Lecture 4

History of Architecture 2 A R 2 3 1 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport College of Engineering & Technology Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department

Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed Arch. Mai Ghazi

L e c t u r e 4

History of Architecture I

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREEK BRONZE AGE

ANCIENT GREECE Archaic Architecture Hellenic (Classical Architecture) Hellenistic Architecture

Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization 2000 – 1400 BC

1400– 1200 BC

History of

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800– 500 BC

500 – 330 BC

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

330 – 27 BC

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia Description Location

Olympia, Greece

Timeline

between 472 and 456 BC

Brief

History of

Peripteral hexastyle temple with 13 columns along each side, in the Classical manner.

dedicated to the god Zeus It had pedimental sculpture of "outstanding magnificence

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

The temple housed one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, the statue of Zeus by Pheidias.

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia On a pedestal of black Eleusinian marble, 9.93 m long and 6.25 m wide. The total height of the statue, together with the throne, was 12 m, so that Zeus’s head almost touched the ceiling of the temple.

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

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HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE)

Mycenaean(Greece) The Acropolis Athens The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a high rocky above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon.

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE)

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE)

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Acropolis Athens 1.

2.

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10.

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Parthenon Old Temple of Athena Erechtheum Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Eleusinion Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion Chalkotheke Pandroseion Arrephorion Altar of Athena Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus Sanctuary of Pandion Odeon of Herodes Atticus Stoa of Eumenes Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus Odeon of Pericles Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus Aglaureion

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

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HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Parthenon Description Location

on the Acropolis of Athens - Greece

Timeline

447 : 438 BC

Brief

History of

Peripteral octastyle with seventeen columns on the flanks 8/17.

The Parthenon would become the largest Doric Greek temple, although it was innovative in that it mixed the two architectural styles of Doric and the newer Ionic.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

The Parthenon The name Parthenon derives from one of Athena’s many epithets: Athena Parthenos, meaning Virgin.

Parthenon means ‘house of Parthenos’ which was the name given in the 5th century BCE to the chamber inside the temple which housed the cult statue.

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Parthenon The same year a great gold and ivory statue of Athena, made by Phidias for the interior, was dedicated. Work on the exterior decoration of the building continued until 432 bce.

Athena Parthenos History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Parthenon

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

The Parthenon Optical Corrections observed in the Parthenon

Mycenaean(Greece)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Doric Temple

The Parthenon Optical Corrections observed in the Parthenon

Diagram in exaggerated proportion of the horizontal curvature of the Parthenon.

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Athena Nike, Athens Description Is a beautiful example of a smaller Ionic Temple. Amphi-prostyle

tetrastyle in plan.

Location Timeline Brief

History of

424 B.C It was constructed by the architect Kallikrates. Nike means victory and Athena was worshiped in this form, as goddess of victory in war and wisdom.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Erechtheion Description It’s a combination of several rectangles, not usual peripteral temple Location Timeline Brief

History of

421-406 B.C famous largely for its complexity and for the exquisite perfection of its details.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Erechtheion

The architect was probably Mnesicles. The name, of popular origin, is derived from a shrine dedicated to the Greek hero Erichthonius.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Erechtheion

Its distinctive porch, supported by caryatid figures, is unequaled in classical architecture.

Caryatids supporting the porch of the Erechtheum, on the Acropolis, Athens.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Erechtheion

Caryatids supporting the porch of the Erechtheum, on the Acropolis, Athens.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Erechtheion

Its distinctive porch, supported by caryatid figures, is unequaled in classical architecture.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE)

Mycenaean(Greece)

Religious Architecture

Propylene (Propylaea) Description

The monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure.

Location Timeline

437 - 432 B.C.

Brief Note

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture

Mycenaean(Greece)

Propylene (Propylaea)

built by architect Mnesiklom , considered the most typical construction of this kind of architecture.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture

Mycenaean(Greece)

Propylene (Propylaea)

The elevation different than other Doric style. They didn’t follow the module.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – 3 orders

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Apollo – Epicurius Description Location Timeline Brief Note

It is a peripteral hexastyle with 15 columns on each flank.

Bassae, Near Phigaleia in Arcadia - Greece.

437 - 432 B.C. An exceptional design in which all the three Grecian orders Were employed.

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE)

Mycenaean(Greece)

Religious Architecture The Temple of Apollo – Epicurius , Bassae

Floor plan of the Temple of Apollo 1 = Opisthodomos, 2 = Adyton, 3 = Naos, 4 = Pronaos History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Apollo – Epicurius , Bassae

Architect: Ictinus. The single column at the southern end was of the Corinthian order. and as such the temple may be considered a model for all 'Corinthian' monuments of Greek.

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture The Temple of Apollo – Epicurius , Bassae

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus Olympius Agrigentum Description Location

Agrigento, Sicily - Italy

Timeline

480 B.C.

Brief Note

History of

It is pseudo- peripteral septastyle in plan. 7/14.

Of which Theron was the architect, the temple has two doors as the number of columns odd.

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

The Temple of Zeus , Olympia

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

‫ا ل ح ض ا ر ة ا إل غ ر ي ق ي ة ا ل ق د ي م ة‬

HELLENIC (CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE) Religious Architecture – Ionic Temple

Mycenaean(Greece)

The Temple of Zeus Olympius Agrigentum

Telamon, Agrigento Archaeological Museum, Sicily

History of

Architecture 1 - AR 231 – Ass. Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed

History of architecture I Prof. Nevine Gharib Elsayed