Lecture 1

History of Architecture 1 A R 2 3 1 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department

Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

L e c t u r e 1

History of Architecture I

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION NEED FOR LEARNING HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

• We need to learn History so that we can project thoughts in the future.

 The study of History would help the architect of tomorrow to foresee the future in wider sense.

 Enjoy the beauty of historic buildings

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION NEED FOR LEARNING HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Petronas Twin Towers History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION NEED FOR LEARNING HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

The Reichstag building with its glass dome.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION NEED FOR LEARNING HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION NEED FOR LEARNING HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Façade cathedral Florence History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

HISTORY of ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

‫الطابع المعماري‬

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬ Architecture as a product of Culture, History, Science, Technology, Economics, Society, Religion, and State

A R C H I T E C T U R E History of

INFLUENCES Natural influences

Geographical Geological Climate

Manmade influences

Religion Social and Political Historical

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Homers

Locations of the Iliad and Odyssey

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion Historical

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion Historical

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical

Geological Climate Religion Historical

The mainland and islands of Greece are rocky, with deeply indented coastline, and rugged mountain ranges with few substantial forests. The most freely available building material is stone. Limestone was readily available and easily worked. There is an abundance of high quality white marble both on the mainland and islands, particularly Paros and Naxos. This finely grained material was a major contributing factor to precision of detail, both architectural and sculptural, that adorned Ancient Greek architecture. Deposits of high quality potter's clay were found throughout Greece and the Islands, with major deposits near Athens. It was used not only for pottery vessels, but also roof tiles and architectural decoration

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological

Climate Religion Historical

The climate of Greece is maritime, with both the coldness of winter and the heat of summer tempered by sea breezes. This led to a lifestyle where many activities took place outdoors.

Hence temples were placed on hilltops, their exteriors designed as a visual focus of gatherings and processions, while theatres were often an enhancement of a naturally occurring sloping site where people could sit, rather than a containing structure. Colonnades encircling buildings, or surrounding courtyards provided shelter from the sun and from sudden winter storms

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate

Religion

The religion of Ancient Greece was a form of nature worship that grew out of the beliefs of earlier cultures. However, unlike earlier cultures, man was no longer perceived as being threatened by nature, but as its sublime product. The natural elements were personified as gods of completely human form, and very human behavior.

Social and Political Historical

Zeus' temple in Olimpia, frontone west, Apollo

Zeus

Athena Parthenos

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫‪GREEK ARCHITECTURE‬‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

‫‪INFLUENCES‬‬

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion

Historical

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion

Historical

History of

Historians divide Ancient Greek civilization into two eras, the Hellenic period (from around 900 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC), and the Hellenistic period (323 BC to 30 AD).[7] During the earlier (Hellenic) period, substantial works of architecture began to appear (around 600 BC). During the later (Hellenistic) period, Greek culture spread widely, initially as a result of Alexander's conquest of other lands, and later as a result of the rise of the Roman Empire, which adopted much of Greek culture.

Before the Hellenic era, two major cultures had dominated the region: the Minoan (c. 2800–1100 BC), and the Mycenaean (c.1500–1100 BC). Minoan is the name given by modern historians to the culture of the people of ancient Crete, known for its elaborate and richly decorated palaces, and for its pottery painted with floral and marine motifs. The Mycenaean culture, which flourished on the Peloponnesus, was quite different in character. Its people built citadels, fortifications and tombs rather than palaces, and decorated their pottery with bands of marching soldiers rather than octopus and seaweed.

Both these civilizations came to an end around 1100 BC, that of Crete possibly because of volcanic devastation, and that of Mycenae because of an invasion by the Dorian people who lived on the Greek mainland.[9] Following these events, there was a period from which few signs of culture remain. This period is thus often referred to as a Dark Age.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion

Historical

G R E E K C I V I L I Z AT I O N S GREEK BRONZE AGE

ANCIENT GREECE Archaic Architecture Hellenic (Classical Architecture) Hellenistic Architecture

Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization 2000 – 1400 BC

1400– 1200 BC

History of

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

800– 500 BC

500 – 330 BC

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

330 – 27 BC

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN CIVILIZATION

THE MYTH OF

THE AEGEAN SEA

Map of Greece and Greek Islands of the Aegean Sea History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE

AEGEAN CIVILIZATION Once upon a time, at the height of the Bronze Age, three successful civilization arose in what is today southern Greece.

Knossos palace

Lion gate

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE

Who found these?

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 –

Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE

Architectural Character

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE

Minoan (Island of Crete)

History of

Mycenaean(Greece)

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE -

Minoan (Island of Crete)

Mycenaean(Greece)

Knossos Palace - Palace of King Minos Description Location Timeline Brief Note

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE -

Minoan (Island of Crete)

Mycenaean(Greece)

Knossos Palace - Palace of King Minos Description Location

Knossos - Island of Crete

Timeline

1700 -1400 BCE

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

Restored interior view of the Hall of the Double Axes

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE -

Minoan (Island of Crete)

Mycenaean(Greece)

Knossos Palace Palace - PalaceofofKing KingMinos Minos

Reconstruction of the Queen's Hall

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

Interior of the Throne Room from the Antechamber

Reconstruction of the Throne Room

History of architecture I Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed