2018 thesis book by Nelson Wang

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ABSTRACT Lilong housing, by its literal meaning; “li” 里, the neighborhood, and “long” 弄, the lanes runs adjacent within. The particular urban fabric has been a part of the most important fragments of Shanghai history, as well as the early form of Chinese urbanization. Originating as the response to the need of drastic transformation in Shanghai at the end of the 19th century, the typology slowly took over the majority of the urban area and expanded to rural areas. The mixed-use community not only provided the necessity of commercial spaces for the dwellers to form a healthy economic ecosystem, but also created a sense of belonging as the utility spaces are mostly shared through neighborhood. However during the last century of China’s globalization, the urban landscape in this metropolis has been in a stage of total upgrading. The situation of the lilong has worsened as the typology no longer accommodates the needs and growth of residential assets. While 70% of the Lilong has been replaced with developments, those survived through the "housing reform" process are mostly being renovated to commercial spaces, left with the exterior vernacular appearance for worshiping. Even though it has long become impossible for the lilong to meet the high demand of life in Shanghai, it is the sense of the community and residents that bring the particular architecture style alive. In light of this urgent situation, the thesis is composed, to understand the Shanghai urban form, with the recognition of the modern approach to the dwelling conFigure 1. News.ifeng.com. (2018). Old shanghai transformation [on-

dition, and thus attempt to feature the vivid alley community pattern into the vertical modern housing complex.

line] Available at: http://news.ifeng.com/a/20170831/51820714_0. shtml

Learning from the past to present, the urban studies, precedent studies provide supporting materials, and finally purposing a mixed-use housing typology in Huangpu district, one of the oldest district of Shanghai.

Keys: Lilong typology, mix-used programs, modern apartment typology, verticality, community, urbanity. 5

CONTENT 9 INTRODUCTION 10

Thesis statement

Discursive image

12 Argument 13

Setting Context

Framing narrative

16 Structure 17 Closing

DESIGN RESEARCH 20 Leading 22

To China, from the world

Shanghai, the city of history

Looking beyond the present

Moving forward to the future

DESIGN METHOD 36 Background 48

Problem definition

Initial design process

DESIGN OUTCOME 88

housing typology

Urban connection

104 Perspectives 114

116

Critical Reflection

LIST OF FIGURES

118 ENDNOTES 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION 1.

Thesis statement

Discursive image

Argument

Setting context

Framing narrative

1.1

THESIS STATEMENT

Re-localizing the Lilong life -- Bringing back the Lilong social & living pattern in the future urbanized Shanghai The thesis is posed under the context of a growing city Shanghai, and the issue raises from one major question: It has long become impossible for the Lilong to meet the high demand of life in Shanghai, so how to preserve the life & social quality of a Lilong neighborhood in modern age of highrise complex?

Figure 2. 2018. Cdn.Theatlantic.Com. http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/china112012/c37_RTR37I6M.jpg.

1.2

DISCURSIVE IMAGE

Figure 3. Demolishing under the forest of high-rise | Photo collage.

Cities are about people, so much than the architecture could offer, it is the sociality that makes neighborhood alive. Today, high-rise dwellers' view out their window is, at first glance, row after row of identical high-rise housing blocks, and more to come in the future. Taking Shanghai as the example, urban habitats are out of balance, population explosion together with political and economic are all causing huge impact. Urbanization has its failure and error, the city will stay on the path to modernization, it is up to the citizens to attempt, adopt, and urbanize. Is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;going up and highâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the only solution to deal with the overwhelming population? If so, what could we learn from the community in the past, where there was a sense of community, a sense of social connection?

1.3

ARGUMENT

Shanghai, the promise and pioneer of a nation’s economic growth and globalization, under the pressure to perform the best representation as a global-mega-city ever since it was opened to the world. The high standards of living is comparable to the cities like Tokyo, New York, and London. Renowned areas like the Bund and the east side of the city were used to be loading docks and muddy river bed, now hosting one of the largest trading markets and collections of iconic landmark buildings in the world. The intense speed of Shanghai’s development, to an extent refreshed the understanding of the city transformation. While the economic force propels the city forward, surely comes with the explosion of population. The inevitable result of urbanization processes the urban life into an aggregation of vertical high-rise apartments, divided into floors connected by tower core. The traffic streets define the zone between urban blocks, enforcing a social disconnection. This standards has enforced by the developers as the land value of the city is too high to not build stacking floor plates, accommodates the ratio of profiting and needs of population. Amongst forest of high-rises is the patches of unsanitary dwelling condition, stand the history of the “old Shanghai” - lilong housing, or in another term low-rise row houses. Therefore, standing between the division of old and new, with the modern urbanization procedure is more of a surgical replacement rather than that of a stepped transformation. Under one of the major criteria being driven by the need of accommodating the population growth, the project attempts to speak to the culture elements while understanding the renewal planning of the modernized city. Thus, Learning through urban scale and program scale to best presenting the change made to improve the current highrise life & social pattern. The main goal of the thesis is to challenge to the developer that the plan of fast & replicated urbanization in China is unhealthy to the urban fabric, propose an idea that could be an alternative choice to the future of Shanghai city. Thus, through the scope of past and looking beyond the present, and iterating the future dwelling condition in the old Shanghai district. 12

1.4

SETTING CONTEXT

Perhaps back in 19th century, no one had foreseen this nation would achieve such rapid urbanization progress, not until the Western power opened up the gate of China to the world. Shanghai being one of the ports of trading, showed her potential and power to become the leading force of the worlds best. In last 3 decades, China has been achieving what other countries spent a century on. The globalization truly brings advantage to Shanghai, but at the same time, loses the recognition of history.

debate and concern among the general public recently to the question in which the preservation and demolishing will forever be the focus of any meaningful historical piece of a city.

Now, if one walks on the streets of Shanghai, while enjoying much of the modern facilities and services provided in the "New York of the east", it is not hard to notice that two type of the building typologies coexist yet drastically different in any aspects, Apart from the glamorous high rise apartments, there is the traditional Shanghai housing - the Shikumen lilong houses. The particular housing typology composed about three-quarters of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dwellings for a whole century from 1840s to 1940s. The residents are mainly the middle and lower classes are usually the small businessmen, office and manufacturing workers, many of whom had migrated from all around the word during the chaotic war era, had little choice but to squeeze themselves into the type of dwelling as a primary living space, upon which much of their urban experience happened in the lane between the units. The social aspects of the lilong thus very much embed the image of Shanghai. Later as a response to the rising housing demand caused by continuous rural-to-urban migration in the light of globalization, different types of lilong housing were built to accommodates the needs of expending city, including the shikumen housing neighborhoods from the early 1870s, and the new-style housing neighborhoods at the beginning of the twentieth century, which both reached their climaxes between the 1920s and the 1930s along with the urban development of modern Shanghai. Despite the dilapidation in decades of usage, and later many neighborhoods have been demolished in the course of urban redevelopment, the lilong have no doubt played a key role in providing the primary living space and formed the historical urban fabric of a city, the factor which has remained a keen topic not only within local academia but has also attracted increasing attention, 13

1.5

FRAMING NARRATIVE

It was to be an adventure for my father, but not only to him but two families future. He has a vision for business as he was doing metal welding for living on the island where he was born. Left the island with his passion, and now 30 years has gone by, he has moved his and my mother’s family to a better life in the “Oriental Pearl” of China - Shanghai. The story of me really began in 1991, and my earliest memory was at the garden of our house, a typical Shanghai lowrise lilong house. There was a grass mound with a single tree rising out of its “summit”, the canopy was so big that dwarfed the house in the shadow. I could see the life of whole neighborhood, as the whole back courtyard was mostly connected to be the community utility zone, the unique characteristic of the lilong housing typology. The main activity zone for kids from next doors was at the lane “Long” in front of the house. Not until I was around 12 years old, we moved out to the second home, a high-rise 20 stories tall apartment building, and then the sense of community as the height of the stacking tower gone away from my life.

Figure 5. Author in age 12-13, Self source.

Figure 4. Author in 1992, Self source.

From time to time, when I had chance I would always go back to the old house that storied my first decade of life until one visit only to find out that the whole neighborhood had been demolished to build just another high-rise complex. From that moment on, I felt shocked to realize that Shanghai has changed so much, and construction sites were everywhere. The speed of transformation to an extent looks just like the single tree in my garden that dwarfing over those old bricks, so much that you could not feel the life of the street but the fancy store fronts. Looking down through my bedroom view, there is a patch of old community identical to what I had lived once. A future project has been undergoing from the early progress of House Reforming, in which the government and developer who bought off the land are offering to reside the local residents. This is usually a long period of negotiation between the local residents and developer. However, this particular patch had a pretty rundown situation where some had suffered fire, and many are in extreme need of maintenance, triggered the speed-up button to start demolish process early next year, 2018.

Figure 6. View through windows, self source.

