Influenza Issue 2 by North London Collegiate School Jeju

Chief. • Juyeon Ma • Ez Kim

Design. • Ez Kim

Magazine. • Jeein Seol • Jisoo Shin • Yeobin Han

Editing.

• Hoyoon Jung

• Juyeon Ma

• Hyunjoo Cho

• Ms. Sandra Coll

• Seungyeon Ma

• Ms. Jane Forster

• Jeongbin Pi

Overwhelmed by the repetition of homework, assignments, and assessments, we often aimlessly go to school, study, and do some work. There is no boundary between each day; the moment we get off track, we are told to return to this tedious repetition. However, your goal and future are still distant from your position and you are still revolving around where you are. It was the same for me as well. In the past few years, I had no conviction that I would be the person that I have dreamed of. I am aware adolescents feel anxious about their future. Society is full of social and global issues and you will be the one who confronts them in the future as an adult. By looking at different people with a variety of occupations, this magazine will delve into their stories and how they dealt with social and global issues. By reading this magazine, we hope you are helped to envision your future. What role should I take within this society to cope with social or global issues that appear at any time in any form with unpredictable intensities? By looking for answers in the magazine, we hope you will be nearer your goal.

Sincerely Juyeon Ma Editor-in-Chief

For our second edition of Influenza, we’ve chosen the theme of Hangeul. Hangeul was published in 1443, with the name of Hun-min-jung-eun. Hun-min-jung-eun means ‘the right sound for citizens’, meaning that these letters had the purpose to enlighten and educate the people. This was a paradigm shift for the Korean society, as conventional letters, which were Hanja (based on For our second edition of Influenza, we’ve chosen the theme of Hangeul. Hangeul was published Chinese characters), were hard to read and write so that this was seen as a privilege of Yangban in 1443, with the name of Hun-min-jung-eun. Hun-min-jung-eun means ‘the right sound for (noblemen). citizens’, meaning that these letters had the purpose to enlighten and educate the people. This was a paradigm stshift for the Korean society, as conventional letters, which were Hanja (based on Now in the 21 century, Hangeul is used universally throughout the nations and its simplicity and Chinese characters), were hard to read and write so that this was seen as a privilege of Yangban aesthetic is being recognized around the world. Celebrating ‘Hangeul day’ on October 9th, we (noblemen). have chosen ‘Hangeul’ for our second edition of Influenza. Now in the 21st century, Hangeul is used universally throughout the nations and its simplicity We have included interview articles from experts in diverse areas of industry, such as fashion, and aesthetic is being recognized around the world. Celebrating ‘Hangeul day’ on October 9th, calligraphy, and education. I hope you enjoy it! we have chosen ‘Hangeul’ for our second edition of Influenza. We have included interview articles from experts in diverse areas of industry, such as fashion, calligraphy, and education. I hope you enjoy it!

Sincerely Sincerely EZ Kim Ez Kim Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief

Table of Content 08

A Careful Step to Raise Awareness of

Revealing the Korean Education in

Sangbong Lie: Confidence is the Key

ㄱㄴㄷ projects

Significance of Hangeul to 'Koryeoin'

Proper Hangeul as a Calligrapher

Germany

A Contemplation for Ways to Broaden the Role of Hangeul

Current State of Korean (Hangeul)

A Close Look Into the Hangeul Usage

Typographer, a Job to Discover Artistic

The Bridge Between Middle Korean and

A Contemplation for Ways to Braoden

National Museum of Hangeul: the

Education for Overseas Koreans

through Kinetic Typography

Values of Hangeul

Kyeongsang Dialect

the Role of Hangeul

Place where Hangeul is Displayed

A Careful Step to Raise Awareness of Proper Hangeul as a Calligrapher Gwanghwamun sign board

We interviewed Hyuntuk Yoo, the head of the Korea Calli Graphy Design Association. He emphasized the significance of the proper mindset of using Hangeul and the attitudes he has possessed as a calligrapher. Through today’s interview, we learned that a calligrapher can closely scrutinize and experience the subtleties of Hangeul while reflecting the zeitgeist to introduce them to the public.

Can you please briefly introduce yourself? Hyuntuk My name is Hyuntuk Yoo and I am the head of ‘Korea Calli Graphy Design Association’. I majored in Advertising Design and now I work as a calligrapher. One of the well-known pieces I participated in is the ‘Flower’ in the opening ceremony in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. The main theme was the story of six children who grew up and shaped their own future. One of the six children grew up to become a teacher who teaches Hangeul. In that scene, the word ‘Flower’ came out and that was written by me.

To what extent does the type and characteristics of the language of Calligraphy affect the work of Calligraphy? Hyuntuk That would be tremendously! The language might be everything for Calligraphy. Calligraphers these days are too focused on ‘how to express’. In other words, the methods and tools are the centre of their work. However, the truth is that what you express is much more significant. The ‘What’ part necessarily corresponds to the language. People do not appreciate the value and significance of Hangeul when they use it. They do not know how precious it is. Hangeul is the one-and-only language that has the creator, the purpose, and significance. People forget these and thoughtlessly use Hangeul. People who have a job of expressing Hangeul, therefore, have a strong

7 7

Hangeul, therefore, have a strong social responsibility. However, the number of the public is bigger than that of the professionals. Although people like me criticize the overuse of improper Hangeul, the public often refutes it by claiming their freedom. This is a reality: the movement for proper Hangeul is mostly interrupted like this. Therefore, Hangeul is everything for the Korean calligraphers. Calligraphers in Europe and the USA have developed, refined, and used Calligraphy fonts for about 3000 to 4000 years. Even though there are Koreans who can use English fluently and freely, we have only used the alphabet for about 200 years. People who use alphabets for Calligraphy without fully understanding Hangeul do exist.

“Leave it to the original owner” That is my belief. What makes me relieved is that Koreans are the only ones who use the original Chinese characters. The Chinese, who are the creators of the Chinese character, cannot even read them. It is because they use the simplified version. This makes us think that we are better at using the original language. Then who would be the owner of the language? It is not the creator, but the proper user. With that in mind, Hangeul is truly significant. We feel proud of the creation of Hangeul, but what really matters is how we use it. The Gwanghwamun signboard is written in Chinese characters. There is a movement going on to change the signboard into Hangeul. Same with Sungnyemun, the National Treasure No.1, as well.

Hyuntuk Yoo, Korean Calligrapher

Then do you think improper usage of Hangeul is not classified as culture or culture but without artistic values? Hyuntuk The boundary of culture does not mean we should understand and accept them all. People tend to elevate themselves as they age. They gradually try to use sophisticated language and listen to elegant music. Children like cartoons, so they copy what they have seen there. However, you cannot really find many grown-ups who still copy cartoons. People tend to upgrade their tastes in art like this as well. To clarify, this does not mean a cartoon is inferior to a painting. It is not like that. It is not divided by the type of arts, but there is still a clear distinction between superior and inferior depending on attitudes. One of the key elements of the culture is durability. Does the trend have durability? It is not more than a moment of entertainment.

Hyuntuk Yoo’s calligraphy used for Pyeongchang Winter Olympics opening ceremony, called “Flower”.

Then is there any beauty and originality of Hangeul which you have identified during Calligraphy? Hyuntuk The language always comes first and then the characters follow. This order cannot be reversed for any other languages in the world. Taking that into consideration, Hangeul is best at expressing the language and its sound. It is because Hangeul is a phonetic symbol. The world has undergone changes from digital to the smart era. As we have entered the fourth industrial revolution, the power of Hangeul is being revealed even more. In our smartphones, Hangeul can fully express the language with only a few keyboards. Compared to English and Chinese characters, it indeed is a small number. This would make the calculation and operation of the computer much faster. When we develop our original technologies in Korea, computer languages in Hangeul would boost the rate of progress.

When you host exhibitions, do you feel any differences between before and after? What about the public’s interests in calligraphy? Hyuntuk There are two types of reactions. Some only pursue the elements of entertainment and superficial beauty. The others seek the zeitgeist, true beauty, and the depth embodied in calligraphy. The calligraphers nowadays do not take calligraphy seriously enough. They produce attractive and sensuous pieces with pictures on the side. The letters ‘l’, ‘o’, ‘v’, ‘e’ can fully incarnate the meaning of love, but they kindly insert the drawing of hearts to supplement the calligraphy. These can not be accepted.

97 9

For the last question, what do you think is the uniqueness of your job as a calligrapher? Hyuntuk There are many benefits. Firstly, I can participate in an interview like this. However, the most significant attraction is that it makes me happy. People who play musical instruments do not play for themselves. Their performances are usually for the audience. On the contrary, the satisfaction of the people who draw and write is placed at the maximum at the moment when they do their jobs. That would be the number one attraction. The second one is Hangeul. As a calligrapher, I feel rewarded when I recognize that I preserve Hangeul. It pushes me to use proper Hangeul. Sometimes I myself become a poet. Rather than copying others’ poetry or lyrics, we value the words written by ourselves higher as they contain our true emotions. A calligrapher is a job in which one can experience various kinds of jobs. Do you have any last words? Hyuntuk I have a strong conviction for calligraphy you should open your mind and communicate. It should be the reflection of the zeitgeist. What do you think is the keyword of this year? Juyeon COVID-19? Hyuntuk Yes, COVID-19. All of the art pieces should be based on COVID-19. These days people are focused on superficial beauty - even the word COVID-19. To sum up, I hope calligraphers use proper Hangeul and convey valuable messages. Their pieces should be the expression of the zeitgeist.

Questions Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Writer Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Editor Ez Kim (Year 12)

10 10

Relationship between Hangeul education and bilingualism.

Revealing the Korean Education in

Germany

Yeonkyung Lee is working as a teacher at Koreanische Schule Dortmund e.V., German school teaching Hangeul, after achieving a doctoral degree of Korean education and Korean literature in Korea. The education she underwent and the working environments surrounding her has opened her eyes to bilingualism. Her true passion for it inspired her to research ‘A study on the Relationship between Korean School Teachers’ Job Stress in Germany and School Organizational Effectiveness’.

Could you please introduce yourself and your thesis? Yeonkyung Hello, I am Yeonkyung Lee and I teach a Foreigner class for adults in Koreanische Schule Dortmund e. V. I majored in English literature in Sookmyung Women’s University, achieved a Master's degree in Korean education at Ewha Womans University and finished the doctoral course in Korean literature in Sookmyung Women’s University. I was in charge of the undergraduate classes and lectures at the language institutes in Sookmyung Women’s University, but I moved to Germany as my husband started to work here.

Can you briefly describe the research you have done about Korean education? Yeonkyung The research analysed how teachers’ job stress influences organizational effectiveness in Korean school (a school focused on educating Hangeul). The survey targeting Korean school teachers was carried out. The more stress teachers had, the less organisational effectiveness they had. Moreover, the specific sectors of stress - ‘student guidance’ and ‘principal’s leadership’ - was shown to affect organizational effectiveness, so there was a suggestion about the need to make efforts in diminishing these factors in job performance.

11 11

The thesis about Korean school in German (Koreanische Schule Dortmund e. V.) handles sophisticated concepts. What motivated you to write a research paper on this? Yeonkyung: There is a quote ‘The quality of education cannot overpower the quality of teachers’. As a teacher in a Korean school (Koreanische Schule Dortmund e. V.), I thought the school needed to pay more attention to teachers to provide a better quality education. 75% of Korean schools in Germany are small-sized schools with students less than 70. These Small-sized schools have a close relationship between school members which means that most of the school work is accomplished through conventional methods. This makes it difficult to judge if the school is operating effectively. I assumed that teachers working in this environment will be having high job stress. So I started to write the paper focusing on teachers’ stress and how it can damage the quality of education. What do you think should be improved in order to have better Korean education in German Korean schools? * Korean education includes, but not limited to, Korean tradition, literature and other understanding of Korean culture. Yeonkyung Because it was shown that Korean school teachers have high levels of stress regarding student guidance and principal’s leadership, there should be an effort to reduce their stress. Stress in student guidance can be reduced by decreasing the ratio between teachers and students, employing a higher number of assistant teachers and supporting the educational activities financially. To reduce a principal's leadership stress, principals should provide feedback to teachers’ opinions and allow teachers' opinions to be reflected in school management. In order to accomplish these, horizontal organizational structure should be adopted so that teachers can comfortably exchange their opinions. Also, principals should broaden their knowledge in Korean education system and professional school management. In addition to this, Korean schools should search for specific methods - investing in educational facilities, improving treatment for teachers and providing assistant teachers - to increase organisational effectiveness through securing finances. How do you think bilingual education affects Korean education? Yeonkyung I think Korean education has connections to diverse fields such as Korean studies, education studies and applied linguistics. Bilingualism is the study related to the bilingual teaching method for heritage language

learners, Korean as second language learners, and Korean as a foreign language learners. Therefore, it definitely is deeply related to Korean education: language education theory and teaching methods especially have had quite huge implications on Korean education. Currently, I think Korean education is enhanced both in quality and quantity so that it can be actively engaged in the interaction with bilingual education.

Koreanische Schule Dortmund e.V, in German is a school in Germany which aims for the cultural exchange and cooperation between Germany and Korea.

Questions EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer Jisoo Shin (Year 12) | Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Editor Jeein Bunny Seol (Year 12)

Relevant Research LEE YEONKYUNG. (2020). A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KOREAN SCHOOL TEACHERS’ JOB STRESS IN GERMANY AND SCHOOL ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS. This study aims to examine the relationship between teacher’s job stress and school organizational effectiveness and to investigate the effect of the teacher’s job stress on Korean school’s organizational effectiveness in Germany. For this purpose, this study conducted a questionnaire targeting 81 Korean school teachers in Germany. First, the results revealed that teachers’ perception of job stress was below the average. Among sub-factors of the teacher’s job stress, administrative support was the highest, followed by work overload, student instruction, principal’s leadership, relationship with teachers, and relationship with parents. The teachers’ perception of organizational effectiveness was above the average. Job satisfaction was the highest among the sub-factors of the school organizational effectiveness, followed by adaptability to the organization, job performance, and organizational commitment. Second, the differences between the teacher’s job stress and school organizational effectiveness were significantly explained by the Korean teacher’s background variables: teachers’ age, academic background, salary, education career, and the number of students. Third, Korean school teacher’s job stress was negatively correlated with Korean school organizational effectiveness. As a result of the regression analysis, the student instruction and the principal’s leadership affected the school’s organizational effectiveness. This study implies ways to improve Korean school organizational effectiveness in Germany. (Sookmyung Women’s University)

“It is written as East sea, it is read as Dokdo” One of Hyuntuk Yoo’s calligraphy piece

13 13

Sangbong Lie: Confidence Is the Key Sangbong Lie is one of the most famous designers in Korea who brought about significant changes in Korean fashion, e.g. designs with Hangeul patterns. He challenged himself to seek artistic aspects of Hangeul and presented it in a world-class fashion show. That was the moment when Hangeul was positioned to compete within the international community. During the interview, he conveyed the message: confidence is the key.

What you do as a fashion designer? Sangbong As a designer? Umm…. As a fashion designer, the main focus is on the clothes and designing them. The work as a designer includes designing the clothes, but is not limited to that. A designer should take responsibility for producing the final product. Patterns are essential for designing as well, so we need to visualise the patterns as a model. A designer is the one who is in charge of this whole process. You can define a designer as a person who communicates with their own time period. This would be the difference with the fine arts. Fine arts can leap back and forward between time periods. We are impressed by the 100-year-lasting music and arts and make efforts to preserve them until now. On the other hand, we do not really stick with fashion from, let’s say, 200 years. The trend transforms accordingly as architecture, interior and our lifestyle change. A designer should have abilities to be connected with the time period. Same with the products. The objects from a long time ago are now displayed in the museum. A designer should ask: What is in tune with the time? This would include: aesthetic point of view, practicality and creativity. All of these fields are covered by the designers.

Dokdo T-shirt designed by Designer Lie Sang Bong

Based on what you have replied, I believe designers should be consistent with the trend. You spent a lot of time in your career designing with Hangeul patterns. As a pioneer who explores the new field in fashion, what kind of responsibility or will do you have? Sangbong The environment can direct me. Same with the Hangeul fashion. Because it was for the fashion show in Paris and it was before the 120th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Korea and France, I had a sense of duty as a Korean designer to present the ‘most Korean’ fashion. This led me to combine Hangeul with fashion. After the event, I agonised over Hangeul fashion as many people paid attention and told me to carry on with it while our design team and staff conceded that we would be bogged down if we continued with it. They said it would not even be sold. At that time, although we put Hangeul fashion on a Paris fashion show, it was not on sale in Korea. When it came to Hangeul, all of our

14 14

designers were opposed to it as well: “They are out of style…”, “The are unrefined”, “Hangeul is not settled as a fashion.” Those oppositions were the source of my sense of duty to introduce Korean culture to the international stage. I wanted to return the love I have received so far. Instead, I challenged myself to combine Hangeul with the Korean national flower, Mugunghwa or sometimes embroidery, traditional furniture and Dancheong, the Korean traditional colouring pattern. Did you discover any attraction or originality in the course of combining the cultural aspects and Hangeul into fashion? Sangbong When we first learned Hangeul when we were young, Hangeul was supposed to be written inside a standard square box. It was far apart from the natural acquisition. We learned a lot about the creative and scientific values of Hangeul. We actually did not have much chance to acknowledge the artistic value of it. When I initiated the Hangeul fashion in Paris, people were like: “This is so beautiful.”, “The pattern is so modern.” The foreigners perceived it as a new artistic pattern as they did not know Hangeul as a language. That was the moment of learning. The framework that we put on to our culture and the understanding or perception that foreigners have while they do not have prior knowledge can be different. From that point, I believed Hangeul could be broken. Hangeul should be freed from standards and rules. Kids draw even our national flag playfully. That is the direction that we should move forward to. That is also what I did. I applied this into Hangeul and drew them sometimes as if it is tilted or upside-down. In this way, Hangeul became more artistic. The fact was that we were not aware of the beauty and the need for appreciation.

‘Lie Sang Bong’ designer store

I brought a direct quote from your 2009 interview with Kookmin Ilbo. “Hangeul did not go along with the words design or fashion. It is highly recognized for its practicality and orig nality to some extent, but its excellence in beauty still remains sceptical. It does not mean that Hangeul has no beauty; it is just not keenly evolved to be beautiful.” As ten years have elapsed, what is your response to your answer? Sangbong At that time, there were people who commented that I exploited Hangeul and made money from it. There were continuous criticisms and it took quite a while for Hangeul to be accepted. It was the government that first got in touch with me when my clothes were displayed in the Champs Elysees. However, it took time for the public to recognize Hangeul as a part of their culture. The products were first released after five years. Hangeul was combined with many objects including phones and ceramics. From Insa-dong, Hangeul products gradually settled in Korea. Around that time, I sent about 200 to 300 yards of fabric to foreign designers. They were used for the exhibition in France. It was a worldscale event which millions of people attended. The host asked us to prepare with the cultural products for the diplomatic relationship anniversary between Korea and France. We wove silk and printed Hangeul on it. We sent those to them. Designers from all over the world took it for the exhibition in their countries in turn, and there was an exhibition in Korea after France as well. The Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism visited the exhibition and was impressed. It seems he realized the potential of Hangeul to be employed as a cultural product. From that point, Hangeul was added to the list of K-brand. At that time, we conceived of Hanok (Korean traditional house), Hanbok(Korean Traditional custom) and Hanshilk(Korean traditional dish) for K-brand, but now Hangeul entered the K-brand belatedly.

15 15

‘Dream Road - Way to The Heaven’

I brought a direct quote from your 2009 interview with Kookmin Ilbo. “Hangeul did not go along with the words design or fashion. It is highly recognized for its practicality and orig nality to some extent, but its excellence in beauty still remains sceptical. It does not mean that Hangeul has no beauty; it is just not keenly evolved to be beautiful.” As ten years have elapsed, what is your response to your answer? Sangbong At that time, there were people who commented that I exploited Hangeul and made money from it. There were continuous criticisms and it took quite a while for Hangeul to be accepted. It was the government that first got in touch with me when my clothes were displayed in the Champs Elysees. However, it took time for the public to recognize Hangeul as a part of their culture. The products were first released after five years. Hangeul was combined with many objects including phones and ceramics. From Insa-dong, Hangeul products gradually settled in Korea. Around that time, I sent about 200 to 300 yards of fabric to foreign designers. They were used for the exhibition in France. It was a world-scale event which millions of people attended. The host asked us to prepare with the cultural products for the diplomatic relationship anniversary between Korea and France. We wove silk and printed Hangeul on it. We sent those to them. Designers from all over the world took it for the exhibition in their countries in turn, and there was an exhibition in Korea after France as well. The Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism visited the exhibition and was impressed. It seems he realized the potential of Hangeul to be employed as a cultural product. From that point, Hangeul was added to the list of K-brand. At that time, we conceived of Hanok (Korean traditional house), Hanbok(Korean Traditional custom) and Hanshilk(Korean

traditional dish) for K-brand, but now Hangeul entered the K-brand belatedly. hen were there any differences between how public and artists responded to Hangeul products? Sangbong In most of the cases, designers and artists are the ones who challenge new things and show innovative products and the public follow the trend. However, sometimes trials done by people with no professional artistic knowledge are more widely accepted by the public. It really depends. Everyone can do fashion. The difference is whether you do it for a living or not. To give you an example, one can come up with a brilliant invention while an inventor keeps researching and discussing in order to invent constantly. Do you see any trend or propensity to consume for Hangeul cultural products? Sangbong The ‘High School Fashion Contest with Sangbong Lie’ is now taking place and there used to be two sections, Eco and Style Icon, which is most beloved by the younger generations. One more thing we added later was ‘Hangeul’. From this year, we added Hanbok as well. The applicants can choose from these four areas. The benefit of the contest is that it is a great impetus to make the applicants study. In the process of researching, they widen their access to something new and interpret it in their own style whether it is good or not. There are not many products based on our own culture, which is kind of unexpected. Until now, we spent our time following the Western style. As we have been modernized, we had a chance to look back. Eastern style beauty itself can complement our fashion industry. 16

This might be a far-apart story, but I learn literature in both Korean and English in school. There was a trend in a poem: the criticism for urbanisation and capitalism appears in the English and American poems five years before the Korean poems with similar themes. I felt like Korea was following the Western culture at least in the past. I believe we are now continuously seeking originality as we accept Hangeul and other K-culture. Sangbong When I traveled to NYU for the special lecture, the Korean students seemed to be intimidated by the long-lasting traces of culture, not only by their commercial benefits. Now what we need is confidence. We are now in the ranks of the developed countries and K-culture is widely beloved by international fans. It is important to know what we possess and be proud of it. I told them we need these mindsets during the lecture. All cultures retain their own identities that are precious by themselves. They can communicate with each other within the international community and develop in various ways. Designers also have social responsibility. When I did the invitation show at Harbin, I set An Jung-geun as the theme. As a result, I could raise awareness about An Jung-geun. After the sinking of the Sewol ferry, two females who lost their children came to me crying about a couple of weeks after the disaster. The son’s dream was to become a designer. After I listened

about the son’s sketches, photos and future goals for two hours, I designed a cloth based on his sketch and gave it to his mom as a present. At that time, I set the brand name to be his name and inserted my name as a collaborator. After that, I realized this was not the problem of one individual, but something that applies to all high school students who died in the tragedy as they all used to have dreams. I thought my mission was to lead their spirits to heaven. That was the main reason for hosting the fashion show called ‘Dream Road - Way to Heaven’. Keeping pace with the society and taking the adequate roles according to the needs of the country are social responsibilities. Then what would be the ideal attitudes of the public when they perceive or accept fashion? When it comes to fashion, there is a trend. It is usually created by the front-runners and designers. Sometimes social conditions build up the trend. They can be the excitement of the Olympics or wars. COVID-19 is also deeply rooted in fashion these days. These are the sources of the creation of new trends. Then the public would follow the trend.

Questions Juyeon Ma (Year 12) | EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer: Jisoo Shin (Year 12) | Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Editor: EZ Kim (Year 12)

Sinking of The Ferry Sewol 6285 ton weighted Sewol ship carrying 476 people on board sank off at the southern coast, killing more than 300 people.

An Jung-geun One of the most famous patriots Anwho Jung-geun One of most assassinated Itothe Hirobumi, famous patriots who assassinated the chief instigator Ito in Hirobumi, the chiefofinstigator the colonization Korea in the colonization of Korea

18 18

Behind The Successful Hangeul Day Events...

ㄱㄴㄷ

Ga. Na. Da.

PRO JECT

GaNaDa project, led by Mingyu Lawrence Bae and Ki Myeong Andrew Cheon, is an enterprise in North London Collegiate School Jeju. The enterprise is a means of connecting students and non-Korean staff members. With their ultimate goal of advancing a sense of connectedness, they initiated the ‘Poem Writing Competition’ and ‘Typography Event’ for Hangeul day on October 9 2020. Listen to their successful Hangeul day events:

Could you please briefly introduce what GaNaDa project does for the community? Lawrence The purpose of the GaNaDa project is to remove the exclusive environment in our school. As our school is based in Korea, teachers’ Korean language abilities are deeply related to the sense of inclusion. The GaNaDa project recruits student volunteers who want to teach Hangeul and staff members who want to learn Hangeul. Not only in school but out of school, they have to live in Korean society, so helping them understand and speak some Korean would help them join the wider community and have a better life in Korea. GaNaDa Project has been acknowledged for the events during the Hangeul Day within NLCS Jeju. Before we delve into these events, let’s briefly touch upon the activities that you have initiated. Lawrence Actually, the ‘Poem Writing Competition’ on Hangeul day was the first event that we initiated. Before that, we had teaching sessions. We matched students and

teachers and they individually had lectures. The Hangeul Day event included typography in front of the library and a poem contest about the convenience of Hangeul for the whole school students. Our goal was to increase the accessibility to Korean and experiences associated with Hangeul. I highly appreciate the contributions of the GaNaDa Project for the Hangeul education in the NLCS Jeju community. Do you have any words of advice for the NLCS students in terms of Hangeul usage and education? Lawrence I want students to reflect on what kind of words they use with Hangeul. I believe a moment of filtering what to say would increasingly advance language usage. I hope the GaNaDa project will remind students that Hangeul is making our lives much more convenient in many ways. Fortunately, Korean staff members are doing their best in teaching Hangeul, so I really appreciate their efforts.

What were some achievements of ‘Poem writing competition’? How many people have participated in the competition? Andrew Basically, the purpose of the event held by the GaNaDa enterprise was to raise awareness of Hangeul Day. As Hangeul Day is designated as a national holiday in South Korea, I believe that it is a very meaningful day to Korean citizens. As our school does not celebrate this day as a public national holiday, we wanted to convey the values of Hangeul through the ‘Poem writing competition’. As many students actually had to ponder and use their time to come up with a piece of writing, I think it helped them to understand the scientific and beautiful system embodied in Hangeul. Reflecting on the high number of participants, we were very glad to see that many students actually had an interest in and enthusiasm for Hangeul. Did you witness the same phenomenon in the ‘Typography Event’? Were there any differences in terms of participation rate or interests? Andrew TThe basic difference of ‘Typography Event’ from ‘Poem Writing Competition’ was the participation rate of staff members: A lot of staff members participated in the ‘Typography Event’. As the teachers and staff members had to write down, decorate and print the Ko-

rean abstract nouns, they were able to know and acquire how certain words were written in Hangeul. We were very touched to see how non-Korean staff members had an interest in the Korean language. Please evaluate the current state of Hangeul education in NLCS Jeju. Andrew Prior to the existence of the GaNaDa enterprise, only non-Korean students had the privilege of learning the Korean language during lesson times. We wanted to establish a system in which students teach Hangeul to non-Korean teachers so that we provide support to nonKorean teachers while living on Jeju island. Currently, we are doing our best to be a bridge between students and non-Korean staff members. In this process, we are helping the school community to develop and maintain a strong and mutually beneficial relationship between students and teachers.

Questions EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer Yeobin Han (Year 12) | Hoyoon Jeong (Year 12) Editor: Juyeon Ma (Year 12)

Ganada Project displayed at the NLCS library

21 21

Significance of Hangeul to

'Koryeoin' Jeongmin Ahn is a professor from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, KFL graduate school. Her research team took charge of the Hangeul camp for Koryeoin. Although it lasted for only 10 days, it was a truly life-changing experience for both staff and participants. Through the camp, Professor Ahn realized the significance of Hangeul to Koryeoin: It was not merely a language but a strong tool that bound them strongly with the sense of companionship.

Please briefly introduce yourself and the research paper you have written. Jeongmin Nice to meet you, my name is Ahn Jeong Min and I am teaching students at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, KFL graduate school. I'm sure you all know that K-pop is very popular globally these days. As a result of this, more and more people around the world want to learn Hangeul, just as we go to other countries to learn English or other foreign languages. Many students come to Korea to learn Hangeul, although the number has decreased significantly due to COVID-19. I work at KFL Graduate School in HUFS to train teachers who teach Korean as a Foreign Language. One of the reporters of INFLUENZA, Ez Kim, read my thesis and sent me an email, so I am happy to share my opinions and experiences regarding the research paper. The paper that reporter Ez Kim read was about the ‘Koryeo’ people. ‘Koryeoin’ (‘in’ for people in Korean) is a term used to refer to the Korean people living in Russia and Central Asia. Many Korean citizens migrated due to many socio-economic difficulties during the independence movement during the Japanese colonial era. Originally, they lived in the Primorsky Krai regions (Maritime province, translated in English), but Stalin forced them to move to Central Asia regions, so they had to move without knowing the reason. After moving out, they were not allowed to speak

their native Korean, so many Koryeoins cannot speak Korean now. The field of Korean language education for Korean youth is quite specific. Is there any reason you became interested in this field? Jeongmin From the perspective of national identity, Koryeoins are determined as Russian and Central Asian, but ethnically, they are Korean people. As Korea went through cultural and economic development during the 2000s, Korean teenagers are now becoming more interested in Korean society overall, and in response, the Korean government is also providing various support for them. The Overseas Koreans Foundation (headquarter is located in Jeju Island actually!) organized a Korean language camp for Koryeoins living in the CIS areas (Commonwealth of Independent States). Our research team took charge of this camp, so we became interested in finding out about Koryeoins. Of course, I know that there are many Koryeo teenagers living in Ansan and other places in Korea beforehand, but I think that was when I started to pay attention to them. finding out about Koryeoins. Of course, I know that there are many Koryeo teenagers living in Ansan and other places in Korea beforehand, but I think that was when I started to pay attention to them.

The third Sunday of October is "Koryeoin's Day" and holds annual commemorative events. On the 5th "Koryeoin's Day" in 2017, the children danced traditional Korean fan dances.

22 22

Koryeoin town in Gwangju, Korea. Daycare centre in Koryeoin town, children learning Hangeul. Can you share some memorable or unexpected events that you have encountered during the Korean camp? Jeongmin As the participants and staff members stayed together for 10 days, it reminds me of many memories. The most memorable event happened on the last day of camp. Many students who were involved in this camp burst into tears. They felt a number of overwhelming sensations, but mostly they cried for completing the 10-day journey of the camp with other people. Also, there were friends studying Russian at foreign language high schools in Korea to actually provide experiences to talk in Russian with people in the same age group. After the camp, they have shared contact information. Please describe some of the positive changes that students have experienced through the camp. Jeongmin As I also wrote in my research paper, 3rd and 4th generation Koryeoins rarely speak Korean in their homes. There are some students who learn Korean in Korean language schools in the country, but their skills are not high enough as they only go there for about one or two hours on weekends. Of course, this camp was conducted for a short period of time too, but because they were intensely focused on learning

Korean while living in Korea, there has been a great improvement in their test scores. Hence, the goal of this camp was not to enhance their test grades for Korean but to build momentum for them to go back to their country and continue to study Korean. Therefore, there is hope that they will grow further in the future regarding their Korean skills. You have chosen <Our Korean> and <Our Hangeul> for the textbooks. Do you have any reasons for the choice? Jeongmin The Korean textbook was made by the Korean teachers who organized the camp together. Students without any basic Korean skills followed the “Our Hangeul,” syllabus and the “Our Korean” syllabus was published to be used for beginner, intermediate and advanced classes. There are many Korean language textbooks out there for foreigners learning Korean, but I am proud that our teachers came up with textbooks on their own, specialized for Koryeo youth.

23 23

Questions EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer EZ Kim (Year 12) Editor Juyeon Ma (Year 12)

Relevant Research HAN HAE MIN, AHN JEONGMIN. (2019). AN ANALYSIS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE ANXIETY IN KOREAN LANGUAGE EDUCATION.

Abstract This study explores the previous research on foreign language anxiety in Korean language education to understand the current trends and topics of foreign language anxiety. Brown(2007) mentioned that anxiety is the most significant affective factor in second language acquisition. It is known that language anxiety affects academic achievement. About 705 studies on foreign language anxiety have been published in the journals as well as dissertations. Among them, this study selected 66 studies after reviewing and classified according to the types and topics. The types are sorted by year, dissertations and academic articles, and research targets. The topics are categorized as language function, the relationship between affective factors and language anxiety, and others. It is expected that this study can be used to review the previous research about foreign language anxiety in Korean language education.

Hangeul Education, A pathway to revitalize our community Sun-Mi Park is the professor from the Folklore Institute at Andong National University. In her recent research paper on Hangeul Education in Ocheon ‘Annam Mother School’, she scrutinized the significance of Hangeul education for the elderly in terms of the search for their identities and revitalization of the community they are involved in. She found out that Hangeul education holds the key to open a pathway to infuse life into our community.

Can you briefly introduce yourself and your article? Sunmi Hello. I am Sun-Mi Park, Professor from the Folklore Institute at Andong National University. I majored in material culture in the Department of Folklore at Andong National University and I am now studying community culture in the Folklore Institute. Since September 1, 2018, the Folklore Institute has been selected for the Korea Research Foundation’s project to support university-focused research institutes in the humanities and social fields and has been carrying out a project called “The Paradigm Establishment and Utilization of Community Culture Research as Future Studies’’. A research paper called ‘Hangeul Education in Okcheon ‘Annam Mother School’ and the Meaning of Community Association’ was also written as part of this research project. This research was done by a site survey of Annam’s Mother School in Annam-myeon, Okcheon-gun, Chungchungbuk-do to assess how rural aged women’s improvement of Hangeul proficiency influences their personal lives and the community in order to further analyse whether ‘Annam’s Mother School’ is a community or an association. This was a study to understand the properties of today’s newly formed modern communities. Is there a reason why you chose Annam’s Mother School located in Okcheon? Sunmi As I mentioned, I learned about ‘Annam Mother’s School’ in the course of conducting community culture research to carry out the research project of the Folklore Institute. The Culture Research Group of the Folklore Institute conducts research every year and the

areas of investigation mainly covered Cheongju-si, Okcheon-gun and Boeun-gun in Chungcheongbuk-do from September 2019 to August 2020. Among them, the “Annam mother’s school” in Okcheon-gun was selected because I was previously interested in studying the culture of the elderly and was already studying the “Hangeul classroom”, voluntarily conducted by the village in Yecheon-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Currently, the community movement is actively under its way to revitalize the ageing villages. Among them, I believe educating Hangeul is the good starting point for the essential cultural welfare for the elderly. Local governments have been also working to provide literacy education as a part of lifelong education, but I believed voluntary Hangeul education should be prioritized.In this context, the Annam Mother School in Okcheon was judged to be a very good example to conduct the research.

Annam's Mother School

learned Hangeul, they learned something more than

Students in Annam's mother school, learning Korean calligraphy What is the relationship between the improvement of Hangeul skills and the establishment of students’ identity? Do you have any specific cases that you want to mention? Sunmi The existing elderly women living in rural areas are the generation that has been discriminated against in patriarchal society. They were naturally distant from the threshold of education. Those who were born before and after the Korean War were the generation that did not receive the proper language education. Not being able to read and write, they lived as one’s ‘mothers’, ‘wives’, and ‘daughters’ without their independent identity. Within the family, they were in the lowest rank; within the society, they were in the weakest group. As they have learned Hangeul, they learned something more than convenience: they started to recognize who they are as the subjects of their lives as they gained confidence. The most memorable mother student was an old lady who was born in 1937. She was the youngest of eight siblings and was nicknamed “Jjongmali”. Before the Korean war, she briefly learned Hangeul at school, but she couldn’t write and read Hangeul since her hands were always shaking. Because her husband was sick, she started to attend “Mother’s school” since 2009. Thanks to grandfather’s support and determination from the grandmother, her Korean language skills improved dramatically, and won the “Beautiful Writing Award at the 'Moonhae Hanmadang Writing Contest' hosted by the National Council for Literacy and Basic Education. Her story was introduced in local newspapers and aired on TV programs, which not only her husband but also her family were proud of. Learning

Hangeul for the elderly is indeed a life-changing experience. I think Hangeul education is very important to the elderly in rural areas, to the extent that they say that cultural welfare begins with Hangeul Education. What would be the significance of ‘mother’s school’ to our society? Sunmi Annam mother’s school is a symbol of the Annam community. I think it is playing a big role as a source for driving the revitalization of the community. The elderly residents were brought outside from their houses and villages. In this way, they were gradually breaking the boundaries around them and thus, activated the interaction within the community. Most importantly, the students of the mother’s school themselves found vitality in their life. What does Hangeul education mean to you? Sunmi I believe that learning Hangeul is a journey to find ‘me’. For a while, I visited the Korean language education sites in rural areas and had interviews with them. I was impressed by the changes in their lives before and after learning Hangeul. For them, education has been the object of lifelong study, search for comfort and motivation for challenging new activities. During the interview, one of the educated elderly said, “The best part of the education is that I feel I am being treated like a real person”, and it touched my heart. During the site survey, I realised once again that if one is left out of the language, he or she will naturally be left out in cultural activities. In order for our society to reach a true welfare state, Korean education should be provided evenly to the underprivileged in our society.

Questions EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer Yeobin Amy Han (Year 12) | Hoyoon Jeong (Year 12) Editor Juyeon Ma (Year 12) | Jisoo Shin (Year 12)

Relevant Research Relevant Research ‘HANGEUL EDUCATION IN OKCHEON ‘ANNAM MOTHER SCHOOL’ AND THE MEANING OF COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION’ Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine how rural aged women’s improvement of Hangeul proficiency influences their personal lives and the community with Chungbuk Okcheon-gun Annam-myeon ‘Annam Mother School’ and also investigate the characteristics of ‘Annam Mother School’. To address the goal, this author has analyzed the attributes of the community and association. According to the results, Annam Mother School is found to be ‘a community association’ equipped with the attributes of both ‘a strongly-bonded association’ and ‘a weakly-bonded association’. ‘Annam Mother School’ is an association organized ‘intentionally’ and ‘artificially’ by the region’s leaders and rural aged women for the common goal of Hangeul education. Although in a traditional community, they share the geographical boundary, join in it ‘spontaneously’, and lose their community membership when they leave the geographical boundary for a particular reason, ‘Annam Mother School’ has the attributes of an association that the members can join and leave ‘voluntarily’ and ‘autonomously’. Mother students at ‘Annam Mother School’ operate the student council autonomously and make ‘equal’ and ‘democratic’ decisions; however, ‘the awareness of ranking’ grounded on Confucian ideology in the traditional community is preconditioned here. Particularly when any conflict arises, it is intervened by androcentrism and ranking in the end, which means they apply the principle of the traditional community making decisions based on the ranking of Confucian ideology and intervening conflicts. Meanwhile, mother students at ‘Annam Mother School’ hardly exhibit reciprocality in their everyday lives unlike in the traditional community, but they show ‘emotional solidarity’ in a variety of experiential activities, for example, group dinner at school, which reveals its attributes as ‘a weakly-bonded community’. Moreover, mother students at ‘Annam Mother School’ find their own identity again as their Hangeul proficiency grows, and this allows them to participate in social activity more positively and establish their subjectivation in life as well. In other words, not just remaining in personal or private area any more, mother students come to be reborn as a public subject as they take part in diverse cultural activities in their region. Also, the successful case of ‘Annam Mother School’ did influence the region as they attempted to build more Hangeul schools and operate Hangeul programs. As mentioned above, ‘Annam Mother School’ has formed the drive to change the community and contributed to creating the social value of senior welfare and culture.

27 27

Current State of Korean Education for Overseas Koreans. Jung Sup Kim, a professor of Korean Literature at Kyung Hee University, has a deep interest in Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans. Through his research, he has assessed the current state of Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans. What would be the possible solutions for limited educational environments abroad? Let’s find the answer in the interview with Professor Kim.

Jung Sup Kim, Professor at Kyung Hee Univ. Please introduce yourself. Jung Sup Hello, I am Jung Sup Kim. I am currently a professor of Korean Literature at Kyung Hee University, and I am the director of the Kyung Hee Centre for Korean Culture Research, the President of the International Korean Education Foundation. I teach Korean Language Education and Korean Studies to undergraduate and graduate students. I am in charge of the research related to the Korean Language

(Korean Language education), guiding students, and publishing Korean Language textbooks. Until now, I have compiled about 70 books including ‘Understanding of Korean Language Education’ for Koreans, ‘Dekiru Korean Language Idiomatic Expressions’ for Japanese, and ‘New Standard Korean’ for Chinese. Furthermore, we participated in the ‘International Korean Language Standard Curriculum Application Study’, which was planned and commissioned by the National Institute of Korean Language, as a researcher in 2017. It was a very meaningful study as a guide to global Korean Language education. In 2016, our efforts in the field of Korean Language globalization, multiple cultures, and Korean Language education paid attention and fortunately was registered in the world biographical dictionary, Who’s Who. In addition, we were awarded the ‘Order of Peace and Friendship’ from the Vietnamese government in recognition of our contribution to the exchange and cooperation between the two countries. I am also doing my best as a Korean cultural ambassador. The future of Korean Language education has infinite possibilities. According to statistics from the Korea Foundation(KF), 1,395 universities in 107 countries have opened courses for Korean studies. In addition, the three countries including Southeast Asia are increasingly establishing Korean studies due to the influence of K-culture. Young people are making great progress in promoting Korea as an attractive, beautiful country with unique cultures. Along with the potential of soft power in Korea, I believe that the future of Korean Language education is bright.

28 28

Please briefly introduce your research and the conclusion that you have reached through the research. Jung Sup ‘Korean Language Education’ is for people who speak the Korean Language as their mother tongue while ‘Korean(Hangeul) education’ is for overseas Koreans and foreigners. This study focused on overseas Koreans and analyzed the present state of research on Korean(Hangeul) education and assessed the deficiencies and efficiencies of Korean(Hangeul) education. Based on the research, it was concluded that Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans should be advanced in education for each area, especially reading and writing. I evaluated that professional teachers and research personnel should be expanded and various learners’ textbooks should be developed along with the efficient support by the policy. Although currently there are various studies that analyze Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans from various angles based on the discussions, more in-depth research is required. I believe we should take a closer look at the language policy of our compatriots in countries such as China and Israel so that we can accept the positive side. What was your motivation for conducting research on the topic of Korean(Hangeul) education of Korean residents abroad? Jung Sup According to the Overseas Koreans Foundation, 7.5 million Koreans are currently residing in 180 countries. It indicates that a considerable number of Koreans live abroad. Their impact on Korean society from the past to the present is very significant in many ways. The academic community is interested in studying these overseas Koreans in all areas including, but not limited to, history, economics, politics, diplomacy, literature, and language. Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans is one of these efforts. Given that it is highly likely for more second, third, and fourth generations to not speak Korean fluently, we need to establish their identity and maintain a solid Korean community. The next generation of overseas Koreans will not only learn the language Hangeul but also retain an ethnic identity as a Korean while being ready for adapting to Korean society. This will make their lives more comfortable even if they return to their homeland. The fact that there are many bilingual speakers abroad, who can speak both Korean and local languages, will enhance national prestige and power as it means there are a lot of our compatriots who are fluent in foreign languages. As such, research on Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans exists not only at individual levels but also at linguistic, ethnic, and national levels. However, because education for them is conducted in

different environments from Korean(Hangeul) education for foreigners, I thought that systematic Korean(Hangeul) education is needed to adapt to the environment of overseas Koreans. Furthermore, I think more research is needed on Korean education and developing Korean language textbooks for overseas Koreans and adoptees. Were there any unexpected things that surprised you throughout the research? Jung Sup When I first started this research, I felt that Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans was not yet fully mature academically. However, Korean(Hangeul) education research for overseas Koreans has more than doubled in quantity, and in-depth research is being conducted, suggesting specific and realistic educational measures in terms of quality. This shows the academic aspect of Korean(Hangeul) education that continues to develop. It is indeed a pleasure for me. However, despite these efforts, Korean language teachers in different regions are suffering from issues such as the lack of proper teaching materials and educational measures for different local situations. The nature of Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans differs from each country in terms of the purpose of learning and the immigrants’ Korean skills. This is because of the different history of immigration and status or availability of Korean(Hangeul) in different countries. This means that a normal textbook with a general-purpose cannot provide an equal quality of education to 7.5 million overseas Koreans worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to develop textbooks that reflect local cultural and linguistic characteristics and are more detailed by country or region within the same language area. In this process, efforts should be made to reflect the purpose of learners and their Korean language skills as much as possible. Fortunately, I am personally very satisfied that the “Study on the Application of International Korean Standard Curriculum” can serve as a reference book in Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans. Please describe any further improvements that could be made for Korean(Hangeul) education. Jung Sup While it is important to educate functional parts of the language such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing at the Korean language education site, it is equally important to educate Korean culture. In particular, overseas Koreans, whose identity may become ambiguous, need concrete and effective cultural education measures to foster their identity. For example, there are many beautiful and sophisticat-

or physical limitations. This will require the efforts of Korean language education professionals, as well as the collaboration of many experts, including software engineers, video photographers, editors, and web designers. In conclusion, these kinds of studies about Korean(Hangeul) education for overseas Koreans are not something that an individual or any other organization can do solely by themselves. We need active support and cooperation from each government department. Collaboration between ministries and agencies in the government has become very significant nowadays.

Korean textbook, 'Baro Hangeul' designed for foreigners written by Jung Sup Kim -ed literary works in Korea. By learning and experiencing Korean literature, overseas Koreans will be able to create a sense of closeness and positive perception of their motherland and further establish their ethnic identity. Furthermore, we are now living in an era of convergence research where the interdisciplinary study is active. Various fields such as culture, environment, IT, and AI are experiencing rapid technological developments, and Korean(Hangeul) education is also in a situation where a convergent approach to other fields such as technology and culture is inevitable. Recently, e-learning classes through video conferencing services such as Zoom have been actively used because faceto-face classes cannot be taught due to the COVID-19 crisis. In Korean(Hangeul) education, we need to find the advantages and efficiencies of e-learning and find a strategy to maximize them. As it is a difficult time to send teachers abroad, we should maintain our focus on smart learning’ which is run based on AI technology and the use of smart devices. We need to develop smart learning programs so that students can access and learn Korean anytime. This will provide a future-oriented educational foundation to increase accessibility and interest in the Korean language and overcome financial

Questions EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Editor Hyunjoo Annette Cho (Year 12)

Relevant Research PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE TASKS OF STUDIES ON KOREAN EDUCATION FOR OVERSEAS KOREANS Abstract This study is to examine the present status and outcomes of Korean Education and address the future tasks and directions for further research. The study first examined the status of one hundred and eight Korean Education related articles that have been presented during approximately twenty five years of research by types, from 1986 until now. Next, the study covered the progress of research among yearly and regional classifications. Also, by categorizing the research into themes, the study discovered the outcomes and current status of research that have been conducted to this point. Although there have been various levels of previous research, the results of this study were that several researches have been focused on specific locations; and in terms of thematic research, there were lack of practicality. Therefore, this study aimed to propose the future directions and tasks of Korean Education based on the research of Korean Education for Overseas Korean. First of all, the research suggests that future Korean education needs to cultivate identity and further address the specificity of overseas Koreans by dividing its education by functionality and domain. Also, further suggestions include issues of supporting research such as the need to improve teacher training, expand the research community, develop materials,and set up necessary policies.

30 30

A Close Look Into the Hangeul Usage Through Kinetic Typography Eun Hye Shin is the writer of the research paper ‘Visual Characteristics of Korean Kinetic Typography According to Tone and Voice on YouTube’. The popular YouTube video from ‘Workman’ channel opened her eyes to the kinetic typography of Hangeul. What are some of the advantages of kinetic typography for understanding the contents? Is it only advantageous for preserving proper Hangeul usage? With these questions in mind, let’s listen to what Eun Hye Shin tells us.

Please briefly introduce yourself and your research paper. Eun Hae I am Eun Hye Shin and I am currently studying for a Master’s degree at Hanyang University Design College. My research paper is about how visual characteristics of Hangeul kinetic typography differ depending on tone and voice. You might be aware of some popular YouTubers. I analysed how their voices are visually represented. ‘Kinetic Typography’ might not be familiar to the readers. What motivated you to conduct research on this topic? Eun Hae Kinetic typography might not be familiar to the public, but it has been around us for a long time. Put simply, it means the moving typography, words and letters that have motility. To be honest, I was not a big fan of youtube. Normally, I visit youtube only when I need information. However, there was one video I accidentally encountered. It was a video called ‘workman’. It was a revelation to me. The sensational contents and visualization captivated my mind, so I even subscribed to the channel for a while. However, as I watched the videos, I identified some visual problems from them. One of the biggest problems was the ‘Kinetic Typography of Hangeul’. This inspired me to write a research paper on this topic. It even exerted influences on the public TV programmes. I was taken aback by this type of newly born kinetic typography. My research paper started with exploring more popular YouTubers. According to the research paper, the YouTube watching hours of teenagers ranked the second after the 50s with an average of 117 minutes. What kind of implications would the improper Hangeul usage in kinetic typography have on the teenagers? Eun Hae Although I am currently a postgraduate student with a Master’s degree, I have more than 10 years of social career experience. I experienced the differences in word choices when I was exchanging simple messages with younger postgraduate students. As I told you before,

I’m not a big fan of Youtube, so it was very surprising to find out that so many people are actually spending a lot of time watching YouTube. They seem to take it as one of their hobbies. Furthermore, I have learned that many people in their 20s and 30s are destroying Hangeul when they are messaging. Even I sometimes do not use proper Hangeul and make careless mistakes. Reflecting on this, kinetic typography might have tremendous implications to teenagers, who are even more exposed to different contents on YouTube. It’s only my opinion though, but I think domestic Kinetic typography and foreign typography levels are very similar to each other.

Example of Korean Kinetic Typography in Youtube 모차르트, meaning Mozart in Korean, the ㅊ is replaced by the human figure Please describe any difficulties you went through while you were writing your research paper. Eun Hae All of the processes in writing research were harsh, but I was able to collect data and classify the types through the previous research and literature data. I suffered most while analyzing the data because I was supposed to find the adequate methods that would cover the low feasibility of the subjective analysis. Then I decided that a linguistic analysis framework would work for analyzing Hangeul expressions according to tone and voice. Therefore, I brought Roman Jakobson’s model of the six functions of language to distinguish visual characteristics and successfully completed the research paper.

31 31

Questions EZ Kim (Year 12) Writer Annette Cho (Year 12) Editor Juyeon Ma (Year 12)

Relevant Research VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KOREAN KINETIC TYPOGRAPHY ACCORDING TO TONE AND VOICE ON YOUTUBE Abstract Kinetic typography has developed into various information delivery methods with the rapid growth of New Media. The change has thus formed a new visual culture that has added temporal and spatial expressions to the delivery of merely legible information. On YouTube that has rapidly grown into a single-person media, the kinetic typography for Korean which is based on tone and voice has shifted its focus to entertainment at the hands of the editors of YouTube. The issues created by insufficient specialization due to absence of knowledge have to be analyzed with actual contents, and the direction of improvement needs to be explored. Committed to such objectives, the study selects 3 to 6 items of the South Korean contents in 2019 that achieve quite much of the kinetic typography for Korean based on tone and voice, which are included in the 100 most influential items as chosen by subscribers and register minimum 3 points in rating. Then, the study analyzes the cases of the kinetic typography for Korean that shows in tone and voice by classifying them into the three attributes of type size, shape change, and tempo variation. As a result, type size greatly influences layout and interferes with readability. The study has seen that the arrangement of the layout has disregarded its general concept. The study has found out that while the shape change has rich meaning in terms of design, the resulting variation leads to the overuse of foreign words and the degeneration of Korean, potentially causing problems with communication. Tempo variation, which shows at once continuous motion and standstill form, represents movement and speed. While handling such typographic variables serve to elevate emotions, excessive speed is added to the anomalous combination of various attributes and Korean, thus hampering readability. Instead of settling for fun elements that go into YouTube, one needs to work to develop an upgraded kinetic typography for Korean. The purpose of this study is to ensure that the kinetic typography for Korean helps diverse-ranging viewers as a communication that reduces the cognitive confusion for them and promotes their understanding.

Typographer, a Job to Discover Artistic Values of Hangeul Beomjin Kim is an active typographer who uploads his typography pieces on his instagram account. He explains that his job is to explore various artistic aspects of Hangeul and combine them with his own unique interpretations to effectively convey them to the public. He finds genuine joy and enlightenment in exchanging feedback and opinions about his pieces. He says positive reactions were one of the main motivations that developed his career as a typographer. Let’s listen to his story.

Please briefly introduce what you do as a typographer. Beomjin My name is Beomjin Kim, and my pen name is ‘Beomginie’ or ‘Ginie’. I am working on creating pieces that contain visually entertaining images using a technique called typography, which mainly uses Hangeul to create pictures.

word often becomes distorted and it becomes unrecognizable, so I ultimately have to choose one. For me, I chose to focus more on the words; I interpreted typography to have its focus more tilted on the words. So I edit the illustration to fit the words and delicately depict the words.

We saw a lot of typography works that you have uploaded on Instagram. I wonder how you get some inspiration to produce the work. Beomjin I usually concentrate on my work once I start it. Those typographies uploaded on Instagram were created during the time when I was very into typography. I became interested in typography as I converted my friends’ names into the drawings of animals. At that time, I used to think, ‘This word can fit in that space of typography’ all day long whatever I look at. Naturally, my interest in every name and the corresponding subject matters provided me inspiration and it has led me to create some sketches and typographies. Although I had to deal with some discrepancies when ideas which only remained in my head have turned into the actual piece of typography, it could be overcome by subtle editions up until the compromisation point where it does not harm the originality of the initial piece.

I was impressed by your work, which was modified and coloured to suit each subject using the words ‘Sungnyemun Gate’ and ‘Seoul City Hall’. What are the characteristics when you use Hangeul in your typography? What are some implications that the language ‘Hangeul’ have on producing typography pieces? Beomjin While alphabets are constructed from a linear chain of alphabets, Hangeul words are composed of first consonant, final consonant and a vowel. This makes it more complicated to create a typography out of Hangeul, but its complexity adds on to the sophistication of the completion. Moreover, unique shapes such as ㄲ,ㄸ,ㅈ, ㅊ,ㅎ are interesting materials to use in typography. I am not sure if it is coincidental or not, but Hangeul really goes well with the forms of Korean traditional architecture like Hanok.

Typography requires a fairly complicated process with a fusion of elements such as design, dandruff and proportional structural forms and visual devices. What technology or design do you focus on? Beomjin Is it the letters that come first or the image? This is the question which I constantly ask myself when creating typographies. If I try to emphasize the word and fit the illustration to the word, it simply becomes a decoration of words and if I try the other way around, the

What kinds of uniqueness of Hangeul did you identify during typography? Beomjin As I mentioned before, since Hangeul words are composed of first consonant, final consonant and a vowel, the image can be fully packed with words. Furthermore, Hangeul words are shorter than most English words, so it enables me to fill the image with a visually stable width to height ratio. Moreover, my typography pieces with Hangeul look more distinctive among prevalent typography with alphabets.

33 33

Can you explain one example of typography works with Hangeul that you have produced? Beomjin In 2017, I created the illustration of the concert poster for a singer Molin (Kyuho Lee). He contacted me through Instagram after seeing my typography of the plum flower made of the word ‘Maetan’. The main concept of his concert is cosmos flower as it happened. After I was requested for the illustration, I was very careful whether to accept the request or not because it was the first time I was paid for a thing which I have started for fun. I finally decided to take the request because I appreciated his efforts in searching for somebody to do this work and I thought that this would be a valuable experience for me. I was more careful than normal because the illustration will be used in the hanging banner, poster and goods. Thus, I paid more attention to the details when sketching the first draft such as the number of petals in the flower.

What were the reactions of the public or your instagram followers like about the Hangeul typography? Beomjin In 2016, not long after I started typography, I often made typography pieces to my friends using their names, without uploading them on my Instagram account. Thankfully, everybody liked it and some of them set it as their profile pictures. The reactions were so good that I earned some money by charging 1,000 won for each typography. Then, at the request of a friend who liked TWICE, I made a work with shapes of animals with the members’ names. Luckily, the result seemed to come out better than I thought, so I posted it on my personal Instagram. Then, somebody asked me through a DM if they could put it on the TWICE fan page. From this point on, I thought that it would be better to separate the portfolio account from the personal Instagram account. The quality wasn’t so good at first because I was only drawing with my mobile phone without any other professional equipment, and there wasn’t really a significant reaction when I uploaded it to my work account for the first time because it started out small. Then, after making a typography of ‘Sungnyemun ‘, there were many positive reactions especially about the ingenious idea that I put on for the roof of the Sungnyemun. I expressed the roof with the word ‘Sung’. In fact, I thought everyone would associate the shape of roof with the word ‘Sung’, but it appeared to be rooted from my original imagination and interests in typography. That moment of delight and positive reactions let me continue typography works until today. Do you have any plans for typography using Hangeul in the future? Beomjin Actually, I have been drawing some illustrations using animation characters which I like recently rather than typographies. However, I am still boiling with new typography ideas, so I think that I will produce more typography works. Furthermore, I love listening to music and often get inspiration for the typography, so I am planning to produce some typographies related to the music and singers that I like!

Poster for singer Molin, designed by Beomjin Kim

* You can find more of his typography pieces in his instagram account (https://www.instagram.com/beomginie/)

Questions Juyeon Ma (Year 12) | Seungyeon Ma (Year 12) Writer Jeein Seol (Year 12) Editor Juyeon Ma (Year 12)

34 34

The Bridge Between Middle Korean and Kyeongsang Dialect

WIll be added

Hunminjeongeum, Hunminjeongeum is the root of Hangeul. It is consisted of 28 letters and only 24 of them are used in Hangeul. tive languages and the Altai language. I have graduated from Seoul National University, majoring in linguistics. Then I achieved a Masters degree and a PhD from Dong Graduate School. I was the first chairman at the Hunmin Jeongeum Society and also the Korean Altai Society. I have researched and recorded the Altai language which has concealed its traces for the past 20 years. A few of my most prominent books include <Hunmin Jeongeum>, <A Study on Vowel Harmony>, and <The Names of the Members of the Yeojin Tribe in the Joseon Dynasty>.

Linguistics Professor at Seoul National University, Juwon Kim Can you please briefly introduce yourself? Juwon I am a linguistics professor at Seoul National University and so I hold lectures on historical compara-

Your research on ‘A Comparative Study of Tone System in Middle Korean and Kyeongsang Dialect’ was really impressive. Please explain the research paper you have written about the relationship between Middle Korean and Kyeongsang Dialect? Juwon There is a point in the notation of the medieval Korean language which indicates the height or tone of the sound. Among the Korean dialects used today, only

35 35

Gyeongsang and Hamgyeong dialects still have tones. This paper studies how the tones of modern dialects are linked with the tones of medieval Korean language and reveals how the intrinsic relationship between them can be explained with only a couple of rules. What aspects of the topic interested you? Juwon The key point of this topic is in the comparison between two far-apart languages. This research all started from a very trivial discovery in my daily academic life. When I first got to learn the medieval language, I felt familiar to the tone and intonation. That led me to question why I felt that way. The process of contemplation motivated me to explore my language speaking habits. I observed some common grounds between the medieval language and Gyeongsangnam-do dialect. As I myself was highly related to the topic, it was dealt with a great interest. You wrote this research paper in 1995. As 25 years have elapsed, I wonder if you still have the same opinions about the topic. If not, why? Juwon I have written many research papers between 19995 and now. However, as I mentioned before, I was heavily engaged in this topic. I do cherish this research paper and often read it again even now. I do not have any difference in my stances until now. After all, I do not believe that my research is perfectly solid and defensive to any opposition. I welcome different opinions and perspectives and I hope this field of study prospers from the exchange of academic ideas. When and how was the research regarding Middle Korean language conducted as we entered the modern era? Juwon Since the Medieval Korean era overlaps with the period when Hunminjeongeum was created, a lot of studies have been conducted regarding the Middle Korean language. This field of research engendered various other sub-fields and areas of study. The most attentive topic to me is the study of comparison between dialect tones of Medieval Korean and those of modern Korean. The fact that modern dialects share the common ground with Medieval Korean, yet have undergone transitions captivated me. I wonder how pronunciation and intonation can be restored. Juwon Ancient Korean and Medieval Korean can be communicated with modern language, as they are both regarded as ‘human languages’. Both of the tones and pronunciation of languages can be both reconstructed, or restored almost accurately by exploring comparisons with different dialects and universal language laws.

Korean dialects, The peninsula is extremely mountainous and each dialect's "territory" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea.

Questions EZ Kim(Year 12) | Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Writer Alexis Pi (Year 11) | Yeobin Amy Han (Year 12) Editor Juyeon Ma (Year 12)

A Contemplation for Ways to Broaden the Role of Hangeul Seungyeon Baek is a reporter of Hangeul Cultural Action. In her article ‘Hangeul, Beyond Language to Arts’, she showed the potential of artistic aspects of Hangeul. She believes that Hangeul can be more than just a language. Then what would be the other ways that Hangeul can expand its position? Seungyeon Baek answers that it is ‘Art’. Let’s listen to her thoughts on ways to broaden the role of Hangeul.

Questions Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Writer Seungyeon Claire Ma (Year 9) Editor Juyeon Ma (Year 12)

37 37

Can you please briefly introduce Hangeul Cultural Action that you belong to and your role in the group as a reporter? Seungyeon Hangeul Cultural Action is a civic organization that aims to promote a unique culture of Hangeul that we can be proud of. The group has been cultivating the foundation of beautiful Hangeul identity and rectifying the faults of Hangeul usage since 2000. Given that globalization is accelerating nowadays, it is much more significant to solidify the identity of Korea. We have contributed to designate Hangeul day as a national holiday again and conducted business to encourage Hangeul usage in the public institutes. We also host ‘Hangeul Culture Debate’ and ‘Ar-eum Ar-eum Lecture’ (Ar-eum means enlightenment in Korean) as a part of an effort to develop Hangeul. We host various contests so that more people can initiate relevant cultural activities through them. There are two university student societies in Hangeul Cultural Action: One is ‘Hangeul Keeper (Urimal Gaggumi)’ and the other is ‘College Journalists’, which I am currently involved in. I am a member of the 7th College Journalists and I write articles on various topics related to Hangeul and Korean language every month. College Journalists are divided into 3 groups with 5 members

each. Journalists in each group collaborate to plan, write and edit the articles. You have written ‘Hangeul, Beyond Language to Arts’ to celebrate Hangeul day. Please introduce this article to the readers and tell us about the motivations that made you write this. Seungyeon The October article of the Hangeul Cultural Alliance, 'Hangeul, Beyond Letters to Arts', focuses on the application of Hangeul to design, rather than the language itself. It conveys that Hangeul can be used in various ways, not only as a language to communicate. Additionally, ‘Hangeul Typography’ might be distant to the public, but the article says that designs with Hangeul are not very far away from their daily lives. In short, the motivation for writing this article was to ‘concentrate on Hangeul’. Every Hangeul day, videos with the contents of games - to express tastes without English or assign a penalty when one uses English - are uploaded on YouTube. Of course it is desirable to watch these videos with an interest in Hangeul. However, as it is ‘Hangeul day’, not a ‘Korean Language day’, I wanted to keep my focus keenly on Hangeul, not Korean language. That led me to think of the unique nature of Hangeul and typography was brought to my mind.

International Typography Biennal in Korea Were there any things that you have learned or felt while you were doing research for writing the article? Seungyeon While I researched various pieces and exhibits dealing with Hangeul typography, I felt that the range of it was very wide. In Hangeul handwriting, logos or typography pieces of Beomjin Kim, which I presented as an example in the article, although Hangeul is used as a material for design, it still contains the meaning as a language. Typography as well fell into the expected range that I initially thought of when I was outlining for the article. However, in the exhibition <Typojanchi: International Typography Biennale>, there were art pieces that questioned me - “Does this art piece really embody Hangeul?” - since I could not recognize traces of Hangeul at a glance. This was striking, but they were not really aligned with the direction of my article, so I did not include the photos in my article, but it broke my stereotype that Hangeul typography should have traces of Hangeul and its shape. What are some characteristics that arts or design using Hangeul have? Seungyeon Since Hangeul is originally a symbol for expressing words, the characteristics of Hangeul arts stem from the relationship between the meaning and shape of Hangeul. In the example cases that I have mentioned in the article, the meaning of Hangeul words are melted in the artistic pieces. I believe that it is the mixture of exterior features such as the shape, original functions and artistic aspects. In reverse, for the pieces that did not consider the original meaning of the Hangeul words, they had the characteristics that distinguish the meaning and shape of Hangeul. The article covered many cases in which Hangeul was expressed with diverse fields of art. Please assess the level of development that Hangeul has reached in terms of its collaboration with the arts. Seungyeon First of all, I am not an expert in this field, so I might not be able to assess the rate of development

with public confidence. Moreover, I believe art is not the subject of development, but something that constantly changes. Therefore, my answer to the question might centre on how much Hangeul takes part in the arts. From the perspective of a person who does not work for design or arts, they are not discovered a lot in our daily lives. There are many outwears or top clothes with French, but I could not find clothes decorated with Hangeul. There would be many cases where people buy clothes although they do not understand French words in the clothes. It is also the case for me. I chose clothes with French although I did not understand what it meant and later one of my friends majoring in French told me it means that ‘I really love coffee. I am going to a cafe’. Like this, many other languages are used in the arts while Hangeul are not. The reasons are unfounded, but I guess it is because Koreans can read and understand them. However, as the perceptions get improved, there has been a variety of art pieces. The designs that use Hangeul partially like ‘ㅅEOUL’ are gaining popularity as well. Reflecting on these changes, Hangeul is widening its positions in the field of public art compared to the past. How should artists, researchers, and individuals make efforts to develop the artistic excellence of Hangeul? Seungyeon To start with, art is an area that we should keep constant interests and apply in various ways. In order to do this, artists can broaden the range of arts with Hangeul by considering Hangeul as one of the objects to use in their artistic pieces. The individual consumers, who encounter these pieces, can show their interest in Hangeul arts and can be actively engaged in producing their own Hangeul art pieces by themselves rather than being a simple consumer. This will popularize arts using Hangeul and motivate more artists to produce better pieces. Lastly, researchers can approach Hangeul arts in various aspects and study ways to boost the artistic values of Hangeul and to promote them worldwide. With all these efforts in different sectors, the world will recognize the artistic excellence of Hangeul.

39 39

International Typography Biennal 2019, <Kaleidoscope> Various color in the <Kaleidoscope> create different patterns. It uses several alphabets, such as "a", "b", "c", "a", "b", and "c", to form various shapes. It creates a circle or triangle with elements such as dots, lines, and faces, or stacks various objects with block toys, and assembles letters as if all numbers can be written from 0 to 9, creating a different shape each time. <Kaleidoscope> explores typography that is done with objects, not letters, such as shapes, objects, animals, plants, sounds, and movements.

40 40

National Museum of Hangeul:

the Place where Hangeul is displayed Jaejeong Lee was in charge of the whole exhibition in the National Hangeul Museum. She now moved to the National Museum of Korea, but she clearly remembers what she accomplished with her exhibition team in terms of preparing the special exhibitions and sessions regarding Hangeul. She highlights the limitless potential of Hangeul to be integrated into various fields of arts and academics. This elevates the museum to follow along with the successful development of Hangeul.

Please briefly introduce your job in the National Museum of Hangeul. Jaejeong Hello, I am Jaejeong Lee and I am in charge of the whole exhibition in the National Museum of Hangeul. I manage both permanent and special exhibitions. We hold two to three special exhibitions every year and there is an ongoing exhibition called “Letters in Print: Korea and Germany Compared”. I took charge of the whole process of preparing this exhibition for the last few months. As you are in charge of exhibitions, is there any memorable exhibition that you want to discuss? Jaejeong Last autumn, there was a fifth-anniversary special exhibition, “Heroes of Hangeul”. We explored different figures who contributed to the development of Hangeul so that everyone could freely use it without any difficulties. We selected 12 people encompassing all the eras. Many people are only aware of King Sejong and yes, he did contribute a lot. However, there were many hidden figures that people are not familiar with. We introduced them to the public and you can find more details in the introduction of the last exhibition section of our website. https://www.Hangeul.go.kr/specialExh/specialExhView. do?curr_menu_cd=0103020300&pageIndex=1&target=3&no=94

How is the exhibition planned and organized generally in the National Museum of Hangeul? Jaejeong There are various kinds of exhibitions available on the topic of Hangeul regardless of the period of time or area of study. Hangeul indeed collaborates with arts, academics, and even sports. This demonstrates the wide range of applications of Hangeul and this brings various forms of discussions regarding Hangeul to the surface. There are certain steps we take to plan and organize the exhibition. We first decide on the item to display. We take various elements - the anniversary of the museum or significant figures, ongoing exhibitions in the other museums, special events - into consideration through a number of discussions. Then we make the choice by consent and we move on to form a major team to take charge with different roles for each member. There are many specialized teams required to complete the exhibition: design, the study of Hangeul, and promotion. By thorough research, we include the details of relics that we will take into the exhibition in the proposal. How should the main item be expressed in the exhibition? What kind of promotion or videos should we use to highlight our exhibition? These are the questions that we all have in mind in the planning stage. To what extent does the exhibition contribute to the development of the Hangeul-related industry? Jaejeong I would say it’s limitless. We conduct various projects regarding the experiments on Hangeul and calligraphy of different artists. This definitely contributes to the development of the Hangeul-related industry since the products of projects can be applied to various everyday items such as clothes and furniture. There are CEOs and investors who are highly interested in the collaboration of Hangeul and arts and they try to produce profits from these. This is a necessary step for Hangeul to be widespread as an industry. I believe these projects and exhibitions highlight the artistic aspects of Hangeul.

Fifth Aniversary special exhibition ‘Heroes of Hangeul’ exhibition

As you mentioned, there are recent cases of Hangeul being merged into the artistic industry. What are some ways to improve the application of Hangeul? Jaejeong There should be a continuous effort to refine the artistic perspectives encompassing Hangeul. The combination of the interest and investment of the public, the motivation of the artists, and the study of the scholars will boost the possibilities of Hangeul to be an artistic product. The museum works as a medium of connecting these three points of interest. It forms a cycle - the exhibition gives motivation to the artists and the museum displays the production by the artists - and this helps improve the application and production of arts integrating Hangeul. I often see varius eye-catching pieces that combine various Hangeul consonants. Can you explain about the on-going exhibition in the National Museum of Hangeul? Jaejeong There was an exciting exhibition called ‘Korean Pop Lyrics - Melodies of Life’, which ended in October. It dealt with the trend of lyrics of Korean pop music. I personally had a deep affection for it. From December 17th, there has been an ongoing exhibition called ‘Letters in Print: Korea and Germany Compared’. We have identified many common grounds of letters in Korea and Germany regarding the printing technology and the purpose of printing. For example, just as Martin Luther could spread the bible during the Protestant Ref42

‘Korean Pop Lyrics’ exhibition in National Museum of Hangeul

Questions Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Writer Juyeon Ma (Year 12) Editor Jisoo Shin (Year 12)

Interview Videos [Hangeul] Interview with Hyuntuk Yoo, the Head of the Korea Calli Graphy Design Association We interviewed Hyuntuk Yoo, the head of the Korea Calli Graphy Design Association.He emphasized the significance of the proper mindset of using Hangeul and the attitudes he has possessed as a calligrapher.Through today’s interview, we learned that a calligrapher can closely scrutinize and experience the subtleties of Hangeul while reflecting the zeitgeist to introduce them to the public.

[Hangeul] Confidence Is the Key | Interview with Sangbong Lie Sangbong Lie is one of the most famous designers in Korea who brought about significant changes in Korean fashion. Design with Hangeul patterns would be one. He challenged himself to seek artistic aspects of Hangeul and presented it on a world-class stage. That was the moment when Hangeul was positioned to compete within the international community.

[Hangeul] Behind The Successful Hangeul Day Events | Interview with GaNaDa Enterprise GaNaDa project is an enterprise in North London Collegiate School Jeju. The enterprise is actively engaged as a medium to connect students and non-Korean staff members. With their ultimate goal of advancing the sense of connectedness, they initiated the ‘Poem Writing Competition’ and ‘Typography Event’ for Hangeul day on October 9th. Listen to their successful Hangeul day events!

43 43