Poultry Planner - January 2018

MONTHLY

VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

Get the most benefits from Encapsulated

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Ÿ Better body weight gain Ÿ Increased egg production and improve egg quality Ÿ Improve fertility and hatchability in breeders Ÿ Lowers ammonia in poultry houses Ÿ Decrease egg shell contamination by reducing pathogenic bacteria in faeces Globion India Pvt. Ltd. Corporate office: 2nd Floor, Vasavi Gold Stone, Survey No. 25, Near Military Football Ground, Trimulgherry, Secunderabad-500 015, Telangana , India Phone: +91-40-2799 0397 / 98 Fax: +91-40-2799 0399 Email: technoforum@globionindia.com Website: www.globionindia.com Factory: D. No.4-3, Survey No. 321, Biotech Park Phase III, Karakapatla Village, Markook Mandal, Siddipet District- 502281, Telangana, India

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From the Editor’s Desk Table Egg Production Keeping free range layers should not be difficult. Over the years Vencomatic invested considerably in the development of equipment for free range birds gaining much experience in both the rearing and laying phases. The birds in the house follow their natural instincts but as the flock manager you are in control of the process. That is what we at Vencomatic call Managing Freedom: the optimum control of freedom of the layers in modern housing systems, Classic Sidebelt Nest : The Classic Nest is an automatic nest with a moveable floor. The moveable floor pushes out birds after period of lay. This prevents broodiness creating a clean nest pad resulting in clean, top quality eggs. The perforated egg belt is used to transport eggs to the front of the house. The welfare friendly design and the materials used create an optimum environment for the hen to lay her eggs, Bolegg Terrace : The Bolegg Terrace is a compact, but complete aviary system for layers which can be placed in adjacent rows in the house. Laying nests, perches, feeding and drinking lines and manure belts are integrated into the system. The special system design allows birds to move up easily. The system allows a higher bird density compared to normal floor housing. With the high quality integrated Vencomatic nests, floor eggs and second quality eggs are reduced to a minimum, Bolegg Perfecta: The Bolegg Perfecta system makes it possible to house a higher bird density by increasing useable floor area through the use of tiers. The layout is based on the concept of traditional floor housing which ensures easy management and good results. Manure belts are integrated in the system for periodic manure removal. The system allows integration of feeding and drinking lines, which improves the overview in the house, Rearing: Jump Start : Aviary rearing is becoming more important as the number of hens in aviary systems is increasing rapidly. With aviary rearing it is important to teach the young birds to jump.

Winching the hanging platforms gradually increases difference between the feeding and drinking levels encouraging the birds to jump from one level to another. The plastic Vencoslat gives optimal foot support to the birds and can easily be hinged at the end of the flock to allow easily cleaning the house, Rearing: Bolegg Starter : Aviary rearing system for commercial layers which optimizes the development of pullets destined for transfer to aviary layer production houses. The system is designed around the needs of the young birds as well as the working environment of the poultry farmer. At the start of the rearing cycle birds are housed in the system at an easy controllable level. The birds gradually learn to jump within the system encouraged by slowly increasing the height difference between feed and drinking lines and via winchable platforms.

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor in Chief N.K. Gupta General Manager pcslkarnal@gmail.com

M : 999 170 5005 Aparna Mehmi Marketing Manager Poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M : 999 170 5007

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Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors.

Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/99 Licensed to post at Karnal HPO under Postal Regn. No. PKL-91/2016-2018 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein.

Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India.

It does not imply publisher’s endorsement.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamilnadu

Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited.

The submitted material will not be returned.

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Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal

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Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal

(Ph.D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Published at : 923, Sector-9, Urban Estate, Karnal 132 001 (Haryana) India Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

Mr. Rakesh Kumar Poultry Consultant

INDEX

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07 EDITORIAL

40 NEWS

43 UPCOMING EVENTS

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Advanced Bio Agro Tech Ltd

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Awon Plastics

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AWP (Mix Oil)

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B.V. Bio-Corp Pvt. Ltd.

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Gartech Equipments Pvt. Ltd.

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Indian Herbs Spec. Pvt. Ltd.

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Indian Tr. Bureau Pvt. Ltd.

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Karamsar Poultry Appliances

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Promois

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Vetline

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Press Release

Zoetis India Ltd.

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30 MOST ADMIRED BRAND FOR ANIMAL HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS

Zydus Animal Health

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Articles...

EFFECTS OF FEEDING MORINGAOLEIFERA LEAF MEAL IN POULTRY DIETS Dr. Lamella Ojha

10

METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF DRUGS AND HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN POULTRY MEAT Dr. Deepandita Barman

Dr. S. S. Rathore

Dr. Rohit Kumar

12

18

20

DISINFECTION OF HATCHING EGGS Mr. G. K. Rathinam

22

APPLICATION OF NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN POULTRY PRODUCTION Dr. G. H. Hudson

OF THE YEAR

26

32 PFI NEW OFFICE INAUGRATION 34 BIOMIN EXHIBITS STRONG PRESENCE AT POULTRY INDIA EXPO, REINFORCES COMMITMENT TO CUSTOMERS

35 CLFMA APPLAUDS THE GOVERNMENT'S NATIONAL ACTION PLANS ON FEED AND LIVESTOCK SECTORS

35 ABOUT EVONIK 36 ImprovalTM BFS is Key To Total Gut Integrity:

30

36

Zydus AH unveils

38 POULTRY NUTRITION IN 2025 AB VISTA ANSWERS THE QUESTION IN POULTRY INDIA

32 8

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EFFECTS OF FEEDING MORINGAOLEIFERA LEAF MEAL IN POULTRY DIETS undetectable or negligible in leaves, twigs, and stems of M. oleiferaleaves.

Properties of Moringaoleifera leaf meal 1.

Anti-microbial

2.

Antibiotic

3.

Anti-inflammatory

4.

Antioxidant

5.

Anti-tumour

Introduction

6.

Anti-fungal

The poultry industry is one of the fastest growing industries globally, but is hampered by a heavy shortage of feed ingredients especially in developing countries. Thus, it is essential to explore the non-traditional feed resources which could be used in poultry feed formulations. Moringao-leiferaor known as drumstick tree (Moringaceae), a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropics and subtropics, is one such plant with an impressive range of medicinal uses, including growth promotion, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. M. oleifera leaf improves egg production, yolk colour and feed conversion ratio as well as body weight, nutrient digestibility in poultry birds.

7.

Anti-cholesterol

8.

Improves digestion

9.

Strengthens immune system

Chemical composition Chemical composition of the Moringaoleifera leaf (MOL) meal on dry matter basis(Deyand De, 2013).

Ten of the nineteen obser ved amino acids in M. oleifera are categorized asessential; threonine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, histadine, lysine and tryptophan; and seventeen fatty acids, including αlinolenic acid, heneicosanoic, γ-linolenic, palmiteic and capric acid have been identified (Moyo et al., 2011). The concentrations of anti-nutritional factors like tannins, trypsin, amylase inhibitors, lectins, cyanogenicglucosides, glucosinolates, and saponins were either 10

linearly decreased egg-laying percentage and egg mass, while egg weight and feed intake showeda quadratic trend with the increased levels of MOL meal with the absence of a significant effecton feed conversion ratio (Abou-Elezzet al., 2011).

Effect of Moringa leaf meal on the performance of Broilers

10. Appetite suppressant Mode of action The antimicrobial property of M. oleiferais due to the presence of lipophilic compounds and these compounds may attach to the cytoplasmic membrane of the pathogenic organisms. The antibiotic metabolites, such as carboxylic acid, 2,4diacetyl phloroglucinol, cell walldegrading enzymes and chitinases is also present in extracts of M. oleiferaseeds .

The antioxidant activity of MOL extract and fruit is due to the presence of polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanin, glycosides, and thiocarbamates, which remove free radicals, activate antioxidant enzymes, and inhibit oxidases.

Effect of Moringa leaf meal on the performance of laying hens

M. oleifera leaf meal had positive impact on growth performance of broiler birds. It improves the growth performance, nutrient utilization, efficiency of gut integrity and/or carcass yield in broiler.

Incorporation of MOL at both 0.25% and 0.40% levels significantly (P<0.01) i m p ro ve d t h e b o d y we i g h t , f e e d efficiency and reduced (P<0.01) mortality in broiler chicken (Dey and De, 2013). The exact mode of action by which plant bio active substances exert their positive effects on bird performance is not well understood. Nevertheless, it is speculated that the main site of activity is within the gastro-intestinal tract due to modification of gut micro-flora, maximizing both feed digestibility and growth rate. Wallace et al. (2010) reported that synergy between individual bio active com-pounds present in MOL may affect broad aspects of bird physiology, their ultimate objective being positive interaction with the biochemistry of the body. M. oleifera leaves are reported to contain benzylisothiocyanate, understood to have antibiotic properties (Fahey,2005), which may partly explain the improved growth performance.

Supplementation of Moringa leaf meal in poultry birds increases feed and crude protein in take, average weight gain, feed Conclusion efficiency and protein efficiency ratios.

T h e u s e of M . o l e i f e r a l e a f m e a l i s The presence of readily available protein, increasingday by day due to their beneficial higher levels of methionine and other effects on poultry birds. M. oleiferaleaf essential amino acids in Moringa leaf meal can be used at levels of up to 5% of meal is highly convenient for monogastric the diet of broilers and up to 10% of the animals including poultry. Kakengi et al. diet of laying hens, without the deleterious (2007) showed that addition of 10% and effects on performance of birds.

20% MOL meal to the laying hen diet, as a substitute for sunflower seed meal, significantly (P<0.05) increased feed and Lamella Ojha, Banakar P S, dry matter intake and decreased egg SonikaGrewal, EktaRana, AsgarUd-Deen and mass production. In another study, ShrijaSinha PhD Scholar-ICAR-National Dairy supplementation of MOL meal (0%, 5%, Research Institute, Karnal-132001 10%, and 15%) in the laying hens' diets POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

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METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF DRUGS AND HEAVY METAL RESIDUES IN POULTRY MEAT established for detection and quantification of pesticide residues in animal tissues. However, colorimetric and TLC method are limited only for qualitative determination due to its low sensitivity. GLC or GC-MS though normally used for determination of nonvolatile compounds (organochlorine and organophosp-horus pesticides), but also effectively utilized for determination of thermo-labile compounds such as synthetic pyrethroid and N-methyl carbamate pesticides.

Introduction Veterinary drugs are generally used in farm animals for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes and they include a large number of different types of compounds which can be administered in the feed or in the drinking water. In some cases, the residues may proceed from contaminated animal feedstuffs. But many of these substances may exert other effects when administered to animals for other purposes like growth promotion. A primary effect is the increase in the protein deposition, usually linked to fat utilization that decreases the fat content in the carcass and increases meat leanness. The presence of residues and its associated harmful health effects on humans makes the control of veterinary drug residue an important measure in ensuring consumer protection.

Conventional methods for detection of pesticides drugs in meat and meat products A number of analytical techniques such as colorimetric method, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance-Thin Layer Chromatography (HP-TLC), Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid C h ro m a to g r a p h y ( H P LC ) , L i q u i d Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryMass Photometry (LC-MS-MS) etc., are 12

Conventional methodsdetection of veterinary drugs in meat and meat products For determination of veterinary drug residues in foods, currently, 6 types of detection methods are commonly used.

These include microbial growth inhibition assays, microbial receptor assays, enzymatic colorimetric assays, receptor b i n d i n g a s s a y s , c h ro m a to g r a p h i c methods and immunoas says. But microbial growth inhibition assays and l a te r 2 m e t h o d s a re p o p u l a r f o r monitoring of antimicrobial residues in meat and meat products as are capable of detecting a broad range of these drugs evaluated a number of common bacterial inhibition test for screening antimicrobial drug residues in tissues. They found that screening for tetracycline was excellent with German three-plate test, the European Union four-plate test and new Dutch kidney test instead of Swab Test On Premises (STOP), Calf Antibiotic and Sulfa Test (CAST) and the Fast Antibiotic Screen Test (FAST).

Importance of analytical methods for rapid screening These controls are based on the screening of a large number of samples. A scheme of the typical analysis procedure is shown below in the figure. In case the residue has a maximum residue limit (MRL), the screening method must be capable to detect the residue below this limit. The screening methods must also avoid or

reduce to a minimum the number of false negative results because they will be considered as compliant samples and will not be further analyzed. According to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, the methods must be validated and have a detection capability (CCβ) with an error probability (β) lower than 5%. On the other hand, it must not give an excessive number of false non-compliant samples,that will be later confirmed as compliant, due to the excessive cost and time involved.

Main requirements for a screening method: 1. Easy to use and handle 2. Low set-up and running costs 3. High throughput 4. Possibility of automatization 5. Reduced time to obtain the result 6. Good sensitivity and specificity 7. Detection capability (CCβ) with an error probability (β) < 5% Preparation procedures and handling of samples, especially solid and heterogeneous foods like meat, kidney or liver, are very important in order to ensure better sensitivity of the screening tests.

Samples are usually cut, blended, homogenized and liquid extracted. Next step is usually based on solid-phase extraction for sample clean-up and concentration. The type of cartridge is

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These kits allow the analysis of a large number of samples per kit, do not require sophisticated instrumentation, the results are available in a few hours and are quite specific and sensitive.

chosen depending on the analyte for the appropriate elimination of potential interferents. In other cases, the residues may be bound or conjugated and need further cleavage before the analysis is performed.

1. Immunological techniques The immunological methods are based on the interaction antigen–antibody which is ver y specific for a particular residue. The most usual technique consists in the enzyme-linked-immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and the detection system is usually based on enzymelabeled reagents. There are different formats for antigen quantification like the double antibody or sandwich ELISA tests and direct competitive ELISA tests. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is based on the measurement of the radioactivity of the immunological complex. Other assays have enhanced detectability by using of a luminescence detector if using a chemiluminescent compound or a fluorimeter in the case of using a fluorescent compound.

Today, there are many different types of ELISA kits commercially available for a large number of substances like B-agonists, corticoids, steroids, stilbenes, resorcylic acid lactones and several antibiotics. ELISA kits are available for a specific residue (i.e., sulphametazine) or a group of related compounds (i.e., sulphonamides). In some cases, the possibility of cross reactions must be taken into account.

14

ELISA kits have shown good performance for the analysis of antibiotic residues in meat like tylosin and tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, nitroimidazoles and sulphonamides) and also for sedatives. In general, ELISA tests require some manual operation (pipetting and discarding of liquids) that is progressively replaced by automated systems.Dipstick constitutes another system which basically consists of a membrane strip with the receptor ligands. The sample with the antibiotics is applied and left to interact and, after dipping into two different solutions, the developed colour can be quantified either by comparison to a standardisedcolour scale or by measuring spectrophotometrically.

2. Biosensors Different types of biosensors have been developed in recent years as an alternative approach to screen veterinary drugs in meat. In general, these sensors usually contain an antibody as a recognition element that interacts with the analyte. The resulting biochemical signal is measured optically or converted into an electronic signal that is further processed in appropriate equipments. Biosensors can be able to detect simultaneously multiple veterinary drugs residues in a sample at a time and some authors have reported no need for sample cleanup. In general, these sensors are valid for control laboratories because they can detect multiple residues in one sample and can thus allow the analysis of a large number of residues and samples.There are differences in t h e d e s i g n of t h e b i o s e n s o r s depending on how the interaction between the recognition molecule

and the analyte is performed and the type of detection. In some sensors, the biomolecular interaction analysis is based on sur face plasmon resonance (SPR). This type of optical biosensors measures variations in the refractive index of the solution close to the sensor when there are changes i n t h e m a s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n of molecules in that solution. The biosensor allows real time monitoring on the interaction analyte-receptor at the sensor chip surface. Some recent applications of this SPR sensor for the detection of antibiotics, β-agonists and antiparasitic drugs in foodstuffs have been recently reviewed.

Other biosensors are based on the use of biochip arrays, specific for a certain number of residues that also allow a real time monitoring of the interaction of the analyte with the recognition molecule. These sensors are affected by several factors like the surface ligand density in the array, the concentration of active antibody and the flow rate. Some residues like chloramphenicol, clenbuterol and tylosin have been reported to be detected with a small molecule microarray. The drug molecules were immobilised on glass slides and after incubation with corresponding antibodies and samples, the binding was detected using cy5 labeled secondary antibody.Other types of biosensors are designed against specific classes of antibiotics and, in fact, have shown good detection of tetracycline, streptogramin and

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

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macrolide antibiotics in milk and serum. The design of these sensors is compatible with the ELISA-type format and the loss of colour gives a readout that is proportional to the antibiotic concentration.

3. High per formance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) HPTLC allows the qualitative and quantitative detection of multiresidues in meat but its use has r a p i d l y d e c re a s e d d u e to t h e expansion of other techniques like HPLC. Reported uses of HPTLC applied to meat include the detection of residues like clenbuterol and other agonists and sulphonamides and thyreostatic drugs). The plates are sprayed with an appropriate chromogenic reagent or viewed under UV light for visualisation of compounds. Detection by fluorescence is also applied.

Quantitation is achieved by measuring the relative intensity of the spot vs that of the internal standard by scanning densitometry. Modern HPTLC has been automatised at a high level.

4. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) HPLC expanded its use in the 1990s due to the availability of columns, good performance, and variety of available detectors and possibility of automation. Recent developments like the ultraperformance liquid chromatography systems or types of columns with improved packagings 16

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in terms of smaller size, geometry and inertness are also very valuable. HPLC is a separative technique where the choice of the detection system is very important for selectivity and sensitivity. Some analytes require chemical modifications to render chromophore, fluorescent or UVabsorbing compounds. Typical detections of multi-residues in meat samples are relatively simple and rapid, requiring a preliminary cleanup through solid-phase extraction followed by filtration before injection into a reverse-phase HPLC with diode array detection. This procedure has been applied to meat for detection of antibiotics like quinolones, sulphonamides, β-lactams and m a c ro l i d e s a n d t e t r a c y c l i n e s , veterinary drugs, anabolic steroids and corticosteroids like dexamethasone. In some cases, the compounds can be further identified through diode array or fluorescence detection. Ten quinolone residues (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, marbofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, sarafloxacin) in meat have been screened and confirmed with HPLC and fluorescence detection.

Latest developments in liquid chromatography include the development of new smaller columns with packagings of reduced size as well as the use of higher pressures (i.e., UPLC systems). This allows considerable reductions in elution times increasing substantially the number of samples per day.Liquid chromatography techniques are getting expanded use in control laboratories due to the possibility of automation (injection, elution, washing of column, detection), computer-controlled use and data manipulation and the relatively short time needed per sample. Recent developments in new systems and columns that allow high speed and reduced analysis time are being already commercialised and will

contribute its expanded use.

It must be taken into account that sample extraction and clean-up are the rate-determining steps in drug analyses. The use of on-line solidphase extraction (SPE) with chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or other spectroscopic techniques are getting widely used in recent years. They allow for screening with simultaneous confirmation for those suspicious samples. Even though the cost of the instrument is high, when a large number of samples are analysed the costs are reduced and are more competitive.

Confirmatory analytical methodologies S o m e e x a m p l e s of t h e a va i l a b l e confirmatory methodologies are as follows: The use of HPLC-electrospray ionisation (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry or liquid chromatographymass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI). ESI ionisation technique facilitates the analysis of small to relatively large and hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules and is thus very adequate for the analysis of veterinary drug residues even though it is more sensible to matrix effects than APCI ionisation. ESI and APCI interfaces are the sources of choice to promote the ionisation of antibiotics and both complement each other well with regards to polarity and molecular mass of analytes. The assay of chloramphenicol in meat has been successfully identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography /electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI- LC/MS/MS) in the negative ion mode coupled to ion trap analyser. The same technique with positive ESI has been successfully applied to the analysis of four nitrofuran compounds (furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone) in meat.

Dr. Deepandita Barman¹, Kotresh Prasad C², Girish Panchbhai³ and Sanjay Choudhary⁴ ¹,²,³ Ph. D. Scholars, Department of Livestock Production and Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001. ⁴ M. V. Sc. Scholar,Department of Livestock Production and Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana- 132001

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lfnZ;ksa ds ekSle esa czk;yj esa vDlj fofHkUu çdkj dh chekfj;k nLrd nsrh gSa] blfy, eSustesaV dk [kkl /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSaA bl ekSle esa cf<+;k gSpjh ds pwts vkSj cf<+;k QhM gh ç;qä djuk pkfg,] ftlls dh chekfj;k de ls de vk;sA blds vykok lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr eSustesaV dh gSa] cf<+;k eSustesaV ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrks dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, % 1- QkeZ dh lgh yksds'ku 2- lgh rkieku vkSj lgh ueh @áwfefMVh 3- lgh osafVys'ku 4- lgh CURTAIN eSustesaV ¼inkZ eSustesaV½ 5- QkeZ esa CkzwfMax lkmFk SIDE esa djuh pkfg, 6- fyfVj @ csfMax eSustesaV: QkeZ esa fNydk @cqjknk de ls de 3" j[kuk pkfg, ¼„åå&„‡åx@ fpDl ½ 7- ikuh dk eSustesaV 8- lgh çdk'k @ ykbV (zigzag iSVuZ esa ½ 9- QhM eSustesaV 10- lgh txg mez ds fglkc ls 11- lgh Vhdkdj.k & ç‚ij fc;ksflD;ksfjVh QkeZ dh yksds'ku ,slh gks dh tgka ij dh ç‚ij ykbfVax] ikuh] lM+d dh O;oLFkk gks ] blds vykok fn”kk iwoZ&if'pe esa gksuh pkfg,A ;fn fpDl ;axj iSjsaV ¶y‚d ¼<¾…åohd½ ds gSa rks QkeZ dk rkieku 1°C ¼ONE fMxzh lsyfl;l½ igys lIrkg esa T;knk j[kuk pkfg,A 18

QkeZ esa C:fMax lkmFk SIDE esa djuh pkfg,] rkieku dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, vke rkSj ij CkzwfMax ,fj;k dks iwjh rjg lhy dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd :e dks xeZ djuk vklku gksA ysfdu ,sls esa rkth gok dk lapkj :d tkrk gS] tgjhyh xSl tek gksrh gSa vkSj fofHkUu rjg dh chekfj;ksa dks U;ksrk nsrh gSaA blls cpus ds fy, bl ckr dks lqfuf'pr djuk t:jh gS] dh gok ds vknku çnku ds fy, dqN O;oLFkk djus ds ckn Hkh CkzwfMax ,fj;k dks xeZ djus dh gekjh {kerk gksA lkbM ls ijns gVkuk mfpr u gks] rks QkeZ dh yackbZ okyh [kkyh iM+h ,fj;k ls gok yh tk ldrh gS] vkSj ,Dlg‚LV QSu dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA iqjs le;] pkgs fnu gks ;k jkr] ,d leku rkieku egRoiw.kZ gS] vkSj ;fn mPpre vkSj U;wure rkieku dk QdZ cM+k gksxk rks fnDdr vk ldrh gSA rkieku dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, QkYl lhfyax] vkSj Mcy dVsZu bLrseky dj ldrs gSa] cl osafVys'ku dk /;ku j[kuk t:jh gSA ;fn fnu ds od~r fdlh rjQ ls inkZ [kksyuk mi;qä gks rks lwjt dh fn'kk esa [kksys]vkSj cPpks ds Lrj ij inkZ u [kksys] rkfd lh/kh gok cPpks ij u yxsA QkeZ esa fNydk@cqjknk de ls de 3" j[kuk pkfg, ¼„åå&„‡åx@ fpDl ½] fyfVj @ cqjknk dks †Fk fnu ls jkstkuk iath yxk,] fxyk ;k ueh dks u c<+us ns ugh rks veksfu;k dk ysoy QkeZ esa c<+ tk;sxk tks dh FCR dks c<+kus ds lkFk lkFk fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dks vkea=.k Hkh nsxkA ;fn fyfVj fxyk gks t; rks fNydk@cqjknk esa pquk rFkk lqij Q‚LQsV ¼ƒå%„%å-„ js';ks esa ½ feyk dj ç;qä djsA cPps dks ikuh lgh rkieku ij feyuk t:jh gSA cgqr BUMs ikuh ls 'kjhj dh xehZ dk uqdlku gksxk vkSj ihus ;ksX; xquxqus ikuh ls vf/kd BaMh esa dqN jkgr fey ldrh gSA ikuh v'kqf);ksa ls eqä gksuk pkfg,A QkeZ ds ikuh dk PH] VhMh,l] rFkk ekbØksfc;y dkmaV tSls E-coli & TBC ¼VksVy bacterial dkmaV ½ psd

czk;yj dks ç‚ij ykbfVax rFkk oks Hkh iqjs QkeZ esa ,d leku ¼ftxtSx iSVuZ½ gksuh pkfg, ] ,d leku ykbV ugh gksus ij cMZ~l dh lkbZftax T;knk ¼NksVs cM+s½ gks tkrh gSa A BafM;ksa esa 'kjhj xeZ j[kus ds fy, cPpksa dks vf/kd ,uthZ dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftlls oks T;knk nkuk [kk ysrs gSaA bl ckr dks lqfuf'pr djsa dh nkus esa ,uthZ] çksVhu] rFkk QhM ,fMfVo ekSle ds vuq:i gksaA jkmaM CkzwfMax vo'; djsa] cPpks dks 'kq#okr esa 0-25 oxZ QhV txg ns] fQj mez vuqlkj c<+k,aA 13 QhV O;kl ds {ks=Qy esa bl rjg 500 cPps j[ks tk ldrs gSa ¼ekSle vkSj mez ds vuq:i½ isij QhfMax] feuh fMªadj] Vk;j QhfMax bR;kfn dk mi;ksx ykHkçn gSA de ls de 5 çfr'kr cPpks dk eq¡g ikuh vkSj fQj nkus esa Vp djds NksM+us ls lHkh cPps nkuk ikuh tYnh <wa< ysaxsA cPpks ds vkus ds 12 ?kaVs igys ls gh mfpr rkieku 'ksM esa lsV gks tkuk pkfg,A FkekZehVj dks ghVj ls 1-5&2 QhV nwj vkSj tehu ls 1 QhV Åij gksuk pkfg,A xSl CkzwMj] bysfDVªd CkzwMj bR;kfn dk mi;ksx cq[kkjh ls csgrj gksrk gSA ;fn cq[kkjh dk bLrseky dj jgs gSa] rks fo'ks"k lko/kkuh cjrsa dh xSl dk lgh fu"dk'ku gks tk;sA lfnZ;ksa esa ok;jy vksfjftu dh fofHkUu chekfj;k tSls LPAI, jkuh[ksr fMtht ] xqEcksjks] IBH rFkk IB usQzks tSlh chekfj;ksa ds vkus dh çcy laHkkouk gksrh gSa ] blfy, vius ,fj;k dh chekfj;ksa vkSj ekSle ds vuq:i vius M‚DVj ls nok vkSj Vhds dk 'ksMwy cuok ysaA ck;kslhD;ksfjVh dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[ksA 'ksM dh lQkbZ lgh gks] çfr lIrkg fNM+dko gks] fcuk dke ds yksx ;k oLrq QkeZ rd uk igqapsA

Dr. S. S. Rathore MVSc Poultry Sc., IVRI, Izatnagar

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Hkkjro"kZ ,d —f"k ç/kku ns'k gS tgk¡ ij ‰å çfr'kr vkcknh [ksrh vkSj i'kqikyu ij fuHkZj gSA —f"k ds lkFk i'kqikyu fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus esa ,d fof'k"V LFkku j[krk gS vkSj vkRefo'okl çnku djrk gSA i'kq mRikn dh Hkkjr ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd thou esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA i'kqvksa ls gedks nqX/k] ekal] vaMs] [kky] Åu vkfn mRikn çkIr gksrs gS tks fd ,d tSfod egRoÙkk dh rjQ ,d cM+k dne gSA Hkkjr dk ekal mRiknu ‰-† fefy;u Vu gS ftles †‰-å‡ çfr'kr dqDdqV] ƒ‹-Šå çfr'kr HkSal] ƒ†-„‡ çfr'kr cdjk] ‰-ˆŠ çfr'kr eVu] ˆ-‡å çfr'kr lqdj vkSj †-‰„ çfr'kr xk; dk ;ksxnku gSA varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa Hkkjr ds HkSal ds ekal dh ekax ls ekal fu;kZr esa rsth ls o`f) gqbZ gSA Hkkjr ls i'kq mRikn ds fu;kZr dh dqy Š‹-åŠ çfr'kr ls t~;knk Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk HkSal ds ekal ds fu;kZr dk çeq[k LFkku jgk gSA Hkkjrh; HkSal ds ekal vkSj vU; i'kq mRikn ds eq[; cktkj fo;ruke lektoknh x.kjkT;] eysf'k;k] eysf'k;k] feL= vjc x.kjkT;] baMksusf'k;k vkSj la;qä vjc vehjkr gSaA o"kZ „僈&ƒ‰ esa Hkkjr esa i'kq mRikn dk fu;kZr „‹]‡…„-ˆ‡ djksM+ #i, dk FkkA Hkkjr dh dqy çlaLdj.k {kerk çfro"kZ ,d fefy;u Vu gS ftlesa ls †å&‡å çfr'kr gh mi;ksx gks ikrk gSA vU; ekal us Hkkjr esa i'kq/ku dh ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ çtkfr dk xBu fd;k gS A blus xzkeh.k {ks=ksa vkSj ogk¡ ds yksxksa ds fodkl esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA iwjs fo'o esa ,d ikfjfLFkfrdh ds vuqdwy i;kZoj.k esa lrr fodkl dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, LFkkuh; igy ls xq.koÙkk yscy vkSj pht ds fy, uohu mRiknksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, Lokbu@lqvj] [kjxks'k] ?kksM+s] ÅaV] çkbesV~l vkfn mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSA ekal vusd çdkj ds iks"kd rRoksa ds vykok tSfod i'kq çksVhu dk ,d cM+k L=ksr gSA 20

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orZeku esa Hkkjro"kZ esa c<+rk gqvk vk/kqfudj.k] c<rh f'k{kk] c<rh çfr O;fä dh vk; ls yksxks dk #>ku LoLFk ,oa iks"kd rRoksa ls Hkjiwj [kk| çnkFkksaZ dh rjQ vkdf"kZr gqvk gSA ekal rFkk ekal ls cus gq, mRikn iks"kd rRoksa ls Hkjiwj [kk| çnkFkksaZ dh Js.kh esa fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gS] ysfdu foMacuk ;g gS fd o/k'kkyk ls ysdj ikd'kkyk rd ftu fo'ks"k ekal LoPN~rkvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, mldh tkudkjh cgqr gh de yksxksa dks gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd ekal ls tqM+h LoPN~rkvksa dh tkudkjh gks ftles gksus okys çfrdqy çHkkoksa ls cpk tk ldsA bu lUnHkZ esa dqN fof'k"V tkudkfj;k bl çdkj gS%& 1- i'kqvksa dk o/k dsaæ ljdkj vFkok jkT; ljdkj ls ekU;rk çkIr o/k'kkykvksa esa gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjrh; [kk?k laj{kk ,oa ekud çkf/kdj.k ¼,Q ,l ,l , vkbZ ½ dk xBu fd;k gS tks fd LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky; ds varxZr vkrk gSA blds varxZr lkjs [kk| çnkFkksaZ dh çlaLdj.k ds fu;e vkSj mudh xq.koÙkk cjdjkj j[kus dh fof/k dk iwjs rjhds ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA 2- i'kqvksa ds o/k ls igys dh rFkk o/k ds i'pkr dh tkap ,d i'kqfpfdRld ds }kjk gksuh pkfg,A i'kqfpfdRld dks ekal dh xq.koÙkk dh vPNh tkudkjh ,oa ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg, rkfd mlls QSyus okyh chekfj;ks dks iwjh rjhds ls jksdk tk ldsA 3- o/k'kkykvksa esa ç;qä gksus okys midj.k dh xq.koÙkk vPNh gksuh pkfg,A midj.k dk fMtkbu vkSj LFkku bl rjg ls gksuk pkfg, ftlls dh lQkbZ esa vklkuh vkSj dhVk.kq 'kks/ku dq'ky dh vuqefr çnku djrk gksA 4- o/k ds i'pkr ekal dks ç'khfrr Hk.Mkj.k esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A ekal dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkus ds fy, ç'khfrr okgu dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg, ftlls ekal dh xq.koÙkk cuh jgsA okgu esa ç'khfrr rkieku ij iwjh rjhds ls U;wure Lrj ij cjdjkj j[kuk pkfg, rkfd ekal dh xq.koÙkk ij dksbZ vlj uk iM+sA 5- ekal dh iSdsftax mÙke Js.kh dh IykfVd fQYe esa gksuh pkfg, ftlls dh Ýhtj cuZ vkSj fMªi tSls uqdlkuksa ls cpk tk ldsA IykfVd fQYe dh xq.koÙkk bl çdkj gksuh pkfg, fd mlls ikuh vkSj gok fdlh Hkh rjhds ls vkj ikj uk gks ldsA QqVdj O;kikfj;ks dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg,

fd tc tks ekal miHkksäk dks csps rks mldh iSdsftax mfpr <ax ls gks rkfd okrkoj.k ls fdlh Hkh çdkj dk iznw"k.k u vk lds vkSj ekal LoPN jgsA 6- ekal dks ?kj ij ykus ds i'pkr ;k rks mls rqjar t#jruqlkj idk ys vFkok mls Ýht esa de rkieku ij j[k ns rkfd mles dksbZ laØe.k u yxsA ekal dks Ýht esa vf/kdre ‰ fnu gh j[ks D;ksafd ekal dh xq.koÙkk [kkus ;ksX; ugha jgrh gSA 7- ikd'kkyk esa ekal dks idkus ls igys ihus ;ksX; ikuh ls lkQ djds ,d mfpr rkiØe ij mfpr le; rd idkuk pkfg,A ekal dks idkus ij ekal dk vkrafjd rkieku Šå fMxzh lsaVhxzsM igqp tkuk pkfg,A 8- ekal dks ,d ckj idkus ds ckn mlh fnu [kkus esa bLrseky djs ;k mls Ýht esa j[k ns vkSj mls [kkus ls igys vPNh rjg ls xeZ dj ds [kk,A vr% ekal ,d laiw.kZ Hkkstu gS ftlds bLrseky ls ge 'kjhj ds dke vkus okys lkjs rRoksa dks ,d ek= lzksr ls gkfly dj ldrs gSA ekal ,oa mlds mRikn esa vf/kdka'k laØe.k o/k'kkyk ls ikd'kkyk ds nkSjku gksrk gSA blfy, o/k'kkyk ls ikd'kkyk rd ls tqM+h çfrdqy çHkkoksa ls cpus ds fy, LoPN~rkiwoZd /;ku nsus dh t:jr gSA blds vykok LokLF; ls tqM+h f'k{kk ij Hkh /;ku nsus dh t:jr gS tks vke turk esa tkx:drk c<kus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gksxkA

i'kq/ku mRikn çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx Hkk-—-v-i-&Hkkjrh; i'kq fpfdRlk vuq'ka/kku laLFkku] btruxj]cjsyh

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DISINFECTION OF HATCHING EGGS Microbial contamination of hatching eggs is a main concern as it causes poor hatchability and chick performance. It is evident that high standards of hygiene must be practiced in hatcheries in order to minimize the soiling of eggs but, further disinfection of eggs is also necessary to limit bacterial numbers.

Methods used include the application of disinfectants by wiping, spraying, the most effective way of disinfection of hatching eggs is fumigation with formaldehyde.

The aim of fumigation is therefore twofold: to reduce microbial count and to minimize the adverse effects of contamination whilst causing as little damage to the developing embryo as possible.

The importance of fumigation in hatchery practice is undoubtable, yet an overall and detailed review on the subject is still lacking. Moreover, results are sometimes conflicting or even misleading. The present review is an attempt to provide a summary of the literature on fumigation with a particular emphasis on the circumstances of this way of disinfection and the possible dangers to the developing embryo.

Contamination of hatching eggs At the time of laying, the number of bacteria on the shell of an egg may range from 300 to 500. In an adequate environment, this number may increase rapidly so that one hour after the egg is laid there can be 20,000 to 30,000 bacteria present. If eggs are dirty, there can be up to 80,000 bacteria on the egg surface. Typical contaminants are Micrococcus, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia, but various types of moulds have also been identified.

It has been demonstrated that if hatching eggs are not sanitized prior to 22

paraformaldehyde or 45 ml of 40% formalin and 30 g KMnO4) at 21°C is necessary. The effect of fumigation on microorganisms by using three levels of fumigant for 20 minutes at room temperature (25°C).

Humidity incubation, excessive bacterial contamination and subsequent growth can lead to decreased hatchability, poor chick quality, growth and performance, and increased mortality.

Fumigation of eggs with formaldehyde Formaldehyde (H2CO, formalin) is a gas at room temperature and it is readily soluble in water. It is commonly used as a disinfectant, as it is cheap, not corrosive, and kills most bacteria and fungi (including their spores). Formaldehyde may be applied as a liquid but it is more effective when used as a gas. The gas can be generated by several methods, but the most common way used in the poultry industry was the addition of formalin to potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in 2:1 ratio (v/w).

Factors influencing the effectiveness of formaldehyde T h e e f f e c t of f o r m a l d e h yd e o n microorganisms is influenced by 1) the concentration of formaldehyde and the duration of exposure, 2) humidity (water content in the microorganisms), 3) temperature and 4) the amount of organic matter on the shell surface.

Concentration of formaldehyde For effective disinfection, it is necessary to use formaldehyde in concentrations adequate for the duration of exposure.

Factors such as the size of the fumigation chamber, duration of exposure and temperature influence the amount of formaldehyde necessary for sufficient fumigation. In order to kill S. pullorum on the shell using a 20 minute fumigation period, a minimum concentration of 600 mg formaldehyde per m3 (i.e. 10 g

If formaldehyde is used as a vapor phase disinfectant, its activity is influenced by the relative humidity (RH) because the gas particles are carried by water droplets. Thus, the killing power of formaldehyde for bacteria is higher in a warm, humid atmosphere than in cool, dry conditions. Hence, there may be benefits in keeping the relative humidity high (75% or more) during disinfection.

Furthermore, microorganisms become more active and take up the fumigant at a faster rate as the humidity increases.

Similarly, observed that RH of 67–90% during fumigation caused an over 99.5% reduction in bacterial count. A relative humidity of 60–78% did not have a deleterious effect on hatchability, and can be safely used for maximum germicidal benefit.

Temperature High temperature is necessary for high levels of humidity because at higher temperature the gaseous phase is able t o ke e p t h e va p o r i n a h i g h e r concentration, that is, the saturation time is delayed. However, there is a limit to the application of high temperature.

In the freshly laid egg, the embryo contains 30000–60000 cells and is usually referred to as a Stage X embryo.

To maintain dormancy of the embryo, t h e e g g s h o u l d b e ke p t b e l o w physiological zero. Temperatures ranging from 20– 21°C to 25–27°C have been defined as the physiological zero for fowl, temperature during fumigation should not exceed 25°C. Effects of formaldehyde

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During fumigation, formaldehyde comes into contact not only with the surface microorganisms but also with the egg shell itself and, if absorbed, with the embryo. Union of the egg shell surface and formaldehyde was not chemical as the latter could easily be removed by soaking the shell in water.

The egg shell, however, is covered with the organic layer of cuticle (protein content is 90%), and formaldehyde alkylates.

Effect of formaldehyde on embryo viability Embryonic death can occur naturally and it is a generally recognized, well documented phenomenon. It can be influenced by several factors such as nutrition, management and inheritance. Embryonic mortality shows

a two-peak pattern. The first phase is during the first week of incubation, in synchrony with the period of lactic acid production, and occurs during a change in carbon dioxide elimination.

Storage of eggs before and after fumigation Prolonged storage of eggs at low temperatures prior to fumigation resulted in poor quality of hatch and approximately 10% difference in hatchability between the fumigated a n d u n f u m i g a t e d g r o u p . Po s t fumigation storage has also been reported to decrease hatchability if the eggs are packed immediately after treatment, with a severe decline in hatchability if the eggs are stored for up to 15 days.

Embryo viability, flock age and Strain Effects of formaldehyde on hatching eggs in relation to flock age and strain.

Fumigated eggs for 20 minutes using 6 ml formalin and 3 g KMnO4 per cu.ft.

Formaldehyde did not have an effect on the cuticle. When eggs were exposed to 60 minutes fumigation, the decrease in hatchability was more pronounced at the young-parent eggs.

flock have a thinner cuticle than eggs from the older flock. At fumigation, the thicker cuticle of the old-parent eggs absorbs more fumigant, thus restricting the amount of formaldehyde penetrating the shell.

In summary for disinfection against Salmonella species, nest clean eggs should be fumigated prior to incubation at room temperature (25°C) and ambient humidity for at least 20 minutes with a minimum concentration of 600 mg formaldehyde gas per m3 (i.e. 10 g paraformaldehyde or 45 ml of 40% formalin and 30 g KMnO4).

Fumigation under these conditions kills 99.8% of microorganisms on the shell surface and is not associated with increased embryonic mortality.

Fumigation should not be performed during the first 9 days of incubation.

Fumigation at pipping may damage the respiratory system of chicks and have adverse effects on the health and production performance.

Mr. G. K. Rathinam Hatchery Specialist, technical consultant, India

In addition, eggs from the younger

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APPLICATION OF NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY IN POULTRY PRODUCTION Introduction Poultry industry in India had developed from backyard system of farming to present industrial status. Today, India is the second largest producer of egg and third largest poultry meat producer in the world accounting for about 65,000 million eggs and 3.8 million tone of poultry meat a year.

Extensive research in poultry genetics, poultr y nutrition with the tools of molecular biotechnology along with the adoption of better managemental procedures at the farm level had lead the rapid development of the industry in the country. However, the industry today is facing the problems of raising feed costs, antibiotic resistance, drug residues, environmental pollution due to poultry waste, emerging diseases, high energy costs for processing and storage etc. In addition, the molecular biotechnology will soon come to the edge of its limitations and hence, alternate tools of research must be focused to ensure the steady growth of the industry. Nanotechnology has a wide scale of opportunities in mitigating the above problems in poultry production.

The current paper focus on the application of nanotechnology, as tool to improve poultr y production, ensure safe processing, transportation and storage, better traceability and safety of poultry meat and eggs.

Nanotechnology refers to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular levels at the scale of approximately 1-100 nano meter range, to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.

Poultry genetics Transgenic chicken has now been used as bio reactors, to produce proteins which are useful for the humans. Transgenic chicken is the one which contain a functional foreign gene in it. Sperm mediated transfer, viral vectors, DNA micro injection, primordial germ cell mediated systems was used to insert a foreign gene into an organism. Polymeric nanoparticles were used for the purpose too. They are an attractive method for intracellular DNA 26

delivery because of their versatility, ease of preparation, and host safety. Further, due to their nano-size range, polymeric nanoparticles containing genes could overcome the absorption barrier of the cell membrane, leading to successful transgenesis. Transgenesis can be used in production of disease resistance, heat tolerant stocks by inser ting genes responsible for the same, without major impact on the production parameters.

Poultry nutrition Feed constitute about 70 % of the cost of production in poultry. Extensive researches were carried out in the aspects of improving the feed efficiency so as to tackle the increasing feed costs. Inorganic nanoparticles such as iron, silver, platinum, zinc, selenium etc are used as growth promoting feed supplements in chicken.

In-ovo nutrition of silver, zinc, diamond, copper and selenium nanoparticles were attempted by various researchers, which have shown better performance in birds compared to the control groups.

Nanoparticles can bypass conventional physiological ways of nutrient distribution and transport across tissue and cell membranes, as well as protect compounds against destruction prior to reaching their targets. This might increase the f u n c t i o n a l i t y o r b i o a va i l a b i l i t y of ingredients/nutrients, and thereby minimize the concentrations needed in the feed and ultimately reduction in feed cost.

The action of the nano ingredients was reported to be attributed to increased surface area for the action of digestive enzymes, which possibly could increase absorption and nutrient utilization.

Nanosized liquid vitamin mixes are available for use in poultry and livestock feed. In addition, modified nanoclays was used to ameliorate the harmful effects of aflatoxin on poultry feed. Nanoparticles can also be used to enhance detection of a va r i e t y of c h e m i c a l a n d m i c ro b i a l contaminants in feed.

Poultry biosecurity Self-sanitizing photo catalyst coating used in poultry houses with nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) could be used to oxidize and destroy bacteria in the presence of light

and humidity. Once coated, the surface remains self-sanitizing as long as there is enough light to activate the photo catalyst.

The nanoscale smooth surface also makes disinfection and cleaning more effective.

Further, nano silver can also be used as coating the poultry houses, which are self sanitizing in the absence of light.

Silver has always been as an antimicrobial and anti parasitic due to its low cytotoxicity.

They are known to effectively kill the pathogens without inducing resistance.

There are signs of resistance development, due to prophylactic inclusion of ionophores in diets against coccidiosis, similar to resistance in bacteria to current antibiotics, leading to a strong incentive to develop new alternatives of control. Silver nanoparticle at the dose of 15 mg/L of water was found to be effective against coccidiosis. Combinations of antibiotics with silver nanoparticles can be used in future, which can reduce the MIC of antibiotics, this improving the efficiency of antibiotic action. Hence, nanoparticles can be an effective alternate to antibiotics, which can minimize antibiotic residues and drug resistance, thus promoting food safety and human health.

Vaccination had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases in poultry.

The production of vaccine might be a problem for such diseases in which cellular immunity is required. In such cases nanoscale size (<1000 nm) materials such a s v i r u s - l i ke pa r t i c l e s , l i p o s o m e s , emulsions, immunostimulating complex (ISCOM), polymeric, and inorganic nanoparticles can be used as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens with increased stability and immunogenicity.

The polymeric nanoparticles are known entrap antigen for delivery to certain cells or sustain antigen release by virtue of their slow biodegradation rate. Natural polimers such as chitosan-based nanoparticles have been have been used in the preparation of nano-encapsulated oral Newcastle disease vaccines to village chickens. Nanoparticles like gold, carbon, silica, calcium phosphate were effectively used in for production of vaccines against many human and animal diseases.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

ARTICLE Liposomes are formed by biodegradable and nontoxic phospholipids. Liposomes can encapsulate antigen within its core for delivery and incorporate viral envelope glycoproteins to form virosomes which can stimulate immune response. ISCOMs are cage like particles which can trap the antigen by apolar interactions. Various antigens have been used to form ISCOMs, including antigens derived from influenza and Newcastle disease viruses. Virus like particles and nano emulsions can also be used for effective vaccine delivery. Further, nanotechnology can be implemented in detection of antibody response in less than 30 minutes time with high accuracy. The nanoshells immunoassay using gold nanoparticles is was capable of detecting less than one billionth of a gram of IgG per milliliter of whole blood.

Poultry processing The use of bionanocomposites for food pa c k a g i n g i s c o n s i d e re d a s m o re environmentally friendly method, as it reduces the requirement to use plastics as packaging materials. Nanomaterials being used in packaging include plastic-polymer composites with nanoclay for gas barrier, nano-silver and nano-zinc oxide for antimicrobial action, carbon nanotube (cnt) for reduction in salmonella, nanotitanium dioxide for UV protection, nanotitanium nitride for mechanical strength, and nano-silica for hydrophobic surface coating and semiconductor nanocrystals for assurance of package seal integrity.

Time and temperature indicators in the packaging allow the consumers to check and select the product within its shelf life which is at proper storage temperatures.

The indicator shows irreversible color change when exposed to temperatures other than the recommended range.

Integrity indicators allow detecting the presence of toxic gases in the package by a color change, which are formed due to the decomposition of the food or meat inside it. The presence of oxygen in the package and the gaseous ratios in the modified atmospheric packaging can easily be monitored by this method. In addition, the freshness indicators works by detecting the first kind of change, like pH or by detecting metabolites of microbes namely the volatile nitrogen compounds, amines, 28

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organic acids, carbon dioxide, ethanol, glucose, or sulfur compounds. Rapid immune-based nanosensors were designed for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Campylobacter jejuni. Nano sprays can be used for coating the egg trays which can increase the shelf life of the eggs upto 30 days.

Nanotechnology-based detection systems can be used for identification and tracking of animals and animal products. It is possible to provide information regarding origin of animal, environmental practices used in production, food safety and other records related to animal welfare issues to stakeholders and consumers. Applications of nanotechnologies in food processing include the use of nano food ingredients in the form of nano-structures for improved tastes and textures. Nanosized or nanoencapsulated food additives and supplements can improve dispensability of fat-soluble additives in food products, improve taste, enable hygienic food storage, reduce the use of fat, salt, sugar and preservatives, and improve the uptake and bioavailability of nutrients and supplements. Nanosized carrier systems for nutrients and supplements based on nano-encapsulated substances like liposomes, micelles or protein-based carriers are also used to mask the taste of certain ingredients and additives, or to protect them from degradation during processing. Nanotechnology also has applications in improving quality by detecting and removing pathogens from the animal products. Nanoparticles are being used to remove campylobacter and e. Coli from poultry products.

Poultry waste management The main principles of waste management are reducing, recycling and reusing.

Application of nanotechnology reduces the use of inputs, which subsequently reduces the waste released in the environment. Feathers constitute for about

5-7% of bodyweight of chicken which is a major byproduct in poultry farming.

Feathers are excellent source of protein (85.3%) but are non digestible. These proteins were hydrolyzed by acid, heat and enzymatic methods to extract and purify various amino acids and are recycled in animal feeds. Research has to be done focusing recycle and reuse farm wastes, with the tool of nanotechnology to improve the farm efficiency, reduce environmental pollution and increase profits. Bioplastics, which are environmental friendly, were made from poultry feather waste by the application of nanotechnology. Nano filters were also designed for reducing gas, odor and dust emissions from poultry houses.

Conclusion Thus the nanotechnology can be an excellent tool in improving the poultry industry, concerning the environment and human health. The health conscious consumers of the future will move towards designer meat and eggs with altered chemical composition which can also a c h i e v e d b y n a n o te c h n o l o g y. T h e production of meat and eggs can be more profitable with improved feed efficiency and less wastage. The processing industry will be benefitted with effective packaging and better traceability. However, studies on some nanoparticles have shown that these materials could enter blood circulation, and their insolubility may cause accumulation in human organs. Thus, much of research is needed regarding the safety of these nano materials in humans.

Nanoparticles are already available on the market and with further research their proper ties can be used for safer applications. The commercial use of nanotechnology in poultry production is still in its infancy, may be due to higher costs, consumer acceptance etc, but the positive and encouraging results in different operations of poultry production are driving further investigation.

Dr. G. H. Hudson*, K. Rajkumar*, V. Boopathi*, and M. Arul Prakash* *Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu.

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PFI New Ofce Inauguration The Poultry Federation of India (PFI), an apex and renowned association of poultry farmers, breeders, equipment manufacturers, pharmaceutical companies and all allied industries is the voice of the Indian Poultry Industry, committed to its growth. Serving poultry farmers and processors of poultry industry with emphasis on Feed, meat, eggs and health care etc., has recently moved to new spacious office#49, First Floor, Omaxe Mall, GT Road, Sonipat.

This PFI new premise was inaugurated on December 04, 2017, by PFI executive committee members and special invitees from Poultry Industry lead by its dynamic President Mr. Ramesh Khatri.

The inauguration event was preceded by a protein awareness campaign namely Protein for All which is a series of event being jointly held by USSEC and PFI across Indiain various cities to create protein awareness among the population of India.

During Inauguration of new PFI office, Mr. Ramesh Khatri, President, PFI told that PFI provides a united voice for the industry with government, media and the general public and added PFI members are committed themselves towards the growth of the industry and addressing the problems of the stakeholders. The mission of the PFI is to preserve, promote and protect the activities that bring value to stake holders of the poultry industry in India.

Currently there are more than 700 members of PFI. Mr. Ramesh Khatri, President, PFI said PFI has regularly taken up several initiatives to create employment in poultry sector and for the upliftment of the rural population and make India a strong nation in Poultry sector. He requested all PFI members to give their valuable suggestions and problems faced by industry so that we all could work on it to find out the solutions.

Mr. Bitu Dhanda, Secretary, PFI updated the gathering about the follow-up done by PFI with Animal Husbandry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, on several issues and expressed his thanks to all PFI members for their support.

Mr. Ricky Thaper, Treasurer, thanked all PFI Executive members for their valuable advice and team working spirit. Mr. Thaper appreciated the work done by Mr. Rahul Khatri for required follow-up on renovation work of PFI new office in short period of time.

Owing to its growing influence and credibility amongst the stakeholders and government officials, the work has increased many folds. Thus the managing committee decided to shift to new office to Sonipat. Mr. Ramesh Khatri expressed that this new office shall have best of facilities and could be used by the member farmers/stakeholders/industry members for their official meetings.

All future communication should be sent PFI new office at #49 First Floor, Omaxe Mall, GT Road, Sonipat (Haryana).

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BIOMIN EXHIBITS STRONG PRESENCE AT POULTRY INDIA EXPO, REINFORCES COMMITMENT TO CUSTOMERS With the Indian and other markets in south Asia continuing to grow in importance, BIOMIN reinforced its commitment to the customers at Poultry India 2017 expo, the international exhibition for poultry industry held annually at Hyderabad in India.

The BIOMIN booth was buzzing with activity as soon as the three-day expo began onNovember 22. The entire sales and marketing team, which was present gave a warm welcome to the customers and prospective customers and helped them get the right solutions.

Dr. Sujit Kulkarni, Managing Director, BIOMIN India said that the company’s activities and presence in India have grown substantially in recent years and

pointed out that they are well positioned in the market to offer solutions to meet the customers’ requirements.

“In the backdrop of growing awareness among the customers to reduce antibiotic usage and increase awareness on mycotoxin management, BIOMIN is helping the industry grow not only by providing solutions but also by providing services such as feed sample analysis by sending the raw material/feed to Romer Labs in Singapore,” he commented.

Speaking to the media, Sujit Kulkarni said that Digestarom®, the phytogenic product line of BIOMIN, which is recognised as a world leader in gut performance management, is supported by 30 years of research and development.

“BIOMIN enjoys the trust of Indian customers in phytogenic feed additives and this is helping us in promoting the newly launched Digestarom® DC, the next generation product line,” he said and added that Digestarom® DC contains the latest proprietar y essential oil encapsulation technology for performance enhancement and feed conversion.

About ERBER Group The Erber Group is a leading group of companies in the field of food and feed safety with headquarters in Lower Austria.

Represented in over 100 countries, the group achieved a turnover of 250 million euros in fiscal year 2014. The Erber Group also includes affiliated companies; ROMER Labs, SANPHAR, ERBER Future Business GmbH and its subsidiary bioferm GmbH.

About BIOMIN At BIOMIN we harness the power of science to support animal health and performance. By applying state-of-the-art and proprietary technology we deliver natural, sustainable and profitable solutions to the livestock industry. For over 30 years we have pioneered innovative solutions for mycotoxin risk management and gut performance. Naturally Ahead.

Our in-house R&D program at the BIOMIN Research Center is staffed by over 100 scientific researchers and supported by eight Centers for Applied Animal Nutrition and a research network of 200 academic and research institutions globally. Our clients in the poultry, swine, cattle and aquaculture sectors are located in more than 100 countries worldwide.

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CLFMA APPLAUDS THE GOVERNMENT'S NATIONAL ACTION PLANS ON FEED AND LIVESTOCK SECTORS Recently, the Department of Animal Husbandr y, Dair ying, and Fisheries (DADF) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Government of India, released “National Action Plans” focusing on various sub-sectors of India's dynamic livestock industr y. These documents provide in-depth insights on each sub-sector such as poultry and egg; feed and fodder; and also sheep, goat and pig meatswith a comprehensive roadmap to double farmers' incomes by 2022.

“For doubling farmers' incomes, livestock sector is indispensable. These national action plans on feed and livestock sectors by the DADF are truly commendable efforts in the right direction. CLFMA whole heartedly welcomes the government's proactive initiatives like these” commented Mr. B Soundararajan, Chairman of CLFMA, the apex industry association representing India's livestock and meat sectors.

Soundararajan termed them “quite extensive and holistic” roadmaps.

“CLFMA represents the entire animal protein value chain and we are pleased to see such detail-oriented and comprehensive blueprints on each subsector. We find these documents aptly

ABOUT EVONIK Evonik is one of the world leaders in specialty chemicals. The focus on more specialty businesses, customerorientated innovative prowess and a trustful and performance-oriented corporate culture form the heart of Evonik's corporate strategy. They are the lever for profitable growth and a sustained increase in the value of the company. Evonik benefits specifically from its customer proximity and leading market positions. Evonik is active in over 100 countries around the

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echoingand highlighting ourkey demands such as conducive policies for suppor ting entrepreneurship, skill building, investing in technology and cold chain infrastructure, promoting awareness on good farming practices etc.” he commented.

Citing that poultry, eggand dairy sectors weregiven greater emphasis in the action plans, Soundararajan applauded the government's drive towardsenhancing farmer s' profits and said “India's promising dairy sector needs more initiatives like Fodder & Feed Security Program – 2022to transform itself to meet the fast growing demand for milk and milk products. We fully endorse the government's view that availability, quality and affordability of fodder and concentrates are essential for improving productivity of milch animals.”

He also acknowledged that the action plan on egg and poultry addresses many critical issues including feed raw materials, technology and mechanization. “Feed accounts for more than two-thirds of the production cost of chicken meat. Hence we fully endorse the government's keen focusonensuring availability, prices and quality of these raw

world with more than 36,000 employees. In fiscal 2016, the enterprise generated sales of around €12.7 billion and an operating profit (adjusted EBITDA) of about €2.165 billion.

About Nutrition & Care The Nutrition & Care segment is led by Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH and contributes to fulfilling basic human needs. That includes applications for everyday consumer goods as well as animal nutrition and health care. This segment employed about 7,500 employees, and generated sales of around €4.3 billion in 2016.

materials such as maize and soybean.

Similarly, India's poultry sector has evolved and is fully ready for technology upgradation”, he quoted.

On the livestock sector's contribution towards food and nutrition security, Soundararajan said, “It is a shared responsibility and CLFMA is committed to work with all the industry stakeholders including government, for effective implementation of these action plans.”

Reflecting upon what else would help propel the industry's growth, he opined there are a few issues that are to be addressed on priority. “Quality feed is the necessary prerequisite to improve animal productivity particularly in dairy and its affordability is absolutely critical here.

However, currently oil seeds and oil meals attract 5% GST, which adds to the overall cost of production of scientifically manufactured compound feed.” He further added that exempting both will help make compound feed more affordable and said “ultimately farmers will get benefitted as animal productivity improves significantly with the use of balanced and nutritious feed.”

Disclaimer In so far as forecasts or expectations are expressed in this press release or where our statements concern the future, these forecasts, expectations or statements may involve known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results or developments may vary, depending on changes in the operating environment. Neither Evonik Industries AG nor its group companies assume an obligation to update the forecasts, expectations or statements contained in this release.

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TM

Improval BFS is Key To Total Gut Integrity: Zydus AH unveils The novel solution in Pune & Karnal Pune & Karnal, India (December 6 & 11, 2017) - The increasing thrust for restriction on MFAs in developed countries have instigated hunt for newer alternatives & approaches in poultry. Zydus AH takes a leap ahead through the launch of ImprovalTM BFS The Novel Solution for Total Gut Integrity in Pune & Karnal.

The launch event in Pune started with welcome note to attendees by Mr. Manas Bhattacharya, Divisional Sales Manager. This was followed by keynote on Corporate overview, vision & future plan by Dr Arun Atrey, President & Head – Global Animal Health Business.

Talking on corporate vision and future plans, he added, “With 1200 scientists

working globally and more than 1000 patents filed, Zydus AH backed by strong R&D team will continue to develop probiotic strains at Improval Plant in India”. He says, “Going forward, probiotic will be major segment of focus for the company”.

The proceeding was taken forward by Dr. Susim Mukul Ray, Group Product

“The strategic combination of aerobes and anaerobes leverages proliferation throughout the gut and is key to total gut integrity.”

-Dr Susim Mukul Ray

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joining us this evening. We express deepest sense of gratitude to all the attendees for making the event engaging and successful.”

Manager and during his keynote the concept and application of Novel solution for Total Gut Integrity were unveiled. “We are thrilled to unveil ImprovalTM BFS, the novel solution for total gut integrity by exploiting the invivo probiotic biology in chicken gut”, says Group Product Manager, Dr SusimMukul Ray. “The poultry gut microbiome is poorly explained. We have taken the privilege of understanding the gut microbiome and harnessing the knowledge to an innovative solution leveraging total gut integrity.”

The event was attended by leading poultry consultants, nutritionist, broiler integrators, breeder & layer farmers and feed millers. “For the first time ever, the concept of invivo probiotic biology

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in chicken gut has been illustrated and exploited for strengthening gut health.

The attendees have largely appreciated the concept and were seen interacting during post launch Q & A session”, says Group Product Manager, Dr. Susim Mukul Ray. Dr. Chand Bahar, National Sales manager had this to say, “We are excited to see the overwhelming response from our customers and it has been our commitment to bring efficient solution as an alternative to MFAs”.

The launch event was ended by vote of thanks to attendees and closing remark of Dr. Chand Bahar, National Sales Manager -“On behalf of Zydus AH, it is indeed my pleasure to have your gracious presence and we thank you for

In Karnal, the product was launched by Dr. Susim Mukul Ray, Group Product Manager along with Dr. Chand Bahar, National Sales Manager and local Z y d u s A H Te c h n i c a l & S a l e s Representatives. The event was attended by leading poultr y consultants, nutritionist, broiler integrators, breeder & layer farmers and feed millers. The launch event started with welcome note to attendees

by Mr. Kranti Kumar Bhalla, Divisional Sales Manager. Mr. Raj Mehul Gupta, Regional Manager, marked the end of the event with his closing remarks - “ Indeed, the concept of Total Gut Integrity has been reinvented through ImprovalTM BFS. We look forward to your support for making our efforts count.

Thank you once again for joining us this evening”.

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POULTRY NUTRITION IN 2025 AB VISTA ANSWERS THE QUESTION IN POULTRY INDIA Poultry India 2017 took place in Hyderabad from 2224 November, 2017.

Poultry India Expo is South Asia's biggest international exhibition, marking the presence of reputed companies across the continent from poultry sector. This year also the exhibition saw a number of exhibitors who displayed the latest technologies for the poultry sector.

AB Vista South Asia, a pioneer in animal nutrition technology, had a strong presence in the exhibition with a total footfall of 800 people in the stand this year. Standing true to their nature of being the leader in animal nutrition debates, AB Vista tried to solve the big question of what does the future hold for poultry nutrition in 2025. Dr. Mike Bedford, Research Director, AB Vista UK was present in the exhibition to give information on the latest developments in the industry and to support AB Vista South Asia team.

Dr. Dinesh Bhosale, Regional Sales Director, said “This year was especially important for us as not only we had a

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bigger presence with increased stand space compared to previous years, but also we were able to fur ther our efforts in remaining connected with our customers and providing them the best technical expertise that is available.”

Dr. Mike was also invited as a speaker for Knowledge Day-2017 held on 21 November, 2017. The key points highlighted in his presentation are: 1. Antibiotic free diets are going to be the future of poultry nutrition. To achieve this the industry will follow either of the following solutions: Ÿ

Use of alternatives to antibiotics

- The choice of antibiotic alternative will depend on its effectiveness, robustness and the ROI achieved. Ÿ

Using good management practices.

2. One of the major issues faced by poultry farmers is the problem of poorly digested protein. This can be corrected by following methods:

- Prebiotics (majorly FOS, GOS, XOS, MOS)

Ÿ

Know the amino acid content of raw materials

- Probiotics

Ÿ

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) technique can be a big help in nutrient analysis of raw materials and finished feed

Ÿ

Use digestibility enhancers – phytases, NSPases, proteases

- Antimicrobial products ~ Essential oils/herb extracts ~ Ly s o z y m e – A n t i m i c r o b i a l peptides (AMPs)

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However, one should ensure that matrix is used when using the digestibility enhancers, not doing so can imbalance a ration.

3. L i m i t a t i o n s i n a va i l a b l e r a w materials will be a big challenge for poultr y industr y. A potential solution to this problem is by precision nutrition – rapid ingredient analysis.

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4. In all, the poultry industry in 2025 will face following situations:

will only further the antibiotic free diet issue.

Ÿ

New constraints on additives/ antibiotics will demand action if efficiency is to be maintained.

Ÿ

Knowledge of alternatives and their constraints is needed before they are introduced.

Ÿ

There will not be a single solution to the problems being faced by the industry.

Ÿ

Ÿ

Limitations in raw material supply

Integrated solution will work best.

Data collection and analysis from commercial farms will drive new innovations.

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SAUDI ARABIA BANS TRANSPORT OF LIVE POULTRY

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ealth authorities in Saudi Arabia have banned the transfer of live birds inside the country, after a fresh outbreak of bird flu in the kingdom on Saturday, the official Saudi news agency SPA said, The transport ban was imposed on poultry farms, transport firms and bird breeders after seven cases of bird flu were reported in the last 24 hours throughout the Kingdom, SPA said, The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture said poultry

farms and transport firms would need to obtain the necessary licenses in order to transport poultry, Five cases of bird flu were reported in Riyadh in recent days, one in the central Qassim region, and one on the Tarout Island in the Arabian Gulf, In recent weeks, regional countries including UAE, Jordan, Kuwait and Bahrain have banned poultry poultry imports from Saudi Arabia following an outbreak of bird flu, the kingdom's official news agency SPA reported, In recent years, the highly-contagious strain of bird flu, clinically known as H5N8, has hit poultry farms in a number of locations around the world, with some variations of the disease causing human infections and deaths, As part of an emergency response, field teams in

Kharj and Dharma provinces have culled a total of 813 birds, with an additional 1,325 culled in Ahsa and 800 birds in Qassim, Veterinary teams from the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture carried out inspections of 25 markets and bird-breeding farms across the kingdom, the report said, The ministry also advised bird breeders in Saudi Arabia to avoid purchasing live birds from unknown sources, or selling at unauthorized markets, in order to minimize the spread of the H5N8 avian flu,The ban was expected to be lifted after the virus was contained within two weeks, Dr. Abdullah Kadman, a member of the board of directors at the Saudi Poultry Producers Association said, Head of the National Committee for Poultry Producers, Jamal Al-Sadoun, warned companies to comply with the ministry's instructions on the transport ban, to curb the spread of the disease that was concentrated in the Riyadh region.

MAJOR POULTRY PRODUCER TEAMS UP WITH CLEAN MEAT STARTUP

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sraeli biotech and food-tech startup Super Meat has raised $3 million in seed funding and has formed a 40

'strategic partnership' w i t h P H W, o n e of Europe’s largest poultry producers, and an equity investor in the company, Clean meat, which is grown in a lab, is a contentious issue. While it isn't a vegan product, as it relies on using animal cells, many see it as an ethically and environmentally preferable option to tradition livestock farming, With the recently secured funding, the Tel-Aviv-

based company expects to bring its clean chicken products to market within three years, at a price point similar to the conventional chicken products currently available on store shelves, Funding:US-based venture capital fund New Crop Capital led the recent seed round, along with mission-oriented VC firm Stray Dog Capital, Both firms are openly committed to investing in more sustainable food systems, and have previously backed big names in the alternative protein field such as Beyond Meat and Sun Fed, This new round of funding follows a crowd funding campaign which raised $230,000 in pre-

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orders for Super Meat's clean meat products.

Cells According to a spokesperson: "Super Meat's clean meat is produced by growing cells that have been painlessly extracted from a chicken, The cells are then grown in conditions that allow them to thrive, forming highquality chicken cuts, This process puts an end to the industrial need to mass produce animals for slaughter, while eliminating exposure to animal waste and food-borne illnesses; the potential benefits for public health and animal welfare are therefore considerable, At the same time, clean meat is also highly beneficial for the environment, with

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d r a s t i c a l l y re d u c e d c a r b o n a n d ecological footprints compared to current meat production methods, According to research conducted by Oxford and Amsterdam Universities, switching to clean meat will allow a reduction of up to 98 percent in greenhouse gas emissions, 99 percent in land exploitation, and up to 96 percent in water usage.

Strategic Commenting on the new partnership with SuperMeat, PHW-Gruppe's CEO Peter Wesjohann said: "We at PHW have time and again left the beaten path in conducting our business, This approach not only facilitates the development of best-in-class animal welfare concepts in our core poultry business, but will also lead to the strengthening of our vegan product portfolio, confirming our leading role in the global consumer trend towards a cleaner, more protein-rich diet, The equity investment in SuperMeat is evidence of our forward-thinking

strategy. SuperMeat is consistent with our pursuit to provide Europe with sustainable, clean foods– we do not see this transaction as a financial investment but rather as the beginning of a long-term strategic partnership, We look forward to working together with SuperMeat and are committed to supporting the company in its research and development, as well as the strategic positioning of its products in the European market, Our R&D, marketing and distribution expertise will contribute to the success of this exciting and promising company thereby contributing to the development of cultured meat.

SALMONELLA IN POULTRY IS NATURALLY OCCURRING. BUT REDUCIBLE. HERE'S SOME EVIDENCE

My paper of the day is from a group USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service folks who used a massive outbreak as a baseline for a set of 41

interventions, The paper, Intensified Sampling in Response to a S a l m o n e l l a H e i d e l b e r g O u t b r e a k Associated with M u l t i p l e Establishments Within a Single Poultry Corporation

by Green and colleagues, published online today in Foodborne Pathogens and Disease shows that on-farm and processing interventions matter, They don’t say it’s Foster Farms, but it’s uh,

Foster Farms, Salmonella percent positive declined from 19.7% to 5.3% during this timeframe as a result of regulatory and company efforts. The company noted that a multihurdle approach to reduce Salmonella in products was taken, including on-farm efforts such as environmental testing, depopulation of affected flocks, disinfection of affected houses, vaccination, and use of various interventions within the establishments over the course of several months, Less Salmonella is not just about cooking and cross-contamination in the home or a restaurant. Reducing how much Salmonella is introduced into kitchens really matters.

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NEW CHICKEN IMMUNE CELL INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MAREK'S DISEASE

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cientists at The Pirbright Institute have identified a new type of immune cell in chickens that is involved in the development of Marek’s disease, Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is highly contagious and causes a deadly cancer of the lymph nodes (lymphoma) and immune suppression in poultry. The virus’s ability to supress immune responses of birds is one of the reasons MDV is such a major threat to the poultry industry, as it prevents recovery and makes birds susceptible to

secondary infections, In their most recent study published in P LO S Pa t h o g e n s , researchers from the Avian Immunology group demonstrated an association between the number of the new immune cells, known as s u p p r e s s o r lymphocytes, and susceptibility to lymphoma formation. Their findings also show that infection with Marek’s disease virus increases the number of suppressor lymphocytes, which are able to suppress the chicken immune response, Dr Shahriar Behboudi, Head of the Avian Immunology group at Pirbright, said: "Some viruses exploit host immune cells for their own p u r p o s e t o e va d e n o r m a l h o s t defences. We found that MDV can modulate immune responses by

activating suppressor lymphocytes, contributing to immune suppression and lymphoma formation, The scientists also noted that lymphoma cells have similar characteristics to suppressor lymphocytes, meaning they too can suppress immune responses.

Combined, these findings identify new pathways that are involved in the development of the disease, which can help identify chicken lines that are more resistant to MDV, Losses relating to MDV are estimated to be up to $2 billion worldwide. Nearly 22 billion vaccine doses a year are used in an attempt to control the disease, but the virus continues to evolve and form increasingly virulent strains.

Understanding how MDV causes immune suppression is therefore a vital area of research that Pirbright scientists are working on, This study was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, grant number BBS/N002598/1.

PRICES OF FRIED CHICKENS, HAMBURGERS CLIMB AMID RISING MINIMUM WAGE

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n the New Year, the aftermaths of the rise of minimum wage, grocery prices rising and business hours decreasing are becoming reality. The minimum wage of 2018 is 7,530 won per hour, which has increased by 16.4 per cent compared to that of 2017, According to the related industry Monday, KFC increased the prices of its 24 items, including fried chickens and hamburgers, by average of 5.9 per cent in December 2017 and Lotteria increased the prices of its items, by average of 5.8 per cent in November 2017. Nolboo and Sinseon Seolnongtang, the dining franchise companies, also increased the prices of major menus recently, Paris Baguette and Dunkin’ 42

Donuts are also expected to increase prices. "If employment cost rises, we cannot help but sell items with the price higher than the suggested retail price set by the head office," said a franchise store operator of Paris Baguette, The Dong-a Ilbo reports that the fried chicken franchise industry also has the air that price increase is inevitable.

Though they withdrew an increase plan last year after being attacked by the public, the business proprietors claim that they cannot hold it any longer this year, The pressure on the rise of costs, such as employment cost, has reached the limits," said a business insider,We have been enduring it by reducing the

margins of the head office, but we can no longer ignore the demands for the price increase by franchise store operators, The convenience store industry, which has a high employment rate of part-time employees, is reducing nighttime operations and expanding unattended convenience stores, in order to reduce the burdens on employment costs, While the government supports some of the employment costs this year, it would not be effective in the convenience store industry, which has low insurance purchase rate, More store operators are considering closing the store due to the cost burden following the rise of the minimum wage," said a convenience store operator.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

EVENT CALENDER / NEWS

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Event Calender FEBRUARY 2018 Event : Feed Tech Expo-2018 Date : 08-09-10 February 2018 Venue : Auto Cluster Exhibition Centre, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) Contact: Benison Media Ph. : +91 1844047817 E-mail : feedtechexpo@gmail.com

MARCH 2018 Event : Livestock Asia Expo & Forum Date : 19-21 April, 2018 Venue : Kuala Lampur Convention Centre, Malaysia Ph. : +60321768788 E-mail : rita.lau@ubm.com Web : www.viveurope.nl

MARCH 2018

MARCH 2018

Event : Agra ME-2018 Date : 06-08 March, 2018 Venue : Dubai International Convention Centre, Dubai, UAE Ph. : +971440726606 web : agramiddleeast.com/en

Event : FV Gasia 2018 Date : 27-29 March,2018 Venue : Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Banglik, Thailand Contact: Mr. Ashish Kala Ph. : +91-82957-33669 E-mail : maarcservices@gmail.com

JUNE 2018

OCTOBER 2018

Event : VIV Europe 2018 Date : 20-22 June,2018 Venue : Jaarbeurs Utrecht,The Netherlands Contact: Mr. Zhenja Antochin Ph. : +31(0) 302952898 Email : karlient.smitt@vnuexhibitions.com web : www.viveurope.nl

Event : Viet stock 2018 Date : 17-19 October 2018 Venue : Saigan Exhibition & Convention Centre (SECC), Ho Chi,Minh City,Vietnam Ph. : +84854012718 E-mail : chau.tran@uhm.com

DEAD CHICKEN TESTS POSITIVE FOR BIRD FLU

O

ne case of H5N1 Avian Influenza (bird flu) was detected in chicken at a poultry shop in Dasarahalli on Kempapura Main Road. The shop has been shut since December 30. Poultry shops in a 1-km radius of that shop too have been shut down by the health department, According to BBMP joint c o m m i s s i o n e r ( Ye l a h a n k a z o n e ) Nagaraju, a bird was seen dead at Dasarahalli village in Bytarayanapura assembly constituency limits on December 29. Samples were sent for 43

testing to the National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases in Bhopal. We got the report on Monday and it is confirmed the death was due to avian flu,'' he said, Following this, the Animal Husbandary Department has asked BBMP to take urgent measures to prevent spread of the disease. “We have asked shops selling meat and eggs within a 1-km radius of Bhuvaneshwari Nagar and Dasarahlli villages to shut till further communication. The animal husbandry officials in BBMP are also examining birds at poultries within a 10-km radius along with veterinary doctors, he added.Dr P L Nataraj, director, health and family welfare, said, “It is H5N1 Avian Influenza strain of virus. We are ready with Tamiflu tablets.

Another suspected case was reported at Murthy's poultry in Vadanayakahalli, Anekal, Dr Manohar N, Taluk Health Officer, Bengaluru North, said, “This

particular shop had reportedly got poultry supplied from Tamil Nadu on December 28. About eight chickens died. He sent it to a veterinary hospital in Hebbal. The dead birds tested positive for bird flu. In humans, the symptoms of H5N1 are like H1N1. They include sore throat, fever and fatigue.

Bird handlers are vulnerable and it could spread from them. People coming in contact with affected birds should wash their hands. If the meat is consumed half-cooked, or eggs consumed half boiled, there are chances of the disease spreading, Dr Sunanda T K, District Surveillance Officer, Bengaluru Urban, said, “We have conducted house-to-house surveillance in the area. No cases of fever have been found so far If found, they will be treated for prophylaxis.

Even if there are no symptoms, they will be treated for it.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

NEWS

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CLOSURE OF OPEN SYSTEM POULTRY FARMS TO BE ORDERED

S

everal commercial chicken farms which have been operating under the open rearing system will be ordered to cease operations, said Datuk Seri Mohamad Hasan, the current Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan, According to The Star Online, the Negri Sembilan Mentri Besar said his administration had no other option but to take drastic

action as such farms were the culprits behind the massive fly problem affecting many areas in Seremban, including tourist destinations such as Port Dickson, The problem has become so serious and it has caused a lot of problems to the people, We have no other choice but to do so as these operators have refused to convert to the closed system despite telling them to do so more than 10 years ago," he told reporters after chairing the state exco meeting on Wednesday (3 January), There used to be one such farm in my kampung in Rantau and the villagers used to face a lot of fly-related problems. We

eventually ordered the farm closed and the problem was solved, he said, Mr Mohamad said he regretted the lackadaisical attitude of such operators as they were inconveniencing the public,They never made the initiative to migrate to a closed system although it has been so many years since they were advised to do so, he said, Asked how many farms would be ordered closed, Mr Mohamad said he could not provide details but said that there were several, Three such open farms are expected to be closed in Port Dickson alone, Last March, Mr Mohamad said his administration would not entertain new applications for the opening of commercial poultry farms after flies were found to have swarmed several areas, He said only about 64 of the more than 100 farms operating on a commercial basis had moved to the closed farming system.

ANTIBIOTIC USE IN POULTRY FEED TO BE PHASED OUT FROM 2018

S

ri Lanka will, this year, look to further regulate and phase out antibiotic growth promoters used in poultry feed in an effort to combat antimicrobial resistance in the country, An official at the Department of Animal Production and Health explained that they, together with specialists dealing with human health, animal health, fisheries and agriculture have worked as a team to develop the 'National 44

Strategic Plan for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in Sri Lanka 2017 – 2022' and thus, one of the measures taken in the animal husbandry industry would be to reduce and phase out antibiotic growth promoters used in animal feed a n d p o u l t r y p ro d u c t i o n , According to Lakehouse Daily News, this is part of the WHO initiative to have its member countries develop national action plans to combat the global issue of humans developing antibiotic resistance as a result of its overuse in all sectors of our lives, The current antibiotic growth promoters used in chicken feed especially are not harmful to human health but these are part of a measure to reduce the overall use of antibiotics in our system. This would help in reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance

among people, said the official, Antibiotic growth promoters are used to describe any medicine that destroys or inhibits bacteria in chicken and is administered at a low, subtherapeutic dose, The Department is currently working on gazetting an overall ban but until then, the official said, they had decided to stop issuing licenses for the import of these antibiotic growth promoters from next year, We hope to have a ban in place within next year,said the official, The official explained that a complete ban could not be imposed immediately as they needed to give time, especially to small-scale farmers to adapt to better housing and biosecurity practices in their farm thus removing the need for antibiotics, At present, the government allows the use of three types of antibiotic growth promoters in the country under strict conditions.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

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POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018

RECIPE

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Chicken Bacon Ranch Loaded Bloomin' Onion Ingredients Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

1 sweet onion (such as Vidalia®) 1 cup whole milk 1/2 cup water 2 eggs 2 teaspoons salt, divided

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

1 1/4 cups all-purpose flour Ÿ 1 (1 ounce) package ranch dressing mix Ÿ (such as Hidden Valley Ranch ®) Ÿ 1 teaspoon cayenne pepper Ÿ 1/2 gallon peanut oil Ÿ

salt and ground black pepper to taste 2 cups shredded Cheddar cheese 1 cup cubed cooked chicken 4 slices cooked bacon, diced 1/2 cup ranch dressing

Directions

Cut 1/2 inch off the pointed part of the onion and peel. Place onion on a work surface, cut-side down. Make a downward cut into the onion, starting 1/2 inch from the root, all the way to the work surface. Repeat 3 more times, making a total of 4 evenly spaced cuts around the onion to create 4 sections, Cut each of the 4 sections of the onion into 3 even slices to reach a total of 16 evenly spaced cuts. Turn the onion over and gently separate the outer pieces, using your fingers, Whisk milk, water, eggs, and 1 teaspoon salt together in a bowl, Whisk flour, ranch dressing mix, cayenne pepper, and 1 teaspoon salt together in a separate bowl, Preheat oven to 450 degrees F (230 degrees C), Heat peanut oil in a deep fryer or deep, heavy pot to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C), Dip onion in the egg mixture using a slotted spoon or your hand. Remove and let excess egg drip back into the egg mixture. Place onion in a bowl, cut-side up. Pour all of the flour mixture on top. Shake the bowl and distribute the flour mixture evenly using a spoon or your fingers, making sure the flour mixture reaches inside the onion's petal, Lift onion out of bowl by the core, turning over and patting to release excess flour. Fully submerge the onion in egg mixture again; remove and let excess egg mixture drip back into bowl. Place onion back in bowl with flour mixture and spoon to coat onion again with flour mixture, Turn the onion cut-side down and place in a wire skimmer. Shake gently over the flour bowl and pat to release any excess flour, Carefully lower onion in the hot oil, cut-side down. Adjust the heat so the oil temperature stays at 350 degrees (175 degrees C). Fry for 3 minutes; carefully turn onion over and cook until golden brown, about 4 minutes more, Remove and drain on paper towels and season with salt, Place onion on a baking sheet and top with 1/2 of the Cheddar cheese, chicken, bacon, and remaining 1/2 of the Cheddar cheese, Bake in the preheated oven until cheese is melted, 3 to 4 minutes. Drizzle ranch dressing over onion and sprinkle green onion, salt, and pepper over the top.

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POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 20 | No. 1 | JANUARY - 2018