1.6

STRUCTURE

The argument presented here is that one have experienced the modern-age development models, thus questioning the line between historical preservation and new development. Without denying the process of urbanization in Shanghai, while understanding the importance and necessity of the historical significance, the identity needs to be the preserved in a way that fits into modernism. Therefore the main question is: What is this transforming process by which Shanghai may preserve its distinct urban fabric while still developing at the speed and density which current developers require? The subsequent design and researching methods aim to learning from the history and urban context of the unique typology, in which the lilong housing as the starting point when Shanghai developed herself into the urbanized city. The initial idea that to accommodating the needs of population has always been in part of the development since then. Now the urgent issue on the table is that modern transforming the old district to new development had the history of the city in danger. During the transformation process, almost 70% the lilong had been demolished. The first section of the thesis, literature review will describe the history of Shanghai as the global city and the resultant juxtapositions that occurs on multiple scales across urban scale, architectural scale and the residents scale. Following the research begins with the analysis of both Lilong models and new urban block development models. The second section brings the designing through researching, which will trace the form of typology and establishing a criteria for development in the urban block setting. Lastly, the outcome design will address the discussion by mapping out a appropriate step of transformation through which a new urban fabric is created.

1.7

CLOSING

Essentially, through dissection of precedents for both models, the key fragments will be identified through the study from the Lilong samples, meets the potential of the new proposed development. Thus, integrating distinct architectural components extracted from the analysis of the traditional Lilong fabric to the new development. The final form would be exhibited in building scale with the mapping of a transformative process.

CHAPTER

DESIGN RESEARCH 1.

Leading

To China, from the world

Shanghai, the city of history

Looking beyond the present

Moving forward

LEADING

Neither the world nor the Chinese themselves had foreseen this unprecedented acceleration of urbanization in the last three decades. However, with the such rapid change, Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban landscape has been drastically modified by the large scale new constructions, replicated real estate apartment buildings, and the skyrocketed office towers, which at the most of the cases driven by the intention for economic benefits and recognitions. The glamorous front image of Shanghai composed disconnection from the past and the collective memory of locals. In the notion of respecting the history, the ideas of this research will be exhibited in fashion of time-line as the initial impact from the world, the domestic influences to China, and moving forward to the potential future. The chapter is the starting point of a potential life-long study about the progress in researching of the Chinese urbanization, particularly in the realm of the dwelling condition in one city context â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Shanghai. The concept focuses at the connotations of the Urbanization, based on the foundation of the researches by various scholars and architects, domestically and internally. In order to give a broad sense on the issues, with methods of conducting and analyzing from the demography, city planning, and history, which setting up the criteria for a thesis proposal dealing with the concerning urbanization process in Shanghai.

Figure 7. Taylor, Alan, and Carlos Barria. 2013. 26 Years Of Growth: Shanghai Then And Now.. Image. https:// www.theatlantic.com/photo/2013/08/26-years-of-growth-shanghai-then-and-now/100569/.

2.1

TO CHINA, FROM THE WORLD

Like Napoleon said about China, the famous quote as China was very much on the stage of declining ever since the industrial revolution started in the West; “Let her sleep, for when she wakes she will shake the World.” As unfortunate as it is true, despite the difficulty of validating how much of the power China used to have, the history showed that the globalization and urbanization arrived with the Western brutal powers. Thought that Napoleon simply recognized that such a populous and resourceful country would have considerable influences in regards if it was properly directed, the period would never come until the first gunboat showed up in Nanjing, and threaten the nation to open up the gate to the world. In 1842, August 29, British became the “first man” had the China kneel-ed down and gave out lands and rights. Among the “trades”, Cities like Shanghai opened up to the foreign economy and residences, one had just little less attention than whole colonial cession of Hong Kong.1 Looking back at the history, the butterfly effects could not be more interesting as the wars and events in another continent could affect China forever. With the defeat of the British ruling in America civil war, came with the interests and

recognition of the resources and labor powers that China had.2 Despite the infrastructural development for the convenient of trading, the urban life under western control had transferred the China from the mainly agriculture based economy to the industrial age. The process happened so quick as the technology adopted to the east, that it seemed alien to look at the photographic records the mixture of the western standard fashion and the local vernacular.

Figure 8. Berruyer, Claude. 2007. General View Of The Bund (1937). Image. http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Photos/Images?ID=32728.

Figure 9. National Archives (United Kingdom). 2017. Map Of Distribution Of Foreign Forces And Defences In Shanghai. Image. Accessed December 8. http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Maps/Collection?ID=79.

To understand the scale of urbanization in China, is very much the history of the Shanghai. Since the Nanjing treaty forced the Shanghai and other 4 cities became the thresholds from the West. One might question the crucial impact of the war and unfair one-sided treaty to rule over the nation, In fact, like many other early colonies, Shanghai had gained more benefits while the nation losses. Although the greater good went to the westerns hand, the boom of the economy tripled Shanghai’s customers revenues, and “free trades” then spread out to the inland of the nation thanks to the technology and Yangtze River.3 As well as the development of the residential and amusements turned the Orient to just like their homeland. The urban fabric of Shanghai had changed ever since, from walled-city and muddy seaports expanded to one of the largest city in the world by only given 66 hectares of muddy Huangpu River-beds.

mushroomed into a sprawling metropolis, one was physically huge that shadowed over the original Shanghai. Stella Dong told the stories about the transformation of the Shanghai in her biographic book - the rise and fall of a decadent city, in which many have lived through the chaos age, shared the same opinion: Shanghai was none other than the greatest metropolis in the world. Until 1949, when the independence announced by Chairman Mao, the combination of the Oriental and Occidental really influenced and settled down the foundation of the modern Shanghai.

As rapidly as the foreign settlement developed, no one had imagined the growth of urban landscapes under this weird combination of the Western knowledge and the Chinese labors, the foreign enclosure area — International concession 23

Backing up the stories of Stella Dong with historical resources by Non Arkaraprasertkul, Chunlan Zhao, and many others. The form of the colonial urbanization took placed in the merely developed area of the Shanghai, let the alone with the western investment. The “European” Shanghai transformed, for instance, places like the Bund, “the million dollar skyline” that stands the international banks, clubs and storages, as well as the Nanjing Road, the most prestigious shopping street marked the predominate lines in the locals and the foreigners. The void spaces in between lies the lilong houses, the most prominent element of the city history.4 Attracting the adventurers and business to the west, pouring more opium, gold and workforce into the “Huangpu muddy river bed”, from the initial 50 foreign settlements to form the functional municipal Councils in-charge of new Shanghai.5 Advertising the better job opportunities to the western world, Shanghai local settlements’ wooden houses had slowly been replaced by the solid material houses for the new comers, thus the one that no other than Shanghai has — Lilong, by its literal translation means the houses in between neighborhood lanes had first introduced. Originate from the term “Long”, which is the alleyways running perpendicular to the main streets, the adjacent lanes named “Li” is where the dwellers and peddlers’ life belong.6 The particular style was built to house large members of workers and their families, as modern as it looked like European row houses, Lilong was the solution to the foreign factories and enterprises economical real-estate development. Minimizing the maintenance to maximize use of the land, the fundamental thoughts of European housing style conforming to the programmatic and economical needs of the city. Shanghai’s urban fabric abruptly leaped from rural to urban was unprecedented in China, a nation with abundant land resources. In a sense that the Lilong is the exhibition of the modernism in a micro scale, the idea combined with the traditional Chinese courtyard house, it was representing the extreme efficiency and functionalism of the modern urbanization.7

Figure 10. SHANGHAI STREET STORIES. 2017. UNDERSTANDING LILONG HOUSING AND SHIKUMEN ARCHITECTURE. Image. Accessed December 8. http://shanghaistreetstories.com/?page_ id=1288.

2.2

SHANGHAI, THE CITY OF HISTORY

The metropolis Shanghai urbanization could be identified as three major periods as the pre-1949, the 1949-1978, and the 1995 to modern days.8 The birth of the lilong is the result of the two Opium Wars in 19th century, which the three western powers had held large parts of the city for 100 years. The city grew to be the third leading free trading port after London and New York. Since then, Shanghai has been the bridge between China and the world. With the bloom of the population in the city, had once reached 3 million, the European row housing was much familiar treatment to the western settlements. Lilong as abbreviation of Chinese traditional house and European row housing neighborhood, was the new concept at the time that not only referred to the materiality of the dwelling form, but also adapted to the social life within and around it.

1. The birth of the Lilong (1842-1870) The initial idea of the housing was merely different from the traditional Chinese houses, no more than the efficiency and economical as the structure literally constructed by wooden boards. Row-ed up off the streets like army camps, inter-connected by the smaller paths with the major circulation directed to the public roads. To the locals and refugees, the concerning of finding a place to rest is over the standards for the physical living condition. However, concerning of inflammability by the untreated wood, later the municipal council prohibited the use of wooden structures after 1870.9

Figure 11. Institut d'Asie Orientale. 2017. The Moat Around The Walled City. Image. Accessed December 8. http:// www.virtualshanghai.net/Photos/Images?ID=1417.

2. The early Shikumen lilong (1870s-1910s) The regulation of wood as the major material led to the early stage of the lilong house. Mostly built in late 19th century, using the local made bricks and wood structures. The authentic Shikumen lilong, named by the stone decorated gateway before go into the lilong became the most popular housing till the typology were taken over by the needs of the higher density type lilong. The extensive style of the stoned gateway motifs had generations of design as the change of the foreign settlements in the community. The traditional courtyard also being preserved in the early form of the lilong is the highlight of the Shikumen. As the principle function of providing good ventilation, proper exposure to sunlight and communal spaces, gave a distinctive relationship between solid & void that programmatically divide and connect the neighborhood as a whole. However, as the population kept growing that the form of lilong housing had to sacrifice the courtyard to almost left with a symbolic spaces to deal with the urban congestion. The new type Shikumen housing with widened lanes to accommodates the vehicle had shifted the urban life in lilong from majority interior (courtyard) to exterior (lanes).

Figure 12. Anne, Sue. 2016. THE DIVERSITY OF DESIGN IN SHIKUMEN HEADERS. Image. http://shanghaistreetstories. com/?p=6591.

3. The new-style lilong housing (1910s-1940s) The latest stage of the lilong typology started to form the initial image of the modern apartments, as the built structure housed up to 100 units. The form of the courtyard had completely being replaced as the sole purposed garden, as well as the material choices being close to the modernism like machine-made bricks and reinforced concrete. Thus marked last type of this internal neighborhood structure, the transformation of lilong ended around the mid 20th century, in which the needs of the economy and population focused at the 3-8 stories concrete apartment buildings.10 The ideology of apartment buildings no longer resonated with the celebration of the ground level urban life, as the Non Arkaraprasertkul stated that the end of the lilong, stands the start of the modern slab block towers.11

Figure 13. Jingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;An Villa, source from author, https://www.flickr. com/photos/nelsonfeelscool

Figure 14. Anne, Sue. 2012. THE ASTRID APARTMENTS. Image. http://shanghaistreetstories.com/?p=3723.

Figure 15. China Discovery. 2017. 5 Days Experience The Real Hutong Life Of Beijing. Image. Accessed December 8. http://www. chinadiscovery.com/beijing-tours/5-days-experience-the-realhutong-life-of-beijing.html.

The influences of the Lilong typology exhibited the success of the western row housing in the Chinese traditional setting, not only contributed to the demand for housing the foreigners and locals at the time, but also became the dominating characteristic of the Shanghai urban fabric.12 As lilong is an abstract concept intertwining between the private spaces and the shared alleyways to reinforce the sense of the community. Lilong housing is, to an extent that representing not only just an urban block, but a community where dwellers interact in a daily basis.13 This life style is the distinctive form of Asia urbanities that is also prominently embedded in other cities or cultures such as the Hutong in Beijing or Cho in Tokyo. The infrastructure of these neighborhoods are quite similar, which they are situated in a urban block, with amenities locates on the outer perimeter ring, narrow interior lanes porously go through the block of residential units becomes the shared spaces for cooking, storing and utilities. These concepts appeal to its culture as a collective force, and serve individuals in providing for their safety and amenity as a group.

Figure 16. Xinmin Weekly. 2012. Memories Of Old Shanghai Life Is Still Clear As Yesterday, With A Loud "Down The Toilet~!" Kicked Off The Day. Image. http://xmzk.xinminweekly.com.cn/News/Content/963.

2.3

LOOKING BEYOND THE PRESENT

Touching the history bricks of lilong, peeking into the lanes as most of the houses are remained open and intact to the outsiders, one could almost sense the rich stories behind the stone gates. Due to the rapid development of China, Shanghai stood out among other cities became the leading force, resulting a juxtaposition of dwelling conditions and building typologies. As lilong housing soon fall out the fashion and requirement of high density to be economically self-sustained, the change of the urban life and lack of maintenance led most of them to be alone deterioration. In fact, the lilong was never the permanent solutions but an initiative for attracting western work force, even though a good number of them had been existed for a century. Like David Fixler and Alain de Botton stated that the buildings were meant to express the needs and the technology of the time as the architecture is the witness and identity of the city.14 15

Although today many lilong are still occupied, most of them are in severe need of total maintenance, but the cost of preservation is colossal to the modern developments. Developers prefer to demolish and rebuild with the new high-rises to accommodate bigger population and better economic efficiency.

Figure 17. SHANGHAI STREET STORIES. 2017. UNDERSTANDING LILONG HOUSING AND SHIKUMEN ARCHITECTURE. Image. Accessed December 8. http://shanghaistreetstories.com/?page_id=1288.

As the moment of speaking, the lilong housing has went down 70% of the original 9000 of the whole housing projects from 1950, and declining most likely to be continued, whether not the lilong housing is listed as one of the national cultural heritages.16 Therefore, the question to preserve lilong house has raised to scholars, historians, and locals as the wish to protect the fragments of Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history. Morris and Non Arkaraprasertkul had interviewed and experienced the lilong as they were interested in the life of lilong and preservation of the history, stated that the lilong provides not only the intimate environment for the private section, but also a sense of human scale within the neighborhood that is conducive to the socio culture.17 18 So as to the people like Jane Jacobs, her point of view that history being physically erased is simply unacceptable, argues that the city planning and rebuilding is on the course of the destroying the urban life.19 Like may other mega-cities around the world, Shanghai is the collection book of old and new, the urban renewal speaks the architectural cannibalism. Even though as grace as the historical district of lilong feels, it is inevitable that the modernization and urbanization will take over the control. Despite of cost and disastrous of lilong demolition all along, some are preserved because of its important role in history, and Xintiandi is the most famous example in dealing with the notion of lilong preservation. The site is a block of original Shikumen lilong houses, that renovated to become commercial district in center area of Shanghai. Using the nostalgia of traditional lilong characteristics as the selling point to attract the tourists and locals is the design intent by architect Ben Wood.20 The change of the area to be solely commercial purpose shows the way of rethink the strategy of using the low-rise in the real-estate oriented age. Although scholar like Non Arkaraprasertkul strongly argued that the preservation often failed to represent the original purpose as the project are mostly driven by the economic force, the renovating-design in a way saved the essence of lilong life. The project shows respect to the original building skin, and introducing a wider lane-scape for the stores and restaurants to provide seating and gathering spaces. These are in fact presenting an appreciation to human scale and sense of community that once the life in lilong was like. 30

Figure 18. KPF. 2017. The Langham & Andaz Xintiandi. Image. Accessed December 8. https://www.kpf.com/projects/the-langham-andaz-xintiandi.

Figure 19. ArchiDialog. 2011. Le Corbusier’S Sketch For “La Ville Radieus” (“Radiant City”–1924). Image. https://archidialog. com/2011/04/25/.

If Le Corbusier could lived to watch the changes of 3 decades in Shanghai, he would pleased to see that the radiant city of tomorrow has been slowly but surely achieved across the whole nation.21 Not that the city of London had not been glorious in 1987 when the book was published, the unprecedented speed of the development shocked not only the world but also the people who lives within. A global city by its fundamental definition is focusing at its connection between the world. Shanghai is the very much the image of China’s globalization, while the impact of such process brought an increasable phenomenon to the nation, left with the Chinese themselves reflect on modernization value of the city. Rem koolhaas in S,M,L,XL pointed that the convergence of a global city’s fades the starkness of the cultural differences, then the citizens find themselves searching deeper to re-address the notion of identity and the history.22 Unlike London, and New York, the cultural identity correlates the globalization as a separated attachment to the primacy of local history.23 Comparing to Shanghai, the city doesn’t particularly attached to but rather constantly shift the representation of identity by new developments. Rem Koolhaas described the modernization progress in Asia is almost equivalent to manage theme park with constant transformation, the destined fate of old being replaced for new

attraction. Many historical city districts had gone through a transformation from the traditional community to one urban blocks of walled-residential complex zone, which defined by commercial “branding” developers. Vanke among many “branded” developers is the leading successor, as they convince people that the life in the their property is the first step to the elite class. That foreshadowing Michal hays’ point of view that the architecture has been and will always be the apparatus of culture and power.24 Although the historical fragments is innocent victim, the complete destruction means removing the soul of a city, just like Rem Koolhaas’s vision in his Delirious New York, the ideal preservation will certainly bring destruction in this modern age.25 In this case, believing the high-rise is inevitable progress to adapt to the need of urbanization. If considering the haphazard demolition to new construction is repulsive, the question in mind is that could preservation be in part of the demolition? As David Fixler thinks that the change is necessary to a great theory, perhaps it is time to learn and respect the old to reiterate the future.

