Lecture 7

History of Architecture 1 A R 2 3 1 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department

Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed Arch. Dina Abdel Rahman

L e c t u r e 7

History of Architecture I

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

History of

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Architecture as a product of Culture, History, Science, Technology, Economics, Society, Religion, and State

A R C H I T E C T U R E History of

INFLUENCES Natural influences

Geographical Geological Climate

Manmade influences

Religion Social and Political Historical

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion Historical

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical

Geological Climate Religion Historical

Sand Soil, Italy

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

Colossuses

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical

Geological Climate Religion Historical

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological

Climate Religion Historical

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate

Religion Historical

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion

Social and Political Historical

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

‫‪ROMAN ARCHITECTURE‬‬ ‫‪INFLUENCES‬‬

‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

‫‪Geographical‬‬

‫‪‬أسطورة نشأة روما‪.‬‬

‫• وفقا إلحدى األساطير‪ ،‬تأسست روما عام ‪ 753‬قبل الميالد على يد أخوين توأم‬

‫‪Geological‬‬ ‫‪Climate‬‬ ‫‪Religion‬‬ ‫‪Social and Political‬‬

‫‪Historical‬‬

‫روموس وريمولوس‬

‫‪Hannibal Barca‬‬

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬ ‫العوامل التي ساعدت على تكوين الحضارة والفن في تلك المنطقة‬

Geographical Geological Climate Religion Social and Political

Historical

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Roman Orders

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

The Roman Orders

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

‫‪ROMAN ARCHITECTURE‬‬ ‫‪Roman Orders‬‬

‫ظهر في هذا العهد طرازان جديدان هما ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬الطراز التو سكاني ‪Tuscan‬إنتسابا الى منطفة توسكانيا اإليطالية وهو طراز دوري روماني دون زخارف‪.‬‬

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

‫‪ROMAN ARCHITECTURE‬‬ ‫‪Roman Orders‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬الطراز المركب ‪ Composite‬نموذج طوره الرومان في‬ ‫حقبة متأخرة ‪ ،‬ويتألف تاجه في نصفه العلوي من الزخرفة‬ ‫األيونية ‪ ،‬و نصفه السفلي من الكورنثية ‪.‬‬

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC), commonly known as Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, and civil engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled De Architectura.

Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas – that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful.

Vitruvius

When perfecting this art of building, the Greeks invented the architectural orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. It gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body.

This led Vitruvius in defining his Vitruvia Man, as drawn later by Leonardo da Vinci: the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order).

Vitruvius

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE The origins of Roman architecture can be traced to the Etruscans, who migrated from Asia Minor to Italy in the 12th cent.

B.C. Their Roman name is the origin of the terms Tuscany.

Etruscan civilization map

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Description Location

Ancient Rome

Timeline

509 B.C.

Brief Note

History of

Was the most important Etruscan example.

It was nearly square on plan, with widely spaced columns and wooden architraves.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Description Location

Ancient Rome

Timeline

509 B.C.

Brief Note

History of

Was the most important Etruscan example.

Its cella was divided into three chambers containing statues of Jupiter, Minerva and Juno.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE

Mycenaean(Greece)

Civil Architecture

Arch’s, Cloaca Maxima Description

The great drain of Rome constructed to drain the valleys of Rome.

Location

Ancient Rome

Timeline

578 B.C.

Brief Note

it is probable that the oldest arch in Europe is that of this sewer.

Has semicircular arch of 11 feet span, in three rings of voussoirs.

Arch of Cloaca Maxima History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

REPUBLICAN & IMPERIAL PERIODS

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

REPUBLICAN & IMPERIAL PERIODS Religious Architecture – Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Fortuna Virilis Description

A typical Roman temple plan.

Location

Ancient Rome

Timeline

100 B.C.

Brief

Ionic. Pseudo –peripetral tetrastyla. Now the church of S. Maria Egiziaca.

Note

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرومانية القديمة‬

REPUBLICAN & IMPERIAL PERIODS Religious Architecture – Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, Rome Description

Corinthian. peripetral prostyle-hexastyle..

Location

Ancient Rome

Timeline

141 B.C.

Brief

Now the church of S. Lorenzo.

Note

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

History of architecture I Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed