldwide.

Dr. Ashish Saini Teaching Associate Department of Livestock Products Technology, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Jaipur

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VIRAL DISEASES OF POULTRY AND THEIR PREVENTIVE MEASURE Introduction Poultry are kept all over the world for various reasons. They are one of the cheapest sources of protein and can be kept by anyone, even in backyards. Two very important factors that should be addressed to ensure that you have a healthy flock of chickens are management and environment. Poultry Diseases prevention and their control is one of the most important factor for the profitability of poultry business. When chickens are healthy they eat less food and produce more meat and eggs. They are less trouble to look after and less money is spent on medical costs.

Spread of disease A disease can spread rapidly among chickens because they are usually kept together in a cage or chicken house.

They also share the same food and water bowls, which can spread disease and infections from sick to healthy chickens. In an intensive system we place a great deal of pressure on the chickens to grow fast and to lay many eggs. This situation can cause disease to spread resulting in a lot of damage because of the stress the chickens experience.

8.

Joints that are smooth and cool to the touch

9.

Weight that is typical for the type and age of the bird

10. Po w e r f u l m o v e m e n t s w h e n struggling 11. Scales on the legs and feet that are clean and waxy in appearance

Actions at first signs of disease You must act quickly at the first signs of disease. The chickens must be treated, and management that may have led to the problem must be corrected to prevent the disease from occurring again General treatment

12. Color of the skin that is characteristic for the breed and strain of bird, as well as the age and state of production

1.

There are not many forms of treatment or in certain cases no treatment for some diseases, which is why prevention is so important

Factors contributing to disease

2.

Try to separate all sick chickens from the healthy ones daily. The sick chickens should be handled and treated last to prevent the spread of the disease

3.

Rectify management problems

Factors that can contribute to disease include management, environment and the chickens themselves Management: 1.

Poor hygiene and inadequate cleaning programme

2.

Poor-quality food and water

3.

Leaking water bowls

Diseases can be prevented through management, environmental and chicken factors

4.

Overcrowding of chicks

Management

5.

Rat and fly problems

1.

6.

Chickens of mixed ages reared together

By apply correct methods for raising young chicks (temperature, food, water, bedding)

7.

No security measures to prevent people and animals from entering the chicken house

2.

Disinfect and clean the housing of chicks

3.

avoid over-crowding

Environment

4.

Use the best-quality food

1.

Wet litter

5.

provide clean water daily

Characteristics of Healthy Birds

General prevention

In order to identify signs of diseases early, it is important to be familiar with the characteristics of a healthy bird. A healthy bird displays the following traits:

2.

Too hot or too cold conditions

6.

Use bedding that is not dusty

3.

No air circulation

7.

1.

Prevent the buildup of gases by cleaning and ventilation

Erect stance with head and tail elevated

4.

Dusty bedding

5.

High build up of chicken droppings

8.

Control rats and flies

2.

Bright red comb and wattles

6.

Sharp wires in the cages

9.

3.

Filled-out face parts

Chickens

Ensure that no people from outside your farm visit the chicken house

4.

Bright and alert eyes

1.

5.

Clean nostrils

6.

Smooth, neat, clean feathers

2. Poor condition as a result of underfeeding

7.

Filled-out legs

3.

16

No vaccination

10. Have bird-proof houses to keep out wild birds that eat the food and bring diseases to your chickens

Young chickens POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

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Environment 1.

Building should be large enough for the chickens

2.

Fix leaky water troughs

3.

Feed and water bowls should be cleaned daily

4.

Fresh food and water should be supplied

5.

Houses should be warm in winter and cool in summer and well ventilate

6.

7.

Dust causes irritation of the respiratory tract and the environment must therefore not be dusty Use cages for laying hens that do not have sharp edges that can injure the hens. Make sure that there is sufficient space per hen

viral bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species; it is transmissible to humans.

4.

It is a very contagious disease, which means it spreads easily to other farms.

Ÿ

Because there is no treatment and the disease spreads so quickly, sick chickens should be slaughtered immediately

5.

Yo u s h o u l d n o t v i s i t y o u r neighbours without washing and putting on new clothes and shoes.

Ÿ

The causal agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a variant of avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus.

6.

It's also recommend that your neighbours vaccinate their chickens as soon as possible

7.

Clean the chicken house thoroughly with soap and water. All equipment must be washed.

Ever ything should then be disinfected.

8.

All chicken litter or dead chickens should be burned to prevent the spread of the disease

Signs in sick chickens A large number of chickens will die suddenly without any of the following apparent causes: 1.

Depression- dull

2.

Off feed and droopy

Chickens

3.

Comb and wattles become pale

1.

Purchased the chicks from a good, reliable supplier

4.

Ner vous signs- progressively paralysis

2.

Vaccinate chicks against important diseases

5.

Sneezing, swollen eyes, difficulty in breathing

3.

Keep chickens of the same age together in one house

6.

Greenish diarrhea with foul smell

7.

Death

Marek's Disease Virus (MDV)

Important viral Infections

Treatment

1.

Newcastle disease

1.

NO treatment for the disease

2.

Marek's disease

2.

3.

Fowl pox

4.

Avian influenza

All the chickens may die within a few days and Very few chickens survive

5.

Infectious bursal disease (gumboro)

6.

Infectious bronchitis

7.

Quail bronchitis

8.

Laryngotracheitis

Newcastle disease / Ranikhet disease Ÿ

Ÿ

18

Newcastle disease is probably the most important disease for poultry farmers around the world. It is a production disease that causes a large number of deaths in chickens and huge losses to farmers and the industry Newcastle disease is a contagious

3.

4.

It is best to prevent the diseases by good management and a vaccination programme Veterinarian will give you the best advice in a Newcastle disease outbreak

It is a highly contagious viral infection that predominantly affects young chickens but can also affect pheasants, quail, gamefowl and turkeys. It is one of the most common diseases that affect poultry flocks worldwide.

Fig: Skin lesions from Marek's disease Source: The Merck Veterinary Manual

Prevention and treatment of Marek's Disease 1.

There is no treatment for MD. Vaccination is the central strategy for the prevention and control of MD.

2.

Vaccinate the day old chick with MDV ( Marek's disease vaccine)

Prevention 1.

Vaccinate all the chickens against this disease by using a good vaccination programme before any signs appear

2.

Vaccinate the chick at first week with RDVFI strain

3.

Vaccinate the chick at 6th week and 16-18 week with RDVK strain

Fowl Pox (FP) It is a viral disease in hens, turkeys and many other birds, characterized by cutaneous lesions on the feather-less skin and/or diphtheritic lesions of

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mucous coats of the upper alimentary and respiratory tract. FP is encountered in either cutaneous or diphtheritic form or in both. In most outbreaks, the cutaneous form is prevailing.

a

a

a

Age of bird

Preventive and curative measure

1st day

MDV vaccination

1st week

RDVFI vaccination

2nd week

PPV vaccination

Prevention:

6th week

RDVK vaccination

1.

Vaccinate the chick at 2nd week with PPV (pigeon pox vaccine)

8th week

Deworming

10th week

FPV vaccination

Vaccinate the chick at 6th week with FPV (fowl pox vaccine)

16th week

RDVK vaccination

4th month

Deworming

2.

Fig: conjunctival mucosa, injured by the pox virus

Vaccination and medication schedule for poultry:

c

a

a

e

f

B. L. Saini , A. Baranwal , B.C. Naha , Neha Sharma , Adesha A. singh , A. mehrotra , V.purwar and R. K. Jaiswal a Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar-243122, India, b Ph.D. Scholar, Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal-132001, India, c Ph.D. Scholar, Animal Nutrition Division, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, India, e Ph.D. Scholar, Division of LPM, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar-243122, India, e Ph.D. Scholar, Division of LPT, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar-243122, India,

EGG Daily and Montly Prices of December 2018

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VITAMIN C AND ITS ROLE IN POULTRY NUTRITION

Introduction Vitamins are group of complex organic compounds present in minute quantity of food, feed that are essential for normal metabolism, lack of which in the diet leads to deficiency diseases.

Vitamins are very much essential in trace amounts (micrograms to milligrams per day) in perspect of health, production performance and reproduction. Classically Vitamins have been classified in two types i.e. Fat soluble and Water soluble. Water soluble vitamins (i.e. vitamin B complex, C) act as cofactor for most of the e n z y m e s re q u i re d i n m e t a b o l i c reactions essential for health, energy metabolism and prevention of oxidative stress. Water soluble vitamins are not stored in body unlike fat soluble vitamins. Therefore, water soluble vitamins are to be supplied daily through the diet for optimum production and health.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water soluble vitamin essential for proliferation and growth of connective tissue besides its role as an antioxidant agent. Vitamin C is better known for its anti scurvy property and presence in citrus fruit. It is essential for collagen synthesis which is imperative for bone, muscle and organ development.

Besides this, vitamin C is pivotal for its antioxidant action therefore, it is crucial nutrient to be supplied through diet.

Vitamin C occurs in two forms, namely L-ascorbic acid (reduced form) and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (oxidized 22

form). Vitamin C is highly susceptible to destruction by oxidation that is enhanced due to heat and light.

Reversible oxidation-reduction of ascorbic acid with dehydroascorbic acid is the imperative characteristics of vitamin C and the basis for its physiological properties and stabilities (Moser and Bendich, 1991). Vitamin C is the least stable and, therefore, most easily destroyed among all the vitamins. The vitamin is more stable in an acid than an alkaline medium. James Lind was first to discover that scurvy can be treated by incorporation of citrus fruit in daily diet of humans and thereafter the importance of vitamin C was elaborated by other scientists.

Metabolism Vitamin C absorption in intestine occurs as that of monosaccharide whereas, in vitamin C-dependent animals it appears to follow a Na+-dependent active transport mechanism. In species not succeptible to scurvy absorption occurs by diffusion (Spencer et al., 1963).

Ascorbic acid when fed in high concentration occurs by diffusion unlike active trtansport at low concentration of ascorbic acid. Bioavailability of vitamin C in foods is limited, but apparently 80 to 90% appears to be absorbed (Kallner et al., 1977). Absorption occurs at proximal small intestine and ileum in guinea pig and rat respectively (Hornig et al., 1984).

In its metabolism, ascorbic acid is first converted to dehydroascorbate by a number of enzyme or nonenzymatic processes and after absorption it is reduced in cells (Rose et al., 1986).

Transpoart of ascorbic acid occurs in plasma after binding with protein albumin. In animals, highest concentrations of vitamin C are found in the pituitary and adrenal glands, with high levels also found in the liver, spleen, brain, and pancreas. The vitamin tends to localize around healing

wounds. Tissue levels are decreased by virtually all forms of stress, which also stimulates the biosynthesis of the vitamin in those animals capable of synthesis. Half life of vitamin C is higher in vitamin C non dependant aninmals therefore; it takes time to occur deficiency in them.

Absorbed ascorbic acid is excreted in urine, sweat, and feces and respiratory losses. Loss in sweat and faeces is also low. In guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits, CO2 is the major excretory mechanism for vitamin C. Primates do not normally utilize the CO2 catabolic pathway, with the main loss occurring in the urine.

Urinary excretion of vitamin C depends on the body stores, intake, and renal function. Mechanism and mode of elimination are a function of glomerular filtration rate of ascorbic acid and are dependent on plasma ascorbate. Urine contains numerous metabolites of ascorbic acid, including dehydroascorbic acid, diketogulonic acid, ascorbate-2-sulfate, oxalate, methyl ascorbate, and 2-ketoascorbitol (Sauberlich, 1990).

Function Ascorbic acid act as coenzyme and has been found to be involved in various biochemical reactions ionvolved in donation of one or two electrons. Some of the important functions have been described below.

Collagen synthesis Ÿ

It is required for hydroxylation of lysine and proline that are required for formation of cross links in fibres and extracellular matrix formation (Barnes and Kodicek, 1972). These hydroxylated lysine and proline are imperative in collagen synthesis threfore, deficincy of vitamin C may lead to impairment of collagen synthesis.

Ÿ

Hydroxyproline residues contribute

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antioxidant in extracellular fluids (Stocker and Frei, 1991). Vitamin C can protect biomembranes against lipid peroxidation damage by eliminating peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase before the peroxyl radicals can initiate peroxidation (Mukhopadhyay et al., 1995). Ÿ

to the stiffness of the collagen triple helix, and hydroxylysine residues bind (via their hydroxyl groups) carbohydrates and form intramolecular cross-links that give collagen structural integrity.

Antioxidant Ÿ

Ÿ

Oxidative free radicals i.e. hydroxy, p e r o x y, a l k o x y, s u p e r o x i d e , hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen generated in body in normal metabolism and higher during stress, radiationand diseased condition can be extremely damaging to biological membranes (Padh, 1991).

Thes e are to be removed or inactivated in order to reduce the n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n b o d y.

Antioxidants are the answer to these free radicals that serve to stabilize these highly reactive free radicals by donating electron, thereby maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cells (Chew, 1995). Therefore, antioxidants are very important to immune defense and health of humans and animals.

Immune system Ÿ

Ÿ 23

Tissue defense mechanisms against free-radical damage generally include vitamin C, vitamin E, and βcarotene as the major vitamin antioxidant sources. The antioxidant function of these vitamins could, at least in part, enhance immunity by maintaining the functional and structural integrity of important immune cells.

Vitamin C is the most important

Ascorbic acid is reported to increase leukocytes, reticuloendothelial cells, and antibody production. Vitamin C can stimulate the production of interferons, the proteins that protect cells against viral attack (Siegel, 1974).

Mineral absorption Ÿ

It have role in absorption of minerals like iron, zinc and copper by helping them in their reduction and thereby improving absorption.

Also, it plays inmportant role in synthesis of carnitine required in fat metabolism, deficiency of which may cause accumulation of fat in liver and kidney causing fatty liver kidney syndrome.

Due to its role in collagen synthesis it plays crucial role in wound healing.

During summer, negative effects of heat stress due to overproduction of oxidative free radicals can be ameliorated by supplementation of ascorbic acid.

Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for the bioconversion of vitamin D3 to its active form, 1,25(OH)2D3.

Requirement Ascorbic acid due to its water soluble nature required to be supplied daily through feed so as to avoid deficiency disorders. A number of chemical substances—such as air pollutants, industrial toxins, heavy metals, and drugs like antidepressants, diuretics—are antagonistic to vitamin C and can lead to increased requirements of the vitamin. Crystalline ascorbic acid is relatively stable in air without moisture, and small concentrations of

metal ions will accelerate destruction of ascorbic acid. Various derivatives and analogs of vitamin C have been prepared that have little if any antiscorbutic activity. Glycoascorbic acid acts as an antimetabolite for vitamin C, which is an ascorbic acid homolog, and contains an added CHOH group that has undergone optical inversion.

In case of poultry i.e. all gallinaceous birds, vitamin C is synthesized from d glucose in kidney, wherein d-glucose is converted to d-gluconolactone and then to 2-keto-gulconolactone which spontaneously converted to ascorbic acid. Absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase in the kidney microsome of few species like guinea pig is the reason for their daily vitamin C requirement.

Although biosynthesis of vitamin C occurs in poultry birds but it is limited in very young birds and increases with age up to about 60 days of age (Leeson and Summers, 2001). It seems that broiler chicks with higher growth rates have a high demand for antioxidant defense and thus a higher vitamin C requirement (Surai, 2002).

Ascorbic acid requirement increases during times of environmental, nutritional or pathological stress, the addition of ascorbic acid to the birds' feed or to their drinking water ameliorate the negative effects of deficiency (e.g., chronic adrenocortical activation, immune-suppression, weight loss and reduced egg production). Thyroid status may be a factor affecting the ascorbic acid requirement, with supplemental vitamin C improving chick performance from experimentally induced hypothyroidism (Takahashi et al., 1991).

Vitamin C requirement has not been outlined by NRC, ARC and ICAR for Table 1. Vitamin C requirement for poultry

Poultry

Requirement (mg/Kg)

Given by

50-80

Marks, 1975

100 (marginal)

Leeson and

250 (optimum)

Summers, 2001

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poultry but few researchers have worked on it and given the requirement for poultry are given in table 1.

Ÿ

Growth retardation.

Ÿ

Impaired mineral utilization and thereby anemia.

Sources

Ÿ

Roughened skin and feathers.

Citrus fruits (i.e. lemon, orange) are the predominant sources that are fed to animals and birds as source of vitamin C. However, Indian gooseberry, or amla, is a richest source of natural vitamin C, with a concentration of 600 mg to 1800 mg of ascorbic acid in every 100 g. Fresh amla juice contains 20 times as much vitamin C as is present in orange juice.

Few sources of vitamin C alongwith its concentration is given in table 2.

Ÿ

Decreased semen quality.

Ÿ

Reduced hatchability.

Ÿ

Reduced performance.

Ÿ

Easily acquire infection.

Ÿ

Blood vessels become fragile.

Table 2. Vitamin C content of different food sources Source

Vitamin C (mg)

Guava (one fruit)

377

Orange (one large)

82

Strawberries (one cup)

89

Papaya (one cup in pieces)

86.5

Pineapple (one cup)

79

Grapes (one cup)

72

Mango (one cup)

46

Source: Dr. Axe Vitamin C foods, Signs of Deficiency, and Health Benefits

Deficiency Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for the

bioconversion of vitamin D3 to its active form, 1,25(OH)2D3 i.e. 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol. Therefore, Vitamin C is necessary for bone development and eggshell quality as their principal component is calcium that is regulated by the 1,25(OH)2D3. Decreased eggshell thickness, impaired egg shell quality and bone deformities are the important consequences of vitamin C deficiency.

Newly hatched chicks that are exposed to stress after hatching and slow rate of ascorbic acid synthesis may lead to deficiency of vitamin. Debeaking stress, cold stress and heat stress can be alleviated by supplementing the birds with vitamin C. deficiency symptoms are mentioned below.

Conclusion Vitamin C play very important task in broiler and layer production as evidenced by their role in vitamin D activation and antioxidant function.

Also, they are imperative in collagen synthesis, bone formation and stress relieving. Therefore, they are to be supplied through diet or water to birds particularly during any stress condition.

Dr Aderao Ganesh N. PhD Scholar Animal Nutrition Division ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly

BENEFITS OF EATING EGGS 1. Instant Energy: An egg can provide you instant energy and it takes only 1 to 2 hours to digest. A 100 g.ms of egg contains 155 calories, which provides energy to your body instantly.

2. Sharp You're Mind: Egg has Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin B12 in it, which is good enough for our brain. This Vitamin helps to enhance our Memory Power.

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3. Good For Eyes: It found in research that the aged people who have 2 eggs daily, they have good eye sights. Vitamin-A is good for our eyes and this Vitamin is available in the egg.

4. Breast Cancer: Research of Harvard University shows that consuming eggs reduces the chances of Breast Cancer. Women who consumes 6 to 8 eggs every week, helps to stop the Breast Cancer.

5. Build Muscle: If you do exercise or go to gym and you are not gaining muscle, so you must eat egg. Egg is a good source of protein, which is helpful in Build the Muscle and Gaining Weight. Therefore if you

want to build your Body so consume two to six eggs (Based on how much workout you do). Do not eat yolk (yellow inner part of the egg) too much.

6. Good for Bones: One to two eggs should be given to the small and growing children, because eggs contain Vitamin-D in enough quantity, which makes our bones strong.

7. Healthy Hair: Do you know that our hairs and nails built with protein? Eating eggs can make our hair growth better. There are Sulpher, Vitamin-B and B-12 available in the egg that helps in better growth of our hairs.

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ROLE OF ESSENTIAL OILS IN BROILER CHICKEN PRODUCTION Common essential oils used in poultry industry

Introduction The strict legislative ban over use of antibiotics as feed additive has lead to the research on alternative to antibiotics. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads to proliferation of antibiotic insensitive bacteria, thus posing a threat to human health.

Alternates like organic acids, feed enzymes, probiotics and prebiotics have been extensively studied. On the other hand plant extracts especially essential oils (EO) are new to the poultry feed industry. The knowledge on effect of EO, mode of action and their toxicity are still rudimentary. Plant extracts and their oils are extensively used in pharmaceutical industry as natural therapy, however only in recent past aromatic EO is introduced in animal feed industry.

Essential oils Essential oils are aromatic volatile liquid extract from various parts of the plants such as flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, fruits and roots. EO's are complex mixture of hydrophobic liquids with variable amounts of terpenoids (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and aromatic compounds (aldehyde, alcohol, phenol, methoxyderiva-tive, etc.,) (Nazarro et al., 2013). Terpenes on the basis of 5carbon building block (isoprene unit) can be mono-, sesqui-, and di-terpenes in which the number of isoprene units is 2, 3 and 4, respectively, whereas phenylpropenes consists of 6-carbon aromatic ring.

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The commonly used EO's include oregano (Origanum vulgare), onion (Allium cepa), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), turmeric (Curcuma longa), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), ginger (Zingiber officinale), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus), garlic (Allium sativum), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (Gopi et al., 2014). EO are used as feed additive in feed and drinking water and it can also be used in maintaining hygiene (fogging and inhalation) Biological activity of essential oils Antimicrobial activity Clostridium – E. coli – Staphylococcus aureus – Eimeria sp are the common disease causing agents in the poultry industry. EO contains components like p h e n o l s , a l c o h o l s , ke to n e s a n d aldehydes which can exhibit antimicrobial action stronger than antibiotics (Nazzaro et al., 2013). The mechanism action of antimicrobial activity is still not fully understood as it involves cascade of reactions affecting bacterial cell. Carvacrol and thyme EO act by disintegrating membrane of bacteria. Cinnamaldehyde acts against fungal microbes by inhibition of cell division and thus interferes with cell m e t a b o l i s m a s t h e y re a c t w i t h sulfhydryl groups. EO are effective against gram positive bacteria like Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (Zengin and Baysal, 2014).

Antioxidant activity Essential oil can act as a natural antioxidant to chicken meat thereby increasing the shelf life. EO like thymol, car vacrol, oregano or rosemar y

increased the oxidative stability of muscles in various studies (Hashemipour et al., 2013). The antioxidant property is due to the presence of phenolic OH groups (thymol) which act as hydrogen donors to the peroxy radicals produced during the first step in lipid oxidation. The re t a rd a t i o n of h yd rox y p e rox i d e formation egg and meat of chickens is important in economic point of view.

The action of antioxidant is comparable to α-tocopherol or synthetic a n t i o x i d a n t l i ke B H A a n d B H T. Application of 2% rosemar y oil extended the shelf life of chicken breast meat (Tongnuanchan et al., 2014). EO like thyme can also be used in the process of curing of chicken meat. This not only enchances the shelf life but also influences quality, including pH, flavor, or color. It also improves water holding capacity of the chicken meat.

Effect of Essential oils on the digestive and respiratory systems Essential oil influences digestive processes positively, as they help in maintaining the favourable microbial load in chickens thereby increasing the nutrient absorption. They also boosts the activity of digestive enzymes which increases the HCl and pepsin secretion.

They can also alter the flavour of the feed, which leads to increased feed intake. Some oils like garlic can also i r r i t a te t h e m u c o u s m e m b r a n e , therefore the choice of EO is more important in poultry industry. EO like Peppermint and eucalyptus influence

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ARTICLE the respiratory system of chickens. The EO component like menthol has antispasmodic and expectorant effects thereby airways are cleared, thus breathing during inflammation becomes easier. Also EO like thyme and carvacrol can be used as respiratory support during summer season, when t h e i n f e c t i o n s a re m o re p ro n e .

Terpenoids are known to reduce the microbial load in the bronchi thus preventing respiratory infections. EO of peppers and onion enhances blood circulation thereby allowing faster clearance of toxins from the chicken.

Growth performance in chickens Some author's investigated the effect of EO on poultry production performance and repor ted positive effect in parameters like body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (Zeng et al., 2015). Effect of EO on growth of chicken are either positive (Kamel, 2001) or non significant (Botsoglou et al., 2002) when included from 20 to 200 ppm in poultry diet. Essential oil not only acts on intestinal microflora but also on nutrient utilization which was evident from positive response in weight gain and feed intake.

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Flavour and Extract Manufacturers Association and Food and Drug administration (FDA).

Conclusion

Toxic and Residual effects A number of toxicological studies have been conducted with car vacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and thymol EO. The acute oral LD50 (mg / kg of body weight) of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol in the rat were found to be 810, 2220, and 980 respectively. Due to fast metabolic conversion and excretion of EO in the body accumulation of residues are meagre. However, feeding EO continuously can lead into deposition of EO components in various tissues. The impact of consumption of EO deposited poultry meat is minor, as EO has “Generally recognized as safe” status by

It can be concluded that antimicrobial effect of EO is well documented, also the toxic effect are only seen during very high doses. Antioxidant and hypercholesterolemic effect of EO play a vital role in enhancing flavour and keeping quality of chicken meat. The biological activity and effect of EO in broiler production greatly depends on individual chemical constituent. Other factors contributing to the varied effect are species, ecological factors, climatic conditions, harvest time, plant part used and method of isolation. This varied effect complicates the use of EO in poultry industry. In conclusion, dietary EO's may be used as alternatives to antibiotics, but their effects on growth performance need to be studied further.

K. Rajkumar, V. Boopathi and M. Arul Prakash Assistant Professor, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu.

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THE FUTURE OF BROILER BREEDING Introduction Broiler production has seen a rapid development in past few decades. The increased demand has been met by using advanced technology for broiler production and scientific breeding methods. Growth rate has been the primary trait in any broiler selection programme with improved conformation and reproduction being the secondary ones. Classically the breeding programmes have relied on mass selection for growth rate and body conformation and on hybrid vigor via crossing for reproductive efficiency traits. These strategies have worked well for past decades which have lowered the marketing age of broilers and increased meat yield.

Till now, due market driven demands, the dependence o n c l a s s i c a l b re e d i n g methods continue to give good results and their adoption is also appreciated among breeders or farmers. The improvement in primary traits has been quite linear with traditional methodologies, however, this improvement is expected to slow down as growth rate of broilers reach their biological limits. These are also indicated by increasing number of negative correlated response. To neutralize the effect of negative correlation and overcome biological limits adoption of new methods is required.

With the advent of new molecular technologies and ability to manipulate the genome of organism breeders can now analyze the genomic content of their genetic stocks, introduce foreign and manipulated genes into the stock, modify genomic makeup of the stock, 28

produce recombinant proteins using poultry as bioreactors etc. These technologies have made it possible to change the shape of traditional breeding and mating schemes in broiler production. This article aims in giving t h e i n s i g h t o n h o w t h e re c e n t developments in molecular genetics have changed the traditional breeding methods and is paving way to future of broiler production.

DNA markers in poultry breeding Use of DNA markers in poultr y breeding has been increasing rapidly, detection of MHC alleles, screening for

endogenous and exogenous ALV virus, sex identification are being applied in commercial poultry stocks in various laboratories. With advent of PCR the possible hazards of radioactive labeling has been overcome and DNA markers like SSCP, VNTR, SSR etc now can be used to detect the genetic variance within the lines by knowing the level of band sharing, various line specific VNTR probes are available that can be used to exploit maximum heterosis, multi locus DNA probes can be used in DNA introgression progammes, to introduce new gene or allele into a specific line/

strain. Identification of locus specific markers allow for marker assisted selection in poultry (Fig.1) that reduces the generation interval and increases the response as well as accuracy specially for traits with low heritability, measurement difficulties, sex limited traits, slaughter traits etc.

Poultry breeders use a variety of methods to improve the production of their stocks, genetic selection and introgression are practiced in economically important traits and pure lines differing in major trait expression are produced. The grandparents and parents of these lines are then mated in structured and planned way to produce commercial hybrid broiler chickens. These mating m a k e u s e o f heterozygosity and hybrisvigour to get augmented response in commercial cross bred population. However now we can identify particular locus in the DNA being in linkage disequilibrium with the causative mutation that is affecting the trait of interest. Traits like meat quality and meat yield that have received quite emphasis in recent years are difficult to measure in traditional breeding programmes. The feed efficiency is measured in individual cages following pre selection for body weight which is costly. Percent of carcass meat and fat which are main determinants of meat quality are measured after slaughter.

For such traits DNA markers can be adopted, there a number of markers (as QTLs) available for meat quality traits like a DFP marker has been known to be associated with low abdominal fat (Plotsky et al., 1993). Similarly, for reproductive traits,in which the locus

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staphylococcus aureus infection, Fowl cholera, Eimera spp., Vitiligo etc. the MHC or the B locus has also been found to be associating with production traits, general mortality also with economically important traits, like juvenile and adult mortality, body weight, fertilization rate, embryonic m o r t a l i t y, h a tc h a b i l i t y a n d e g g production etc. The alleles B2 and B21 locus of the MHC gene in chicken are known to be having beneficial association with economic traits in broilers.

abdominal fat weight, 159 QTLs for body weight at 42 days, 209 for body weight at 56 days, 570 for FCR and 195 for feed intake. There are total 6351 QTLs for production and 382 for reproduction traits. Meat quality has 145 QTLs and conformation traits have 32 QTLs

Poor livability is yet another major cause of concern in broiler breeding. It has been shown that as the growth rate increases there is a genetic trend for increased incidence of mortality and various abnormalities. In developed (https://www.animalgenome.org/cginations, this trend has been bin/QTLdb/GG/index). These QTLs can counteracted by better management, now be actively used in selection nutrition, housing, veterinary practices programmes through MAS scheme and and treatments. Still, as the growth improvement in desired traits can be potential of broilers increases there are obtained much earlier and with better more incidences of ascitis, heart failure, The chicken QTLdb accuracy. Implementation of markers in sudden death syndrome, and general Such major genes that are being traditional breeding programmes in mortality. Similarly, mortality due to identified to be affecting economically broilers is quite possible as the infectious disease and the breeding systems and cost of disease control recording and accurate decreases the profitability. and regular. The use of Genes Genes In broilers, marketing at markers may not be earlier age is required beneficial in commercial hence development of crossbred production but Environment immune system is can easily be applied for Phenotype QTL important. Experimental development of different divergent selection for lines that can be used as response towards E. coli grandparents or that can Information from realities Molecular genetic infection has shown that be used for introgression markers ESTIMATED BREEDING there was a significant of certain genes in other VALUE difference between the lines. Thus use of major Individual selected lines in response genes or QTLs can now be observation towards E. coli incorporated in traditional experimental challenge. b re e d i n g s c h e m e s . I n SELECTION Genetic markers, broiler breeding especially those that are programmes the use of present in MHC locus may becomes limited to raising important or disease resistance traits aid in selection for disease resistance in are the QTLs. A QTL provide a type of of parental and granparental stocks broilers. The B haplotypes have been “handle” to study the inheritance of only however, because of the type of used in selection from past few decades regions affecting a trait. A QTL traits involved it will be much more have proven to be extremely useful not (Quantitative trait locus) may be within beneficial as it is in layer breeding. only in selection for disease resistance the gene of interest or in linkage or However, how much markers will be to some infectious conditions but also linkage disequilibrium with the gene of and can be used in traditional broiler for improved production. The MHC interest or the causative mutation production remains to be seen. The locus in chickens carries a special creating difference in quantitative value traditional broiler industry is highly emphasis as it is one the best of trait (Fig. 2). organized and the commercial broiler characterized region and is found to be producers may not find any obvious Till now there are 8978 QTLs being associating with many traits. The MHC advantage of using markers in industry. identified in chicken for various traits. locus has been found to be associating For proper utilization and Among these QTLs, for broiler traits 200 with Marek's disease neoplasia, Rous's dissemination of marker s, their QT L s h a v e b e e n i d e n t i fi e d f o r sarcoma, lymphoid leukosis, knowledge and their use in industry

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Conclusion Broiler breeding is a different aspect as compared to other livestock as well as layer production. The selection objectives are different and there is more fragility on retail scale. Selection is practiced in granparental and parental stocks to produce the commercial crossbreds that uses hybrid vigour for production of better crossbreds.

Industries have achieved a better response and profits utilizing traditional selection schemes in broiler production. Among the three methods MAS, genomic selection and genome depends on how much scientific researches are market oriented. If any marker information or its use is providing an added benefit in commercial perspective it will surely be undertaken on large scales. The second thing to consider is the economic feasibility of marker utilization, poultry industry have contributed significantly in genomics however traits identification and its econom ic significance with correlation with other traits makes marker utilization less attractive on commercial scale.

The step ahead Moving forward from MAS is the genomic selection. There are many texts available on its use in livestock breeding and hence will be dealt in brief only. The advantage that genomic selection gives s that it enables the breeder to track the inheritance of whole genome by use of dense SNP markers distributed throughout the genome. The second advantage is that it does not require any pedigree information. Genomic selection can provide more accurate breeding values for selection. However its implementation on a commercial poultry breeding programmes still is in infancy. The problem that genomic selection currently faces in broiler 30

breeding is the economic feasibility of its application, the advantage that it gives is early selection and better accuracy, however because commercial breeding schemes are such that the advantage of genomic selection are overlooked by cost implications. The second revolutionary idea for better selection accuracy is the whole genome resequencing and using the direct sequencing data in prediction of breeding values. However utilization of sequencing data is still in experimental stages and it will be more beneficial in large livestock and it carries the same disadvantage as with the genomic selection.

resequencing, MAS carries a significant advantage in broiler industry for production of different lines/ strains that can be used to produce either crossbreds or for introgression of unique genes in other line or strain.

Utilization of genomic methods on regular basis will require study of their economic feasibility and advantage over current breeding methods. As cost implications drives the market until genomic selection or sequencing methods are proven to be better players.

Kush Shrivastava¹, Rebeka Sinha²* and Shweta Singh Chauhan³ ¹Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR- IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India ²Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR –NDRI, Karnal, Haryana ³Pepartment of Biochemistry, C.V. Sc and AH, NDVSU, Jabalpur, MP

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STRONG PRESENCE AND GRAND PARTICIPATION OF INDIAN HERBS IN POULTRY INDIA 2018, HYDERABAD FROM 28 - 30 NOVEMBER, 2018 Indian Herbs, the pioneer and market leader and No.1 Company in Herbal Animal Health Care Products Industry since 1951, showed its strong presence in POULTRY INDIA 2018 held at Hitex Exhibition Complex, Hyderabad from 28th to 30th November, 2018. It participated with its strong technical and marketing team which include their top officials, Mr. Balaram Bhattacharya, Executive Vice President (Mktg. & Sales), Dr. Shivi Maini, GM (Technical) and senior marketing managers. The sales and marketing team gave a warm welcome to the all the visiting customers and consultants at INDIAN HERBS stall.

of INDIAN HERBS and the same is being used successfully by leading institutions in India and abroad. INDIAN HERBS is well positioned in the market to provide natural, safe and efficacious solutions to meet the emerging needs of the industry for better poultr y production and profitability.

The awareness about reducing the usage of antibiotic is increasing day by day amongst the poultry farmers and consultants.

INDIAN HERBS is helping the industry in producing antibiotic free chicken and eggs by providing natural solutions.

Re c e n t l y, I N D I A N H E R B S h a d collaboration with premier foreign and d o m e s t i c re s e a rc h i n s t i t u te s a n d universities of high global ranking for indepth research on Alternate Choline supplement 'BioCholine' and Natural growth promoter product 'HerBiotic FS'. A research study on BioCholine based on transcriptomics and hepatic mRNA expression of key genes regulating intricate metabolic pathways in the liver was undertaken at University of Georgia, USA. Dr. Shivi Maini, DGM (Technical) gave detailed technical presentation on underlying mechanism of action of BioCholine to potentially regulate key allosteric effectors of glucose and lipid metabolism on basis of transcriptomics and to completely replace synthetic choline chloride in feed.

Dr. Shivi Maini said that in this era of 'Phasing Out of In feed Antimicrobials', Indian Herbs Specialities Ltd. has taken key initiatives to address and mitigate the risks that outweigh the benefits AGP's by offering natural growth promoter product 'Herbiotic FS'. Our company is the pioneer and the very first in India who has successfully catered and addressed the need of market by launch of this product in the year 2004. Ever since we are helping feed millers, integrators and farmers all over the world to reduce the usage of in feed antimicrobials. Amongst other flagship brands of our company are BioCholine (Natural Choline), Animunin (Respiratory Antiseptic), Natural Vitamin C (Herbal C), Vitamin E (E-Sel Power) that are the result of sustained research at our R&D Centre which is approved by the Govt. of India since 1986. BioCholine (Natural choline) is the top selling brand

Indian Herbs is the first company to introduce the research oriented herbal products in important segments such as Choline (BioCholine), Vitamin C (Herbal C), Natural Vitamin C with Chromium (HeatBeat), Vitamin E (E-Sel Power), Methionine (HerboMethione Plus), Lysine (HerboLysin), AGP (Herbiotic FS), Respirator y Antiseptic (Animunin), Immune Potentiator (ImmuPlus & ImmuGreen), Metabolic Stimulant and Liver Tonic (LivoLiv-DS & LivoLiv 250), Coccidiosis (CocciBan), Natural Calcium (MagaCal), Antistress & Adaptogen (StressCheck), Renal Tonic (NephTone) etc. These products are being used successfully by leading institutional customers in India as well as abroad with excellent results. The products are not only most economical and ecofriendly but also improve the quality of feed, productivity and profitability.

The company's portfolio includes herbal healthcare and nutritional products catering to wide range of animal species including poultry, ruminants, equine, swine, pets, aquatic and other animal species for more than six decades.

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Looking to the harmful after-effects of synthetic medicines, the veterinarians, consultants and farmers all over the world are now taking keen interest in the use of herbal feed supplements and health care products and INDIAN HERBS is dedicated to promote the use of natural products for the betterment of animal health and production performance.

Indian Herbs is successfully exporting its products to more than 50 counties across four continents including Asia, Europe, Latin America and Africa.

INDIAN HERBS has also received the certificate from EXPORT INSPECTION C O U N C I L O F I N D I A , M i n i s t r y of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India and was the first Herbal Company to get this recognition.

The R&D Centre of INDIAN HERBS, which is approved by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India since 1986, is well equipped with the best available state of the art modern facilities for standardization and quality control of herbal products. The R&D Centre is consistently working hard on herbal ingredients to provide the industry with the best quality herbal alternatives of synthetic products. INDIAN HERBS is committed to provide unique herbal solutions to improve the health and performance of the birds Nature's Way. It has been informed by Dr. Shivi Maini that scientific evaluation on herbal products of INDIAN HERBS in comparison to synthetic products in India and abroad is a continuous process to ensure best quality and efficacy of the products.

More than 190 scientists have been awarded Masters and Doctorate degrees for their research work which has resulted in publication of more than 750 research papers in the eminent national and international scientific journals. INDIAN HERBS has the distinction of getting more than 22 Patents in USA, Europe, India etc. and many Patents are pending in USA and other countries for innovative research on herbs and herbal products.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

PRESS RELEASE Indian Herbs is continuously making strong presence in Poultry India with its strong commitment to provide the best natural solutions to the industry for better poultry production and proďŹ tability.

The stall of INDIAN HEBRS attracted a

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www.pixie.co.in large number of visitors, including feed millers, integrators, large farmers, consultants, nutritionist and distributors etc. All the queries of the visitors were answered by the technical team of INDIAN HERBS to their best satisfaction.

It is high time that the farmers and consultants should support these ecofriendly cost saving natural poultry products for the common objective of proďŹ table poultry farming.

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POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

NEWS

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MEET THE FARMER COUPLE FAIL TO GET 50K CHICKENS KILLED EARNING A DECENT TEN-YEAR BAN ON IN POULTRY FARM LIVING FROM CHICKENS KEEPING POULTRY FIRE OVERNIGHT LIFTED he blaze completely destroyed

T

A

stone wall rings the homestead hosting indigenous trees, setting it apart from the rest in the rural neighbourhood in Bomet County.Inside the compound in Soiymet village in Sotik sub county, sits a brand new tractor and a station wagon parked side by side. Not far away are three huge yellow plastic tanks sitting on a raised platform.Some few metres from the main house, a 50m by 5m wide brick wall and iron sheet roofed structure may pass for a store, but this is Emitiot Poultry Farm, where Daniel Rotich rears some 1,000 layers at any given time.Rotich first ventured into the agribusiness in 2005 by keeping 50 broilers in a timber structure with a roof of four iron sheets after ploughing Sh4,000.For two years, I ran the b u s i n e s s f ro m h e re a n d s o l d a cumulative 3,000 birds at Sh250 at hotels in Kisii town. This motivated me, he recounts,However, the 2007 postelection violence forced him to abandon the business after he lacked market for his 300 broilers. I started to bake doughnuts and supplied using a bicycle to local trading centres in Bomet, but poultry was where my heart was, Rotich states.The farmer returned to poultry farming in 2011. This time round, he went into keeping improved Kienyeji chickens alongside layers, starting with 150 birds.

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couple from St Austell have failed to get their ten-year ban on keeping poultry lifted .In October 2018 Michael John Thomas Jackson and partner Joanna Caroline Lutey, of Boldventure Close, pleaded guilty to a number of animal welfare and related offences,Officials described the conditions as shocking,In response to this District Judge Baker handed the couple a ten-year ban on keeping poultry and issued them both with a 12 month community order. This required Mr Jackson to carry out 200 of unpaid work and Ms Lutey to carry out 100 hours of unpaid work.The couple were ordered to pay the Council £4,000 towards their costs.Now they have failed in their appeal to overturn a ten year ban on keeping poultry after action taken by Cornwall Council.In Truro Town Court today on Wednesday the couple offered no evidence to show the court that conditions on the premises have improved.The Judge therefore agreed that the ten-year ban on keeping poultry was the correct sentence and dismissed the couple's appeal.They were also ordered to pay the Council's further costs of £700.

three large barns at the Stoney Creek farm in Henderson, Firefighters were called to the scene about 1.30am and were still at the scene this afternoon to ensure the smouldering wreckage didn't cause nearby buildings or vegetation to catch fire, The stench of burnt meat and plastic is almost overwhelming at the site, which is nestled in an idyllic, forested valley. Fire Service Henderson senior station officer Jason Orchard said the three large, twostorey sheds were already engulfed in flames when fire crews arrived. A fourth barn was also at risk of succumbing to the blaze, so firefighters put their energy into saving that and and into preventing it spreading to the nearby forest. You've got a well-established fire in an area like this where there's very limited water so it was very tough. But to manage to save the one building, at least there's one positive out of this," Mr Orchard said. The Stoney Creek farm supplies Tegel with chickens. A Tegel spokesperson said the chickens were barn raised. Animal rights group SAFE wants an urgent review of animal housing in the wake of the fire. Its head of campaigns, Marianne Macdonald, said she was appalled by the incident and called for an urgent review into farmed animal housing. The tragedy of these birds killed in a raging fire, clearly highlights the dangerous conditions that factory farmed animals are trapped in. With thousands of chickens in each shed, when there's a fire there's no way to rescue them," Ms Macdonald said. It's vital that factory farms such as these need effective early detection systems and sprinklers.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

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Promois is undoubtedly a trusted Poultry Feed Ingredients Manufacturer that serves you with the best range of poultry supplements. Professionals of the company will prepare the supplements using the best vegetable based polymers and fermented amino acids. All the available feed supplements are tested by the quality checkers of the company. These products are also known for improving the health of the animals and birds of your poultry firm.

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UK CHICKEN COULD FACE HIGH EU TARIFFS: NEW YEAR, NEW YOLK:

MPS URGED TO TAKE ACTION TO AVOID NO-DEAL BREXIT

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our UK farming unions, the NFU, NFU Cymru, NFU Scotland and Ulster Farmer's Union, have today urged MPs to take all the necessary steps for the UK to avoid a no-deal Brexit, which could see catastrophic impacts for the nation's food and farming sector, In a letter to all MPs ahead of the meaningful vote on the Prime Minister's deal, the organizations highlighted the serious implications a no-deal Brexit could have for the industry and urged them to 'take all the steps necessar y to avoid such a departure coming to pass, The impacts of a no-deal Brexit for the food and farming sector could include: Huge disruption as a result of an effective trade embargo on the export of UK animals and animal based products.

Affected sectors facing particularly high customs tariffs on exports. For example, the effective EU tariff would be 65 percent on beef, 46 percent on lamb and 27 percent on chicken. mpacts on UK production as a result of the government potentially choosing to unilaterally lower the UK's import tariffs to control food price inflation, resulting in the UK market being open to imports of food produced to standards lower than that produced here by UK farmers.

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In the letter, the organizations said: Brexit will mean that, for the first time in a generation, UK politicians will have direct responsibility for ensuring our nation is properly fed.Yet, in the face of this fundamental responsibility, there is a very real risk that a disorderly Brexit will lead to an immediate reliance on overseas imports, produced to lower standards, while many UK farms struggle to survive. The implications, not only for domestic food supply but for the careful management of our cherished countryside, would represent an historic political failure. Our organizations remain committed to playing their part in managing Brexit in the best interests of farmers and the UK public in the years ahead, but we believe that leaving without a deal on 29 March will lead, very quickly, to the opposite outcome. We urge MPs, in light of the central role Parliament will play in the coming days in resolving this impasse, to recognize the severe impact No Deal will have and to take all steps necessary to avoid such a departure coming to pass.

NOBLE FOODS LAUNCHES NEW BRAND OF EGGS

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oble Foods, the nation's leading egg supplier and owner of the happy egg co., is introducing Freshly Golden Yolks, a new brand with the promise of a "deep golden, naturally delicious yolk, Produced on a small collection of family-run farms, free range hens are fed an enriched, wholesome diet containing natural paprika and marigold, which results in a dark, golden yolk. These three farms are some of our most experienced farmers, who always go the extra mile for their hens and have worked closely with us in the development of this special feed, said Graham Atkinson, Noble Foods Agriculture Director. Our consumer research revealed that people view the color of a yolk as the signal of the egg's quality, said Stuart Agnew, Category and Marketing Director at Noble Foods.

We believe we are the first company to achieve the dark golden color through natural additions to our hens' diets. As a leading egg supplier, we spend a tremendous amount of time understanding what consumers want and like from a brand – simplicity, care and small scale. That's exactly what Freshly achieves.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

NEWS

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INDIAN RIVER TRAINING ACADEMY HIGHLIGHTS EFFECTIVE HATCHERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

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he seventh annual Indian River® Training Academy (IRTA), held Nov. 5-8 in Bangkok, featured the key aspects of effective hatcher y management. The training was designed to help Indian River customers maximise quality chick output, as well as business profitability.

Aviagen® was pleased to welcome more than 60 customers from across Asia and the Middle East to engage in topics relevant in the hatcher y, including egg handling from the farm to the incubator, temperature control and other incubation essentials, and chick holding and transportation. The training also addressed critical issues such as effective In Ovo vaccination, hatcher conditions, ventilation and hatching hygiene. Participants were able to benefit from the knowledge of Aviagen veterinar y and hatcher y exper ts and guest speaker s. To encourage interaction and engagement, the presentations were combined with hands-on exercises, as well as opportunities for students to ask questions and offer their own ideas and input. Another important aspect of the training were a variety activities that encouraged networking and relationship-building.It was great to meet with so many customers 38

attending the IRTA. The attentiveness and participation of the attendees reinforced the strength in the program.

Our goal is always to give customers everything they need to be successful.

As the hatchery is a crucial link in the supply chain, it can make a huge impact on the quality of the chicks, and ultimately on the overall performance of the flocks,” said Larry Blackstone, commercial manager for Indian River Asia Pacific. Greg Hitt, regional technical manager for Asia Pacific, added, “It was very rewarding to spend time with our Indian River customers, and see them collaborate with one another and engage with the training.

Our main objective was to send them home with advice and best practices they can apply to the benefit of their own individual hatchery operations.

Many benefits to Indian River customers Indian River customers commented on the value of the training to their businesses. Heribertus Bambang H.W, PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk., offered his appreciation to the Indian River team on behalf of Japfa Indonesia.

“We look forward to opportunities to meet with the entire team, as well as other Aviagen customers in Asia Pacific.

Events like these help strengthen our relationships, as well as our performance, and support our mission to be a poultry business leader.Ishtiaq Ahmed, CEO Poultry and Feed, Kazi Farms Ltd., also said, “Aviagen makes a considerable effort to develop the skills and knowledge of its customers. The topics presented at IRTA were very useful to our business, and so far we've implemented one important improvement. This useful and comprehensive conference covered very important hatchery practices -from handling the hatching egg to using hatchery data effectively. The combination of practical sessions, along with the workshop topics and discussions, was a very effective way to learn,” added Luay Ghassan Khaled Jaber, quality control manager and deputy manager of hatcheries for the Arab Company for Livestock Development (ACOLID) in Jordan.IRTA 2018 was an amazing training experience. We left the sessions motivated to share with our people what we've learned to work together to improve our hatchery operation,” concluded Nestor Alcantara, hatchery p r o d u c t i o n m a n a g e r, V i s a y a s operations, Bounty Fresh.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

NEWS / EVENT CALENDER

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TAIWAN'S YUNLIN COUNTY CULLS 62nd PALESTINE HALTS POULTRY FARM IN 2018 DUE TO BIRD FLU ISRAELI POULTRY D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 8 , a f a r m wo r ke r IMPORTS discovered that a turkey had died of

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fter a difficult year for poultry farmers in Yunlin County, another farm was discovered to have been infected with the bird flu virus, leading to prompt action by the local government and the culling of almost 100 turkeys in S i h u To w n s h i p L a s t w e e k o n 2 7

unknown causes, before immediately calling the Yunlin Animal and Plant Disease Control Center. Upon inspection the 11 week old turkey was found to have been infected with the H5N2 Avian Flu Virus.The entire stock of 989 young turkeys was ordered to be culled. The operation was completed on Saturday, 29 December 2018.The Sihu operation brings the total number of poultry farms in Yunlin County ordered to cull their livestock in 2018 to 62.

CREATIVE CHICKEN FEEDING BECOMES ONLINE HIT I n the videos, crowds of chickens are arranged to feed in various Chinese characters and images.It is not very hard. I just need to place chickens' fodder in designed shape before feeding them," said Wang Lipeng, owner of a chicken farm in Yanshou county, Northeast China's Heilongjiang province.Wang, 25, started his chicken farm three years ago after resigning from a real estate agency in the county.In recent years, people concern

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more about health and pollution-free food become popular in the market, so I got the idea of starting the business," he said. "I spend all my saving of about 400,000 yuan ($58,157.28) building the chicken farm in a mountainous area 30 kilometers from the central county, producing green chicken and eggs.

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h e Pa l e s t i n i a n g o v e r n m e n t decided on Thursday 27 December to ban entry of Israeli vegetables, fruits and poultry into the Palestinian market following an Israel ban on import of similar Palestinian productsThe cabinet said in a statement following its weekly meeting held in Ramallah that “in accordance with the principle of protecting the local produce and the Palestinian farmer in order to achieve the government's policy of supporting the steadfastness of the Palestinian farmers and in light of the unilateral Israeli decision to prevent the entry of Palestinian vegetables and fruits into Israeli markets, the government decided to prevent the entry of all kinds of vegetables, fruits and poultry into the Palestinian markets,” said the statement.Israel took its action against the Palestinian produce after the Palestinians decided not to allow into their markets live sheep imported by Israelis in order to protect the local livestock farmers.

JANUARY 2019

FEBRUARY 2019

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MARCH 2019 Event : VIV Asia 2019 Date : 13-15 March 2019 Venue : BITEC (Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre) 88 Bangnatrad Road, Bangna, Prakanong Bangkok 10260 Thailand - Bangkok - Thailand

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JUNE 2019 Event

: 22nd European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition - ESPN 2019 Date : 10-13 Jun 2019 Venue : Poland

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019

RECIPE / SUBSCRIPTION

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Cheddar Ramen Noodle Wedge with Fried Eggs Ingredients

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8 slices bacon

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2 (3 ounce) packages ramen noodles (flavor packets

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discarded)

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1 cup shredded Cheddar cheese

1 1/2 tablespoons vegetable oil, divided

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1 tablespoon butter

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4 eggs

Directions

Cook bacon (in batches, if necessary) in a 12-inch ovenproof nonstick skillet over medium heat, turning, until crisp, about 8 minutes. Transfer bacon to paper towels to drain. Remove skillet from heat and pour off all but 1 tablespoon bacon fat, Bring a saucepan of salted water to a boil. Break each ramen noodle block into 4 pieces and cook, stirring occasionally, until just tender, about 3 minutes. Drain noodles in a colander and rinse under cold water, Heat bacon fat in skillet over medium-high heat until shimmering. Add noodles, spreading them evenly to cover bottom of skillet. Cook noodles, pressing on them occasionally with a slotted spatula, until underside is golden brown, 3 to 6 minutes. Slide ramen cake onto a large plate, invert a second plate over top, then flip cake over (so cooked side is now on top). Add 1 tablespoon oil to skillet. Slide ramen cake back into skillet and cook over medium-high heat, pressing it occasionally, until underside is golden brown, 3 to 5 minutes. Remove skillet from heat, Sprinkle cheese evenly over ramen cake and transfer skillet to oven. Bake until cheese is melted, 5 to 10 minutes. Slide ramen cake onto a cutting board and cut into 4 wedges, Wipe out skillet. Heat butter and remaining 1/2 tablespoon oil in skillet over medium heat.

Crack eggs into skillet and cook to desired doneness, 2 to 3 minutes for runny yolks. Serve each ramen wedge with a fried egg and 2 slices bacon.

(Life Time Period 10 Years)

Payment Details:

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Send DD or Cheque in favour of Pixie Consulting solutions Ltd. payable at Karnal Address: C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA or Transfer money to HDFC Bank Bank address: Opp. Mahavir Dal Hospital Account Type: Current Account Name: Pixie Consulting Solutions Limited Account Number: 01958730000179 IFSC Code: HDFC0000195 | Swift Code: HDFCINBB | PAN No. AAECP6186B

Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd. C/o OmAng Hotel, Namaste Chowk, Near Janta Petrol Pump, KARNAL - 132001 (Haryana) INDIA Email : poultry.pcsl@gmail.com | info@pixie.co.in Website : www.pixie.co.in

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POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 21 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2019