2.4

MOVING FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

The figure-ground of Shanghai city, has changed enormously as the urban fabric of the new constructed developments contrast sharply to its neighborhood, the historical spine patterned voids of old buildings. With the lilong housing became the identity and textures that render the image of old Shanghai, so does various landmark buildings draw attention from the western world. As the economic and population ratio has gone unbalanced, the designated fate for Shanghai as the mega-city, the high-rises become the dominant planning and diminishes the understanding of tradition community. Looking ahead to 2030 and further, statics show that the population of Shanghai will break through 30 millions, and the growth are mostly driven by the inflow of the domestic migrants, which almost 40% the population lives in Shanghai will be the migrants and young working class.26 Due to the regulation of birth control and increasing socio-pressure on the younger generation, the transformation of individual lifestyle could be huge factors that change the use of architectural spaces. An interesting research by group of scholars in the University of Hong Kong, stated a social impact by the urbanization process in shanghai has affected the kitchen design.27 One aspect of the study showed that the eating habits from regularly cooking to mostly dineout style shifted the role of kitchen in daily life, thus saving spaces on other living spaces becomes a better choice for young families.

Figure 20. Land use in the urban area . 2017. Virtual shanghai. Accessed December 8. http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Maps/Collection?ID=1734.

The future of Shanghai is the breaking ground for entrepreneurs and office workers, which most of the younger generations’ attitude towards urban life, education, and kids are totally different from their parents. The infamous “one kid policy” in China has flip the fundamental meaning of home for new couples, who are mostly described as DINKS family - Double Income No Kid. Looking at the demographics of different districts is certainly one of the most important statistics for understanding the housing market. The notion of “home” to younger generations is not necessary related to buying a house but rather renting. Living in center area of the city will likely cost lifetime to pay off the mortgage, where as a relatively acceptable pricing for living outskirt but certainly adds the need of vehicle or public transportation. The China Daily has ranked Shanghai as the most “livable city” for the year 2005, and just in 6 years rank down to 22nd, the ironic reality is that the traffic congestion and expense of living became worse over years.28 29 The issue with rising land value in Shanghai has always been the urgent topics. Making it another reason why the stacking floor plates is the sole solution to either citizens and developers, which both sides

are not willing to give up more than what they are expecting. Therefore, whether if the idea of preservation could be reinterpreted and iterated in the form of modernism. This doesn’t mean that the preservation must be viewed as protecting artifact, but more so the essence of the environment created by the artifact. As one was born and spent the most of life in a high-rise, experiences had turned into interests to focus on rather investigation on preservation of the history, but to seek to understand and represent the “lilong” aesthetics in modern typology. If the cultural identity in terms of architecture is related to its past, could the combination of the past and the new come to an agreement, representing a better dwelling condition in particularly Shanghai housing culture?

Figure 21. Rochfort, Andrew. 2013. Huaihai roof . Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/people/8281403@N07/.

CHAPTER

DESIGN METHOD 1.

Background •

Time framing

•

Site condition

Problem definition •

Urban analysis

•

Precedents studies

Initial design process •

Housing study

3.1

BACKGROUND

Confronted with an over-congested urban population in the transforming shanghai, the lilong housing was developed as a response to rapid population growth. It is important to understand that lilong as a hybrid dwelling form, unlike the modern conventional housing, the private living and public commercial spaces are conducted in self-initiated and self-contained form of community. Socio-culturally, the lilong housing was a ideal vehicle for regrouping an uprooted population during turbulent years. It helped to origanise a new social network among the middle and lower-middle classes of the urban population. to foster in this major group of people a strong identity that became embedded in this manner of lilong life. What lilong community has represented is a more outward alley-centered living style, a social network established and developed through daily life in interactions between neighbourhoods. Modern age brought the new style of life off-ground to Shanghai, but most of local lilong dwellers rather choose the sense of home instead of the being relcoated to the city

Figure 22. Butterworth, Simon. 2017. Domicide Shanghai. Image. Accessed December 8. http://www.simonbutterworthphotography. com/gallery/domicide-shanghai/.

Figure 23. Butterworth, Simon. 2017. Domicide Shanghai. Image. Accessed December 8. http://www.simonbutterworthphotography. com/gallery/domicide-shanghai/.

3.1.1 Year

TIME FRAMING

Through rapid development in few decades, Shanghai has become characterized by drastic juxtapositions of building typologies and urban forms. Entire sections of the urban Population center are being replaced with large scale developments 1843 535,000 while the city overall expands into the periphery, replacing 1852 544,000 1865 691,000 farmland with gated community of apartments. Some may 1910 1,289,000 be said to be losing identity as large sections of traditional 1915 2,006,000 urban fabric are being replaced. 1927

2,641,000

1931

3,317,000

1937 following diagram shows 3,852,000 the relationship of the urban The 1945 3,370,000 population and historical events that had huge influences 1953 5,846,000 on the Shanghai dwelling typologies, while associated with 1965 6,428,000 the of racial groups. The histor1980 values and cultural patterns 5,966,000 1990 7,823,000 ical changes of housing in Shanghai illustrates the active 2000 13,959,000 and dynamic processes that are required to form long-last2010 19,980,000 ing local communities and physical 2017 associations between 25,202,000 2020 27,137,000 structures. 2030

30751000

POPULATION & HISTORICAL EVENTSÂ 40M

30M

20M

10M

535,000

1843

544,000

691,000

1852

1865

1,289,000

1910

2,006,000

1915

2,641,000

1927

3,317,000

1931

3,852,000

3,370,000

1937

5,84

1945

End of First Opium War 1842 British concession 1839-1854 Shanghai International Settlement 1854-1943 French concession 1849-1943 Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945

Estab

30,751,000 25,202,000

27,137,000

19,980,000 13,959,000

3,370,000

1945

5,846,000

1953

6,428,000

1964

5,966,000

1982

7,823,000

1990

2000

2010

2017

2020

2030

Nelson Wang 1991

Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 Establishment of the P.R.C 1949 Cultural revolution 1966-1976 China economic reform 1966

3.1.2

SITE ANALYSIS

HUANGPU DISTRICT

The potential site, Laoximen subdistrict belongs to one of the oldest parts of Shanghai, even before it transformed into a urbanized city. Located at the south corner of the old walled city, named as Nanshi - its literal trasnlation to the Southern part of the city is the historical area of Shanghai since Ming dynasty. Not until 1945, the Republic of china government took control the city, its large portion of the area belonged to the international settlement. With the development of the foreign investments, the district quickly emerged to the commercial center, named after the adjcent Huangpu river - Huangpu district Being the largest one in 16 districts in Shanghai , Hunagpu currently owns about 20.4 square kilometers or 7.9 square miles, and inhabited 678,000 residents(base on 2010 population census). Among 9 other subdistricts in Huangpu, Laoximen is going through a drastic transformation. The lack of housing maintenance and the concern of fire has brought government attention. Thus, as the housing reforming program had been pushed for years, now the district are going through a huge transformation in the coming years.

GEOGRAPHIC STUDY

LAOXIMEN 508-514

Residential •

Lilong housing

•

Mid-rise apartments

Commercial zone •

Stores & restaurants

•

Subway & bus station

Institutional zone •

Schools

•

Museums

Fundraiser Results by Salesperson POPULATION

DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY Fundraiser Results by Salesperson

Local

8,841,100

Migrant

7,875,100 208,300

International migrant

POPULATION

Working age

14,042,200 8,977,000

39%

1% 61%

Total population

47%

52%

Local Shanghainese Domestic migrants International migrants

Working-age population

With the help of subdivision administration offices, a nationwide population census carries out every decades for Chinese government to direct overall planning of the country. Large amount of data covers almost everything that reflected from population statues, such as agenda, migration, aging, education, and religion. Thus the data in two charts are focusing at the population ratio and aging issue of Shanghai from 2010 census. Comparing to Census in 2000, the overall registered population in Shanghai has grown from 16,737,734 to 23,019,148. Ever since Shanghai transforms into modernized city, the migrant has always been the dominant part of the residents, standing at `V of total in 2010. Among them, 47% of the working-age population (age 15-59 for man and 15-54 for woman) is migrant, making Shanghai a very dynamic city.

While the population explosion is not news to Shanghai anymore, the aging problem has been slowly fight the way back from negative to positive because of the flow of migrant family try to settle in Shanghai.

Looking at the data of age distribution in Shanghai, combine with the population chart, among the overall 23 millions younger population, 77% fall into the working-age group. The data suggested that the age group of 20-34, which will start to from new family is the dominant element of Shanghai population, helping to slow down the pace of the aging problem.

averaging 27.25 m2 per person has increased by 3.25 m2 from the last census. The data shows that younger generations now are tent to have a smaller cozy dwelling space to accommodate the economic and life needs. Although the ratio of young family having children has increased again due to the change of one child policy, most of the couples are still remain the statues of being DINKs -- double income no kids.

However, 47% of the population being migrants have also brought over their family settle in Shanghai, mainly elderly. Thus adding pressure onto the social welfare, especially medical care. The family size is also drastically changed since the third Fundraiser Results by Salesperson census in 1982, from 80% of the dwelling space houses 3.5 AGE persons in0-14 two generations down to 2.5 persons. With the 1,982,900 18,705,000 analysis of15-64 the dwelling units size transformation, which 2,331,300

65 ~

Age 0 - 14 Age 15 - 64 Age 65 ~

10%

Fundraiser Results by Salesperson

Age 20 - 34 POPULATION

20-34 Other age

4,220,300 4,756,700

Other age group

81% 53%

47%

Age distribution All data source from the government analysis paper.30

Light & Ventilation The integration of Chinese courtyard style with the Wester row housing, the shikumen lilong house in the light of the urbanization of China, provided essential living spaces and brought a collective community life style on the ground level. From a layout perspective, adapting to the need of higher density. The first floor is reserved for public spaces like a central hall while private bedrooms occupy the upper floors. The utility spaces like kitchen and bathroom are set apart from the main building by a light-well that allows more light and ventilation throughout the whole structure. Without the technology of air conditioning and heating, great sunlight exposure and ventilation helped residents to social outside and laundry drying. 46

3.2

PROBLEM DEFINITION

In this chapter, attempting to narrow down the target audience and design strategies that could be learned from the past and present project. Thus giving a basic analysis for the initial unit design. The difference between lilong housing and high-rise apartments is the transition of the Chinese social life. Despite the convenience of the technology making people less likely to come out and social, the hallway in between each neighbors are usually lack a sense of welcoming since it is the building core, and where the circulation of modern towers are rather shortened by the elevators because the travel distance back to home is in the elevators. Therefore, the thesis is to challenge the living condition in the high-rise, reiterating the social aspects to the illness of the modern dwelling condition.

Figure 24. Collage of the social life in old lilong.

3.2.1

•

URBAN ANALYSIS

Dwelling typologies •

Lilong

•

Med-rise apartment

•

High-rise apartment

Community structure •

Private & public nodes

•

Communal spaces

In this study, understanding the Shanghai housing typology over a century of transformation from tradition lilong to high-rise apartments. The focus of study is to evaluate how urbanization process has affected the use of architectural spaces and housing design, as the result of the changing environment and adaptation in urban lifestyle in regard to the population growth and economical development. The phenomenal growth in urban development yields an unprecedented change in the city’s physical outlook, social hierarchy and individual aspiration. Following with initial demographic study of a potential sites of the city, which has been the Shanghai housing reforming plan, and recent local news suggested that the new construction will soon mark another part of the old Shanghai to history. As the interests of the future housing typology study and concern of the lilong identity, the study will be the initial notion of understanding the issue.

Figure 25. 10 REASONS TO VISIT SHANGHAI. 2017. FOUR SEASONS. Accessed December 8. https://www.fourseasons.com/ shanghai/.

OLD SHIKUMEN LILONG

1870s-1910s

2nd floor

3-7 bays 2 ï¬&#x201A;oors 12 x 16 meters ~384 m2

G floor

1 Courtyard

4 Outdoor corridor / Light-well

2 Main room

5 Kitchen

3 Living room

6 Auxiliary room

OLD ERA Shikumen Lilong 52

Old type

The layout of old shikumen lilong plot generally included several rows of housing units and an periphery street facade for the commercial usage, all connected by the secondary lane for semi-private spaces and main lane for neighborhood activities. So much from the Chinese traditional philosophy, most of the lilong developments are base on north-south axis, which the units are all south facing, encouraging enough sunlight exposure and natural ventilation all year around. The internal courtyard being the transitional spaces from outside into the private living space, functioned as a gathering space for the family members, helped to mitigate the internal micro climate.

Stone gate Shikumen / Exterior wall Interior courtyard / Light well Commercial spaces/ shops Residential

Figure 26. Shikumen. 2014. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikumen.

NEW SHIKUMEN LILONG

1910s-1920s

2nd floor

G floor

3rd floor 1 Courtyard

4 Outdoor corridor / Light-well

2 Main room

5 Kitchen

3 Living room

6 Auxiliary room

1-2 bays 2 ï¬&#x201A;oors 8 x 12 meters ~192 m2

LATE PERIOD Shikumen Lilong 54

New type

With the success of urbanization in Shanghai, attracted not only the business but also the bloom of the population. Therefore, the transformation of the new typology was aim to maximize the use of space, both for the internal living spaces and the neighborhood organization to allocate higher density in smaller area. Although the over-congestion lowered the quality of dwelling spaces and shortage of the maintenance, the particular style has become the most dominant one that housed millions residents over years till today. The main changes made to the unit design was reducing the structure of multi-bays to mainly 2 bays. While increasing the height to meet the condensed horizontal spaces. Thus, giving a vertical layout as the new strategy, where the ground level is mainly social spaces and upper floor function as the most private areas.

Stone gate Shikumen / Exterior wall Outdoor courtyard / Light well Communal commercial spaces/ shops Residential

Figure 27. The Siwen Li. 2013. Tuchong. https://jiangcw.tuchong.com/4416765/.

NEW STYLE LILONG

1910s-1940s

6 5

2 2nd floor

G foor

3rd floor 1 Courtyard

4 Outdoor corridor / Light-well

2 Main room

5 Kitchen

3 Living room

6 Auxiliary room

1 bay 2 ï¬&#x201A;oors 4 x 12 meters ~96 m2

NEW AGE New style-lilong 56

New type

Later the new style of lilong became more flexible in interior variations in response to more modern facilities, such as heating, electricity, gas and sanitary system. Combining with the later shikumen lilong, together both exhibited the historical urban fabric of old shanghai today. Despite the improvement made in facilities, the daily communal activities were still remained in lanes between buildings, considered a joyful style to share spaces and interact. Most of the side lanes were also widened for the accessibility of motorbikes and cars.

Stone gate Shikumen / Exterior wall Outdoor courtyard / Light well Communal commercial spaces/ shops Residential

Figure 28. Jianye Li Capella hotel. 2017. Sohu. http://www.sohu.com/a/192658996_676518.

Mid-rise apartment 57

HIGH-RISE APARTMENT

1910s-1940s

Each unit: 80~100 m2 FAR: 2.0 Floors: 20~30

2 1

1 Hall way 2 2 bedrooms unit 3 3 bedrooms unit

MODERN High-rise apartment 58

Until the middle of the 20th century, the rectangle courtyard is an important compound of traditional Chinese housing. Acting as a boundary for daily life activities, situated in-between walls and buildings that shaped collective ways of living. Even the lane format has slowly being replaced by hardscapes connect each residential tower, the sense of courtyard is implemented in the landscapes as a whole building complex development. Following with the 30 years of economic reforming purposed by Deng Xiaoping, now Shanghai showcases of China's leap forward to the international style, whose city is designed to be grand but identical. This format is erasing the fields that once defines city, which experiences at the street level are disconnected, illegible and disorienting. The success of Shanghai has also spread negative effect to 2nd or 3rd tier cities, where they see skyscrapers are the solution to the stimulation of the economic and political power.

Exterior community wall Outdoor spaces Communal commercial spaces/ shops Housing apartments

Figure 29. Jin, Zhu. 2009. Mingri Xingcheng. Panoramio. http://www.panoramio.com/photo/26621904.

3.2.2

PRECEDENTS STUDY

The lilong housing was the architecture integration between the local vernacular and foreign aesthetic, in which the idea of traditional European row houses emerged into the form of Chinese community culture. The essence of the typology not only deeply rooted in the urban fabric, but the commodity transition from self-planned courtyard housing to unified collective mass zoning development. The particular relationship between neighborhood may have reduced due to the high-rise development in modern age, but it has never lost as a strong socio aspect of the Chinese culture.

The precedents studies are aiming to have an boarder image in other cultures and forms of the residential typologies that the characteristics of lilong housing being presented. Therefore, looking through different cases will help to design a potential solution to form a non-stacking floor oriented apartment typology. Essentially, since the traditional lilong had moved on to the modern apartments, accommodating the needs of cultural assets. Perhaps, it is time to make change again for a new form of dwelling spaces.

Figure 30. Wang, Gang Feng. 2017. PHOTOGRAPHING OLD SHANGHAI. Four Seasons Magazine. Accessed December 8. https://www. fourseasons.com/magazine/discover/shanghai-attractions.

•

Precedents study •

Private & Public connection

•

Ground level community

•

Mix-use programs

•

Population congestion

•

Elevated public spaces

HOUSE N •

Architect •

•

Location •

•

Sou Fujimoto

Oita, Japan

Land use •

•

Key strategies •

Blurring the line between public and pri-

vate •

Transformation from street scale to hu-

man scale

Residential

Figure 31. Baan, Iwan. 2017. House N, Oita Japan – Sou Fujimoto. Iwan Baan. Accessed December 8. http://iwan.com/ portfolio/house-n-sou-fujimoto/.

Figure 32. Baan, Iwan. 2017. House N, Oita Japan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sou Fujimoto. Iwan Baan. Accessed December 8. http://iwan.com/ portfolio/house-n-sou-fujimoto/.

Analysis: The house for a couple and their pet dog, designed by Sou Fujimoto, is unique in a way that challenge the boundary between private and public. The housing essentially contains three layers of box-shaped building skin, where each layer defines a semi-open spaces between the street to the most private living unit. The project is an attempt to achieve an ideal design intent for the relationship between public and private. Sou Fujimoto is make an architecture that is not about space nor about form, but simply about expressing the spatial quality of what is between houses and streets. 63

QUINTA MONROY •

Architect •

•

Location •

•

Alejandro Aravena

•

Key strategies •

Self-evolving social housing

•

Community courtyard

Tarapacá, Chile

Land use •

Residential

Figure 33. BUSTA, HALLIE. 2016. Quinta Monroy Housing. Image. http://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/ quinta-monroy-housing_o.

Figure 34. BUSTA, HALLIE. 2016. Quinta Monroy Housing. Image. http://www. architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/quinta-monroy-housing_o.

Analysis: This social housing project designed by the 2016 Pritzker Prize recipient, Alejandro Aravena. Referring to Mr. Pritzker comments on the architect, he as one of the pioneers to produces powerful design that challenge the architectural purpose in 21th century. His works exhibit a notion of social concern ,providing welcoming public and desirable private spaces for the less privilege group of the society.

that forms between the units, is the what makes the project a strong force in dealing with the social issue.

The project is essentially the social housing that given a "half of a good house" to the people that could not afford. Since the self-evolving element that involves residents, the effort to maintenance will also become more important to themselves. A sense of community within the courtyard 65

SONGPA MICRO HOUSING •

Architect •

•

Location •

•

SsD

Seoul, South Korea

Land use •

•

Key strategies •

Modular micro living spaces for the con-

gested urban population •

Self-evolving programs contributes to the

community life

Residential

Figure 35. Songpa Micro Housing / SsD. 2014. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/576302/songpa-micro-housing-ssd.

Figure 36. Songpa Micro Housing / SsD. 2014. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/576302/songpa-micro-housing-ssd.

Analysis: The project in dealing with the rising problem of land value & housing price in big city, especially to the younger generations. The use of micro housing being the solutions to the over-congested city has been slowly degraded to just like other provisional public housing provided by government. Thus, by working with maximum FAR and zoning envelopes, architect Ssd purposed a typology that extends the limits of the unit to also include semiâ&#x20AC;?public circulation and activities to enrich the community.

programs make the building a self-evolving environment , which essentially extend the life-circle of whole community.

14 unit blocks could either be used as individual studio or as the intimate spaces for young couples, as well as other flexible public institutional programs like galleries or work shops. The unique "sustainable" way of exhibits the 67

XINTIANDI •

Architect •

•

Location •

•

Benjamin T. Wood

•

Key strategies •

National preservation site

•

Urban park & cultural center

Huangpu District, Shanghai

Land use •

Commercial (shops & restaurants)

•

Institutional (museums & gallery)

Figure 37. Rose, Elliott. 2017. The Langham Shanghai Xintiandi . Magchild. Accessed December 8. http://magchild.com/2015/hotels/ the-langham-shanghai-xintiandi.

Figure 38. KPF. 2017. The Langham & Andaz Xintiandi. Image. Accessed December 8. https://www.kpf.com/projects/the-langham-andaz-xintiandi.

Analysis: Taking the aesthetic of the lilong neighborhood, Xintiandi successfully preserved the traditional housing, and transformed into a social - commercial space. Using the notion of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Longâ&#x20AC;? - Lane spaces in lilong neighborhood as the main concept of project, proposed by architect Ben Wood. To encourage gathering and socializing, the project anchors the possibility to redevelop old typology to the other parts of the city, that is also in the need of preserving the historical fabric.

Although the project no longer speaks of the original terms as dwelling spaces, the commercial usage evoked a better maintenance of the particular urban texture. Xintiandi is no other than the place for tourist and youngsters, while attracting the business, bringing new energy to the old neighborhood, it is educating and exhibiting the beautiful history of Shanghai to the world.

STAR APARTMENTS •

Architect •

•

Michael Maltzan Architecture

•

Key strategies •

Community services

Location

•

Affordable housing

•

Materiality

Los Angeles, California

Land use •

Affordable Housing

•

Social Services Counseling

Figure 39. STAR APARTMENTS. 2017. Michael Maltzan Architecture. Accessed December 8. http://www.mmaltzan.com/projects/ star-apartments/.

Analysis: The transformation from a formal commercial building into a mix-used housing complex with 102 affordable units. The architect Michael Maltzanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s practice flipped the argument of the affordable housing has no sense of design and beauty. By having services and health programs for the greater community, the building not only succeed as providing dwelling necessity for the low-middle class tenants, but also contributed and united the community as whole.

sustainability. The project to extent challenging the developers and real estates nowadays, is expressing that the importance of the urban context and sense of the community as the main driven point. In other words, it is the perfect example for changing the life in stacking towers.

With the integration of unique building programs fulfill a self-utilizing community, the building is the first in LA that built entirely for the group of formerly homeless family and individuals. Localizing materiality and simple structure of the building also helped to maintain the â&#x20AC;&#x153;ambitiousâ&#x20AC;? goal of

Figure 40. STAR APARTMENTS. 2017. Michael Maltzan Architecture. Accessed December 8. http://www.mmaltzan.com/projects/ star-apartments/.

THE WATERHOUSE •

Architect •

•

Location •

•

Neri & Hu Design and Research Office

•

Key strategies •

Historical preservation

•

Vernacular re-use

Huangpu District, Shanghai

Land use •

Luxury hotel

Figure 41. Pegenaute, Pedro. 2010. The Waterhouse at South Bund / Neri & Hu Design and Research Office. Pedropegenaute. http://www.pedropegenaute.es/2010/hotel-waterhouse-shanghai/.

Figure 42. Pegenaute, Pedro. 2010. The Waterhouse at South Bund / Neri & Hu Design and Research Office. Pedropegenaute. http:// www.pedropegenaute.es/2010/hotel-waterhouse-shanghai/.

Analysis: The project is a four-story boutique hotel built into a formal Japanese Army headquarters building. The boutique hotel faces the Huangpu River, looking through the windows at the Pudong skyline. The concept of the renovation project by the architect Neri&Hu expresses the niotion of the contrast between old and new. The original concrete being restored while new additions built on top of the existing structure, reflecting the industrial era of the Shanghai history. The idea of using existing structure and texture to enhance the urban context of the new development should be embedded in the question of the modern urbanization. The rich vernacular history is the soul of the city.

THE INTERLACE •

Architect •

•

Location •

•

OMA, Ole Scheeren

•

Key strategies •

Sustainable design

•

Natural & privacy integration

Singapore

Land use •

Luxury Housing

•

Landscape & community services

Figure 43. Baan, Iwan . 2013. The Interlace / OMA / Ole Scheeren. Iwan Baan. http://iwan.com/portfolio/interlace-singapore/.

Figure 44. Baan, Iwan . 2013. The Interlace / OMA / Ole Scheeren. Iwan Baan. http://iwan.com/portfolio/interlace-singapore/.

Analysis: The idea of the roof top garden is not nearly a new idea of

6 stories tall. Purposing the community spaces with land-

the urbanism in the realm of residential projects, but the Interlace designed by Ole Scheeren is not only about the private landscapes for the dwellers but an answer to both the population congestion and sense of community scale. Unlike the traditional housing towers, the project challenge the notion of the communal/natural spaces in those complexes. The interlace embodies Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land limitation and economic requirements, as 60% or more of the residents are middle-class, with the landscapes open to public.

scape on top of each blocks, those are the places where most of the tenets would love to social when there is good weather.

Breaking away from the traditional image of common spaces connected by the center core and hallways in the tower, the Interlace dilute the verticality to 31 resident blocks, each 75

3.3

INITIAL DESIGN PROCESS

Through a series of analysis and precedents study, focusing at few characteristics of how dwelling condition and living style could be achieved through different approaches instead of the repetitive high-rise apartments. Therefore, given the site where there will be high-rise complex projects purposed by the developer, the potential of the old traditional housing zone could spark another life in the modern age. This chapter is the initial idea of the thesis design process, enrich with the analysis in site analysis and surveys of the local residents will be executed.

