Lecture 3

History of Architecture 2 AR 231 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department

Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed Arch. Mai Ghazi

Lecture3

History of Architecture I

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK BRONZE AGE

ANCIENT GREECE Archaic Architecture Hellenic (Classical Architecture) Hellenistic Architecture

Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization 2000 – 1400 BC

1400– 1200 BC

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

800– 500 BC

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

500 – 330 BC

330 – 27 BC

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Mycenaean(Greece)

Religious Architecture

Temples are the most common type of public buildings in ancient Greece. The purpose of a temple was to store a religious statue.

Phidias, Athena Parthenos, c. 438 BCE. Model of the lost statue, History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Mycenaean(Greece)

Religious Architecture

Evolution of Temples Some temples were very large, but others could be very small, depending on the size of the statue and how many people wanted to visit it. One of the most famous of Greek temples is The Parthenon.

Temple of Athena Nike approx. 5.5 m × 8 m

The Parthenon 30.86 m × 69.5 m

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Mycenaean(Greece)

Religious Architecture

Evolution of Temples Stages in the "evolution" of the temple: •Stage one: is essentially the Megaron (the Mycenean domestic structure which became a temple) used as a temple;

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Mycenaean(Greece)

Religious Architecture

Evolution of Temples Stages in the "evolution" of the temple: •Stage two: shows a slight increase in size and the beginning of the peristyle;

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

Stages in the "evolution" of the temple: •Stage three: the peristyle is complete, has probably been designed according to the rule of the Golden Section, and has permanent materials in all parts of the structure.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

Stages in the "evolution" of the temple: •Stage three: the peristyle is complete, has probably been designed according to the rule of the Golden Section, and has permanent materials in all parts of the structure.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

DEFINITIONS: cella, naos: names given to the rectangular space in the center of the temple; when there is no adyton, this is the most important part of the temple. antis: side walls ending in pillars in antis: columns framed by the "antis“ stereobate: stepped foundation for the temple stylobate: top step of the stereobate peripteral: a peristyle temple.The peristyle is the colonnade or screen of columns surrounding the temple. amphiprostyle: not a complete peristyle-colonnades at front and back only adyton: apse-like room behind the cella, without lighting History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

Mycenaean(Greece)

Plans of Ancient Greek Temples The different kinds of temples are classified, by the disposition of their columns.

Top: 1. Distyle in antis, 2. Amphidistyle in antis, 3. Tholos, 4. Prostyle tetrastyle, 5. amphiprostyle tetrastyle, Bottom: 6. Dipteral octastyle, 7. Peripteral hexastyle, 8. Pseudoperipteral hexastyle, 9. Pseudodipteral octastyle History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

These roofs were constructed of timber and covered with marble slabs.

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

Mycenaean(Greece)

On the two end facades above the columns a triangular shaped pediment, usually but not always filled with sculpture terminated the simple span roof.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture - Evolution of Temples

Mycenaean(Greece)

The door was almost always placed in the center of the end wall, behind the portico of columns, and frequently planned so that the sun might enter and light up the statue opposite.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders

Mycenaean(Greece)

Greek architectural orders

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders

Mycenaean(Greece)

Greek architectural orders

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders

Mycenaean(Greece)

Greek architectural orders

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Doric Order The columns have no base and the columns have a very simple capital. In other words, Doric buildings were the least decorated.

Archaeologists believe that Doric architectural buildings, which were built in stone, evolved from wooden buildings that were very similar.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Doric Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Doric Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Doric Temple

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Order The Ionic order is more decorative than the Doric. The columns are taller and thinner, and the capitals at the top of the columns are decorated with scrolls and other patterns. The bases of the columns are also decorated.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Order

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

The Ionic Order

The Ionic Temple

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece) The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Ionic Order

The Corinthian Order

The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Ionic Order

The Corinthian Order  The Corinthian order is a lot like the Ionic order, but the capitals are even more elaborately decorated, usually with leaves and floral patterns.  The Corinthian order temples are by far the tallest, most elegant in their appearance.  Their towering columns are topped by foliated capitals that are delineated by acanthus leaf carving.  As with the Ionic order column bases are also employed.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Greek Architectural Orders The Doric Order

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Ionic Order

The Corinthian Order

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Corinthian Order

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

An ancient Doric Greek temple (6/16) (Peripteral hexastyle) Olympia, Greece ca. 590 B.C.E. The Temple of Hera was destroyed by an earthquake in the early 4th century AD and never rebuilt.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

An ancient Doric Greek temple (9/18) (nonastyle) Paestum, South Italy c. 550 BC The center line of the structure was filled by a ridge pole colonnade, dividing the hall, Unconventionally, in half. This was apparently done, in part at least, to suit two sanctum deities, with Hera on one side and her Husband, Zeus on the other.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

An ancient Doric Greek temple (6/12) (Peripteral hexastyle) The Island of Aegina c. 470 BC On the interior are two rows of five columns which help to support the roof.

History of Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫الحضارة الرغريقية القديمة‬

ARCHAIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE Religious Architecture – Doric Temple The Temple of Aphaia , Aegina

Mycenaean(Greece)

History of architecture I Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed