Lecture 10

History of Architecture 2 A R 2 3 2 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department

H i s t o r y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e II Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

L e c t u r e

1 0

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE ‫المراحل الزمنية للعمارة المسيحية‬

Early Christian Architecture

Byzantine Architecture

Gothic Architecture

Romanesque Architecture

Early Christian Architecture 324 - 600

‫العمارة المسيحية المبكرة‬ ‫عمارة مسيحية غربية‬

Byzantine Architecture 324 - 900

‫ عمارة مسيحية شرقية‬- ‫العمارة البيزنطية‬ Romanesque Architecture 900 -1150

‫عمارة الرومانيسك‬ ‫عمارة مسيحية غربية‬ Gothic Architecture 1000 - 1500

‫ عمارة مسيحية غربية‬0 ‫العمارة القوطية‬

324

600

900

1000

1150

1500

Christian Architecture Time line History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (1000 – 1500) IN EUROPE

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

INTRODUCTION Architecture as a product of Culture, History, Science, Technology, Economics, Society, Religion, and State

A R C H I T E C T U R E History of

INFLUENCES Natural influences

Geographical

Geological Climate

Manmade influences

Religion Social and Political Historical

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

INTRODUCTION

Europe About 1100

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

INTRODUCTION

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.

Gothic architecture is characterized by use of the pointed arch, rib vault, flying buttresses; large windows which are often grouped, or have tracery; rose windows, towers, spires and pinnacles; and ornate façades.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 1. Grand, Tall Designs, Which Swept Upwards With Height and Grandeur

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 1. Grand, Tall Designs, Which Swept Upwards With Height and Grandeur

This is the famous cathedral of Cologne. It's an amazing example of the Gothic style.

History of

The magnificent gothic exterior of York Minster in the UK.

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 2. The Flying Buttress

Flat and flying buttresses

➠ Most Romanesque structures had flat buttresses, which were enough to support their shortly elevated walls.

Because the Gothic structures were tall, the flying buttresses were introduced to support the walls at higher elevations.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 2. The Flying Buttress

"The flying buttress was practical and decorative, too"

These flying buttresses are a feature of gothic architecture.

They're part of the St Vitus Cathedral in Prague Castle.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 2. The Flying Buttress

History of

"The flying buttress was practical and decorative, too"

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 3. The Pointed Arch

Round and pointed arches ➠ While the arch of the Romanesque style was round in shape, that of the Gothic style was pointed.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 3. The Pointed Arch

The pointed arch effectively distributed the force of heavier ceilings and bulkier designs, and could support much more weight than previous, simple pillars.

The stronger arches allowed for much more

vertical height, too - they literally reached up to the heavens.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 4. The Vaulted Ceiling

Barrel and ribbed vaults

➠ The Gothic style implemented ribbed vaults, rather than the Romanesque barrel vaults.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 4. The Vaulted Ceiling

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 4. The Vaulted Ceiling The vaulted ceiling was an innovation which lead on from the achievements of the pointed arch.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 4. The Vaulted Ceiling The distribution of force within the vaulted ceiling enabled vaults to be built in different shapes and sizes, too.

The flattened surface of this vault is supported by a multitude of decorative ribs called tierceron vaulting.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 4. The Vaulted Ceiling

Cloister, San Juan de los Reyes, Toldedo, Spain, founded 1476.

History of

Gothic rib-vault ceiling of the Saint-Séverin church in Paris.

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 5. The Light and Airy Interior Before gothic architecture, castles and early Medieval buildings were pretty depressing places to live in or worship in.

Gothic architecture emphasized light, bright windows and airy interiors, transforming castles and churches into more pleasant and majestic environments.

Stained Glass Windows History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 5. The Light and Airy Interior Before gothic architecture, castles and early Medieval buildings were pretty depressing places to live in or worship in.

Gothic architecture emphasized light, bright windows and airy interiors, transforming castles and churches into more pleasant and majestic environments.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 5. The Light and Airy Interior Before gothic architecture, castles and early Medieval buildings were pretty depressing places to live in or worship in.

Gothic architecture emphasized light, bright windows and airy interiors, transforming castles and churches into more pleasant and majestic environments.

The interior of the western end of Reims Cathedral History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 6. The Gargoyles of Gothic Architecture One of the most notable characteristics of gothic architecture is the gargoyle. Gargoyles are decorative, monstrous little creatures, perched at along the roofs and battlements of gothic buildings and castles.

A classic gargoyle - you can see his dual purpose as a decoration and also as a water-spout.

History of

The gargoyle is one of the key characteristics of gothic architecture.

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 7. The Emphasis Upon the Decorative Style and the Ornate Gothic architecture marked the first time that beauty and aesthetic values had been incorporated into building design.

History of

A r c h i t e c t u r e 2 - A R 2 3 2 – A s s . P rThis o f . doorway N e v i n of e Cologne G h a r i Dom b E lexemplifies sayed- A r cornate, h . M gothic a i G hstyle. azi the

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 7. The Emphasis Upon the Decorative Style and the Ornate Gothic architecture marked the first time that beauty and aesthetic values had been incorporated into building design.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 8. The Plans

➠ On plan, the Gothic structures looked rather simple. They were cross-shaped, with the transept, cutting through the nave and separating out the choir from the same.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 8. The Plans

➠ The nave was the main body of the church that was flanked, either on one or on both sides by aisles.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 8. The Plans

➠ A semi-circular ambulatory path surrounded the rear end of the choir. ➠ Often, especially in some French churches, the ambulatory path was surrounded by a ring of chapels on the outer side.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 8. The Plans

➠ The entrance façade of the church faced the west. Usually the west front was flanked by two high-rising towers on both sides.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

GOTHIC

ARCCHITECTURE IN EUROPE

CHARACTERISTICS of GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 9. The Façades

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC INTRODUCTION- INFLUENCES Geographical

Geological Climate Religion Social and Political Historical

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

Is one of the oldest of French Gothic cathedrals.

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1214

Brief Note

The plan is typical in having a wide central nave with double aisles, transepts of small projection (being practically in a line with the side aisles) and the chevet arrangement with its double aisles and exterior chapels.

‫يحتوي المسقط األفقي على صحن‬ ‫متسع وممشين على كل جانب وبهو‬ ‫عرضي يبرز بروزا غير محسوس‬ ‫وعلى خلوات متشععة تفصلها عن‬ .‫الوسط طرقة مزدوجة‬ History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

Is one of the oldest of French Gothic cathedrals.

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1214

Brief Note

The west front is the grandest composition in France, the western gable to the nave being

‫ الواجهة الغربية هي أكبر الواجهات‬hidden by a pierced ‫ الفرنسية على اإلطالق جمالون‬screen, connecting the ‫ الصحن مختفي بالحائط الذي يربط‬two western towers. ‫البرجين الغربيين‬

The western facade illuminated at night.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

Is one of the oldest of French Gothic cathedrals.

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1214

Brief

The three deeply

Note

recessed western portals, the range of statues in niches, and

‫ثالث بوابات معقودة ذات تدرجات‬ ،‫ ترتيب التماثيل في الحوائط‬،‫غائرة‬ ‫النافذة العجلة أو الوردة تمثل في‬

the circular wheel

window, are all characteristic features.

.‫مجموعها أهم خصائص الكاتدرائية‬

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

Is one of the oldest of French Gothic cathedrals.

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1214

Brief

The three deeply recessed western portals, the range of statues in niches, and the circular wheel window, are all characteristic features.

Note

‫ثالث بوابات معقودة ذات تدرجات‬ ،‫ ترتيب التماثيل في الحوائط‬،‫غائرة‬ ‫النافذة العجلة أو الوردة تمثل في‬ .‫مجموعها أهم خصائص الكاتدرائية‬

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

Is one of the oldest of French Gothic cathedrals.

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1214

Brief

The three deeply

Note

recessed western portals, the range of statues in niches, and

‫ثالث بوابات معقودة ذات تدرجات‬ ،‫ ترتيب التماثيل في الحوائط‬،‫غائرة‬ ‫النافذة العجلة أو الوردة تمثل في‬

the circular wheel

window, are all characteristic features.

.‫مجموعها أهم خصائص الكاتدرائية‬

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

Is one of the oldest of French Gothic cathedrals.

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1214

Brief

The lateral facades are spoilt by chapels having been placed between the buttresses.

Note

The southern facade of Notre-Dame de Paris.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

The spire and east side of the cathedral.

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

FRENCH GOTHIC EB XY AZ M A NP TL IENSE – SCTHYULRE C–H EASr c h i t e c t u r a l C h a r a c t e r

‫الطراز البيزنطي‬

Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral Description

French Gothic Roman Catholic Church

Location

Paris - France

Timeline

A.D. 1163 - 1345

Brief Note

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=O61ng_QqC4I http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla yer_detailpage&v=24N94rZ7XtU History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi

Thank you for your Attention History of architecture II

History of

Architecture 2 - AR 232 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mai Ghazi