Islander Issue 24

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O V E senior Islander crew Writers Eugene Cho Y7 Mulchat Youngju Theresa Lee Y7 Jeoji Haedam Jennifer Lee Y7 Geomun Junseong Daniel Lee Y8 Geomun Seungyeon Claire Ma Y8 Mulchat Sua Yoo Y9 Mulchat Warrick Kwon Y9 Noro Yechan Jeon Y9 Jeoji Jinwoo Jinu Chun Y9 Jeoji SM Chung Y10 Sarah Taeyoo David Noh Y10 Sarah

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Jiho Ha Y11 Sarah Taeyang Nathan Ha Y11 Sarah Jongsuh Jason Park Y11 Sarah Junho Steven Na Y11 Jeoji Jaewon Rockefeller Choi Y11 Jeoji Seungho Ham Y11 Geomun Hyunseo Eileen Lee Y11 Geomun Hyunseo Hailey Yoo Y11 Geomun Hajin Ed Roh Y11 Geomun Junghyun Eileen Kwak Y11 Geomun Hyesun Bonnie Hyun Y11 Geomun Jihwan Mickey Kim Y11 Geomun

O L U Hyunseok Andrew Song Y11 Noro Woojin Sam Choi Y11 Noro Byunghoon Ben Ko Y11 Noro Junyeong Alex Kim Y11 Noro Andrew Cheon Y11 Noro Minho Joey Kang Y11 Mulchat Hyena Stella Yeom Y11 Mulchat Youngsun Sean Hong Y12 Halla North Sarah Park Y12 Halla North Seohyun Chloe Shin Y12 Halla North Yerim Jung Y12 Halla North Sunghyun Tom Lee Y12 Halla East Youju Lee Y12 Halla East Jenny Yu Y13 Halla East Staff Alice Bate Joseph Winterton Mr. Raymond Maher

Designer Sunwoo Layla Bu Y11 Sarah Heeseo Ginger Kim Y11 Sarah Sookyong Seyfried Sung Y11 Geomun

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FOREWORD FOREWORD This year we embarked on a period of some change with my arrival as a new Principal and the first woman Principal at NLCS Jeju. However many may argue that this does not constitute change but rather the educational evolution of NLCS from its roots in London, founded by Frances Mary Buss in 1850. We should consider the development of NLCS and growth of the school and its acquisition of new buildings and campus at its current site at Canons in the mid 20th century as part of this evolutionary process.

We have always been at the forefront of progressive education, whether it is from our beginnings with girls' education to our wish to develop a school internationally where an exceptional NLCS British education could be founded and grown here in Jeju, South Korea.

Learning has evolved and continues to do so, and this has been seen particularly in these COVID-19 times when globally all teachers and students have developed a greater understanding of online digital learning. We have all had to change our mindset as parents, teachers and students in how we utilise online learning, how we respond to it and how we can appreciate the benefits as well as the shortcomings that become apparent. It has, though, crystallised for all what is important about education and learning. We continue to value excitement in learning, we want lessons delivered by teachers who are inspirational, who lead us to want to bring about change in many ways. In the building blocks of learning, there may well be an evolutionary approach. We understand the importance of communication and also the essence of our passion for a subject and our learning.

Evolution can be viewed as the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form. This can be at the essence of learning and what we at NLCS Jeju aspire to bring about in our understanding, passion and love for perhaps a subject such as a history. Yet, at the same time, we may on this journey face changes and more significant developments. A new teacher and a new Principal is an example of one such change we respond to and take on board in the evolution of NLCS Jeju.

In this exciting and thought-provoking magazine you will discover many views and interpretations of evolution and what it is or is not. This is a testament to the independence of thought and creativity of the students of NLCS Jeju.

Lynne Oldfield Principal

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xISLANDER

LSBT

Jongwon Lim, Y12, Halla North Unless certain conditions such as ‘Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium’ is established, evolution always takes place. Since such conditions are very hard to be maintained, we can say that evolution takes place most of the time. Meanwhile, there are various devolution - an evolution that cause specific organs to be no longer used - that causes change of animal behaviours or lifestyles. For example, there are 2 concrete examples where evolution caused dietary changes: wisdom teeth, and L- Gulonolactone Oxidase enzymes.

the decreased activity of the jaws. Hence, when the wisdom teeth erupt, they often become impacted or blocked by the other teeth around them. Also, if the tooth partially erupted, food can get trapped in the gum tissue surrounding it, which can lead to bacteria growth and, possibly, a serious infection.

