Expressionist influences in Contemporary Age. | research

Expressionist influences in Contemporary Age

Politecnico di Milano School of Design MSc in Interior and Spatial Design Art and Languages course Professor: Luca Guerrini Students: Nicole Chmet _ 915481 Alice Di Guardo _ 917621 Chiara Sangermani _ 915426

07 / ABSTRACT Corpse Bride Edward Scissorhands Sweeney Todd The Nightmare Before Christmas Batman Returns Shutter Island The Addams Family

35 / VIDEOCLIP

Express yourself Blackstar Bring me to life The beautiful people Paracusia

93 / FASHION

Marc Jacobs AW16 Giorgio Armani SS18

101 / PHOTOGRAPHY Another dimension No title Xtreme Xpressions I

51 / DANCE

113 / VIDEOGAME

57 / THEATRE

123 / GRAPHICS

Ritournelle Emancipation of Expressionism The Metamorphosis Emil and the detectives Casa di bambola La forza del destino The pelican

77 / ARCHITECTURE Bridge of Aspiration

81 / MAGAZINE

Return to Metropolis Expressionist German Expressionism

Limbo Inside

Traumsender Narrative rich Keloptic advertisement Irrlicht Face screaming in fear Nauseated face

145 / MUSIC Family

150 / SITOGRAPHY 152 / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Index

09 / CINEMA

Expressionism is complex and contradictory, it deals with the freedom of the body and the revealing of the psyche, it reflects on political issues and has a revolutionary soul. An expressionist work does not copy nature. It is a rejection of all constraints, it is irrational and it emanates the temperament of the creator. It is in opposition to the pretensions of the positivists and the scientists. It embodies a relationship with colour which is aggressive and commanded by an unknown force.

EXPRESSIONISM noun, often capitalized ex·​pres·​sion·​ism A theory or practice in art, music, drama, etc. of seeking to depict the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist in order to express the inner world of emotion rather than external reality.

All the artistic creation must be the projection of the artist’s inner self. It goes against Impressionism and Naturalism, it looks for a new aesthetic to reveal the deep meaning of life and society. It uses distortion, exaggeration, primitivism and fantasy through vivid, violent or dynamic application of formal elements.

Expressionism became very famous across Germany and Austria and was firstly recognizable in visual arts such as painting, sculpture and printmaking. Later, it applied also to literature, theatre, dance, music and architecture. All these influences produced very strong and radical impacts in all the fields of culture and society.

Many were the artists who joined this movement, above all regarding the artistic field, e.g. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, one of the founders of the group Die Brücke (The Bridge) in Dresda. They developed a particular style based on strong colours, emotional anxiety, violent images and inspiration in primitivism. Even though there is evidence of some common characteristics that can be related to Expressionists, many of these artists conceptually joined the movement without ever declaring it, because of their will of freedom and revolutionary aim.

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Abstract

Opening the dictionary on the word Expressionism, this is what comes out. Actually, this term had several meanings through the different ages. Today, as speaking about Expressionism we clearly refer to a cultural movement that was born in Germany in the end of 19th Century and the beginning of 20th Century.

Tematica 9

Cinema

The German Expressionism is one of the most influential movements in cinematic history. In particular, it was born when violence, cruelty and fear became the most relevant topic to German audience. Expressionist films used a lot non-realistic and geometrically absurd set designs with paintings on walls and floors to represent lights and shadows. The plots of these films often dealt with madness and insanity, but also other intellectual topics: in fact, they opposed to non-intellectual topics of action and romance.

Film-makers portrayed a subjective and emotional world, rather than an objective reality. Those films were set in nightmarish urban worlds that are also recognizable in our contemporary cinema: the main theme is the inner soul of the character, the insanity of a defeated society. Indeed, its influence can be seen in many contemporary films. In fact, many German directors fled to America to escape the Nazis during WWII, and found their way to Hollywood, putting the basis for what later became the horror and noir genres.

Cinema

Corpse bride Stop-motion animated movie.

Directed by Tim Burton and Mike Johnson, 2005.

As one of the most famous masterpieces by Tim Burton, this movie is deeply inspired by German Expressionism and became one of the most relevant pieces of the filmmaker.There are two predominant elements that come from the expressionist movement. Firstly, the high contrasts and shadows are very important. In fact, the use of shadows as an indipendent character is typical of expressionist films and it is a technique used in order to transmit strong emotions in the spectator. Moreover, both the characters and their personalities contribute in providing a creepy and expressionist atmosphere.

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Cinema The Corpse Bride, Tim Burton and Mike Johnson, 2005.

From the top: Nosferatu, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, 1922 Faust, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, 1926

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Cinema

Edward scissorhands Romantic dark fantasy film.

Directed by Tim Burton, 1990.

Edward Scissorhands is probably the most evident example of expressionist influence in Tim Burton. It contains many visual and stylistic references. In particular, the protagonist Edward is mainly based on the character of Cesare in “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari” by Robert Wiene. Beyond looking very similar, Edward’s movements also come from the famous expressionist movie.

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Cinema Edward Scissorhands, Tim Burton, 1991

From the top: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920 Nosferatu, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, 1922

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Cinema

Sweeney Todd Musical period slasher film.

Directed by Tim Burton, 2007.

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street is a clear result of German Expressionism influence since the setting and mood for the entire film is very dark and sinister-looking, thanks to a series of high contrast lighting, shadows and angular shapes. Moreover, the distortion of the character’s faces suggests insanity and craziness.

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Cinema The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920

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Sweeney Todd, Tim Burton, 2007

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Cinema

The nightmare before Christmas Stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy HalloweenChristmas film.

Directed by Henry Selick and produced by Tim Burton, 1993.

The animated movie is declared inspired by German Expressionism both in the plot and in the set design.

In fact, all the characters are creepy-looking and they act in creepy environments. The high contrast, light and shadows but also dark palettes are also important elements that contribute in giving a strong expressionist atmosphere.

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Cinema The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920

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The nightmare before Christmas, Henry Selick, 1993

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Cinema

Batman Returns Superhero film.

Directed by Tim Burton, 1992.

In this film, the well-known Metropolis scenario by Fritz Lang has been a relevant inspiration for the creation of Gotham City.

In fact, it is possible to recognize the same atmosphere and landscape in many scenes. Also the tower is a tribute to the big tower of Metropolis, to which is similar both in the scale and in the shape.

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Cinema Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927

Batman Returns, Tim Burton, 1992

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Cinema

Shutter Island Neo-noir psychological thriller film.

Directed by Martin Scorsese, 2010.

The film is declared influenced by the German Expressionism cinema, not in the atmospheres but above all in the plot.

In fact, the particular attention to the state of mind of the protagonist reminds of the plot of “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari�

by Robert Wiene, which is considered as the first psychological film of the history.

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Cinema

The new Addams family TV series.

Produced by Saban Enterteinment and Fox Family Films, 1998-1999.

The New Addams Family is a sitcom produced as a revival of the ‘60s series The Addams Family. As the original plot, the family consists of husband and wife, Gomez and Morticia Addams, their children, Wednesday and Pugsley, as well as Grandmama, Uncle Fester, and their butler, Lurch. They are a solid family with macabre interests and supernatural abilities. As a main difference between the original one and the new series is that Wednesday and Pugsley play important and expanded roles, in order to highlight the violent and sadistic personalities, which are very grotesque and recall the creepy atmospheres of ‘20s films.

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Videoclip

In the the late ‘20s, Hollywood silent era of cinema was coming to and end and renovating itself by trying to figure out how people could see a music performance, integrated in a film, that was not actually live. With the “cheaper” 16mm, the growth of broadcast television and the rise of pop culture, the late ‘60s were times of exploring how music and film could work jointly. Together with the creative opportunities, a new platform rised and the first music video aired on MTV in the 1981. It became the main platform for new artists to gain attention and during the ‘90s music video directors became essential to express the artists vision, often by drawing on artistic movements and themes from the past. In this sense, German Expressionism cinema is still widely popular also in music video culture.

Videoclip

Express yourself Music video by Madonna.

Album Like a prayer, 1989.

Directed by David Fincher. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsVcUzP_O_8 The music video is openly inspired by Lang’s classic film Metropolis. In fact, Madonna tried to reproduce as much similar as possible, the atmosphere of the ‘20s masterpiece.

At the end of the video, it also featured an epigraph taken from the film: “Without the Heart, there can be no understanding between the hand and the mind”.

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Videoclip Express yourself, Madonna, 1989

Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927

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Videoclip

Blackstar Music video by David Bowie.

Album Blackstar, 2016.

Directed by Johan Renck. https://youtu.be/kszLwBaC4Sw The video is one of the best pieces of Bowie’s career. Its incredible post-apocalyptic scenography is full of skeletons, skulls, a mutan woman, trembling men and a sinister blindfolded churchman. Indeed, the basis for the creation of this video was the concept that was previously realized by Bowie for his expressionist movie Diamond Dogs, which was deeply designed but never produced.

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Videoclip

Bring me to life Music video by Evanescence.

Album Fallen, 2003.

Directed by Philipp Stรถlzl. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YxaaGgTQYM The scenario proposed in this video is a big city during the night, which becomes the perfect background for the song performed into the building itself. In this sense, both the main building in which the action takes place and the whole city behind are definately inspired by the film Metropolis, from which the director got inspired both for the scenography and the shots.

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Videoclip Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927

Bring me to life, Evanescence, 2003

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Videoclip

The beautiful people Music video by Marilyn Manson.

Album Antichrist Superstar, 1996.

Directed by Floria Sigismondi. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ypkv0HeUvTc The selected video is one of the most well-know masterpieces of the singer. It is recognized by the critics as the most scaring videoclip in music field. The scenes are very varied and include a school room decorated with medical protheses and tools, grotesque Manson dressed up in weird clothings, worms, dummy’s heads and hands. All these elements create a sort of impossible scenario which is not aimed at telling a story but expressing the most inner thoughts.

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Videoclip

Paracusia Music video by Tenedle.

Album Traumsender, 2018.

Directed by Tenedle. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThxXFBhMeG0 The whole album, not only for the music but also emotions and grahics, is declared inspired by Robert Wiene’s concept, in particular the world of Dr. Caligari. In fact, in the whole video it is clear to see that the concept and way of expression is very closed to the expressionist style, above all because the author only acts in high contrast black and white scenes.

Moreover, it reminds of the silent films of the early ‘20s thanks to the performance of the protagonist who seems to be willing to scream but he cannot.

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Dance

The predominant form of dance in the Germany of the ‘20s focused on the expression of the individual’s vision of the world, expressed through a dance based on natural body movements. This new dance was freer and more expressive than classic ballets: this is because choreographers and dancers were often the same person. An example for this is Butoh, a Japanese style of dance theatre that wants to represent the transformation and metamorphosis of the natural body’s rebellion against the culture’s violence, bringing to light pure visions from the subconscious. In this sense, it represents the fight of invisible thoughts inside the body.

Dance

Ritournelle Solo performance. Dancer Ko Murobushi.

Latvian National Opera (Riga, Latvia), 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oRLt7fFn_I Ko Murobushi was a Japanese dancer and choreographer who was a leading inheritor of Tatsumi Hijikata’s original vision of Butoh. During his solo Ritournelle, he diggs deep into his gut to scoop out raw emotions: fear, pain, rage and he seems to die. He transmitted this sensations scratching the corrugated wall as if he wanted to escape. He collapses on the floor with each body part, as though his body is empty of its energy. After a lot of struggle, he rises and slowly lifts his eyes and his lips start to move again.

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Dance

Emancipation of Expressionism Performed by Boy Blue Enterteinment.

Corehographed by Kenrick H2O Sandy.

Created in 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr81kDSIvoE In this performance there are many aspects of memory, manipulation, flow, merge and play between the individuals in a relationship. The expression of this energy flows through the dancers, sometimes controlled by an individual and sometimes in group unison.

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Theatre

German Expressionism was mainly inspired by works in literature and visual arts, as a rebellion against Realism and Naturalism, also in the theatre field. Expressionist impact was very intense because it focused on the inner qualities of the protagonist and humanity in a much wider vision. In theatre, it developed in a dreamlike and nightmarish atmosphere and it was closely linked to the play’s message to appeal to the audience’s emotions, also thanks to the lighting that was often concentrated in key areas of the stage creating shadows on distorted and abstract locations. Characters of expressionist theatre were stereotypes, grotesque caricatures seen as symbols of a social group, always represented with a deep psychological attention communicated both through long monologues to the public or rapid fragmented speech to each others.

Theatre

The metamorphosis Theatre play.

Written and performed by La Fura dels Baus, 2005.

Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis” becomes the starting point to analize the XXI Century men’s anxieties and fear for loneliness.

The protagonist is closed in a glass case and from there he is observed in his dram. The animalization of Gregor Samsa will not result as a mutation in cockroach but in a rough genetic regression.

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Theatre

Theatre

Emil and the detectives Scenography.

Projection and animation design by Fiftynine Productions, 2013.

Working with designer Bunny Christie, Fiftynine Productions created a unique aesthetic for the show which built up from the aesthetics of German Expressionism towards a new and distinctive scenographic vision. Through the innovative projections, geometric urban grids remind that the show takes place in the period of Fritz Lang’s futuristic Metropolis.

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Theatre

Theatre

Casa di bambola Scenography.

Set design by Giorgio Gori.

First show 2014.

The scenographic space in which the characters act is essential and caricatural and looks like a mix between the truth and the falsehood, the desire and the necessity. It is a space in which reality appears as an hallucination, a nightmare, thanks to the deformation of the environment recreated.

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Theatre

La forza del destino Scenography.

Stage direction and set design by Davide Livermore, 2014.

For the entire scenography of Verdi’s La forza del destino the designer reproduced on the stage the black and white tunnel of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Several different light effects are reproduced on it during the show in order to change the atmosphere, always with the same tunnel as a basis.

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Theatre The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920

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La forza del destino, set design by Davide Livermore, 2016

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Theatre

The pelican Scenography.

Set design by Diogo Pereira.

First show 2014.

Diogo Pereira designs the stage taking inspiration from Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s marterpiece The Alpine Kitchen, not only for the elements inside and the colours, for instance the green fire, the wooden floor and the blue on the walls, but also in terms of shapes. Indeed, the scenography, studied before by cutting a cardboard, is a fragmented space which results to be a distorted environment where the play takes place.

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Theatre Alpine Kitchen, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1918

The pelican, set design by Diogo Pereira, 2014.

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Architecture

Expressionist architecture was designed to evoke inner feelings and extreme emotions: expressionist structures are individual statements by their creator, they were often not symmetrical and the design was not based on objects or structures as they are seen in the real world: architects, insted, often used distorted, unusual shaped and incorporated innovative building techniques using bricks, steel and glass. Unfortunately, many of the structures that were designed were never built: instead, there are a lot of examples in German Expressionism cinema’s settings: these films tend to use buildings with sharp angles, heights and creepy atmospheres.

Architecture

Bridge of Aspiration Project by Wilkinson Eyre Architects.

Royal Ballet Upper School, London, 2003.

The bridge was built between the Royal Ballet Upper School and the Opera House, linking the school with the theatre and the Royal Ballet Company’s own studios. The basic concept was visualising an effect of movement and it is realized by twisting the section of a box, made in glass with an alluminium spine. The result, an elegant intervention which evokes the fluidity and grace of dance, reminds of the corridor of Robert Wiene’s “The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari”.

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Magazine

The weird characters that were typical of German Expressionism, in particular regarding the films of that period, deeply marked the culture of fashion field. In fact, many magazines dedicated editorials to this theme. The reason for this may be the great visual impact that this kind of style has still today. Starting from very dark aesthetics and coming to the reproduction of the robot Maria by Lagerfeld, all the shootings are definately still attractive and eye-catching for today’s society.

Magazine

Return to Metropolis Editorial designed and shot by Karl Lagerfeld.

Published on Vogue Germany, February 2010.

The editorial is an open tribute to the silent German expressionist movie Metropolis by Fritz Lang. Particular attention was paid to the clothing, reflecting the character of robot Maria, who is represented by Toni Garrn and Karl Lagerfeld’s personal muse, Baptiste Giabiconi, as a robot, wearing a vintage metal suit.

The model also has a heavy eye make-up and several jewels that are also inspired by the film.

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Magazine Cover, Vogue Germany, Karl Lagerfeld, February 2010

Robot Maria, Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927

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Magazine

Expressionist Editorial by Tracy Wingrove and Donald Lawrence.

Published on Amazing, June 2013.

The title of this project declares the influence from Expressionism for the entire set, clothing and make-up. The black and white backgrounds put in evidence the lights which create strong contrasts and shadows with the figure. Moreover, the objects in the set are black masks and hands with drawings on them also inspired by the typical expressionist paintings, such as Oscar Kokoschka’s ones.

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Magazine

German Expressionism Project by Scarlett Jeavons-Golding.

Published on Solis Magazine, June 2014.

Many of Scarlett Jeavons-Golding’s projects take inspiration from old films. This influence started by watching the classic movies of the German Expressionist period, such as Metropolis and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, drawing on their use of dramatic high contrast lighting and the imaginative ways they created abstract sets. The designer says that many of the themes in these films, particularly Metropolis, seemed to echo many of the issues we face today: the ever widening wealth gap, the social class war, as well as the powerful and hypnotic sexuality of Robot Maria.

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Fashion

The association between fashion and the German Expressionism was declared by Maria Martin in an essay, despite the polemical distance imposed in the first issues of “Der Sturm”. Earlier than the ‘20s, someone already theorized the fashion impact on German culture. Also expressionist painters, such as Kirchner for example, in his paintings paid particular attention to Berlin women’s clothings and particularly from them many contemporary fashion designers took inspiration for their collections.

Fashion

Marc Jacobs AW16 Collection by Marc Jacobs.

Presented at New York Fashion Week, 2016.

In Jacob’s collection, models wear black lipsticks, towering heels and layered furs to recall the vast exaggerated characters of film-maker Fritz Lang and expressionist paintings.

Indeed, they remind of some masterpieces of Kirchner, for instance “Two women in the street” and “Friedrichstraße Berlin”.

In both of them, it is evident the reference to the big jackets and plumage as well as the strong black make-up on the eyes.

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Fashion Two women in the Street, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1914

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AW16, Marc Jacobs, 2016

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Fashion

Giorgio Armani SS18 Collection by Giorgio Armani.

Presented at Milano Fashion Week, 2018.

For the summer-spring collection of 2018, couturier Giorgio Armani took inspiration from Expressionists, not only speaking about colours, but also about shapes. They are hyper-feminine, hems are shorter and larger, jackets are smaller and there is also the presence of hats and velils which creates shadows and contrasts in the figure. Also the printings on the surfaces increase, giving more rythm to the clothes. Multi-layered silk in delicate shades dominates the scene and is intended to remind the viewer of cloudy expressionist paintings.

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Photography

German Expressionism was very influential throughout the years and affected several fields in many different ways: not only the chiaroscuro but also the inner view of the artist. As in visual arts, the protagonist of contemporary photography inspired by Expressionism is often the photographer, not the subject embodying the feelings of the author. Sometimes photographies are post-producted to create or enhance the distorted vision of the reality.

Photography

Another dimension Pictures by Craig Boheman, 2017.

Craig Boheman is a street photographer who did an entire photography project largely inspired by Expressionism.

The author declares that he was not influenced by any photographer, but mainly by the philosophical existentialism tenets and the visual quest which arises in Expressionism.

Therefore, his work is a homage to a few painters who he admires.

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Photography

Photography

No title Picture by Jean Faucher, 2002.

The autor plays mischievously with the spectators, obliging them to traverse a moment of blindness, in order to see.

His work convokes the body of the spectator, and vision will come later; his picture is thus an experience, an event of the body and he creates this effect by distorpting the images, doing enlargements and reductions, cuttings of one level by another, intermixing together several strata.

To look with your body, your body facing the painting is a necessity for the author, to feel the forms, the colors, and only then will the veil lift and eyes can see the hidden figure.

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Photography Street boy sketch, Emil Nolde, 1909

No title, Jean Faucher, 2002.

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Photography

Xtreme Xpressions I Picture by Rick Doble, 1999.

According to Rick Doble, photography is not about objects or people or scenery, photography is all about light and photographer’s vision. It does not matter if a photo is appreciable or not, the important thing lies in its inner aspect: in this sense, Photoshop is not necessary, it is not recommended not to falsify the first distortion.

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Videogame

The creepy and grotesque scenarios proposed both in expressionist movies and paintings gave a huge impulse to the creation of the horror and noir style. For this reason, it is possible to find example of this influence in the field of videogames, which is clearly not related with the period but at the same time it has a strong conceptual relationship with it. Indeed, the atmospheres recreated in this kind of games are strongly connected with the idea of expressing a way of feeling, making the player living on his own body the dark sensations coming from the imaginary world of the game.

Videogame

Limbo 2D puzzle-platform adventure game.

Developed and published by Playdead, 2010.

Limbo’s narrative is rationalized by the player independently of the frame. The work is a shadow play, made up of gestures and uncertainties.

There is a clear resemblance to German Expressionism and silent films. The landscape of Limbo seems dream-like. It is almost like you are playing in somebody’s imagination or, more simply, a distorted version of reality. The usage of light, effects and forms in Limbo are externally used to create emotions for the player, to create their own stories while taking into account the main story, too. Tying back into German Expressionism, the game links as it has dreamlike levels that twist and spin in upredictable angles.

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Videogame

Videogame

Inside Puzzle-platform adventure game.

Developed and published by Playdead, 2016.

In this game the player controls a young boy in a dystopic world, solving puzzles while avoiding death.

It is defined as an expressionist game because of the references to the German Expressionism cinema and Kafka’s literature, which is particularly evident in the fact that Inside is a game without mission. You start to play only to survive, to continue to play and, if anything, to find the cause of the accusation.

What you live while playing is more than the experience of terror caused by the infected: you enjoy a journey in your unconscious.

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Videogame

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Graphics

The woodcut was one of the most emblematic techniques of the Expressionism and it was suited to the simplification and distortion of forms. This graphic media, not only engravings and lithographies but the whole world of expressionist visual arts, presented the responses to the urban life, the nude, the landscape and the war. This new graphic language, that took inspiration from the primitive art as well, is still used to disclose those feelings of change.

Contemporary graphics has always landmarks in the past, many of them in the expressionist vision, the stronger example is the distortion of colours in human faces, but also the crude and primitive signs of colour.

Graphics

Traumsender Gaphics by Tenedle.

Album Traumsender, 2018.

Directed by Tenedle.

The whole album, not only for the music but also emotions and grahics, is inspired by Robert Wiene’s films, in particular the world of Dr. Caligari. The drawing on the album cover seems to be totally inspired by the shadows created in the scenes of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. The graphics of the album and the booklet inside it are inspired from Expressionism, particularly by some black and white drawings made by Oscar Kokoshka, Erich Heckel, Emil Nolde, from which also comics come from.

Album cover Traumsender, Tenedle, 2018

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Graphics From the top: The dreaming boys, Oscar Kokoschka, 1917 Young girl by the sea, Erich Heckel, 1918 Candle Dancers, Emil Nolde, 1917

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Graphics by Tenedle, album Traumsender, 2018

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Graphics

Narrative rich Illustrations by Callum Russell, 2013.

Through composition, shadow and pattern, Callum Russel created images that have a rich narrative basis, taking influence from German Expressionism cinema and from the expressionist masterpieces influenced by the aesthetics of traditional African sculpture. He took the craft of papercutting, mixed it with digital technologies and created his own hybrid.

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Graphics

Keloptic adv Keloptic advertisement, 2014.

The advertisement uses Van Gogh’s Self-portrait made in Semptember 1889 to transmit the message of the company Keloptic: with their glasses you can see what reality is, going beyond the emotions that the author wants to transmit.

Indeed, Van Gogh used self-portraits to express his interior feelings and his need to find himself through the objectification of them, conscious that the pencil is the best connection with his soul, more than reason. Moreover, there is no perspective and the character is almost completely mixed with the background.

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Graphics

Irrlicht Font, 2013.

Irrlicht is based on the previous Kleukens’ typeface. Whereas the bold version is a fairly faithful rendition and extension of Kleukens’ typeface, the light style was initially added as a stand-alone stencil version; yet, the two styles work perfectly together. Irrlicht is equipped with upper- and lower-case ligatures, contextual and stylistic alternates, fractions, superior and inferior figures, extended language support and a few extra goodies.

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Graphics

Graphics

Face screaming in fear Approved in 2010 by Unicode 6.0, added to Emoji 1.0 in 2015.

The emoji represents a yellow face screaming in fear, depicted by wide, white eyes, a long, open mouth, hands pressed on cheeks, and a pale blue forehead, as if it has lost its color.

While intended to represent horror and fright, it commonly conveys such feelings as shock, awe, disbelief and intense excitement, as a screaming face. Its expression evokes Edvard Munch’s iconic painting The Scream.

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Graphics Google, Android 7.1.1, Nougat

Skrick (The scream), E. Munch, 1893

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Graphics

Nauseated face Approved in 2016 by Unicode 6.0, added to Emoji 1.0 in 2016.

It represents a sickly-green face with concerned eyes and puffed, often red cheeks, as if holding back vomit. It may represent physical illness or general disgust, but it should not be confused with Face Vomiting. It differs from other emoticons conveying sickness, including Face With Thermometer (used especially for colds and flus) and Face With Head-Bandage (physical injury).

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Graphics From the top: Self-portrait of a sick man, Ernst Ludwing Kirchner, 1918 Self-portrait, Oscar Kokoschka, 1913

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From the top: Emoji Google, Android 7.1.1, Nougat Google, Android 9.0, Pie

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Music

The expressionist musical current rejected the traditional rules of tonal music: notes are placed in sequence without following the importance of certain sounds of a scale than others, no sound should prevail over the other. Music lost all references to the usual musical language transforming the sound discourse into a series of dissonances on which that “spoken song” rests, in fact it is really similar to primitivist ethno music that after all is universally commune. Arnold Schönberg started this new musical sensibility which embodies the anxiety of the human being. Schönberg’s drive has been essential to pave the way for experimental music from around the world, from that time until today.

Music

Family Music by Björk.

Album Vulnicura, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcMwXUiOaSc This song, but in general the whole album, is definitely a monument to the expressionist music language. It is difficult to find a main theme in this fragmented rhythmic mosaic.

Björk sings to express herself almost as if there were no musical basis. Similar to the Schönberg’s Pierrot Lunaire, the instrumental base has not the typical harmony, it is a thought and sharp music is also enhanced by the electronic feature.

Album cover Vulnicura, Björk, 2015

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Music Pierrot Lunaire (Op.21), Arnold Schรถenberg, 1912 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bd2cBUJmDr8

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Teaser Bjork, Family VR, 2016

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Bibliography

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Roberts, I. (2008), “German Expressionist Cinema — The World of Light and Shadow. London: Wallflower Press. Short Cuts, Volume 40.

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Rochester: Camden House Simmons, S. (2000), “Expressionism in the Discourse of Fashion” in “Fashion Theory The Journal of Dress Body & Culture”. UK: Berg Weinstock, J. A. (ed.) (2013), “The Works of Tim Burton — Margins to Mainstream”. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Wolf, N. (2015), “Expressionism”. Cologne: Taschen

Kafka, F. (1915), “Die Verwandlung”. Leipzig: Kurt Wolff Verlag Kunze, P. C. (2015), “The Use of German Expressionism and American Exceptionalism”, in Cheu, J. (ed.) “Tim Burton: Essays on the Films”. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Lasko, P. (2003), “The Expressionist Roots of Modernism”. Manchester: Manchester University Press Lee, S. H. T (2012), “How to Analyze the Films of Tim Burton”. Edina: ABDO Publishing Company Martin, M. (1917), “Fashion and the Bourgeois Citizen” in “Die Aktion”. Berlin: Edition Nautilus Nathan, I. (2016), “Tim Burton — The Iconic Filmmaker and His Work”. London: Aurum Press Ltd. Nietzsche, F. (1872), “Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik”.

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Sitography Adnan, Z. M. (January 21, 2010), “ ‘Return to Metropolis’: by Karl Lagerfeld” https://squa.re/2010/01/21/return-to-metropolis-by-karl-lagerfeld/

Diaz, L. (October 17, 2010), “What is expressionism in architecture?” https://www.quora.com/What-is-expressionism-in-architecture

Alltenburg, A. (July 28, 2014), “Why Fritz Lang’s Metropolis inspire fashion” http://alida-altemburg.com/why-fritz-langs-metropolis-inspire-fashion/

Diaz, L. (December 5, 2011), “What is the difference between Expressionism and Deconstructivism in architecture?” https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-Expressionism-andDeconstructivism-in-architecture

Architectuul (n.d.), “Bridge of Aspiration” http://architectuul.com/architecture/bridge-of-aspiration Architectuul (n.d.), “WilkinsonEyre” http://architectuul.com/architect/wilkinsoneyre Ballerini, G. (February 07, 2006), “La Fura dels Baus - Metamorfosis” http://www.scanner.it/live/furametamorfosis3342.php Capture Models (December 13, 2017). “Expressionism in Fashion”. http://www.capturemodels.com/2017/12/expressionism-in-fashion/ Comet over Hollywood (September 18, 2014), “Classic films in music videos: “Express Yourself” by Madonna” https://cometoverhollywood.com/tag/express-yourself-madonna/ Crow, D. (December 7, 2016), “Batman Returns recut as a German Expressionist silent film” https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/batman-returns/45794/batmanreturns-recut-as-a-german-expressionist-silent-film Cunningham, D. (April, 2018), “David Lynch: Master of Expressionist Surrealism” https://25yearslatersite.com/2017/10/15/david-lynch-master-of-expressionistsurrealism-part-iii/

Emojipedia (n.d.), “Face screaming in fear” https://emojipedia.org/face-screaming-in-fear/ Emojipedia (n.d.), “Nauseated face” https://emojipedia.org/nauseated-face/ Fifty nine productions (April 25, 2017), “Emil and the detectives” https://59productions.co.uk/project/emil-and-the-detectives/ Generalitat valeriana (2014), “La forza del destino” https://www.lesarts.com/en/palaudelesarts/productiontorent/forza-del-destino/ German Expressionism (April 5, 2012), “Influence & Impact on Contemporary Film (2)” http://madgermanexpressionism.blogspot.com/2012/04/influence-impact-oncontemporary-film-2.html Hibbs, T. (September 30, 2005), “Corpse Bride” http://www.thomashibbs.org/4870/corpse-bride

Di Giammarco, R. (January 26, 2006), “La Metamorfosi della Fura del Baus” https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/01/26/lametamorfosi-della-fura-dels-baus.html?refresh_ce

Kong, P. And Nakache, J. (November, 2015), “Jean Faucher: Between Visible and Invisible, an Experience of Perception” http://www.jeanfaucheur.net/reviews La Fura dels Baus (n.d.), “Metamorfosis” https://www.lafura.com/obras/metamorfosis/

D’Alessandro, G. (February 5, 2015), “Bjork - Vulnicultura” https://www.bandadicefali.it/2015/02/05/bjork-vulnicura/

Leow, J. (September 12, 2016), “German Expressionism in Tim Burton’s films” https://oss.adm.ntu.edu.sg/janl0001/german-expressionism-in-tim-burtons-films/

Das, R. (January 2, 2018), “An interview with street photographer Craig Boheman” http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/an-interview-with-streetphotographer-craig-boehman

Ligman, K. (August 02, 2010) “Worlds Without Words: What German Expressionism Can Teach Us About Game Design” https://www.popmatters.com/128981-worlds-without-words-what-germanexpressionism-can-teach-us-about-ga-2496160343.html

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Sitography MeDea, (n.d.), ”L’inafferrabile definizione del Butoh” http://medea.provincia.venezia.it/gab/butoh/butoh.htm

Teatro Vascello (January, 2017), “Casa di bambola” https://www.teatrovascello.it/2016-2017/schede/casa-di-bambola.htm

MoMA (n.d.), “Erich Heckel” https://www.moma.org/collection/works/138924

Tenedle (March 02, 2018), “Traumsender” https://discography.tenedle.com/album/traumsender

MyMovies (March 12, 2010), “Shutter island” https://www.mymovies.it/film/2010/shutterisland/pubblico/?id=520977

Tenedle (March 02, 2018), “Traumsender” http://www.tenedle.com/it/grafica/grafica/

Pereira, D. (n.d.), “O Pelicano” https://diogopereira.net/o-pelicano-de-august-strindberg

The Pop Culture Howl (September 19, 2012), “Holy Expressionism Batman!: Thoughts on Batman returns” http://popculturehowl.blogspot.com/2012/09/holy-expressionism-batmanthoughts-on_9739.html

Puisan, F. (March 08, 2012), “Films Analysis : Edward Scissorhands and Sweeney Todd” http://film-studies-3014.blogspot.com/2012/03/films-analysis-edwardscissorhands-and.html Russel, C. (March 21, 2013), “Narrative rich Illustrations by Callum Russell” https://www.lostateminor.com/2013/03/21/narrative-rich-graphic-illustrationsby-callum-russell/ Saran, M. (January 27, 2015), “Bjork” http://www.ondarock.it/recensioni/2015_bjork_vulnicura.htm Scaife, J. (May 23, 2017), “Arnt Jensen - Limbo & Inside” https://jacobscaifenextgen.wordpress.com/2017/05/23/arnt-jensen-limbo-inside/ Scarlo, M. (February 06, 2018), “Inside: la nascita del gioco espressionista” https://globusmag.it/lanalisi/inside-nascita-del-gioco-espressionista/ Solis (June 19, 2014), “Fashion Editorial: German Expressionism” http://solismagazine.com/fashion-editorial-german-expressionism/#.XK8aqi3W524 Sperry, R. (October 16, 2012), “Erich Henkel” http://mixographics.blogspot.com/2012/10/erich-heckel.html Sum, E. (October 28, 2015), “In Conversation with Glenn Taranto of the New Addams Family” https://otakunoculture.com/2015/10/28/glenntarantointerview/

Torselli, V. (June 02, 2006), “Espressionismo e Architettura, la strana coppia” http://www.artonweb.it/architettura/articolo6.htm Tosoni, C. (February 04, 2016), “ ‘Una casa di Bambola’ al Teatro Parenti: Marina Rocco e la sua Nora conquistano il pubblico” http://www.artspecialday.com/9art/2016/02/04/una-casa-di-bambola-alteatro-parenti/ TvTropes (n.d.), “Halloween Town and German Expressionism” https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Analysis/TheNightmareBeforeChristmas Verdi, G. (May 31, 2004), “Valencia o cara - Con “La forza del destino” si chiude l’esperienza di Zubin Mehta con il Palau” https://www.giornaledellamusica.it/recensioni/valencia-o-cara Wikipedia (n.d.), “Inside (videogame)” https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_(videogioco) Yamout, D. (December 03, 2018), “The Influence of German Expressionist Cinema on the Films of Tim Burton” https://medium.com/@DaniaAtHome/the-influence-of-german-expressionistcinema-on-the-films-of-tim-burton-7e660e36f583

Synpress44, (March 02, 2018), “Traumsender: il pop alieno ed espressionista di Tenedle!” http://www.synpress44.com/portfolio/traumsender-pop-alieno-ed-espressionistatenedle/

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Politecnico di Milano School of Design MSc in Interior and Spatial Design Art and Languages course Professor: Luca Guerrini Students: Nicole Chmet _ 915481 Alice Di Guardo _ 917621 Chiara Sangermani _ 915426