Lecture 3 egyptian architecture

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Lecture 3: EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

History of Architecture 0 AR 130 Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental

Prof. Dr. Nevine Gharib

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

Architecture as a product of Culture, History, Science, Technology, Economics, Society, Religion, and State

A R C H I T E C T U R E History of

INFLUENCES Natural influences

Geographical Geological

Climate

Manmade influences

Architecture & Technology

Religion Social and Political

Historical - AR 130 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

Menes “Narmer”

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land:

BLACK LAND was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used it for growing their crops. This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black silt was deposited there every year after the Nile flooded.

RED LAND was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated Egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies. They also provided the Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semiprecious stones.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

GODS AND GODDESSES The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land.

Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognise and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

GODS AND GODDESSES The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land.

Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognise and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly.

Isis

Amun

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

GODS AND GODDESSES

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

Egyptian Life The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and in the country. They grew some of their own food and traded in the villages for the food and goods they could not produce

Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers, craftsmen. A small group of people were nobles. Together, these different groups of people made up the population of ancient Egypt.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL

GEOLOGICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES CLIMATE

RELIGION

SOCIAL

HISTORICAL

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

NATURAL INFLUENCES

Early Pre Dynastic Dynastic

2

3

5

HISTORICAL

New kingdom

378 BC

322 BC

30

28 29 27 404 BC

Late Period 3rd Intermediate Period

1284 YEAR

6

524 BC

26

23 24 25 666 BC

22 730 BC

950 BC

757 BC

21

20

19 1200 BC

1314 BC

18

15/16/17

2nd Interm ediate Period

650 YEAR

4

SOCIAL

New kingdom

1580 BC

13 14 1745 BC 1700 BC

12

11 1991 BC

1st Interm Middle ediate kingdom Period

770 YEAR

1

1785 BC

9/10 2020 BC

6 2230 BC

7/8

5 2120 BC

Old kingdom

2160 BC

4 2569 BC

2 2770 BC

1 2850 BC

3000 BC

dynasties

Dynastic

RELIGION

Middle kingdom

Old kingdom

3

Early

CLIMATE

1085 BC

GEOLOGICAL

2680 BC

GEOGRAPHICAL

MANMADE INFLUENCES

7

8

GreekoRoman

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C Dynasties 1,2 Early Dynastic Sites In Egypt

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C Dynasties 1,2

Menes “Narmer”

Types of buildings

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C Dynasties 1,2

‫‪HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY‬‬ ‫‪EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE‬‬

‫‪E A R LY D Y N A S T I C‬‬ ‫‪EXAMPLES‬‬ ‫‪FUNERARY‬‬

‫‪CIVIL‬‬

‫‪RELIGIOUS‬‬

‫أمثلة المعابد والهياكل في العصر العتيق‬

‫هيكل آلهة الصعيد‬ ‫”بيت الصعيد“‬

‫هيكل آلهة الشمال‬ ‫”بيت الشمال“‬

‫معبد اإلله خنتي‬ ‫إمنتي‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

Temple of Khenti-Amentiu

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

‫المقابر البدائية‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

MASTABA The Mastaba was the standard type of tomb in pre-dynastic and early dynastic Egypt for both the pharaoh and the social elite.

FUNERARY

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

‫المقابر البدائية‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

Tombstone of king Djet at Abydos

1st dynasty limestone stela of king Djet with his name framed by the Royal serekh and surmounted by the horus falcon.

‫نصب أبيدوس‬ Tombstone of king Djet at Abydos

Tombstone of king Djet at Abydos

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

A staircase leads from

the surface to a large room with a recess in the northwest wall. This is

just the sort of structure that is known as a serdab to Egyptologists and was

a common feature of Old Kingdom tombs. It was designed to hold the ka

statue of the pharaoh.

Plan of the early dynastic Cemetery at Abydos

The Tomb of King Den at Abydos

)‫القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

King Den (Udimu) was one of Egypt's first Pharaohs of a unified ancient Egypt, ruling during the 1st Dynasty of Egypt's. His tomb not only provides space for his own burial, but also for those of many servants, who may have been sacrificed upon the king's death. If so, that was a practice not continued in later Dynasties.

The Tomb of King Den ((Udimu)) at Abydos

)‫القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

King Den (Udimu) was one of Egypt's first Pharaohs of a unified ancient Egypt, ruling during the 1st Dynasty of Egypt's. His tomb not only provides space for his own burial, but also for those of many servants, who may have been sacrificed upon the king's death. If so, that was a practice not continued in later Dynasties.

The Tomb of King Den ((Udimu)) at Abydos

)‫القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

The main, central chamber for the King was accessible from the east by a long, descending stairway in two sections. There were wooden doors midway down the staircase and at the chamber's entrance, which was also blocked by a portcullis (blocking stones).

The Tomb of King Den ((Udimu)) at Abydos

)‫القبر الملكي (قبر الملك وديمو في أبيدوس‬

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

E A R LY D Y N A S T I C EXAMPLES

CIVIL

RELIGIOUS

FUNERARY

The building was built in stages and buried well underground, 7 metres below the surface, in a huge trench— perhaps in imitation of the subterranean galleries at Saqqara. The storage capacity of Khasekhemwy’s tomb is far less than Hotepsekhemwy’s at Saqqara but there was more to the Abydos funerary monuments than just the tomb. About 1.5 km away to the north were a number of large mud brick structures belonging to the Early Dynastic rulers, their funerary enclosures.

Tomb of Khasekhemwy

History of architecture 0 Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed