History of Architecture 2 A R 2 3 2 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department
H i s t o r y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e II Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed Arch. Mai Ghazi – Arch. Fiona Naaoum
L e c t u r e 4
CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE(324 – 1500 A.D.) المراحل الزمنية للعمارة المسيحية Early Christian Architecture
Byzantine Architecture
Gothic Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Early Christian Architecture 324 - 600
العمارة المسيحية المبكرة عمارة مسيحية غربية
Byzantine Architecture 324 - 900
عمارة مسيحية شرقية- العمارة البيزنطية Romanesque Architecture 900 -1150
عمارة الرومانيسك عمارة مسيحية غربية Gothic Architecture 1000 - 1500
عمارة مسيحية غربية0 العمارة القوطية
324
600
900
1000
1150
1500
Christian Architecture Time line History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 324 – 900 A.D
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
A R C H I T E C T U R E History of
INFLUENCES Natural influences
Geographical
Geological Climate
Manmade influences
Religion Social and Political Historical
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION Geographical Byzantium occupies the finest site in Europe, standing on two Geological
promontories at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmora and It was called “New Rome”.
Climate Religion Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION Geographical Geological
It occupies an important commercial site, standing at the intersection of two great highways of commerce –the black see into the Mediterranean, and the land high-road from Asia into Europe.
Climate Religion Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION Geographical
Geological Climate
Stone was the basic building material. Most of the stone and marble used in the new capital was brought from different quarries round the eastern Mediterranean.
Religion Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION Geographical
Owing to Constantinople being hotter than Rome, and to its Geological being further east, the Romans on settling there altered their method of building to suit the novel conditions due to climate Climate and their contact with Oriental arts. Religion Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION Constantine first made Christianity the state religion. The political division that came to pass between east and west Geological was followed by a separation of churches also. The iconoclastic movement during the eight and ninth centuries Climate was in force and ended in the admission of painted figures in the decoration of churches, but all sculptured statues were Religion excluded.
Geographical
Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION Geographical
Geological Climate
During the reign of Justinian (A.D. 527 -565) Italy was recovered to the Eastern Empire, accounting for the style of some of the building. The Byzantine style was carried on until Constantinople fell into the hands of Turks in A.D. 1453, when it became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Religion
Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify
the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church. The attributes of the ideal church included: The use of a centralized church plan;
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify
the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church. The attributes of the ideal church included: The use of a centralized church plan; The use of surrounding aisles;
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify
the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church. The attributes of the ideal church included: The use of a centralized church plan; The use of surrounding aisles; The use of pendantives and dome on
pendentives;
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify
the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church. The attributes of the ideal church included: The use of a centralized church plan; The use of surrounding aisles; The use of pendantives and dome on
pendentives; And the use of a complex program of interior structure, lighting and decoration to create fascinating interiors.
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE
الطراز البيزنطي
Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify
the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church. The attributes of the ideal church included: The use of a centralized church plan; The use of surrounding aisles; The use of pendantives and dome on
pendentives; And the use of a complex program of interior structure, lighting and decoration to create fascinating interiors.
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Domes and Domes on Pedentives The pendentive dome and the dome on pendentives provided the Byzantine architects with a unique way of adjusting the circular form of a dome roof to a square or polygonal plan.
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
History of
الطراز البيزنطي
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Domes and Domes on Pedentives The kind of domes included: Simple Dome Compound Dome
Dome on a Drum
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE
الطراز البيزنطي Domes and Domes on Pedentives
The kind of domes included: Simple Dome Compound Dome
Dome on a Drum
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Domes and Domes on Pedentives The kind of domes included: Simple Dome Compound Dome
Dome on a Drum
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Plans of Churches a great central square space covered with a dome, supported by means of pendentives.
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Plans of Churches On each side extend short arms, forming a Greek cross, which with the narthex and side
galleries make the plan nearly square. The narthex was placed within the main walls.
Greek Cross History of
Latin Cross
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
ARCHITECTURE الطراز البيزنطي
BYZANTINE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character Plans of Churches
النوع الثاني :صليب من الداخل ومن الخارج مربع – كنيسة أيا صوفيا
النوع الرابع :مثمن من الداخل ومن الخارج – كنيسة سان فيتال في إيطاليا
النوع السادس :على شكل البازليكا المغطاة بالقباب – كنيسة سان تيودور بالقسطنطينية
النوع األول :صليب من الداخل والخارج – كنيسة سان مارك بالبندقية
النوع الثالث :مثمن من الداخل ومن الخارج مربع – كنيسة سان سرجيوس بالقسطنطينية
النوع الخامس :مستدير من الداخل ومن الخارج –كنيسة سان جورج في اليونان
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
History of
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Plans of Churches The essential difference in plan between a Byzantine church and an Early Christian Basilican church are as follows: The leading idea in an Early Christian basilica is horizontal, by means of the of the long perspective of columns, which direct the eye towards the apsidal termination.
History of
The leading thought in a Byzantine church is vertical, by the grouping of domes round a principle central one, towards which the eye id drawn.
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE STYLE – Architectural Character
الطراز البيزنطي
Plans of Churches The essential difference in plan between a Byzantine church and an Early Christian Basilican church are as follows:
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
SS. Sergius and Bacchus Description Location Timeline Brief
Eastern Orthodox church "Little Hagia Sofia". Constantinople (Istanbul) 527– 536 A.D
This Byzantine building with a central dome plan was erected in the sixth century by Justinian.
Note
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
SS. Sergius and Bacchus Description Location Timeline Brief Note
History of
Eastern Orthodox church "Little Hagia Sofia". Constantinople (Istanbul) 527– 536 A.D
It has the shape of an octagon inscribed in an irregular quadrilateral. It is surmounted by a beautiful umbrella dome supported on eight polygonal pillars.
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
SS. Sergius and Bacchus Description Location Timeline
Eastern Orthodox church "Little Hagia Sofia". Constantinople (Istanbul) 527– 536 A.D
Brief
In front of the building there is a Note portico (which replaced the atrium)
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
SS. Sergius and Bacchus Description Location Timeline
Eastern Orthodox church "Little Hagia Sofia". Constantinople (Istanbul) 527– 536 A.D
Brief Note
Capital in the Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus. History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
SS. Sergius and Bacchus Description Location Timeline
Eastern Orthodox church "Little Hagia Sofia". Constantinople (Istanbul) 527– 536 A.D
Brief Note
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
SS. Sergius and Bacchus Description Location Timeline
Eastern Orthodox church "Little Hagia Sofia". Constantinople (Istanbul) 527– 536 A.D
Brief Note
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
S. Vitale Church Description
Western church
Location
Ravenna, Italy
Timeline
526– 547 A.D
Brief Note
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
S. Vitale Church Description
Western church
Location
Ravenna, Italy
Timeline Brief
526– 547 A.D
The apsidal chancel opens from the inner octagon, by a square by cutting through the outer aisle.
Note
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
S. Vitale Church Description
Western church
Location
Ravenna, Italy
Timeline Brief Note
History of
526– 547 A.D
The dome is composed of earthen pots and protected by a wooden roof, thus differing in construction from Roman examples.
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCThYuLrEc h–e As r c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r
الطراز البيزنطي
S. Vitale Church Description
Western church
Location
Ravenna, Italy
Timeline
526– 547 A.D
Brief Note
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi
Thank you for your Attention History of architecture II
History of
Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi