Poultry Planner May 2017 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

VOL. 19 | No. 05 | MAY - 2017

From the Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk New Chicken Breed Changes Egg Industry Dynamics in India

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor in Chief editor@pixie.co.in N.K. Gupta General Manager pcslkarnal@gmail.com M : 999 170 5005 Aparna Mehmi Marketing Manager Poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M : 999 170 5007

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Seven years of research have paid rich dividends in the form of a unique breed of broiler chickenthat can multiply three times as fast as ordinary hens, lay more eggs, and can survive in the open without any extra care, writes A Nair. The breed is the Jharsim chicken, a crossbred between the local and broiler variety, further crossed with imported Durham Red breed. Developed by the Birsa Agricultural University at Ranchi, Jharkhand, the bird actually performs better on a low level of nutrition. Scientists at the University claim the new breed of chicken called Jharsim - named so since it was developed in Jharkhand state and sim meaning hen in tribal dialect - is set to produce more eggs than the normal local hen, in a move that will enhance the economic power of poultry among farmers. To develop the Jharsim breed, a PV2 male broiler from the state of Punjab was crossbred with a Jharkhand local hen. The hen produced by their mating was later bred with an imported Durham Red breed, imported by India for its bigger size and tender meat. For experimental purposes, the University distributed 25,000 chicks from its first lot to villagers across Jharkhand state. More than 95 per cent of the chicks survived with most reproducing. A handiwork of the All India Co-Ordinated Research Project on Poultry Breeding, the indigenous chicken boasts of faster growth, optimum egg production, an attractive multi-colour plumage, and better adaptability to agro-climatic conditions. Scientists pointed out the birds weigh 400-500 grams at 6 weeks and 1600-1800 grams at maturity under the backyard system. The age at first egg laying is 175-180 days and the egg weight is 52-55 grams at 40 weeks of age. The birds have the potential to lay 165-170 eggs under the backyard system. The variety is set to provide higher supplementary income and nutrition through both egg and meat to rural and tribal farmers. While the local hen variety lays around 50-60 eggs in 54 weeks, each Jharsim hen can lay between 130170 eggs in 72 weeks, according to H. Rahman, Deputy Director General (Animal Science), Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Pointing out that poultry is the fastest growing sector in India, given that it provides jobs to an increasing number of rural and urban youth, Mr. Rahman said the development of the new, improved breed would give a big boost to poultry farming. He pointed out that the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has been promoting intensive schemes in five states across India - Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra and Jharkhand. At many of these centres, intensive research is being carried out in the development of chicken varieties utilising local germplasm, and aimed at catering to the rising economy of rural marginal farmers through the rearing of these chicken varieties. Noting that China was the global topper in poultry, contributing around 30 per cent of the world's production of meat and eggs, R.N. Chatterjee, Director, Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, said India lagged far behind, contributing barely 5 per cent-7 per cent. Jharsim can help boost production of meat and eggs in a big way," said Mr. Chatterjee, adding it provided immense potential for backyard poultry farming in Jharkhand's rural areas. Jharsim has also been termed as more resistant to diseases, and can survive in natural habitat without much care. Shushil Prasad of the Birsa Agricultural University added that since Jharsim has traits of local chicken as well as traits of an exotic variety, it grows up to be bigger and develops a stronger immune system.

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INDEX 06

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AN OVERVIEW OF AVIAN MYCOPLASMOSIS

SPECIALIZED PROTEIN PRODUCTS IN POULTRY NUTRITION

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION GUIDE LINES IN POULTRY BREEDING

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AN OVERVIEW OF AVIAN MYCOPLASMOSIS Introduction Poultry farming has emerged as one of the fully viable self-sufﬁcient and sophisticated industry contributing signiﬁcantly to the Indian economy in terms of value of the products, employment generation and it is improving the living standards of people. This tremendous achievement in the poultry production has been brought mainly by the adoption of improved methods of breeding, nutrition, management and health coverage programmes. However, with the evolution of superior genetic stock of poultry, intensive rearing and selective breeding policies for higher production, the birds are put to all sorts of stress beyond the limit of their normal physiological tolerance, making them more vulnerable to many diseases. Among the various prevailing diseases, Avian Mycoplasmosis is one of the most serious diseases affecting poultry industry in the world. Avian Mycoplasmosis is an economically important and highly contagious disease of chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese, caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), a Gram negative, pleomorphic organism. Avian mycoplasmosis is mainly manifested as chronic respirator y disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Though there are many Mycoplasma spp. affecting the poultry, only M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) and Mycoplasma iowae (MI) have been established as pathogens. They are very small prokaryotes (0.25 – 0.5 μm). One of their major characteristics is the lack of cell wall; they are limited only by a plasma membrane. Pathogenic mycoplasma species such as MG and MS tend to grow slowly (after 3-10 days at 37°C). E c o n o m i c L o s s e s D u e To A v i a n Mycoplasmosis Avian mycoplasmosis causes substantial economic losses directly through embryo mortality (5-20%), chick mortality (5-10%), slow growth (8-25%), condemnation of carcass (5-10%), and production drop (820%). Indirect losses due to Avian m yc o p l a s m a i n c l u d e t h e i n c re a s e d susceptibility to Colibacilosis, Infectious coryza, Infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle

disease(ND) and depression of immune system.

Mode Of Transmission Ÿ

MG is transmitted vertically within some eggs from infected breeders to progeny.

Four species of Avian Mycoplasmas are known to cause disease in domestic poultry. They are Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Mycoplasma iowae

MG is transmitted horizontally via infectious aerosols and through c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f f e e d , w a t e r, environment, and by human activity on fomites.

Susceptible Host And Age

Avian Mycoplasma mainly affects chickens and turkeys causing the most signiﬁcant economic losses. Infection has also been reported in pheasants, partridges, peafowl, pigeons, quail, ducks, geese, and psittacine birds. Avian mycoplasmosis usually affects in younger birds of 4-8 weeks age.

Infection may be latent in some birds for days to months, but when birds are stressed horizontal transmission may occur rapidly.

Stressors such as viral infections, vaccinations with live viruses, cold weather and crowding also facilitate infection, disease and transmission (Figure 1).

With MG, egg transmission occurs only during the stage of active infection of the abdominal air sac which is in direct contact with the ovules. Thus, if this lesion heals before egg production starts, the egg transmission rate of MG is minimal.

With respect to MM, the infection comes primarily from the vagina with contaminated semen and thus there is a constant insult of the hen during the egg laying period.

The egg transmission rate of MG is from 1-5% and with MM, around 25% for the entire production cycle. It is because of these differences in the infection and transmission patterns that MM is considered to be much more difﬁcult to eradicate than MG.

The mechanism of egg transmission of MS is not known.

Etiology

Prevalence Avian Mycoplasmosis has been recorded in USA (37%), Nigeria (32.4%), India (26%), Pakistan (20%), Serbia (19%), Lebanon (7%), Turkey (5%) and Israel (4%). In India, Avian Mycoplasmosis has been recorded in several states such as Jammu and Kashmir (61%), Himachal Pradesh (71%), Manipur (78.8%), Tripura (59%), Nagaland (83%), Assam and Meghalaya (77%), Punjab (76%), Haryana (72%), Bihar (57%), Uttar Pradesh (75%), Madhya Pradesh (64%), Gujarat (87.5%), Maharashtra (14%), Goa (78%), Kerala (37%), Karnataka (17%), Andhra Pradesh (30%), Tamil Nadu (30%) and Rajasthan (39%). The highest prevalence has been reported in Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam and Punjab. Habitat Mycoplasmas are very fragile organisms, lacking the protective cell wall present in other bacteria; therefore they are highly susceptible to heat, cold, dehydration and disinfectants. As a result, mycoplasmas survive very poorly outside their host. Survival Of Avian Mycoplasma Outside The Host Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Mycoplasma synoviae

Feathers

2-4 days

2-3 days

Cotton

12 hours to 4 days

–

Hair

8 hours to 3 days

–

Rubber, Straw

2 days 4-24 hours –

– 12 hours 8-12 hours

Ear, Nose

Hair

Pathogenicity Mycoplasma escapes from the host defensive immune mechanisms using the

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

ARTICLE high frequency variation of the surface proteins. It also “hides” from host defences by invading cells despite the strong immune reactions. MG colonises the host cells after a successful attachment which is considered the most important virulence factor. Epithelium of the conjunctiva, nasal passages, sinuses, and trachea are most susceptible to initial colonization and infection. However, in severe acute disease, infection may also involve the bronchi, air sacs, and occasionally lungs. Once infected, birds may remain carriers for life. There is a marked interaction (polymicrobial disease) between respiratory viruses, Escherichia coli, and M. gallisepticum in the pathogenesis and severity of chronic respiratory disease.

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Dyspnoea

Decreased weight gain, feed efﬁciency and egg production

M. synoviae usually causes subclinical upper respiratory tract infection in multiage layer ﬂock leading to mortality ranging from 1 to 10% and morbidity ranges from 2 to 75% with 5 to 15% being usual.

Gross Lesions Ÿ

Disease Manifestation Ÿ

Mycoplasma gallisepticum mainly causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys Mycoplasma synoviae causes synovitis in chicken and turkeys which may be of acute or chronic in nature. Moreover, it also causes airsacculitis concurrently with Newcastle disease and Infectious bronchitis. However, M. iowae has also been reported to have pathogenic effect on fox chicken and turkeys.

Depression

Rales

Coughing and Sneezing

Nasal discharges

Swelling of infra orbital sinuses

Conjunctivitis

The most important pathological lesion is cloudy appearance of one or more air sacs. Cheesy material is present in the air sacs in turkeys.

From live birds, swabs may be taken f ro m c h oa n a l c l e f t , o ro p h a r y n x , oesophagus, trachea, eyes, cloaca and phallus in PPLO broth

In the case of dead birds, samples may b e t a ke n f ro m t h e n a s a l c a v i t y, infraorbital sinus, trachea or air sacs. Exudates can be aspirated from the infraorbital sinuses and joint cavities in PPLO broth.

Diagnosis 1.

Diagnosis of Avian Mycoplasmosis is based on history like poor hatchability, embryo mortality, decreased egg production and decreased growth rate.

Based on the pathological lesions like airsacculitis, synovitis and exudates in the trachea, air sacs and lungs.

Isolation and Identiﬁcation of avian mycoplasma following inoculation in PPLO medium: M gallisepticum should

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ii). Fried egg colonies can be seen on PPLO agar medium. iii). Cultural character like change of PPLO medium colour from pink to yellow colour. iv). O n G i e m s a s t a i n i n g , t h e a v i a n mycoplasma appears to be pleomorphic. v).

Based on the Growth inhibition test and Digitonin inhibition test.

Serological tests

Serological tests have also been used for the detection of antibodies against avian mycoplasma and antigenic identiﬁcation.

The serum plate agglutination test (SPA) gives the best results with fresh and clear serum. It has the advantage of rapidity, simplicity, high sensitivity, low specificity, reproducibility and it can be used as a screening test. For doing this test, sera are collected from a flock. If not tested immediately, sera are stored at 40 C and not frozen. The test should be carried out at room temperature. This test detects primarily IgM, the first antibody produced in MG or MS infection. It can detect infection within 5-7 days (after infection). Also, it is very cheap and easy to perform. The most serious disadvantage is that the test may have non-specific or false-positive reactions. Also it is common for a flock to show positive SPA reactions for MG when it is infected with MS or vice-versa. This is because MS and MG share common antigens. This makes it difficult to determine if a flock is infected with MS or MG, or both, if only the SPA is used.

MS causes air sacculitis and synovial lesions at hock region, footpads and keel bursa.

Samples To Be Collected

Clinical Signs MG infections vary from asymptomatic to severe, depending upon the infecting strain and other factors such as the infection with other respiratory pathogens like IBV, NDV and E. coli. Infected birds usually develop symptoms like

The most consistent gross lesions associated with MG infection in chicken a r e t h e p r e s e n c e of m u c o i d t o mucopurulent exudates in the trachea, bronchi, air sacs and nasal passages.

be conﬁrmed by isolation from swab samples of infraorbital sinuses, nasal turbinates, choanal cleft, trachea, air sacs, lungs, or conjunctiva. Primary isolation is made in mycoplasma medium containing 10%–15% serum (PPLO medium)

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For all these reasons, another test must be done to confirm the avian mycoplasma infection by using HI or ELISA. The HI titres showing more than 1:80 or above are considered to be positive for avian mycoplasma and titres of 1:40 are strongly suspicious. Sera giving non-specific reactions to the RSA test do not usually give a positive reaction in the HI test on using live HA antigen. Positive SPA reactions can be confirmed by the HI test with sera taken after the first 2-3 weeks of infection. However, the HI test tends to be strain s p e c i fi c a n d t h e re f o re m a y l a c k sensitivity. The Haemagglutination Inhibition test (HI) is more time consuming and expensive than the SPA test but it is more specific and accurate. Samples of serum should not be frozen before use in SPA tests. They should be free from haemolysis and contamination to avoid nonspecific reactions. The use of inactivated vaccines for other diseases may result in nonspecific reactions. Samples should be tested as soon as possible (within 72 hours) because mycoplasma antibodies may deteriorate on storage. Sera may be inactivated in a water bath at 56oC for 30 minutes.

M. gallisepticum infection must be ruled out whenever sinusitis or respiratory disease is present in turkeys, although MG infection may be confused with Avian inﬂuenza, Infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, Fowl cholera, Colibacillosis and Infectious coryza. M. synoviae infection should be

solution for 10 to 30 min. This method

are present. Differentiation from

causes expansion of egg contents by

infectious tenosynovitis, infection with

heating to 370C to 38oC (incubator

Staphylococcus aureus, or other

temperature) and dipping in cold

bacterial infection is essential.

antibiotic solution causes shrinkage

M. meleagridis infection in turkeys should be considered when air sac lesions are found in young poults or when stunting and/or skeletal problems are present.

and entry of the solution, sufﬁcient to kill the organisms. ii)

M. iowae infection should be ruled out in cases of reduced hatchability with late embryo mortality in turkeys.

Prevention And Control Eradication Very strict hygienic system is essential to keep a ﬂock free of infection. Ÿ

Limit visitors and movement of vehicles between farms.

People entering the farm should shower and change into clothing provided by farm.

Equipments should be disinfected or fumigated.

Proper disposal of carcasses and infected materials.

Re c o m m e n d e d d i s i n f e c t a n t s f o r buildings and equipment include phenolic or cresylic acid disinfectants, hypochlorite, and 0.1% glutaraldehyde. Birds should not be re-introduced for 2 weeks.\

Based on the Molecular techniques, PCR can also be used for detection of M. gallisepticum DNA using swabs taken directly from infected sites or after growth in culture.

Differential Diagnosis Ÿ

considered whenever synovitis lesions

Killing of M. gallisepticum in hatching eggs I)

M. gallisepticum in eggs can also be killed by heat treatment, which kills the organisms but not the chick embryo. The eggs at temperature (25-26oC) are ke p t i n a n i n c u b a t o r h a v i n g a temperature of 460C for a period of 12 to 14 hours. Then, these eggs are incubated for normal hatching in i n c u b a t o r. T h i s m e t h o d h a s a disadvantage of lowering the hatchability by 8 to 12 percent.

Killing of M. gallisepticum in hatched chicks Tylosin can be given to newly hatched chicks by mixing in drinking water at a concentration of 0.05% on 1st day of hatching. Similar treatment is repeated on 4th or 5th day after hatching. Treatment Ÿ

Most strains of M. gallisepticum are sensitive to a number of broadspectrum antibiotics, including tylosin, tetracyclines, and others but not to penicillins or those that act on the cell wall.

Tylosin - 0.05 to 0.1 percent can be given in drinking water for 3 to 5 days continuously.

Oxytetracycline or Chlortetracycline can be given at the rate of 200 g per tonne of feed.

Tiamutin 45 percent solution should be administered in concentration of 0.025% for 3 consecutive days in drinking water.

Eggs are heated for 2-3 hours by keeping them in egg incubator. After this, the eggs are dipped in a watery solution of 0.04 to 0.1% tylosin tartarate, the temperature of which should be 2 to 5oC (refrigerator temperature). Eggs are dipped in the

K. Manimaran¹*, S. Jaisree², R. Mahaprabhu³, K. Karthik⁴ and R. Bharathi⁵ 1.Assistant Professor, Central University Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram Milk Colony,Chennai-51. *corresponding author mail id: maranvet@yahoo.com

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SPECIALIZED PROTEIN PRODUCTS IN POULTRY NUTRITION Introduction Advances in poultry nutrition will be fundamental to securing this rapid growth achievement and maintaining sustainable poultr y production. Accordingly, the common focus of nutrition, to simply supply nutrients for maintenance and growth has become obsolete. Specialist areas such as immuno-nutrition, are rapidly gaining attention. Therefore during broiler diet formulation, choosing ingredients to maximize nutrient availability, rather than simply meeting energy or amino a c i d l e v e l s , i s n e c e s s a r y. W h e n formulating broiler diets, the main emphasis is placed on the crude protein (CP), because protein is the critical constituent of poultr y diets, and together with the other main nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat, water, vitamins, and minerals, is essential for life. Proteins are broken down and hydrolyzed in the digestive system into amino acids. This amino acids will be assembled and metabolized to form proteins that are used in the building of different body tissues. They also serve vital metabolic roles as blood plasma proteins, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, each of which has a speciﬁc role in the body. However, protein is also one of the most expensive ingredients in poultry diets. Therefore, nutritionally and economically, proper protein usage is essential in all feeding systems, and wasteful usage increases the cost of production. In this article highlighted the importance of some special protein ingredients, which are high-quality in nature and the potential of their inclusion in poultry diets. Protein sources for poultry Plant and animal products are the two most important protein sources in poultry diets. The majority of an animal's dietary protein requirement is supplied by plant protein sources. Themost used energy and protein sources are 16

respectively, maize and soybean. Cereals, like wheat and sorghum, and some plant protein meals are used all over the world as well. Soybean meal (SBM) is the preferred protein source used in poultry feed manufacturing. Its CP content is about 40–48%, and this depends on the quantity of hulls removed and the oil extraction process. Compared to the protein meal of other oilseed grains, soybean protein is favoured due to its well-balanced amino acid profile, especially the essential ones, enabling it to balance most cereal-based diets. Plant proteins are usually cheaper than animal proteins; however, plant protein sources are nutritionally unbalanced and poor in certain essential amino acids (EAA) and this decreases their biological value as they may not furnish the required limiting amino acids needed by birds for egg and meat production. Animal proteins are well balanced in terms of EAA that are necessar y for body growth and development, but they are expensive for commercial broiler production. Animal protein supplements are derived from poultry and poultry processing; meat packing and rendering operations; fish and fish processing, and milk and dair y processing. Bone meal, meat meal, poultry meal, hydrolyzed feather meal and to a lesser extent blood meal have all been used as important feedstuffs for poultry feeding. Animal proteins are a beneficial component of poultry diets because they offer a high level of protein/amino acids, a high level of available phosphorus, reasonable amounts of other minerals, and moderate levels of energy. Specialized protein products in poultry nutrition Synthetic amino acids The prohibition of the use of animal protein sources in poultry nutrition in many countries, and

also the relatively high costs of these products demand new alternative products. In these situations, supplementation with free synthetic amino acids would be very successful. In addition to this, dietary supplementation of synthetic amino acid to poultry diets increases feed conversion efficiency, lowers feed cost per unit of weight gain or production, reduces nitrogen excretion, and has other positive effects. Instead of animal protein feeds in poultry nutrition, plant protein feeds are used with the supplementation of synthetic amino acids. Increasing the efficiency of protein and amino acid utilization is crucial for the reduction of feed costs and maximization of meat production. F o r m u l a t i o n w i t h c o m m e rc i a l l y available synthetic EAA to meet broiler requirements not only improves the overall amino acid balance, but allows for a reduction in CP, while also improving the general performance of broiler birds. Investigations have demonstrated that poultry production can be considerably improved by the addition of synthetic amino acids along with probiotics and enzymes. Processed plant proteins Plant proteins contain some antinutritionalcomponents (ANFs) that naturally exist within their structures. Which can adversely affect the quality of the protein and limit its value in animal nutrition. The most commonly found antinutrients in plant protein sources are toxic amino acids, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, oxalates, goitrogens, lectins, protease inhibitors, chlorogenic acids, and amylase inhibitors. These can be divided into heat-labile and heat-stable factors. Among heat-labile factors are trypsin inhibitors, haemagglutinins, phytate, goitrogens, and anti-vitamin factors. The heat-stable factors include saponins, oestrogens, flatulence factors, POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

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and lysinoalanine. The heat-liable ANFs in the plant proteins can be decreased by heat treatment and this process increases the quality and protein level of plant proteins. Feeding animals with processed plant protein products that are purified or devoid of anti-nutritional compounds is important in order to optimize nutrient utilization and improve digestive physiology and subsequent productive performance of animals. 1. Processed soybean meal (SBM) the most widely used plant protein source in animal nutrition is soybean. Various processed soybean products have been used in animal and poultry feeding. T h e s e i n c l u d e s o y b e a n p ro t e i n concentrates (SPC), soybean protein isolates (SPI), and products in which the soybean was pretreated with enzymes and/or microorganisms. Processed soy products are distinctly different to SBM thus they have much lower ANFs activities, and contain a significantly lower amount of oligosaccharides and antigenic substances. Replacement of SBM with these processed products in animal diets is believed to result in a better growth performance. The 5% replacement of soybean with processed soy protein in broiler starter diet resulted in an improvement in body weight and feed efficiency when the diet was fed for seven days. Similar improvements in body weight, mortality and feed conversion ratio of birds were found when the diet was fed for 10 days. Feeding SPC or SPI during the first three weeks after hatching and that improperly processed soybeans should not be fed to young chicks. Animal and blood by-products 1. Blood meal is considered one of the

richest sources of lysine and a very good source of arginine, methionine, cystine, and leucine. But it contains less glycine and very much less isoleucine than fishmeal or bone meal. Fresh blood has a high protein content of about 17% with a reasonable amino acid balance and approximately 87% CP on a dry matter basis. Blood meal contains 9% total lysine with a minimum biological activity of 80%. Blood meal can be included in poultry and swine diets up to a level of 25%. However, more than 3% blood meal had a negative effect on feed intake and body weight gain of broilers. 2. Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is a typical source of protein source which is produced by the separation of whole blood into plasma and cell fractions. Spray-dried blood products are commonly derived from bovine or p o rc i n e o r i g i n s a n d a re h i g h l y digestible protein sources with good amino acid profiles. SDP products have been used in poultry nutrition. Dietary spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) could possibly improve the performance of broilers raised under challenge conditions, predominantly in the starter phase. Same observations have been reported in turkey poults. SDP contains a diversity of functional proteins such as albumin, immunoglobulins, growth factors, and biologically active peptides. These proteins are more efficient during animal exposure to environmental or immunological challenges. The precise mechanisms behind the improved growth and health of broilers fed plasma remain unclear. Although the antibacterial action of SDP has not yet been confirmed, the literature has

highlighted both the external beneﬁts on the microbial community of the intestine as well as the internal effects in birds. The effects are mainly localized in the gut; however, some systemic effects have also been identiﬁed.Inclusion rates of SDP products in research trials with pigs have ranged from 2 to 25%. However, in poultry nutrition the inclusion rate has ranged from 0.25 to 4%. More studies are required to determine the optimal level of SDP in the diets for the various growth stages of broiler chickens. Conclusion Numerous potentially valuable protein sources for animal nutrition will be exploited if they are properly processed. Given the substantial improvements made in the understanding of intestinal nutrient assimilation, a complimentary objective in nutrition might be to formulate diets for birds with consideration for the optimization of growth, function and health of the gut as a priority. The using high quality protein products such as spray-dried porcine plasma and processed soy proteins in poultry feeding. These two products and similar products are often considered as interchangeable in poultry diets, which may be true from a nutritional perspective. As these products have high nutritional value and are devoid of ANFs which may impair the intestinal development and have adverse effect on the producti vity of bird.

Dr. Satheesh Kumar P* Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India *Corresponding Author e-mail id: sazvet@gmail.com

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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION GUIDE LINES IN POULTRY BREEDING Introduction Artificial insemination (A.I.) means the deposition of semen into reproductive tract of female by human intervention. This procedure consists of collecting semen from males and inseminating into females. The major use of A.I. is in heavy birds whose fertility is generally low under pen mating. It is also practiced when the layers are kept in cages. Adopting A.I. as well as service of a valuable male can be extended can increase fertility. The practice of A.I. requires some training on the part of both operator and the male. It is a valuable technique in avian species. It is ordinarily practiced when the flock presents an apparent fertility problem. Excellent fecundity has been obtained by the use of artificial insemination (A.I.), better in many instances, than that obtained by natural mating. The A.I. of domestic fowl is not widely used. But turkey breeders use A.I. extensively to propagate their stock. Advantages of Artificial Insemination in Poultry 1.

Efﬁcient use of superior male germplasm: Requirement of males is lesser in A.I. as compared to natural mating.

Reduces the maintenance cost of breeding males stocks.

Using superior male semen increases the intensity of selection.

Te s t i n g a n d s e l e c t i o n o f outstanding sires from different breeding farm which reduces the adverse effect of inbreeding.

Production of fertile eggs from layers in cages is possible.

Accurate recording of pedigree is possible.

The Process of Artiﬁcial Insemination Includes 1. Preparation of selected superior

males Males used for A.I. should be healthy vigorous and free from any physical abnormality. The male birds can be housed in individual cages, but they need to have enough room to be able to crow. A suggested cage size is 45 cm wide, 60 cm deep and 60 cm high. The feed and water containers should be hung on the outside of the cage. Prior to use, the selected male birds should be examined for external parasites, particularly poultry lice, and treated accordingly. Each and every male should be tested for production and evaluation of semen before used for A.I. 2. Preparation of equipments The equipments required for A.I. are Ÿ

Semen collection funnels/cups (Glass or plastic funnel of 3cm diameter)

Glass/ tuberculin syringe

Test tube stand/ rack for holding of funnel/cup.

3. Collection of semen from males (milking) The cock should be held in the left hand, head extending under the arm. The soft sides of its abdomen between the gizzard and the pelvic bones should be massaged with right hand in order to stimulate the ejaculatory organ. The ﬁngers of the right hand are outspread at the start of the stroke but brought together at the end of the stroke so as to converge on the vent. The stroking of males back should be done moving the hand in the direction of the birds vent only. Such a stimulus causes the trained male to protrude the vent region. When this occurs, a quick motion of strokes will cause the male to ejaculate. The squeezing pressure is applied by the thumb and index ﬁnger inward and downward at a point just above the vent. The semen is collected by an assistant in an A.I. funnel by holding it under the vent.

4. Evaluation of semen In domestic birds the ejaculate is characteristically highly concentrated and low volume. The fertilizing ability of semen depends upon its quality. Semen can be evaluated on the basis of volume, colour, pH, motility of the spermatozoa, sperm concentration, percentage of live, dead, and abnormal spermatozoa etc. Good quality chicken semen is pearly white and opaque. The semen volume is about 0.5-0.75 ml/ Ejaculate with sperm concentration 4 billion per milliliter. 5. Dilution of semen Diluents increases the volume of semen, retains cell integrity and buffering the detrimental effect arising on storage. In general if semen has to be stored beyond 1 hour af ter collection and dilution with ideal extender. Successful shor t-term preservation of unfrozen avian semen requires the collection of clean, high quality samples and careful handling of the semen after collection. Storage condition and diluents used for storage have differed markedly. With most diluents, avian sperm survive best when kept in 5-15ºC temperature. But excellent fer tility has also been reported when chicken sperm were held in minimum essential medium at 41ºC for 24 hours. Progress towards long-term preser vation of frozen chicken & turkey semen is being made. Levels of fertility obtained with frozen chicken semen are high enough to allow conservation of selected superior POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

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germplasm by poultr y breeding organizations. Diluents used for dilution of poultry semen 1. Ringer's solution (commonly used, composition table 1 & 2) 2.

Simple saline diluent

Sodium citrate buffer

Glucose citrate solution

The concentrated semen can be diluted by using extenders to inseminate more number of females. However, the A.I. should be done as early as possible after dilution because fer tilizing capacity of avian species is quickly degenerated on storage. The diluents should be added at a ratio of 1: 2 – 4.

inseminating syringe to a depth of 3 cm into the oviduct. The semen is released from the syringe in to the utero – vaginal junction. Sperm are stored in the infundibulum unless semen is introduced into the oviduct in such a manner that it bypasses the utero – vaginal glands. Fertilization of egg

6. Insemination of semen

takes place in infundibulum. Thus after

Lake's diluent

The recommended dose for undiluted

a single mating or insemination eggs

Tris- yolk extender buffer

(good quality) semen is 0.03 ml/week

received up to 3 to 4 weeks will be fertile

Mac Pherson's extender

but for diluted semen dose ranges from

but the fertility will be reduced with

Belts ville poultry semen extender

0.03 to 0.05 ml/ every 3 – 4 days to

time advances.

maintain good fertility. To obtain

Conclusion

Quantity (g)

optimum fertility 80 to 100 million

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

9.00

sperms/ ml is recommended.

Potassium chloride (Kcl)

0.25

Insemination of semen was done by

Calcium chloride (CaCl2)

0.30

using normal insulin syringe without

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 )

0.20

the needle. The A.I process includes two

Excellent fertility rate of eggs has been obtained by the use of artiﬁcial insemination. For obtaining good fertility insemination should be done when no hard-shelled egg is present in the uterus preferably during late afternoon hours; avoid any kind of stress to the birds before insemination. A.I. equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and properly sterilized before use; the intervals between inseminations should be strictly maintained; for good fertility A.I. should be done twice a week.

Table 1: Composition of Ringer's solution

Composition

steps viz, Eversion of vagina and Table 2: Modiﬁed Ringer's solution

Composition Sodium chloride

deposition of semen. The process of

Quantity (g) 68 g

Potassium chloride

17.33 g

Calcium chloride

6.4 2 g

Magnesium sulphate

2.50 g

Sodium bicarbonate

24.50 g

Distilled water

10 L

insemination requires two men. One man with his left hand holds ﬁrmly the lower thighs of the hen and with the right hand applies pressure on the abdomen below the cloaca to evert the vagina. As the vagina is everted the second man gently inserts the

Sushil Kumar, Satheesh Kumar P, Saleem Yousuf, Naseer Ahmad baba and Govind Mohan Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India

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A SNAPSHOT ON JAPANESE QUAIL AND ITS PRODUCTS therefore is much less. The quail are ready for the market as table birds at five weeks of age. Quail also start laying from the sixth week. The return on invested capital is therefore realized much earlier. Ÿ Japanese quail are comparatively more resistant to diseases than chickens and do not normally require any vaccination, de-worming, etc. such that their management is easier. Ÿ Because of their smaller body size, the quail consume less feed and therefore maintenance and recurring costs are also less. Thus, Japanese quail farming can be undertaken with less capital investment and little skill, and the returns will be realized earlier. Japanese quail rearing Japanese quail can be reared on the floor or in specifically designed cages. Under the floor rearing system, the roofing can be made of thatch or tiles, while the floor has to be made of cement or concrete flooring to facilitate easy cleaning and disinfection. When Japanese quail are reared for table (meat) purposes, about 5 quail per square foot area (floor space per bird: 180 cm2) can be raised. In a 10' x 10' (0.9 m2) room, about 500 Japanese quail can be reared up to market age (5 weeks). Alternatively, two weeks rearing on the floor, followed by cage rearing up to market age, can also be practiced. Rearing Japanese quail for meat Japanese quail chicks are purchased as day-old chicks, reared up to the age of five weeks, and sold to the market for meat. In a thoroughly cleaned and disinfected room, brooding arrangements are made in advance, to receive the chicks on the anticipated date. Litter material like paddy husks or groundnut hulls is spread to about 2.5 cm depth, and empty gunny cloth or a corrugated sheet is spread over it. A brooder guard in the form of a cardboard sheet or metallic sheet about 20 cm height is arranged in a circle over the gunny sheet on the litter material. It is fastened properly. Japanese quail chicks are very tiny and cannot adjust themselves to a chill or cold environment. Adequate warmth must therefore be ensured by the provision of electric bulbs at the centre of the brooder guard arrangement, or by coal-stove heating or gas brooding. The room must Ÿ

The term “quail ” refers to a group of smallsized birds, which generally crouch or run rather than fly to escape from danger, the term itself meaning “to sink, shivering from fear”. Japanese quail, (Cotumix coturnix japonica) is a sub-species, of which the domesticated species is widely reared throughout the world for meat and eggs. The Japanese quail has played an active role in the lives of humanity since the 12th century and continues to play major roles in industry and scientific research. Where it is found, the species is abundant across most of its range. The Japanese quail is considered to be a closely related allopatric species to the common quail, though both are still recognized as distinct species. Due to their close relationship and phenotypic similarities, as well as the recent decline in wild common quail populations throughout Europe, the Japanese quail is often crossed with the common quail in order to create hybrids that are used to restock the declining wild quail populations. Countries such as Greece, France, Spain, Portugal, England, Scotland, Canada, China, Brazil, Australia, and Italy all release thousands of such hybrids each year in order to supplement their dwindling wild quail populations, often releasing these birds right before the start of the hunting season. These hybrids are practically indistinguishable from the native common quail in these areas, though there are worries that such hybridizations could be detrimental to the native quail populations. The reasons for the popularity of Japanese quail farming are as follows Ÿ Japanese quail rearing does not require specially designed house as they can be comfortably reared even in vacant rooms meant for human habitation. Ÿ The floor space requirement is much less, and the capital requirement 24

remain covered up to the roof on all four sides, with full walls and windows. Opensided houses with mesh arrangements must be closed with thick screens to conserve the heat. In a brooder guard circle of 3 feet diameter (90 cm), about 150 chicks can be accommodated. It is not advisable to allow more than 300 chicks inside one circle. An electric bulb with a hood cover can be provided at 15 cm height at the centre of the circle, providing approximately 1 watt per chick. The heating arrangement has to be continued day and night during the ﬁrst week, but only during the night in the second week . The brooder house temperature at the level of the birds has to be about 98oF, which may be reduced by about 3oF every 3 days. During winter and rainy seasons, heating has to be continued during the third week as well, while during the summer, the practice may be restricted to only 10 days. From the third week onwards, Japanese quail chicks do not require night lighting. Drinkers and feeders should not be kept under the source of heat inside the brooder circle. A drinker space of about 0.3 cm, and a feeder space of 0.6 cm per bird, must be provided during 0-2 weeks, and this has to be increased to 0.6 and 1.2 cm respectively from 3-5 weeks of age. The drinker size should be adjusted so that the gap between the brim of the plate and the cup should not be more than 1 cm; otherwise the chicks will get into the drinker and get drowned. Up to two weeks, two chick drinkers of 10 cm diameter and 1.5 cm high on the sides, each of 500 ml capacity, and two feeder plates of 22 cm diameter and 2 cm high will be sufﬁcient for 150 chicks in each brooder circle. From the third week, a linear feeder 45 cm long, 2.5 cm height and 10 cm wide, and a drinker of 15 cm diameter and 2.5 cm POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

ARTICLE high at the brim and 1200 ml capacity will be sufficient for 75 quail chicks. Cage rearing Two differently designed types of cages are required to rear Japanese quail chicks up to market age. A brooder cage is required to rear them from day-old to 17-18 days of age and a grower cage from 18-19 days to market age. The cages are designed as multi-tier cages (four or five tiers arranged one over the other) with about a 10 cm gap between each tier, and a droppings tray fitted into the gap. Each tier can be further divided into smaller compartments. A brooder cage can be constructed as four or five tiers of 180 x 120 x 25 cm, and each tier can be divided into four compartments of 90 x 60 cm size each. About 100 chicks can be reared in each compartment, and 400 chicks in each tier. Provision must be made for heating bulbs in the centre of each compartment. Appropriate side feeders and drinkers are provided inside the compartment itself. The grower cage can be 240 x 120 x 25 cm size, with each tier divided into four compartments of 120 x 60 cm size each. About 60 quail can be reared in each compartment up to market size. Feeders and drinkers are fixed outside the cage units. Feeding is done three times a day and watering twice daily without limiting the intake. Japanese quail chicks should not be left without feed or water at any time of the day. This will affect their growth rate and increase the mortality rate. Diseases Japanese quail are comparatively more resistant to infectious diseases than chickens. Fowl cholera, coli-bacillosis, enteritis and mycotoxicosis are some diseases that affect Japanese quail. However, more deaths (even up to 20-25 percent) occur during the brooding age (014 days) owing to managerial errors, especially failure to provide adequate warmth, the entry of chill air, too many chicks in one brooder unit, improper drinkers, etc. If adequate care is taken, the mortality rate up to market age can be restricted to 8-10 percent. Products of Japanese quail As the Japanese quail is easily managed, fast growing, small in size, and can produce eggs at a high rate, it has been farmed in large

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quantities across the globe. Countries such as Japan, India, China, Italy, Russia, and the U n i te d St a te s a l l h a ve e s t a b l i s h e d commercial Japanese quail farming industries. The Japanese quail provides developing countries with a stable source of animal proteins and developed countries with a suitable alternative to chicken. However, the quail finds its true economic and commercial value in its egg production, as domesticated lines of the Japanese quail can lay up to 300 eggs a year at a very efficient feed to egg conversion ratio. Quail meat Japanese quail can be sold to the market at five weeks of age as live birds or as dressed or cleaned meat. The practice of hot water dipping and de-feathering is not followed, and the skin is removed along with feathers, after the birds have been bled, by slitting the necks. It is not advisable to market Japanese quail weighing less than 150 g. Cleaned meat will be 70-74 percent of the live body weight. Quail meat contains more protein (22-24 percent) and less fat (about 2 percent) than most other kinds of meat, like mutton, chicken, etc. Therefore, it is good for growing children and youths and also for convalescing and health-conscious adults. Quails carry more meat in the breast region (41 percent) and also contain a high amount of calcium. Quail egg marketing Quail eggs are tasty, and, weight for weight, they contain more yolk than chicken eggs. They can be served as boiled eggs for table purposes, and children are very fond of them. Quail eggs contain higher proportions of high-quality protein and fat. They can also be sold after pickling. Japanese quail eggs are a very good natural cure for treating many diseases. Japanese quail eggs are a mottled brown colour and are often covered with a light blue, chalky material. Each hen appears to lay eggs with a characteristic shell pattern or colour. Some strains lay only white eggs. The average egg weighs about 10 g, about 8% of the bodyweight of the quail hen. Young chicks weigh 6–7 g when hatched and are brownish with yellow stripes. The shells are very fragile, so handle the eggs with care. Quail eggs

found their preventive and therapeutic use since the time of Israel, primarily in Asian countries. The therapeutic properties of quail eggs were found in France by the physician Jean-Claude Truffier in 1967. Quail eggs are the richest in vitamins and minerals than all other birds' eggs, even a few times. For example, compared to the chicken eggs, the quail eggs are five times smaller and contain 6 times more vitamin B1, 15 times more vitamin B2, 5 times more phosphors and 7.5 times more iron. Scientific research indicates that quail eggs are a very important source of vitamin D. The Japanese quail eggs regenerate the body, stimulate growth, improve metabolism, combat stress and improve the intelligence quotient, aches hearts, obesity and asthma, various forms of allergies, hypertension, liver disease and kidney. It is aphrodisiac, anti-allergic, antii n fl a m m a t o r y, h y p o c h o l e s t é r o n i e , antidiabetic, antihypertensive type. Today, quail eggs are most widely used for the treatment of bronchitis, nervous system, kidney and liver. Also, consumption of quail eggs is a great natural cure for bronchial asthma, cough, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, eczema, ulcers, physical fatigue, stress, atherosclerosis, etc. In addition, it is recommended for diseases of the thyroid gland. A special feature of quail eggs is that it is a good natural agent in the fight with hair loss and osteoporosis. Japanese quail eggs are rich in antioxidants and it is one of the best known natural treatment products. Commercial processing and marketing Many researchers say that Japanese carcasses and eggs should be pronounced a super-food, as it has a very good impact on our health and even helps to fight obesity. According to nutritionists, the quail egg as food is one of the richest in good in essential ingredients and we all should consume at least one a day. There is a limited but expanding market for specialist products such as fresh or pickled quail eggs and fresh or frozen quail carcases. However, commercial success requires thorough market research and the ability to maintain supplies of top quality produce.

Rabi Ranjan Naik M.V. Sc. Scholar, Department of Livestock Products Technology, Madras veterinary college, TANUVAS, Chennai – 600007 Corresponding author: rabiranjann.g@gmail.com 26

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xehZ esa eqxhZ ikyu dSlsa \ xehZ esa eqxhZ ikyu djus okyksa ds fy, vko';d gS fd rkieku dh rsth ls eqfxZ;ksa dks cpk;k tk,] D;ksafd xehaZ vf/kd c<+us ls eqfxZ;ksa dh e`R;q nj c<+ ldrh gSA eqfxZ;ksa esa vf/kd e`R;q nj gksus ls eqxhZikydksa dks Hkkjh foÙkh; gkfu mBkuh iM+ ldrh gSA xehZ ds ekSle esa FkksM+h lko/kkuh ls eqfxZ;ksa dks rst xehZ ds çdksi ls cpk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk dek;k tk ldrk gS A xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dgrsa gSa fd pwtksa esa xehZ >syus dh {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS vkSj djhc †„ fMxzh lsaVhxzsM rkieku ij ;s pwts vklkuh ls jg ysrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd o;Ld eqfxZ;ksa dks xehZ esa vf/kd ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA xehZ c<+us ij pwtksa dks ckM+s esa gh j[ksa vkSj f[kM+dh dks insZ ls vk/kk <d nsa] ftlls lh/kh /kwi ls cpko gks lds vkSj gok dk lapj.k Hkh cuk jgsA ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dgrsa gSa fd gS fd ckM+s esa rkts ikuh dh vkiwfrZ ges'kk j[ksaA vaMs nsus okyh eqfxZ;ksa ¼ys;j½ esa rkieku lgus dh {kerk ekal ds fy, ikyh tkus okyh eqfxZ;ksa ¼czk;yj½ dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd rkieku Åij tkus dh fLFkfr esa eqfxZ;ksa ds ikuh esa ,ysDVªy ,uthZ ¼Electral Energy½ feyk nsaA blls eqfxZ;ksa dks xfeZ;ksa ls fuiVus esa enn feysxhA mudk dguk gS fd vkaxu esa ikyh tkus okyh eqfxZ;ksa ds fy, vxj laHko gks rks ikuh dk uy [kqyk NksM+ nsaA blls eqfxZ;ka viuh dyxh xhyh dj ysrh gSa] ftlls iwjs 'kjhj dk rkieku fu;af=r jgrk gSA blds vykok] xfeZ;ksa esa dejs esa ,Dt‚LV QSu yxk dj gok dk lgh lapj.k j[ksaA dbZ eqxhZikyd eqfxZ;ksa ds ihus ds ikuh esa ,feuks ikoj ¼Amino Power½ fu;fer :i ls feyk dj nsrs gSa blls Hkh eqfxZ;ksa dks xehZ ls yM+us dh u dsoy rkdr feyrh gS cfYd otu Hkh rsth ls c<+rk gS A xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd eqfxZ;ksa ds 'ksM esa t:jr ls vf/kd eqfxZ;ka j[kuk gkfudkjd gksrk gSA eqfxZ;ksa ds 'ksM esa vf/kd HkhM+ gksus ls xehZ c<+sxh vkSj eqfxZ;ksa esa ghV LVªksd dk vans'kk c<+sxkA eqfxZ;ksa ds fy, lgh Lisl ds ckjs esa ofj"B i'kq 28

fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd cz‚;yj QkeZ esa ,d oxZ QhV Lisl çfr pwts ds vuqlkj LFkku fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ys;j ds fy, „ – „-‡ oxZ QhV çfr cM+h eqxhZ ds fglkc ls txg dh t:jr gkrsh gAS ;kfu …å QhV & ƒåå QhV ¼dy q …]ååå oxZ QhV½ ds 'kM s eas ex q hZ ikyd …]ååå ckz;yj vkjS ƒ]„åå ls ƒ‡]åå y;sj j[k ldrs gAaS xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dguk gS fd xfeZ;ksa esa ikuh ds crZuksa dh la[;k c<+k nsa] D;ksafd xehZ ds ekSle esa eqfxZ;ka ikuh ds crZu ds pkjksa vksj cSB tkrh gS ftlls nwljh eqfxZ;ksa dks ikuh ugh fey ikrk gSA mudk dguk gS fd rst xehZ esa vxj eqfxZ;ksa dks ,d ?kaVs Hkh ikuh u feys rks ghV LVªksd ls mudh e`R;q gks ldrh gSA ikuh ds crZuksa dh la[;k c<+kus ds lkFk gh ;g Hkh /;ku j[ksa fd /kkrq ds crZu esa ikuh tYnh xeZ gks tkrk gS vkSj vkerkSj ij eqfxZ;ka xeZ ikuh ugha ihrh gSaA blfy, vxj /kkrq ds crZu esa ikuh j[kk gS] rks FkksM+h&FkksM+h nsj esa mlesa

rktk ikuh Hkjrs jgsaA vxj gks lds rks feêh ds crZu esa ikuh j[ksaA blds vykok] eqxhZ ds 'ksM dh Nr xehZ de djus ds fy, Nr ij iqvky ;k ?kkl vkfn Mky nsa vkSj Nr ij lQsnh djk nsaA lQsn jax Å"ek dks de lks[krk gS] ftlls Nr BaMh jgrh gSA ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld ds vuqlkj] vk/kqfud eqxhZ QkeZ esa xehZ ls cpko ds fy, fLçadyj ;k Q‚xj ç.kkyh Hkh yxh gksrh gS] ftlls ikuh dh Qqgkjsa fudyrh jgrh gSA fLçadyj ds lkFk ia[ks Hkh t:j yxs gksus pkfg, vkSj dejs dh f[kM+dh Hkh [kqyh gksuh pkfg,] ftlls dejk goknkj vkSj BaMk jgsxkA xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd dbZ eqxhZikyd 'ksM dh f[kM+fd;ksa ij rst xehZ ds le; VkV dks xhyk djds yVdk nsrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd ;g xehZ jksdus ds fy, vPNk mik; gS] ysfdu blesa

/;ku j[ksa fd VkV f[kM+dh dh tkyh ls iwjh rjg fpidh u gks] VkV vkSj f[kM+dh dh tkyh esa djhc ,d ls Ms<+ QhV dh nwjh gksA blls gok dk lapj.k Hkh cuk jgsxk vkSj xhys VkV ls gok BaMh Hkh jgsxhA VkV dks le;&le; ij xhyk djrs jgsaA ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd xfeZ;ksa esa eqfxZ;ka nkuk de [kkus yxrh gSa] ftlls muesa iks"kd rRoksa dh deh gksus yxrh gSA blhfy, eqfxZ;ksa dks ikuh esa feykdj ,feuks ikoj ¼Amino Power½ vkSj xzks ch&IysDl ¼Grow B-Plex½ nsuk ykHknk;d jgrk gSA blds vykok] eqfxZ;ksa dks fn, tkus okys nkus dks xhyk dj ldrs gSaA xhyk nkuk BaMk gksxk ftldk eqfxZ;ka T;knk lsou djsxhA ijarq /;ku j[ksa fd xhyk fd;k nkuk 'kke rd [kRe gks tk, oukZ mlesa cncw vk ldrh gSA nkus dh cksjh dks dHkh Hkh xhyk u djsaA xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd vxj fdlh eqxhZ esa xehZ yxus ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsa] rks mls ,ysDVªy ,uthZ ¼Electral Energy½ ikuh esa feykdj fiyk;sa vkSj eqxhZ dks mBk dj ikuh esa ,d Mqcdh nsdj Nkao esa j[k nsa vkSj LoLFk gksus ij okil ckM+s esa Mky nsaA ;g çfØ;k rqjar dh tkuh vko';d gSA nsj gksus ij eqxhZ ej ldrh gSA

xehZ esa eqxhZikyu 'kq: djus ls igys oSKkfud tkudkjh ysuk vPNk jgrk gSA blds fy, —f"k egkfo|ky;ksa ;k —f"k foKku dsaæ ls Vªsfuax yh tk ldrh gSAxzksosy dh osclkbV ij eqxhZikyu ls lacaf/kr <sj lkjh vkSj fdrkcsa vkSj ys[k çdkf'kr fd;s x;sa gSa ]mls i<+sa vkSj lq>oksa dks vey djsa -;s fdrkcsa vkSj ys[k eqxhZikyu ls lEcaf/kr cSKkfudksa }kjk fy[ksa x;sa gSa QkeZ 'kq: djus ls igys cktkj dh iwjh tkudkjh ys ysaA NksVs QkeZ ls 'kq: djsa vkSj /khjs&/khjs cM+k QkeZ fodflr djsaA pwts ges'kk fo'oluh; çekf.kr gSpjh ls gh ysus pkfg,A QkeZ esa NksVs isM+ tSls 'kgrwr] ekSleh] ve#n vkfn Nk;k ds fy, yxkus pkfg,A eqxhZ ikyu djus okyksa ds fy, vko';d gS fd rkieku dh rsth ls eqfxZ;ksa dks cpk;k tk,] D;ksafd ekSleh mrkj&p<+ko ls budh e`R;q nj c<+ ldrh gSA eqfxZ;ksa esa vf/kd e`R;q nj gksus ls eqxhZikydksa dks Hkkjh foÙkh; gkfu mBkuh iM+ ldrh gSA POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

ARTICLE xehZ ds ekSle esa FkksM+h lko/kkuh ls eqfxZ;ksa dks rst xehZ ds çdksi ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA xkzosy s ,xkzosVs ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld dk dguk gS fd vxj fdlh ex q hZ eas xehZ yxus ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ n]as rks mls /khjs ls mBk dj ikuh ls ,d Mcqdh nd s j Nkoa eas j[k nas vkjS ,yDsVy ª ,uthZ ¼Electral Energy½ nas ]LoLFk gkuss ij okil ckMs+ eas Mky nAas ;g çfØ;k rjqra dh tkuh vko';d gAS njs gkuss ij ex q hZ ej ldrh gAS xzksosy ,xzksosV ds ofj"B i'kq fpfdRld xehaZ esa eqxhZikyu djrs le; fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ ckrksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsus dks dgrsa gS ftlls dh vki xehaZ ds fnuksa esa eqxhZikyu dj vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk dek ldsa A 1- pwtksa ds QkeZ ij igq¡prs gh ,ysDVªy ,uthZ ¼Electral Energy½ okyk ikuh fiyk;saA pwtksa dks ‡&ˆ ?kaVs rd ;gh ikuh ihus dks nsaA

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2- ikuh ds crZu mfpr la[;k esa yxk;sa &ƒåå pwtksa ds fy, …&† crZuA 3- 6&8 ?kaVs rd ek= eDds dk nfy;k nsaA 4- fnu ds le; C:fMax uk djsaA 5- cqjkns esa eksVkbZ 1-5&2 bap j[ksaA 6- eqxhZ ds 'ksM dks goknkj cuk;sa j[ksa A inksaZ dks fnu&jkr nksuksa le; [kqyk j[ksaA 7- laHko gks lds rks Nr ij fLçadyj yxk;sa ;k Hkwlk ds ukM+s Nr ij fcNk,aA 8- xehZ ls gksus okys LVªsl dks de djus ds fy, ,feuks ikoj ¼Amino Power½ ikuh esa nsaA 9- eqfxZ;ksa dks ƒ& ƒ-‡ fdyks gksrs gh fcØh 'kq: dj nsaA 10- ‰‡å xzke ls Åij okys eqfxZ;ksa dks lqcg ƒå cts ls 'kke ds ‡ cts rd nkuk u nsa ;k QhMj dks Åij mBk nsaA

11- QkeZ esa cgqr T;knk eqfxZ;ka ugha ikysa gks lds rks 'ksM ds {kerk ls „å çfr'kr de eqfxZ;ka j[ksaA 12- eqfxZ;ksa dh Nr dk xehZ ls cpkus ds fy, Nr ij ?kkl o iqvky vkfn dks Mky ldrs gSaA ;k Nr ij lQsnh djok ldrs gSaA lQsn jax dh lQsnh ls Nr BaMh jgrh gSA 13- pwtksa dks j[kus ls igys 'ksM dks vPNs ls lkQ djsa vkSj 'ksM ds vanj& ckgj fojkDyhu ¼Viraclean½ dk fNM+dko djsa A

Mr. Rakesh Kumar Founder: Growel Agrovet Private Limited

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

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BROILER SHED CONSTRUCTION czk;yj QkeZ dh lajpuk dk QkeZ dh eSustesaV ij cgqr çHkko gksrk gS] vkSj lgh fn'kk] ÅapkbZ] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj lgh ekudks ij cus 'ksM esa vPNh ¶y‚d fudyus dh laHkkouk,a cgqr c<+ tkrh gSaA ysfdu] Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd vkSj vkfFkZd fofo/krk ds pyrs] QkeZ dh lajpuk ds ekud r; djuk cgqr gh dfBu dke gSA vR;ar BUMs] vR;ar xeZ] vR;ar o"kkZ okys bykdks esa ,d gh rjg dh QkeZ jpuk ugha dh tk ldrhA blh çdkj tehu dh o /ku dh miyC/krk o miyC/k Hkw[kaM dk vkdkj Hkh dbZ ckj QkeZ dh lajpuk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA

ekSle esa gok vkSj ikuh dks jksdus esa fnDdr gks ldrh gSA Ÿ lkekU;r% iqjkus cus QkeZ dh dqy lkbM

gkbV 8 QhV rd gksrh FkhA vc xeZ Hkw[kaMksa esa bls 10 QhV rd j[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu cgqr BUMs ;k o"kkZ okys bykdks esa vHkh Hkh 8 QhV dh lkbM gkbV gh mfpr gksxhA Ÿ

QhV j[kus dk çko/kku gSA Ÿ

[kqjnqjk lhesaV bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu 3 ¶y‚d ds igys feVVh ls lhesaV ij ys vkus dk çko/kku gSA blls tehu dh ueh] bUlsDV vkSj lery u gksus ls gksus okyh fnDdr tSls dh yaxM+kiu ls jkgr feyrh gSA

fQj Hkh lgh QkeZ jpuk ds mís'; o ekud lk>k djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gw¡A Ÿ QkeZ ds IysVQkeZ dh ÅapkbZ yxHkx tehu

ls 1-5 ls 2 QhV gksuh pkfg,A dbZ txgksa ij ;g jpuk bl rjg ls dh tkrh gS fd pwgs] usoys vkSj lkai dh fnDdr de gks tk;sA

rkSj ij bLrseky gksrk gSA Ÿ iqoky dh Nr dks gj o"kZ ;k vko';drk

pkfg, vkSj yackbZ ds nksuksa var dh rjQ baV dh nhokj gksuh pkfg;sA Ÿ

dh ÅapkbZ 1-5 QhV gksrh gS] rkfd cPpks ij lh/kh gok u yxsA Ÿ

vuqlkj cnyh djus dk çko/kku gSA Ÿ Q'kZ ij csfMax ds rkSj ij Hkwlh lcls

çpfyr vkSj lQy oLrq gSA blds vykok dbZ txg miyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij ydM+h dk cqjknk] ckyw bR;kfn dk mi;ksx gksrk gS] ysfdu lcds vius Qk;ns uqdlku gSaA

pkfg,A blls T;knk gksus ij osafVys'ku dh fnDdr gksrh gS vkSj osafVys'ku ds —fre lalk/kuksa ij voyacu c<+ tkrk gSA

Ÿ nks 'ksM ds chp de ls de 35 QhV [kkyh

200 QhV rd dh ycakbZ ds QkeZ cukus ij ikuh dh ikbi ykbu eas ç'skj vklkuh ls curk gAS yfsdu t:jr vkjS mfpr O;oLFkk gkuss ij blls ycas QkeZ cuk;s tk ldrs gAaS yfsdu mfpr njwh ij njokts vkjS ikVh'Zku dh O;oLFkk t:jh gAS

Ÿ 'ksM ds vkl ikl dh 10 QhV ,fj;k esa iwjh

lh/kk laca/k osafVys'ku ls gksrk gSA ;fn ;g gkbV de gks rks gok dk çokg vo#) gksrk gSA ;fn ;s cgqr T;knk gks rks [kjkc

txg NksM+us dk çko/kku gSA blls osafVys'ku vPNk gksrk gS] vkSj chekjh ls cpko gksrk gSA lQkbZ gksuh t:jh gSA bl txg esa >kMh gksus ls ;k ikuh tek gksus ls chekjh vkus dk [krjk c<+rk gSA eD[kh vkSj balsDV~l dh fnDdr T;knk gksrh gSA Ÿ ikuh dh Vadh ÅapkbZ ij ysfdu Nk¡o esa

j[kuh t:jh gSA tgk¡ rd laHko gks bls 'ksM ds Hkhrj gh yxokuk pkfg,A Vadh esa nok feykus ds fy, vkSj lkQ lQkbZ djus ds fy, Vadh vklku igq¡p esa gksuh pkfg,A

ços'k ij QqV ckFk dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A QqV ckFk dh xgjkbZ bruh gh gks dh tqrs dk lksy Mwc tk;s ¼yxHkx 1 bap½A Ÿ QkeZ ds pkjks rjQ Qsaflax gks vkSj ços'k ij

xsV gks rkfd tkuoj ;k ckgjh vkneh fcuk vuqefr ds uk vk ldsA Ÿ vPNs QkeZ ij eksVsZfyVh fiV vkSj iksLV

ekVZe ,fj;k Hkh gksuh pkfg,A eksVsZfyVh fiV dh xgjkbZ 'ksM dh dSisflVh ds fglkc ls gksrh gS ysfdu pkSM+kbZ T;knk ugha gksrhA blls dqÙks vkSj vU; tkuoj mles ugha tkrsA lkekU;r% 6& 8 QhV dh xgjkbZ vkSj 2 QhV O;kl dh fiV 1000 oxZ QhV ds QkeZ ds fy, i;kZIr gSA bl ij vPNk lk <Ddu Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj ;fn Cyhfpax] pquk] ued ;k feVVh Mkyrs jgsaxs rks dksbZ fnDdr ugha gksrhA Ÿ QhM vkSj nokbZ LVksj djus ds fy, lgh LVksjst O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A Ÿ QkeZ esa Q‚xsj] ia[kk vkSj fLçadyj t:j yxok,aA Ÿ /kqi vkSj cjlkr ls cpus ds fy, lkbM isaMy t:j yxk,aA ,slh fLFkfr uk vk;s bl ds fy, Nr dh lkbM gSax yach j[ksaA Ÿ ijns uhps ls Åij mBkus dh O;oLFkk gksA cPps dks lh/ks gok ugha yxuh pkfg,A gok dk çokg Åij ls gksA uhps t:jr gksus ij inkZ yxuk pkfg,A Ÿ fuekZ.k ds nkSjku ,slh O;oLFkk NksM+sa dh vkVksesfVd fMªadj] QhMj vkSj ikbi ykbu dks Vkaxus dh mfpr O;oLFkk gksA Hkfo"; esa v‚Vkses'ku c<+kus dk r; gks rks mldh fy, lajpuk esa xqatkbZ'k j[ksaA Ÿ C:fMx a ds fy, QkeZ ds dN q Hkkx eas fo'k"sk O;oLFkk cuk;ha tk ldrh gS tgk¡ rkieku] ueh vkjS gok dks fu;fa=r djuk vklku gkAs ;g ekud lk/kkj.k czk;yj QkeZ ds fy, mfpr gSaA tSls&tSls blesa okrkuqdwfyr djus dh O;oLFkk ;k v‚Vkses'ku c<+rk tk,xk] ;s ekud cnyrs tk,axsA

Dr. Praveen

Ÿ QkeZ ds ços'k ij osfgdy ok'k] rFkk 'ksM ds 32

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

ARTICLE

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INCUBATION IN HOT CLIMATE of air entering the incubator can extract only 21g – 20g = 1 gram of water. This means that a lot of ventilation, starting early in incubation, is needed to allow the hatching eggs to lose sufﬁcient weight.

Successful incubation in hot, humid climates poses a number of challenges for the hatchery, one of which is achieving sufﬁcient weight loss at transfer to deliver high hatchability and optimal chick quality. A moderately hot and humid climate of 30°C with 75%RH, and with these properties, air at sea level contains approx. 20g H2O/kg air. A setter climate of 37.5°C and, with the aim of achieving optimal weight loss from fresh egg weight at transfer of 12.0%. If the setter's air valves are closed, evaporating water from the eggs will increase both the absolute (gH2O/kg air) and relative humidity (RH %) of air in the setter. This limits evaporation from the eggs, making it impossible to achieve 12% weight loss. By ventilating the incubator with fresh air, evaporating water from the eggs can leave the incubator via the outlet, while maintaining an optimal incubation climate. However, if we stay with the above example, each kilogram

Adopting a non-linear weight loss profile that starts incubation with high RH% (by sealing the setter for several days), then compensating for low weight loss by applying a low RH% (i.e. less than 45%) during the second half of incubation, is not feasible in hot, humid conditions. Such low levels of RH% can simply not be achieved, even when air valves are 100% open. This is because when RH% set point inside the setter is, for example, 45%RH, the inlet air (30°C / 75%RH=20g H2O/kg) already contains more water (37.5 °C/ 45 %RH = approx. 18g H20/kg.). In this scenario, a linear weight loss profile based on a constant RH% of approx. 50% is much easier to achieve. It is possible, at least partially, to overcome these challenges and minimize the need for high ventilation rates early in incubation, by optimizing the temperature and relative humidity of inlet air using an Air Handling Unit (AHU). Outside air of 30°C / 75%RH can be climatized to, for example, 25°C / 60%RH, which significantly reduces the water content of the air from 20g H2O/kg to approx. 12g H2O/kg. Again

using the above example, each kilogram of air entering the incubator now has the capacity to extract 21 – 12 = 9 gram of water. There is a downside to treating hot, humid outside air in this way. It requires energy, both for the cooling needed for dehumidification and also to subsequently re-heat the air to a recommended inlet temperature of 25°C (+/- 2 °C). This energy cost will increase the cost price of the day-oldchick – but it does give the hatchery manager an additional tool with which to better control hatchability and chick quality in a challenging, hot and humid climate. Suggestions Aim for a linear rather than a non-linear weight loss profile in hot, humid climates, to prevent insufficient weight loss that will inevitably arise from failing to achieve the low %RH set points required during the last days of incubation. Pre-condition hot, humid outside air to the inlet specifications recommended by your breeder, to reduce its moisture content. Perform a cost-benefit analysis within these specifications, to establish the most advantageous combination of temperature, relative humidity and energy usage to achieve the highest hatchability and optimum chick quality.

Mr. G. K. Rathinam Hatchery Specialist, Technical Consultant 5/2 I, Rajapurampudur, Kanakkanpatti P.O., Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamilnadu, India. Pincode: 624613. Email: gkrathnam@gmail.com Mobile: +91 99947 71380

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GRAND PARTICIPATION OF INDIAN HERBS IN VIV BANGKOK 2017, BANGKOK Indian Herbs, the pioneer and market leader and No.1 Company in Herbal Animal Health Care Products Industry since 1951, participated in VIV BANGKOK 2017 held at International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok from 15th to 17th March, 2017 with its strong Technical and Marketing team. The technical team of INDIAN HERBS also consists renowned foreign consultants who answered all the queries of visitors with their satisfaction. The main objective of INDIAN HERBS was to showcase its unique range of herbal products and to provide technical information on these products to the industry including poultry products which are the best alternatives of synthetic products. These products are not only most economical and ecofriendly but also improve the quality of feed and profitability. The R&D Centre of INDIAN HERBS is consistently working hard on herbal ingredients to provide the industr y with best quality herbal alternatives of synthetic products. The management of INDIAN HERBS is dedicated to provide unique herbal products to improve the health and performance of the birds Nature's Way. Heavy rush of visitors was seen on the stand of INDIAN HERBS. The stand of INDIAN HERBS was visited by the visitors from Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Egypt, Gulf Countries, Africa , Europe, USA, and Latin America. The unique herbal concepts and research work done by INDIAN HERBS to reduce the production cost for better profitability were well appreciated by the visitors. All the queries of the visitors were answered by the technical team of INDIAN HERBS to their best satisfaction. The company's portfolio includes herbal healthcare and nutritional products catering to wide range of animal species including ruminants, poultry, equine, swine, pets, aquatic and other animal species for the last 66 years. Indian Herbs is the first company to introduce the research oriented herbal 34

products in important segments such as Choline (BioCholine), Vitamin C (Herbal C), Natural Vitamin C with Chromium (HeatBeat), Vitamin E (E-Sel Power), Methionine (HerboMethione Plus), Lysine (HerboLysin), AGP (Herbiotic FS), Immune Potentiator (ImmuPlus & ImmuGreen), Metabolic Stimulant and Liver Tonic (LivoLiv-DS & LivoLiv 250), Coccidiosis (CocciBan), Natural Calcium (MagaCal), Respirator y Antiseptic (Animunin) Antistress & Adaptogen (StressCheck), Renal Tonic (NephTone) etc. These products are brand leaders in their respective segments and are being used successfully by leading institutional customers in India as well as abroad with excellent results. The products of INDIAN HERBS are natural, safe, efficacious, environment friendly, hence there is no withdrawal period of these herbal products. Therefore, the herbal products are becoming clear choice for the consultants and farmers. These products are suitable to produce ANTIBIOTIC FREE CHICKEN / EGGS. Looking to the harmful after-effects of synthetic medicines, the veterinarians, consultants and farmers all over the world are now taking keen interest in the use of herbal feed supplements and health care products and Indian Herbs is dedicated to promote the use of natural products for the betterment of animal health and production performance. Indian Herbs is successfully marketing its products to more than 50 counties across four continents including Asia, Europe, Latin America and Africa successfully. In many countries, these products are under active consideration for granting registration or authorization for marketing. INDIAN HERBS has also received the certificate from EXPORT INSPECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India and was the fir st Herbal Company to get this recognition. As a result of its innovative research, excellent performance in sales and marketing, standardization and quality control, recently INDIAN HERBS has been

adjudged amongst the 2016 “Asia Brands Top 500” by Peoples' Daily Overseas Edition, Xinhua News Agency and XinhuaNet amongst Asian countries like Japan, India, S. Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand and other Asian countries. This prestigious “Asia Brands Top 500” international award has been conferred on INDIAN HERBS in a glittering ceremony in Beijing, capital of China. The R&D Centre of INDIAN HERBS is equipped with the best available state of the art modern facilities for standardization and quality control of herbal products and is approved by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India since 1986. Extensive research for scientific evaluation on its herbal products in comparison to synthetic products have been done in India and abroad. More than 190 scientists have been awarded Masters and Doctorate degrees for their research work which has resulted in publication of more than 750 research papers in the eminent national and international scientific journals. INDIAN HERBS has the distinction of getting more than 22 Patents in USA, Europe, India etc and many Patents are pending in USA and other countries for innovative research on herbs and herbal products. The research work done by INDIAN HERBS for better animal health, feed quality and to reduce the production cost f o r b e t te r p ro fi t a b i l i t y we re we l l appreciated by the visitors. All the queries of the visitors were answered by the technical team of INDIAN HERBS to their best satisfaction.

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POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

PRESS RELEASE/EGG PRICES

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PRESS RELEASE

Indian Poultry Journalists Association held its AGM and Elections in Hyderabad Indian Poultry Journalists' Association (IPJA) held its Annual General Body meeting and election at Hotel Amrutha Castle, Hyderabad on 22nd April. IPJA AGM started with the presentation of its outgoing President Mr. Rakesh Bhardwaj. Mr. Bhardwaj, in his brief address, spoke about the activities done during the year 2015 and 2016. The accounts for the year 2017 were also approved by all the members presented during the meeting. Members also passed the resolution on the modalities for including the new members, associate members in IPJA and also for holding next IPJA Award Function.

entrants with immediate effect. The fee The list of Ofﬁce bearers is as under for Associate members was ﬁxed at Rs. 1.

25000/- and renewal fee for every 2. associate memberwas ﬁxed at Rs. 5000/- . 3. The members of the IPJA present for the 4. 5. The membership fee was raised from Rs. AGM and Election also elected the new 6. 25000/- to Rs. 100000/- for the new ofﬁce bearers for 2017- 2019. 7.

President : Mr. B.S. Rana Vice President: Mr. G.N Ghosh General Secretary: Mr. M.K Vyas Joint Secretary: Mr. Shashank Purohit Treasurer: Mr. N.S.N Murthy E.C Member: Mr. M.N Rao E.C Member: Mr. N.K. Gupta

Daily/Monthly Egg Prices D e c l a re d b y N E CC a n d Prevailing Prices at Various Production Centres (PC) and Consumption Centre (CC)

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.05 | MAY - 2017

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A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING FEED CONVERSION Production performance can be significantly increased by feeding more bioavailable trace minerals to animals. This has been confirmed by numerous poultry and swine studies on hydroxy trace minerals. Due to their unique crystalline structure and strong covalent bonds, hydroxy trace minerals improve the bioavailability of copper and zinc, which are essential to maximise growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat yield. Delivering more nutrients to the bloodstream Bioavailability and its effect on feed c o n v e r s i o n a re c r i t i c a l a s p e c t s nutritionists and producers must c o n s i d e r w h e n c o m pa r i n g f e e d additives. The real value of feed additives lies in the amount and quality of the nutrients supplied to the blood for use by the animal, along with their availability within the digestive tract. The best performing mineral additives should have low reactivity, thereby minimising nutrient antagonisms and maximising availability. This results in the delivery of the mineral throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract. The stable structure of hydroxy trace minerals fits all these criteria. This provides producers with an affordable means to feed animals to maximise weight gain and meat yields. Protecting the nutritional value of feed Furthermore, hydroxy trace minerals delivered as OptiSize™ par ticles provide a more uniform blend of trace minerals throughout the feed. Considering a one-day-old chick eats 12 grams of feed per day, this means 1 tonne of diet provides over 83,000 individual meals. If the minerals are not uniformly mixed, long lasting negative effects on animal performance may be realised during this critical developmental window.

Another benefit of feeding hydroxy trace minerals as OptiSize particles is their low reactivity within the feed. The low reactivity of hydroxy trace mineral particles prevents the destruction of other expensive dietary constituents like phytase, vitamin E or added fat typically observed when feeding more reactive mineral sources. Therefore, feeding hydroxy trace minerals also improves the availability of other expensive nutrients. Proving growth performance through research As a result of the better bioavailability and more uniform delivery of minerals to the animal, supplementing diets with hydroxy trace minerals consistently improves growth performance and productive efficiency. Feed Conversion Ratios (FCR's) in 13 separate poultry studies were improved by an average of 5.2 points. Considering it takes less than one point in FCR to justify the added cost of feeding hydroxy trace minerals compared to sulfates and/or oxides, there is little financial risk to upgrade to more bioavailable hydroxy trace mineral sources. In addition to the benefits observed in poultry, swine trials confirmed the growth benefits of hydroxy trace minerals. Nursery pigs gained an average of 846 grams across five studies, while feeding hydroxy trace

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minerals to grower and ﬁnishing pigs resulted in an additional 2 kg of live weight across six studies. Hydroxy trace minerals in the market OptiSize particles have been shown to effectively supply more mineral to the blood of the animal, and this exclusive technology can be found in Selko IntelliBondhydroxy trace minerals. Bioavailability and feed conversion are two of the most valuable beneﬁts feed additives can provide. Trouw Nutrition leads the industry in both of these aspects with Selko IntelliBond About Selko Selko is the feed additives brand of Trouw Nutrition, a Nutreco company. Selko's portfolio consists of natural feed additive solutions that add value to integrators, feed mills and farmers. Focus areas are Salmonella control, feed safety, gut health in antibiotic-free production systems and trace mineral nutrition solutions. Selko solutions are offered as a complete package consisting of products, know-how and services. The Selko brand encompasses blends of organic acids, organic and hydroxy trace minerals, betaine and mycotoxin binders. Trouw Nutrition's global sales organisation commercialises the Selko feed additives brand.

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INCREASING THE FEED INTAKE OF NURSERY PIGS WITH HYDROXY TRACE MINERALS A study performed in the Netherlands shows that hydroxy trace minerals can improve palatability of piglet diets over sulphate mineral sources. The results show increased chances of maximal feed intake and minimised adverse palatability effects such as post-weaning growth reduction. modiﬁcations formulators can use to improve palatability or feed intake are of great interest to pig producers in order to maintain intake levels during this transition.

Figure 1: Feed intake (%) of piglets fed a free choice of diets containing either an inorganic source of trace minerals (sulphates) or IntelliBond. *Above time periods denote statistical signiﬁcance (P) 0.05.

he post-weaning growth reduction represents one of the most signiﬁcant production constraints for pork producers. The multifactorial stressors surrounding the weaning process can result in poor feed intake due to an abrupt and drastic change in the diet of these animals. Piglets are acclimatedto a highly palatable, energy dense, liquid based diet of sow's milk. That diet is suddenly changed to a relatively unpalatable, dr y/pelleted feed. Thus, any

Animals can predominantly taste soluble compounds (i.e. salts, sugars, etc.) due to their strong flavours. Soluble compounds that taste salty, bitter, sour or sweet can be detected by the pigs and affect how they might perceive a diet's taste (or palatability). Hydroxy trace minerals have been developed as a new source of minerals. They're virtually insoluble at a pH above 4.0, which makes a big difference in terms of palatability. Comparatively, inorganic sources of minerals such as copper sulphate are highly soluble. In a recent study in the Netherlands, piglets were provided a free choice of diets containing either sulphate forms of trace minerals (highly soluble) orSelko IntelliBondhydroxytrace minerals(insoluble). It was found that in the first four weeks after weaning, piglets had a significantly higher

preference for hydroxy trace mineral diets compared to those with sulphates (see Figure 1). This indicates that Selko IntelliBond improved palatability over sulphate sources of minerals. The beneﬁt? Increased chances of maximal feed intake and minimised adverse palatability effects such as postweaning growth reduction. About Selko Selko is the feed additives brand of Trouw Nutrition, a Nutreco company. Selko's portfolio consists of natural feed additive solutions that add value to integrators, feed mills and farmers. Focus areas are Salmonella control, feed safety, gut health in antibiotic-free production systems and trace mineral nutrition solutions. Selko solutions are offered as a complete package consisting of products, know-how and services. The Selko brand encompasses blends of organic acids, organic and hydroxy trace minerals, betaine and mycotoxin binders. Trouw Nutrition's global sales organisation commercialises the Selko feed additives brand.

LAW PANEL TO LOOK INTO UNHYGIENIC CONDITION OF POULTRY BIRDS

he unhygienic condition in which poultry birds are reared and transported has come under the focus of the Law Commission, A push by Union Minister for Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi to have a relook at the various laws governing poultry birds has prompted the Law Ministry to ask the Commission to submit a report based on existing laws and international trends relating to housekeeping and transportation of poultry birds, In an appeal issued to all stakeholders and the general public today, the law panel has sought views on the subject, The reference received by the Commission, which is based on a request from Minister for Women and Child Development, points out to the unhygienic conditions in which livestock is maintained, though various statutes are in force, The Commission would like to know the constraints faced by the various stakeholders farm operators, transporters, hoteliers, NGOs regarding rearing, maintenance, sale or any other issue related to poultry birds,the appeal said, It reminded that Article 51 (A) of the Constitution enjoins Indian citizens to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures, It added that the Supreme Court has in various judgements supported this view, This article has not been edited by DNA's editorial team and is auto-generated from an agency feed. 38

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TURNING CHICKEN WASTE, WEEDS INTO BIOFUEL

hicken is a favorite, inexpensive meat across the globe. But the bird's popularity results in a lot of waste that can pollute soil and water, One strategy for dealing with poultry poop is to turn it into biofuel, and now scientists have developed a way to do this by mixing the waste with another environmental scourge, an invasive weed that is affecting agriculture in

Africa. They report their approach in ACS' journal Energy & Fuels, Poultry sludge is sometimes turned into f e r t i l i z e r, b u t r e c e n t t r e n d s i n industrialized chicken farming have led to an increase in waste mismanagement and negative environmental impacts, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Droppings can contain nutrients, hormones, antibiotics and heavy metals and can wash into the soil and surface water. To deal with this problem, scientists have been working on ways to convert the waste into fuel,But alone, poultry droppings don't transform well into biogas, so it's mixed with plant materials such as switch grass, Samuel O. Dahunsi, Solomon U. Oranusi and colleagues wanted to see if they could

combine the chicken waste with Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower), which was introduced to Africa as an ornamental plant decades ago and has become a major weed threatening agricultural production on t h e c o n t i n e n t , T h e re s e a rc h e r s developed a process to pre-treat chicken droppings, and then have anaerobic microbes digest the waste and Mexican sunflowers together. Eight kilograms of poultr y waste and sunflowers produced more than 3 kg of biogas more than enough fuel to drive the reaction and have some leftover for other uses such as powering a generator. Also, the researchers say that the residual solids from the process could be applied as fertilizer or soil conditioner.

IFA SAYS UNFAIR TRADING PRACTICES COSTING FARMERS, AGRI CO-OPS

peaking in Brussels at an event organised by EuroCommerce in the European Parliament, IFA President Joe Healy said unfair trading practices (UTPs) by retailers cost farmers and agri co-ops across Europe nearly €11bn each year, Mr Healy was addressing the event in his capacity as Chairman of the COPA-COGECA Food Chain Working Party,Picking up on the theme of the event, Retailers & Farmers partners in the Food Chain, the IFA President said, “A s a f a r m e r a n d a f a r m e r representative, I cannot say that farmers and retailers are partners,Being 39

partners suggests that we are on an equal footing and have clear transparency on price and conditions across the food supply chain,This is not the case,The independent report commissioned by COPA also shows that 94 per cent of farmers and 95 per cent of agri co-ops have been exposed at least once to UTPs. Examples include late payments, below-cost selling, payto-play money and payment for shelf space, Mr Healy said the prices and margins received by farmers across the EU are published in detail,By contrast, there has been very little transparency on margins of larger businesses in the food supply chain, resulting in an imbalance of information and ba rg a i n i n g p o w e r b e t w e e n t h e different groups, Mr Healy said the Agri-Markets Task Force recognises the need for independent enforcement of retail regulation, He said farmers would continue to support the Commission's High Level Forum, but it must deliver for

farmers, We need to see EU-wide legislative approach, including proper enforcement mechanisms, to curb unfair trading practices, Mr Healy said, Mr Healy said market and price transparency are critical to achieving a fair and equitable food chain. “We need to know who gets what from each consumer euro.

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CHINA'S CONSUMER PRICE GROWTH LIKELY TO ACCELERATE IN APRIL

hina's consumer inﬂation is expected to pick up in April due to rising non-food prices and a low base

for the same period a year ago, according to a report of the Bank of Communications, The bank forecast the official consumer price index (CPI), a main gauge of inflation, will have grown 1.1 per cent year-on-year for this month, slightly faster than March's 0.9per cent growth and the 0.8-per cent increase in February, Price hikes in refined oil products have become a significant support for non-food prices, which will likely rose 2.4 per cent from a year ago, and a stronger carry-over effect also helped push up the CPI, But

prices of vegetables, eggs, poultry and other major farm produce continued to decrease in the first three weeks of April. Food prices account for nearly one-third of prices used in calculating the CPI, The official CPI is due to be released by the National Bureau of Statistics on 10 May, The bank predicts rising prices in the middle of the year but dismissed inflationary pressures for the whole 2017 because of subdued consumer demand, and prudent and neutral monetary policy.

FOOD PROCESSING ONE OF CANADA'S MANUFACTURING'S ECONOMIC BRIGHT SPOTS

arm Credit Canada repor ts food processing remains one of the economic bright spots within the Canadian manufacturing sector, Bruce Cochrane writes, Farm Credit Canada has analyzed the importance of Canada's food and beverage exports to the Canadian economy, The food and beverage sector includes any type of primary farm product that's processed to some degree before being sold domestically or exported, J.P. Gervais, Farm Credit Canada's Chief Agricultural Economist, obser ves the growth of food manufacturing in Canada has outpaced

all other manufacturing sector as well as any other sector of the economy, In some cases we're going to have further processing and then we're able to add a lot of value domestically before the end product has been shipped elsewhere, Food manufacturing itself is the largest employer in the manufacturing sector so, when it comes to manufacturing, which has gone through a lot of different challenges since 2008 and 2009 with the global recession, you've seen the manufacturing base in Canada shrink quite a bit, Where as, if you look at food manufacturing, we've been resilient through the recession and now since at least two years the food manufacturing sector has grown quite a bit in Canada, at an amazing pace and that's the result of very strong food

demand in the world as well as domestically, Everybody gains from having strong, solid performing food manufacturing and that includes producers as well as retailers, So the importance of the food manufacturing base for us in Canada is absolutely critical to develop, continue to grow our farming sector as well has having it performing in a retail sector that employs many Canadians, Mr Gervais says the pace of growth in food manufacturing in Canada has kept pace with growth in food manufacturing world wide, He suggests there's potential to keep even more of the commodities produced on Canadian farms within its borders, add value to them and sell them to the world.

NEW H7N9 CASE REPORTED IN NW CHINA

positive for the virus and died on 1 May. It was the ﬁrst H7N9 bird ﬂu case reported in the province, All live poultry markets in Xi'an and Xianyang have been closed, and m e d i c a l w o r ke r s a re c h e c k i n g a n d disinfecting relevant trading areas, Nationwide, a total of 96 people were reportedly infected by the H7N9 virus in March, leaving 47 dead, according to the national health and family planning commission.

62-year-old man died from the H7N9 virus infection in Northwest China's Shaanxi province, local health authorities said Wednesday, The man, surnamed Zhang, from Xianyang city, ﬁrst showed symptoms of coughing and fever in late April, and was treated at the First Hospital of Xianyang before transferring to the Second Afﬁliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, the provincial health and family planning commission said, He tested

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CHIPOTLE-PEACH GLAZED GRILLED CHICKEN BREAST

(Life Time Period 10 Years)

Ingredients 1/2 teaspoons salt 1/4 teaspoons cinnamon 1/4 teaspoons ground nutmeg 1/4 teaspoons ground cloves 4 boneless skinless chicken breasts 1 peaches (peeled) 1 chipotles in adobo 2 tablespoons lemon juice 2 peaches (peeled and diced) 1/4 cups red bell pepper (diced) 1/4 cups green bell pepper (diced) 1/4 cups sweet onion (diced) 2 tablespoons fresh cilantro (minced) Directions 1. Preheat an outdoor grill to medium-high heat. 2.Combine salt, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves in a small bowl. Season chicken breasts on all sides with the mixture. 3. In a food processor, puree peach, chipotle, and lemon juice to make a glaze. Set aside. 4. Make the relish by combining diced peaches, bell peppers, onion, and cilantro in a bowl. Spoon a tablespoon of the glaze over and toss. Set aside. 5.Grill the chicken for 6 to 8 minutes per side, brushing with the glaze every two minutes. Cook until the chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165 degrees. Serve chicken hot topped with peach relish.

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