3.3.1

UNIT STUDY

Site section

COMMUNITY LAYOUT The transformation of the public spaces in the neighborhood has also changed with the housing typologies over the century. The life in between lanes in lilong has slowly disappeared when more people are moving into a vertical life style of high-rise apartments. While most of their apartments complex have beautiful gardens under the towers, the problem is that less people are interested to come out as many more technologies and services are more convenient in the high-rises. Without diminishing the advantage of technologies had brought many good things, the argument is to the necessary of the dwelling life in the high-rise apartments. In that sense, could the typology be challenged in a way that brings back some of the characteristics of the old style community. On the other hand, the housing market study shows that with the land value skyrocketing in Shanghai, the more popular housing type for the younger families and migrants are in fact the smaller apartments around 60-80 m2, which is equivalent to 645-861 ft2.31

Transformation of the neighborhood size & Open spaces â&#x20AC;˘

The size of open public spaces has widened, yet less people are using the spaces.

Community open spaces

Transformation of the units occupation ratio â&#x20AC;˘

Three of the purposed "10x10" unit cubes could house the same amount of the families in a floor of high-rise

UNIT PROGRAM LAYOUT

Gathering space Private meeting space Living spaces Circulation Utility Community

Transition from horizontal unit to vertical, change the traditional means of life style and circulation. The program experiences divides themselves with distinct line between public and private connected by a internal connection. However, the gap between neighbors is no longer being the hallway of the high-rise building core but more in fact horizontal since the public spaces are connected on the lower level. The programs could also be freely rearranged to accommodates the life style, but the utility spaces are throughout the units for convenience.

10 m

The access to each units are the elevators the reach the top the units. Thus, challenging the ways of how traditional housing units' function that the internal circulation is top down, given higher view and easy access to the public or meeting spaces in each unit. Bigger opening for the natural light into the space would enhance the experience of the living spaces. Since the horizontal spaces would be smaller than before, the function of each spaces are more important to the private scale.

Social & living space

living spaces & others

Main circulation

Utility spaces

The height of each space that within the total height of 10m has not change from the traditional sense, but giving big openings to the spaces not only introduce natural lighting to warm up the feeling of the living spaces without physically increase the height, but also making a passive system that saves energy which it is the key elements of the traditional lilong housing.

CHAPTER

DESIGN OUTCOME 1.

Housing typology •

Current typology

•

Vertical form

•

Horizontal form

Urban transformation •

Existing site elements

•

Cross sites connection

•

Programmatic connection

4.1

HOUSING TYPOLOGY

Housing Capability Floor to Floor Height Square Footage

100 to 120 people, 1 to 2 families per unit 3 to 3.6 meters, roughly 10 to 12 feet Units range from 80 to 100 m2

Housing Capability Floor to Floor Height Square Footage

Up to 10 people, 3 to 4 families per unit 6 meters (20 feet) in common area, 4 meters (13 feet) in living area Units range from 20 to 30 m2, total up to 200 m2

Giving the drastic difference between high-rises apartments and lilong houses, both typologies have served well under the pressure of accommodating the population growth. There is no doubt that the high-rise is going to be the solution to solve Shanghai growing population marching towards 30 million in 2030. The following analysis is aiming to re-define the tower form in order to invoke more than just stacking housing units.

Figure 45. On the edge of the proposing site, looking at the harmony existence of the high-rises & lilong. Self resource.

CURRENT TYPOLOGY

Under the pressure of population, the housing towers had no choice but to stack up in order to fit fast growing city. The downside of such form very much reflects on the elder and younger generation, the communication between neighborhoods is a rare thing to happen. None the less, elevator corridor being the only public spaces is not very welcoming and lighted.

TERRACING FORM

Shifting around the corners of the housing towers to increasing the elevator corridor space, help to invoke more social interaction and activities. Allowing the public space remain as the elevator corridor is not really the ideal situation, in fact the relationships and connection through different elevations has not improved, but introducing more natural light and exposed area to neighborhoods are the intent.

SCATTERED FORM

The grouped blocks contains several floors of units, increasing 3 other corners units size and leave another corner being the transition public spaces on each floor could help the social activities happens within blocks yet doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel too far apart.

HORIZONTAL FORM

If the elevator corridor is not the ideal place to social, turning vertical tower to horizontal organization creates opportunity for the elevator corridors to form a bridging connection, which later integrate with other interventions that will suggests a better connection around the building complex and site.

4.2

URBAN CONNECTION

CURRENT SITE CONDITION

The site located between two major intersections, yet the only connection to the site being a single sky bridge. Thus, this framing aim to improve the site urban connection, a better circulation is always beneficial and important to a raw site, where things hasn't been fixed up and properly under management for over a century.

PROPOSING NEW PATH | NEW "LI"

The strategy is to introduce new path into the site, following with the existing circulation grids to form a better connection. The new paths could be seen as the new Li, as Li is the major circulation path in the community, which provides the access from outside and a clear direction. The new paths also creates the layers of programmatic hierarchy, it opens up more gathering spaces for public programs to fit in.

OLD & NEW STRUCTURES | NEW "LONG"

Housing towers Renovated houses

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Figure 46. On the edge of the proposing site, looking at the harmony existence of the high-rises & lilong. Self resource.

This strategy of mixing renovation and intervention is to bring back the vernacular elements like the local market. Due to the housing reforming plan and lack of management, the market had caused congestion and stacking trash, which worried local government. Although they had no choice but to shut down the organization, the market were one of the unique places that welcome social communication. Because it was entirely run by the local residents, the price and easy-access made its radius of benefits could serve the surrounding areas even across the major traffic lanes.

few of the existing houses are going to be preserved and renovated to house the new market, along with a new structure at the front that expands the total area for the market but also could provide seatings or other amenities.

The design move is trying to express the modernization while understanding such culture influences. Therefore, 101

INFRASTRUCTURE CONNECTION | NEW "SKYBRIDGE" ARCADE

Glass arcade | Mall walkway New skybridge Open landscape

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Figure 47. "Shanghai Pudong". 2018. 500Px.Com. https://500px.com/photo/9414001/shanghai-pudong-by-giovanny-parra.

Shanghai has a rich history of pedestrian bridges back in late 20 century. For many local Shanghainese, sky-bridges are not only the transportation facilities to solve the pedestrian circulation problem caused by the heavy traffic. They are more to many of the older generations, who had experienced and treated them like public park if there wasn't any open public spaces around their home. With the city's new urban planning reshaped the streets and infrastructures, sky-bridges are slowly removed or re-purposed, but it has become a witness to the continuous improvement of Shanghai's urbanization.

In the light of reflecting the history of sky-bridge as infrastructure, the existing pedestrian bridge is a good opportunity to introduce and extend it into the site. Thus form a connection not just adding the circulation flow to the housing complex, but also bridge over to the other sides of the site, which benefits the local market proposal in the future.

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4.3

104

PERSPECTIVES

SKYBRIDGE CONNECTION

LOCAL MARKET

+ Open landscape

+ Arcade mall

+ Elderly care

+ Renovated old buildings

TERRACE PLATFORMS

HOUINSG TOWERS

+ Scale down

+ Equal & more units

+ Escalator connected

+ Extensive view

+ Elevated hardscape

+ Maxizing sunlight cover

+ Public accessible

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HOUSING TOWER II

+ Tower II houses 100 families

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HOUSING UNITS & CITY SIDE VIEW

+ Hierarchy of building form

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CITY SIDE VIEW

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+ Unit plan | Napkin sketches

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HOUSING "BOXES" & ELEVATOR LAYOUT

+ Elevated platforms break down the scale of the building

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NEW SKY-BRIDGE & ARCADE MALL CONNECTION

+ Opens up public accesses & open spaces

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HOUSING TOWER I & ELEVATED PUBLIC PLATFORM

+ Public access decentralize the exclusiveness of the platform

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SKYBRIDGE CONNECTION

LOCAL MARKET

+ Open landscape

+ Arcade mall

+ Elderly care

+ Renovated old buildings

PROJECT SECTION

TERRACE PLATFORMS

HOUINSG TOWERS

+ Scale down

+ Equal & more units

+ Escalator connected

+ Extensive view

+ Elevated hardscape

+ Maxizing sunlight cover

+ Public accessible

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4.4

CRITICAL REFLECTION

This thesis presents an insight into the changes of the modern Shanghai housing typology design because of shifts in urban structure and social lifestyle, which is evident from the urgent issues raise from the growing population and the urban renewal planning in Shanghai . Such changes, according to the study, have nullified the importance role placed on spatial and environmental standards, and for housing planning, because of a mismatch between user experience and developer replicated towers. First part of research pinpoints the background history and personal relation to better understand the design intent and site condition. Although there is currently no formal design project that could be used to provide useful standards to the thesis. From a theoretical point of view, this thesis might be interpreted as an ideal situation and set preference for a programmatic-based design paradigm that takes into account the residents survey instead of the traditional design paradigm based on regulation and performance requirements. As shown, the initial design approach mainly based on housing design in relation to the traditional typology, the study is a attempt to emerge the social patterns and the program needs in behavior to reveal the potential of mixed-use apartments, and its impact on future city planning. Although The initial study was too narrow visioned, the idea of the unit design could be the attempt to challenge the urbanization in the building scale without taking account of the urban analysis. The further design framing carried out after the site visit. According to urbanist Jane Jacobs, local streets are the cradle of a functioning urban place. As shown, the design approach based on the site circulation and existing vernacular elements like the local markets, sky-bridge. Although It might insufficient to cope with the demands of housing units, the idea is to invoke an alternative design to benefit the residents and the community. The design processes are emerging from the site instead of the traditional developer brings rapid economic developments.

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The goal of this thesis is to challenge the traditional developments, it is almost asking to be a life long study that will be carried into future practice. The design intent is not about how the typology should be modified to fit in the traditional way of living in a high rise, but rather challenge to the fundamental elements of the dwelling spaces, from the building programs to the site access. Such vision is also trying to help one to understand the urban changes that is happening in Shanghai, raises the concern and the recognition of the particular topics - the preservation and modification in the historical urban fabric - lilong housings. Leading to rethink the modern urban housing lies in the neighborhood concept as well as the functionality based on requirements of the modern lifestyle. In conclusion, the thesis compliments a better community connection throughout the project. In fact, despite the grandiosity of the adjective â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;global,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; human beings best experience a city on foot. Thus, walk-ability of a circulation juxtaposed with lively local market becomes the most memorable impression of residents and tourists alike. Shanghai being the biggest and modernest city in China has full of active local streets, which are the critical ingredients in a cultural ecosystem. Lastly, for a city to be modernized and diverse, it needs to be unafraid to change and challenge to the traditional developments. In a way, the paradox of urbanization is how a place becomes global because of its uniqueness. Lilong, the unique elements only to be found in Shanghai, is the key to make the global city to stand out as a special one, along with those mega-structure to form a beautiful skyline.

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ENDNOTES 1

Zhao, Chunlan. 2004. “From shikumen to new-Style: a rereading of lilong housing in modern Shanghai.” The Journal of Architec-

ture 9 (1): 49–76. doi:10.1080/1360236042000197853, 53. 2

Dong, Stella. 2001. Shanghai: the rise and fall of a decadent city. 22.

Dong, Stella. 23.

Dong, Stella. 24.

Zhao, Chunlan. 54.

Zhao, Chunlan. 50.

Rowe, Peter G. 1995. Modernity and housing. Cambridge: MIT Press, 47.

Hartog, Harry den. 2010. Shanghai new towns: searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis. Rotterdam: 010

Publ, 14-20. 9

Zhao, Chunlan. 57.

Zhao, Chunlan. 62.

Arkaraprasertkul, Non. 2009. “Towards modern urban housing: redefining Shanghai’s lilong,” Journal of Urbanism: International

Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 2:1, 11-29, DOI: 10.1080/17549170902833816, 19. 12

Zhao, Chunlan. 72.

Lynch, Kevin. 2001. Good city form. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 248-249.

Fixler, David N. “Is It Real and Does It Matter? Rethinking Authenticity and Preservation”. Journal of The Society of Architectural

Historians no. 1: 11-13. 15

De Botton, Alain. The architecture of happiness. New York: Vintage books, 2008, 10.

“Shikumen.” 2017. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%BA%93%E9

%97%A8#cite_ref-.E7.BD.91.E6.98.93_9-1. 17

Morris, Louise D. 1994. “Community or Commodity?: A Study of Lilong Housing in Shanghai.” Retrospective Theses and Disser-

tations, 1919-2007. T. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0099132, 20. 18

Arkaraprasertkul, Non. 2016. “Gentrification from within: urban social change as anthropological process.” Asian Anthropology 15

(1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/1683478x.2016.1158227, 7. 19

Jacobs, Jane. 1964. The death and life of great American cities. London: Pelican, 241.

Iovine, Julie V. 2006. “Our Man in Shanghai: Ben Wood Takes On History.” The New York Times. The New York Times. August 12.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/arts/design/13iovi.html. 21

Corbusier, Le, and Frederick Etchells. 1929. The city of tomorrow and its planning. London: John Rocker.

Koolhaas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1998. S, M, L, XL. New York: Monacelli Press, 362.

Dürrschmidt, Jörg. 2000. Everyday lives in the global city the delinking of locale and milieu. London: Routledge, 16-17.

K. Michael Hays, “Critical Architecture: Between Culture and Form,” Perspecta (1984), 15.

Koolhaas, Rem. 1994. Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 151.

118

“Shanghai population (2017) - DATA AND INFORMATION.” 2017. Country Digest. January 6. https://countrydigest.org/shang-

hai-population/. 27

Lau, Stephen S Y, Li Fuk Ming, Baharuddin, Guo Fei, and Song De Xuan. 2006. “Socio-Cultural factors in housing design: Recon-

sidering the utilitarian and social roles of kitchens due to lifestyle changes in metropolitan Shanghai.” Journal of Building Appraisal 2 (3): 223–39. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jba.2950042, 224. 28

Qin, Jize. 2005. “ Shanghai chosen most livable city.” Shanghai chosen most livable city. China Daily. March 28. http://www.china-

daily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-03/28/content_428857.htm. 29

Wang, Jianfen. 2017. “Chengdu rated most livable city.” Chengdu rated most livable city - China - Chinadaily.Com.cn. Accessed De-

cember 2. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-06/19/content_17599234.htm. 30

“The analysis of 6th census in Shanghai .” 2017. Dong Fang net. Accessed December 8. http://sh.eastday.com/sdch-h/human/in-

dex.html. 31

“Shanghai housing market analysis.” 2017. Jiefang Daily news. Accessed December 8. http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n5/

u1ai533095_t71.html.

119

BIBLIOGRAPHY + Arkaraprasertkul, Non. 2009. “Towards modern urban housing: redefining Shanghai’s lilong,”

Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 2:1, 11-29,

DOI: 10.1080/17549170902833816. + Arkaraprasertkul, Non. 2016. “Gentrification from within: urban social change as anthropological process.” Asian

Anthropology 15 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/1683478x.2016.1158227.

+ Corbusier, Le, and Frederick Etchells. 1929. The city of tomorrow and its planning. London: John Rocker. + De Botton, Alain. The architecture of happiness. New York: Vintage books, 2008. + Dürrschmidt, Jörg. 2000. Everyday lives in the global city the delinking of locale and milieu. London: Routledge. + Fixler, David N. “Is It Real and Does It Matter? Rethinking Authenticity and Preservation”. Journal of The Society

of Architectural Historians no. 1.

+ Hartog, Harry den. 2010. Shanghai new towns: searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis. Rotterdam: 010 Publ. + Iovine, Julie V. 2006. “Our Man in Shanghai: Ben Wood Takes On History.” The New York Times. The New York Times. August 12. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/arts/design/13iovi.html. + Jacobs, Jane. 1964. The death and life of great American cities. London: Pelican. + K. Michael Hays, “Critical Architecture: Between Culture and Form,” Perspecta (1984): + Koolhaas, Rem. 1994. Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. + Lynch, Kevin. 2001. Good city form. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. + Morris, Louise D. 1994. “Community or Commodity?: A Study of Lilong Housing in Shanghai.” Retrospective

Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007. T. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0099132

+ Qin, Jize. 2005. “ Shanghai chosen most livable city.” Shanghai chosen most livable city. China Daily. March 28. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-03/28/content_428857.htm. + Koolhaas, Rem, and Bruce Mau. 1998. S, M, L, XL. New York: Monacelli Press. + Rowe, Peter G. 1995. Modernity and housing. Cambridge: MIT Press. + “Shanghai housing market analysis.” 2017. Jiefang Daily news. Accessed December 8. http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n5/u1ai533095_t71.html. + “Shanghai population (2017) - DATA AND INFORMATION.” 2017. Country Digest. January 6. https://countrydigest.org/shanghai-population/. + “Shikumen.” 2017. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%BA%93%E9%97%A8#cite_ref-.E7.BD.91.E6.98.93_9-1.

+ “The analysis of 6th census in Shanghai .” 2017. Dong Fang net. Accessed December 8. http://sh.eastday.com/sdch-h/human/index.html.

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+ Wang, Jianfen. 2017. “Chengdu rated most livable city.” Chengdu rated most livable city - China - Chinadaily.Com.cn. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-06/19/content_17599234.htm. + Zhan, QianHui. 2017. “Shanghai sees increasing aging population in 2015.” Chinadaily.Com.cn. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-03/31/content_24197357.htm. + Zhao, Chunlan. 2004. “From shikumen to new-Style: a rereading of lilong housing in modern Shanghai.”

The Journal of Architecture 9 (1): 49–76. doi:10.1080/1360236042000197853.

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