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Lecture 3: EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
History of Architecture 0 AR 130 Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental
Prof. Dr. Nevine Gharib
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES
Architecture as a product of Culture, History, Science, Technology, Economics, Society, Religion, and State
A R C H I T E C T U R E History of
INFLUENCES Natural influences
Geographical Geological
Climate
Manmade influences
Architecture & Technology
Religion Social and Political
Historical - AR 130 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
Menes “Narmer”
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land:
BLACK LAND was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used it for growing their crops. This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black silt was deposited there every year after the Nile flooded.
RED LAND was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated Egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies. They also provided the Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semiprecious stones.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
GODS AND GODDESSES The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land.
Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognise and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
GODS AND GODDESSES The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land.
Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognise and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly. Isis
Amun
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
GODS AND GODDESSES
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
Egyptian Life The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and in the country. They grew some of their own food and traded in the villages for the food and goods they could not produce
Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers, craftsmen. A small group of people were nobles. Together, these different groups of people made up the population of ancient Egypt.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL
GEOLOGICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE
RELIGION
SOCIAL
HISTORICAL
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
NATURAL INFLUENCES
Early Pre Dynastic Dynastic
2
3
5
HISTORICAL
New kingdom
378 BC
322 BC
30
28 29 27 404 BC
Late Period 3rd Intermediate Period
1284 YEAR
6
524 BC
26
23 24 25 666 BC
22 730 BC
950 BC
757 BC
21
20
19 1200 BC
1314 BC
18
15/16/17
2nd Interm ediate Period
650 YEAR
4
SOCIAL
New kingdom
1580 BC
13 14 1745 BC 1700 BC
12
11 1991 BC
1st Interm Middle ediate kingdom Period
770 YEAR
1
1785 BC
9/10 2020 BC
6 2230 BC
7/8
5 2120 BC
Old kingdom
2160 BC
4 2569 BC
2 2770 BC
1 2850 BC
3000 BC
dynasties
Dynastic
RELIGION
Middle kingdom
Old kingdom
3
Early
CLIMATE
1085 BC
GEOLOGICAL
2680 BC
GEOGRAPHICAL
MANMADE INFLUENCES
7
8
GreekoRoman
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C Dynasties 1,2 Early Dynastic Sites In Egypt
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C Dynasties 1,2
Menes “Narmer”
Types of buildings
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C Dynasties 1,2
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES FUNERARY
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
أمثلة المعابد والهياكل في العصر العتيق
هيكل آلهة الصعيد ”بيت الصعيد“
هيكل آلهة الشمال ”بيت الشمال“
معبد اإلله خنتي إمنتي
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
Temple of Khenti-Amentiu
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
المقابر البدائية
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
MASTABA The Mastaba was the standard type of tomb in pre-dynastic and early dynastic Egypt for both the pharaoh and the social elite.
FUNERARY
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
المقابر البدائية
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
Tombstone of king Djet at Abydos
1st dynasty limestone stela of king Djet with his name framed by the Royal serekh and surmounted by the horus falcon.
نصب أبيدوس Tombstone of king Djet at Abydos
Tombstone of king Djet at Abydos
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
A staircase leads from
the surface to a large room with a recess in the northwest wall. This is
just the sort of structure that is known as a serdab to Egyptologists and was
a common feature of Old Kingdom tombs. It was designed to hold the ka
statue of the pharaoh. Plan of the early dynastic Cemetery at Abydos
The Tomb of King Den at Abydos
)القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
King Den (Udimu) was one of Egypt's first Pharaohs of a unified ancient Egypt, ruling during the 1st Dynasty of Egypt's. His tomb not only provides space for his own burial, but also for those of many servants, who may have been sacrificed upon the king's death. If so, that was a practice not continued in later Dynasties.
The Tomb of King Den ((Udimu)) at Abydos
)القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
King Den (Udimu) was one of Egypt's first Pharaohs of a unified ancient Egypt, ruling during the 1st Dynasty of Egypt's. His tomb not only provides space for his own burial, but also for those of many servants, who may have been sacrificed upon the king's death. If so, that was a practice not continued in later Dynasties.
The Tomb of King Den ((Udimu)) at Abydos
)القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
The main, central chamber for the King was accessible from the east by a long, descending stairway in two sections. There were wooden doors midway down the staircase and at the chamber's entrance, which was also blocked by a portcullis (blocking stones).
The Tomb of King Den ((Udimu)) at Abydos
)القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES
CIVIL
RELIGIOUS
FUNERARY
The building was built in stages and buried well underground, 7 metres below the surface, in a huge trench— perhaps in imitation of the subterranean galleries at Saqqara. The storage capacity of Khasekhemwy’s tomb is far less than Hotepsekhemwy’s at Saqqara but there was more to the Abydos funerary monuments than just the tomb. About 1.5 km away to the north were a number of large mud brick structures belonging to the Early Dynastic rulers, their funerary enclosures.
Tomb of Khasekhemwy
History of architecture 0 Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed