History of Architecture 2 A R 2 3 2 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department
H i s t o r y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e IV Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed Arch. Mona Sengaba
L e c t u r e 1
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION
The word "Renaissance" Derived from the term "la rinascita", which means rebirth.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, in which there was a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION The Renaissance style places emphasis on • symmetry , • proportion, geometry • the regularity of parts.
As they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained.
The Roman Forum History of
The Parthenon is one of the most iconic symbols of the classical era, exemplifying ancient Greek culture
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.
Renaissance style
San Pitro - Roma History of
Medieval Buildings
Duomo di Milano from the Square
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere.
Filippo Brunelleschi
History of
View of the Duomo's dome, Florence
Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at his cathedral dome
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Principal phases Historians often divide the Renaissance in Italy into three phases and often use the following designations: Renaissance ( 1400–1500); also known as the Quattrocento and sometimes Early Renaissance. Basilica di san lorenzo
High Renaissance (1500–1525)
Mannerism ( 1520–1600) (From Renaissance to Baroque) Façade of the Church of the Gesù, the first truly baroque façade
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture The obvious distinguishing features of Classical Roman architecture were adopted by Renaissance architects.
However, the forms and purposes of buildings had changed over time, as had the structure of cities. Among the earliest buildings of the reborn Classicism were churches of a type that the Romans had never constructed. Neither were there models for the type of large city dwellings required by wealthy merchants of the 15th century. Conversely, there was no call for enormous sporting fixtures and public bath houses such as the Romans had built. The ancient orders were analysed and reconstructed to serve new purposes.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Plan The plans of Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module. Within a church, the module is often the width of an aisle.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Columns and pilasters The Roman orders of columns are used:Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Columns and pilasters The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system.
Filippo Brunelleschi, Sacrestia Vecchia History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Arches Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental. Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch.
Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental scale at the St. Andrea in Mantua.
History of
St. Andrea in Mantua.
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Façade Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis.
Sant'Agostino, Rome, Giacomo di Pietrasanta, 1483
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Façade Church façades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures. The columns and windows show a progression towards the center.
Cathedral of Pienza (1459–62), History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Façade Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice. There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or rusticated surround.
Palazzo Rucellai (1446 and 1451) in Florence History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Vaults Vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular.
St. Andrea in Mantua. History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Domes The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally.
Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore History of
The Dome of St Peter's Basilica, Rome.
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Ceilings Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open as in Medieval architecture.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Ceilings They are frequently painted or decorated.
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Doors usually have square lintels.
They may be set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental pediment. Openings that do not have doors are usually arched and frequently have a large or decorative keystone.
St. Andrea in Mantua. History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Doors usually have square lintels.
They may be set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental pediment. Openings that do not have doors are usually arched and frequently have a large or decorative keystone.
Cathedral of Pienza (1459–62), History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Windows Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch. They may have square lintels and triangular or segmental pediments, which are often used alternately.
Palazzo Rucellai (1446 and 1451) in Florence History of
Palazzo Farnese in Rome
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Walls External walls are generally constructed of brick, rendered, or faced with stone in highly finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight courses.
Palazzo Medici Riccardi (1444–1460) in Florence History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Walls The corners of buildings are often emphasized by rusticated quoins. Basements and ground floors were often rusticated.
Palazzo Rucellai (1446 and 1451) in Florence History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences Architecture as a product of Culture, History, Science, Technology, Economics, Society, Religion, and State
A R C H I T E C T U R E History of
INFLUENCES Natural influences
Geographical
Geological Climate
Manmade influences
Religion Social and Political Historical
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences Geographical Geological Climate Religion
INTRODUCTION- INFLUENCES
The renaissance movement, arising in Italy in the fifteenth century, spread from thence to France, Germany, and England, and over the whole of Western Europe over what had been the Roman empire in the West. The Eastern empire did not come under its influence for the Greeks in the East, falling before the Turks.
Social and Political Historical
Old map of Europe, Renaissance period History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences Geographical Geological Climate Religion
INTRODUCTION- INFLUENCES
The renaissance movement, arising in Italy in the fifteenth century, spread from thence to France, Germany, and England, and over the whole of Western Europe over what had been the Roman empire in the West. The Eastern empire did not come under its influence for the Greeks in the East, falling before the Turks.
Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences Geographical
Geological
Refer to each country Climate Religion Social and Political Historical
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences Geographical Geological Climate
Religion Social and Political Historical
History of
The return of the Pope Gregory XI from Avignon in September 1377 and the resultant new emphasis on Rome as the center of Christian spirituality, brought about a boom in the building of churches in Rome such as had not taken place for nearly a thousand years. This commenced in the mid 15th century and gained momentum in the 16th century, reaching its peak in the Baroque period.
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences
INTRODUCTION- INFLUENCES
Geographical Geological Climate Religion
Social and Political Historical
History of
In the 15th century, Florence, Venice and Naples extended their power through much of the area that surrounded them, making the movement of artists possible. This enabled Florence to have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France. In 1377, the return of the Pope from the Avignon Papacy and the re-establishment of the Papal court in Rome, brought wealth and importance to that city, as well as a renewal in the importance of the Pope in Italy, which was further strengthened by the Council of Constance in 1417. Successive Popes, especially Julius II, 1503–13, sought to extend the Pope’s temporal power throughout Italy.
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences
INTRODUCTION- INFLUENCES
Geographical Geological Climate Religion
Social and Political Historical
History of
Italian architecture was naturally the first to be affected, because the Gothic style had never taken a firm hold on the Italians, who had at hand the ancient Roman remains, such as the Pantheon, the Basilica, the coliseum, the remains of the great baths, and the Roman Fora. in Italy, therefore, where feudalism had never fully established itself, and where the municipalities had developed a spirit of municipal enterprise, practically a direct return was made to Roman forms.
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE I N T R O D U C T I O N - Development in Italy – influences
INTRODUCTION- INFLUENCES
Geographical Geological Climate Religion Social and Political
Historical
History of
At the beginning of the sixteenth century there was a general grouping together of smaller states into independent kingdoms, under powerful rulers, who governed with authority, and kept large standing armies. Three great inventions had an important influencegunpowder, which had changed the whole method of warfare; the mariner’s compass, which led to the discovery of the West Indies (1492) and America, and the foundation of colonies by European states; and lastly, printing, which favored that stirring of men’s minds which caused the reformation in religion, and revival of learning. Copper plate engraving was discovered in the third quarter of the fifteenth century. Galileo (1564 - 1642) proved that the earth was not the center of the universe, but merely a minute planet in the solar system.
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba
Thank you for your Attention History of architecture IV
History of
Architecture 4 - AR 334 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed- Arch. Mona Sengaba