Two thirds of all third-molar extractions are unnecessary. Eliminating these extractions would reduce the oral and maxillofacial surgeon’s annual income by $347,486, resulting in an annual savings One of the main examples that caused to patients of more than $1.9 billion. dietary changes are wisdom teeth, teeth that turned redundant in the modern era. wisdom teeth, which begin forming While there are evolutions like wisdom around your tenth birthday, are the last teeth that affected the change of physiset of molars on the tooth-development cal traits of an organism, lack of speciftimeline, so they usually don’t erupt un- ic enzymes caused by evolution can be til you are between the ages of 17 and also seen as vestigial organs. This is well 25. Because this is the age that people demonstrated in our human body, where are said to become wiser, the set of third we no longer have an enzyme called ‘Lmolars has been nicknamed “wisdom Gulonolactone Oxidase (GULO)’ teeth.”

GULO is the last enzyme involved Anthropologists believe wisdom teeth, for the vitamin C synthetic pathway. In or the last set of molars, were needed other words, it means that GULO takes for our ancestors to sustain their diet of an integral part of producing vitamin C coarse food - like leaves, roots, nuts and in our body. Vitamin C is essential for meat - which required more chewing somatic metabolism, especially in gene power and resulted in excessive wear of regulation (turning genes on and off). In the teeth. However, the modern diet has turn, if vitamin C is no longer present changed to soft foods along with marvels in a cell, it disables cells from producing of modern technologies such as forks, proteins when needed, causing scurvy spoons and knives which made the need a vitamin C deficiency disease where a for wisdom teeth nonexistent. As a result, patient suffers from decreased red blood evolutionary biologists now classify wis- cells, and in turn, anaemia. Hence, it is dom teeth as vestigial organs, or body clear that vitamin C is essential in the parts that have become functionless due human body. to evolution.

This in turn brings us up with a new If it helps us to chew more efficiently, question: “Why is there a devolution of why do we take wisdom teeth away?

GULO enzymes when it is a favorable Throughout evolutionary history, hu- characteristics of humans?” Darwin mans’ jaws have become smaller due to has stated that “individuals who display

variation that is better suited to their immediate environment will compete more successfully, meaning that they have a better chance of survival and be more likely to reach maturity and breed.”

Does this case simply disprove Darwin’s theory of Evolution? As a matter of fact, no. The devolution of GULO enzymes was due to a random mutation of introns (genes that regulated the production of GULO enzymes) which led to disabling genes. Such mutation took place with the common ancestor of primates. This led speciation to take place, and leading all Haplorinis to be lack of GULO enzymes.

Consequently, humans hves become an auxonomes, hence vitamins has become a necessary intake for all haplorhines. This led haplorhines to consume more vegetable and fruit products, to fulfill the essential vitamin C supply: 500mg per day.

In turn, it can be clearly stated that devolution caused dietary changes. As jaw size has decreased causing wisdom teeth to turn into a vestigial organs, mankind started to seek softer foods. Also, as the random mutation caused GULO enzymes to be absent, organisms started to seek for more and more vegetables and fruits for a supply of vitamin C. Here, we could ask whether such devoluted traits re-evolve. Well, according to Dollo’s law of irreversibility, the verdict is that it is unlikely that we suddenly become heterotrophs vitamin C again.

Taehyun Son, Y12, Halla East 7

DARWIN'S THEORY OF

Evolution

EUGENE JEAN CHO YEAR 7, MULCHAT

What is Evolutionism?

Evolution is a term used (often in an uncomplimentary fashion) to indicate the theory of evolution. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has progressed. In the 19th century, it was used to describe the belief that organisms deliberately improved themselves through progressive inherited change (orthogenesis).

The teleological belief went on to include cultural evolution and social evolution. In the 1970s the term NeoEvolutionism (a social theory that attempts to explain the evolution of societies by drawing on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution while d i s c a rd i n g s o m e d o g m a s o f t h e previous theories of social evolution) was used to describe the idea "that human beings seek to preserve a familiar style of life unless change was forced on them by factors that were beyond their control".

The term is most often used by creationists to describe adherence to the scientific agreement on evolution as equivalent to being non-religious .

The term is very seldom used within the scientific community since the scientific position on evolution is accepted by the overwhelming majority of scientists. Because evolutionary biology is the default scientific position, it is assumed that "scientists" or "biologists" are "evolutionists" unless specifically

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noted otherwise. In the creationevolution controversy, creationists often call those who accept the validity of the modern evolutionary synthesis "evolutionists" and the theory itself "evolutionism".

What does Darwin’s theory consist of? What are the points or parts of it?

Darwin's theory consisted of two main points. The number of diverse groups of animals evolved from one or a few common ancestors.

Secondly, the mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection. Darwin's theory of evolution, also called Darwinism, can be further divided into five parts: "evolution as such", common descent, gradualism, population speciation, and natural selection. When you look at a flock of birds in the park, you’re seeing a tiny snapshot in time. A few moments later, they will have flown away. In 10 years, many will have died and had offspring.

Perhaps the birds change the colours of their feathers in 100 years from now.

The most basic aspect of the theory of evolution is that life is not stagnant. Nature, the environment, and everything that lives in it are in a state of flux. In Darwin’s time, it was debated as to whether changes to species could occur at all. Alongside others like Lamarck and Buffon, Darwin’s work forwarded the idea that a species can change over time.

You can observe the steady state (a bird in the park), but thousands of years before, it could have been a different species altogether. Darwin wasn’t the original person to suggest this idea. Many had suggested changes to species, each of the other experts had different opinions as to how it happened. They all agreed that a species has the inner ability to change and evolve. The theory of evolutionism is what we definitely need in science.

However, the origin, or how humans were made is not discovered yet. I hope it can be discovered one day so that we will be able to get an education with the ‘perfect’ evolutionism.

able to get some profit since the interest in debtors was always higher than the interest for customers.

Moreover, goldsmiths became more greedy. He thought that no one knew how much gold he had and he started to lend more gold coins than he had. He researched that people want to return back to claim about 10% of their property, and he tried to make more than 10 times the pieces of paper as a form of gold claims and lend them to the people. This is called credit creation. From this action, goldsmiths started to be called ‘banker’ and many bankers earned enormous amounts of profit. They paid out interest on one gold deposit but used it to create a paper that could lend out up to ten times the value of the initial deposit and collect interest in this.

However, when many people became suspicious and required the banker to give back all of their gold coins, the first ‘bank run’ had occurred.

A ‘bank run’ is a phenomenon that m a ny p e o ple wa n t t o t a ke t h e i r money back from a banker or a bank simultaneously. A banker was unable to pay back all of the gold coins he only has 10% of the outstanding balances.

Also, this situation becomes worse since many people know that they could not find their coins, and almost everyone tries to get back their gold.

Many bankers and banks throughout

history fear this phenomenon since, regardless of the size of the bank, it could go out of business very quickly.

W h e n b a n ke r s f a ce d f a i l u re , governments were asked by bankers for help. When the banks started to fail, the English government also required huge amounts of gold coins to fund the long war. Also, merchants wanted to open trade routes. Hence, the government allowed the banker to make fake money and lend them as loan. By this long process, the bank created the basic rules and ways they use money which is still similar to the banks existing today.

Therefore, lots of economic questions such as the reasons for the permanent increase in the price rate in normal markets and the creation of fake money are closely related to the reality of the bank. They use most of the money from customers and created loans, and hence the price keeps increasing since the actual amount of money was increasing. There was too much money chasing too few goods.

Price rises to ration the scarce goods amongst different people holding the money. The money from customers could create fake money, the amount of money produced by credit calculation is about 10 times more than the actual money. The goods that were being produced didn’t increase and inflation took off.

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CHANGE IN

HUMANS ED ROH YEAR 11, GEOMUN

Evolutionary Psychology proposes that the human brain comprises many functional mechanisms, called psychological adaptations or evolved cognitive mechanisms designed by the process of natural selection. Also Evolutionary physiology is the study of physiological evolution, which is to say, the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a pop u lation of org a n i sms h ave responded to selection across multiple generations during the history of the population Since the development of the world began, humans have changed a great deal physically. However, even though our physical appearance has changed, our nervous system has not.

For example, when we are nervous or scared our heart beats faster. The human body has kept changing since we adapt to our environment and the circumstances that we are in. If we are getting close to fire, our muscles react unconsciously to get far away from the fire. These symptoms, when we are frightened or stressed, are called ‘fight or flight’. When we are nervous or scared our feelings cause the brain to release a chemical called adrenaline. It makes our heart beat fast and even further makes it harder for us to breathe. Also, the extra oxygen we breathe in at the time makes us to get power to fight or run away as far as we

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can .This is the only thing that did not change from the old time of us These days our body looks very different to how it did in ancient times. The first humans in the world, 'Homo erectus’, looked similar to apes. However, as time has passed, the physical appearance of the human has changed. For example, these days humans do not look like an ape as we have done in the past. Indeed, most humans have no protruded mouth and teeth, a straightened back, and a face which has become flatter to prevent frostbite. Furthermore, we can speak in a different language due to the development of our mouth and tongue. Moreover, as time has passed our body has become smaller. This is because 40,000 years ago humans had to use their body to hunt and survive.

However, these days people use weapons such as snipers to survive or hunt so it is not compulsory to have a huge body to live. Evolution of humans has changed a lot as time goes by.

In conclusion, ‘Evolution’ has made a huge difference in our life. However, human instincts have not. This is why we are able to be alive at the top of the food chain and to be alive for a longer time than almost any other species in the entire world. As time goes by, the shape of our body will change but our instinct will not, so still we will be able to adapt to any circumstances we face.

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Let’s go to Space!

The Apollo project was the third human spaceflight program carried out

by NASA, also known as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the United States, which succeeded in landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. Proving what J.F.K said that “they will land people on the moon before 1970 and return them safely to earth”. The rocket landed on the moon on July 20th and Neil Armstrong was the first man ever in history to walk on the moon. Someone has already been to the moon, but how about mars?

The Mars 2020 rover mission, one of the multiple projects that NASA is currently doing, is a part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The Mars 2020 mission addresses high-priority science goals for Mars exploration, including key questions about the potential for life. The mission searches for signs of past microbial life itself.

The Mars 2020 rover has introduced a drill that can collect core samples of the most promising rocks and soils to find signs of life at different layers of the planet. The mission also provides opportunities to gather knowledge and demonstrate technologies that

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GAMING steve na, y11, jeoji

Since its commercial birth in the 1950s as a technological oddity at a science fair, gaming has blossomed into one of the most profitable entertainment industries in the world.

The mobile technology boom in recent years has revolutionized the industry and opened the doors to a new generation of gamers. Indeed, gaming has become so integrated with modern popular culture that now even grandmas know what an Angry Birds is, and more than 42 percent of Americans are gamers and four out of five U.S. households have a console.

The first recognized example of a game machine was unveiled by Dr. Edward Uhler Condon at the New York World’s Fair in 1940. The game, based on the ancient mathematical game of Nim, was played by about 50,000 people during the six months it was on display, with the computer reportedly winning more than 90 percent of the games.

emerge until nearly three decades later, when Ralph Baer and his team released his prototype, the “Brown Box,” in 1967.

This was a vacuum tube-circuit that could be connected to a television set and allowed two users to control cubes that chased each other on the screen. The “Brown Box” could be programmed to play a variety of games, including ping pong, checkers and four sports games.

Using technology, advanced for its time, added accessories included a lightgun for a target shooting game and a special attachment used for a golf putting game.

According to the National Museum of American History, Baer recalled, “The minute we played ping-pong, we knew we had a product. Before that we weren’t too sure.”

Magnavox-Odyssey “The “Brown Box” was licensed to Magnavox, which released the system as the Magnavox Odyssey in 1972. It preceded Atari by a few months, which is often mistakenly However, the first game system de- thought of as the first games console. signed for commercial home use did not

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Between August 1972 and 1975, when the Magnavox was discontinued, around 300,000 consoles were sold. Poor sales were blamed on mismanaged in-store marketing campaigns and the fact that home gaming was a relatively alien concept to the average American at this time. However mismanaged it might have been, this was the birth of the digital gaming we know today.

The Milky Way Junghyun Eileen Kwak Y11,Geomun

A galaxy is a massive collection of stars, dust, gas, planets and dark matter that are gravitationally bound together. The Milky Way, as most people are aware, is the galaxy to which our solar system belongs. It is a barred spiral galaxy and the second-largest galaxy in the Local Group, a galaxy group which includes more than 54 galaxies. The diameter and thickness of the Milky Way are approximately 100 000 light-years and 1000 light-years respectively. The galaxy holds an estimate of 100 billion planets and between 200 billion to 400 billion stars.

The shape of the Milky Way is not like the one that it was billions of years ago. Astronomers were able to figure out how the Milky Way might have evolved through 3D modelling of our galaxy. Alternate methods include making observations of other galaxies that are predicted to develop into galaxies similar to the Milky Way. Both methods give the approximate shape of our galaxy billions of years ago.

Also, despite intensive searches, it is unknown when the first generation of stars was formed.

It can be only believed that Milky Way must be older than the oldest cluster stars. The Milky Way’s age is approximated to be around 13.6 billion years.

The early shape of the Milky Way was massively altered by coalescing with a dwarf galaxy named Gaia-Enceladus. Gaia-Enceladus is also called as the ‘Sausage Galaxy’ for its unique shape. This dwarf galaxy merged with the Milky Way approximately 10 billion years ago. Gaia-Enceladus added about 10 globular clusters and 50 billion solar masses of gas, stars and dark matter to the Milky Way. There were numerous other galaxies which collided with the Milky Way; Gaia-Enceladus was the largest among them.

It is thought that Gaia-Enceladus created the halo of our galaxy.

The Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way are moving towards each other at a speed of 80 miles per second. Astronomers predict that in 4.5 billion years, the two galaxies will make their first close passage around each other at a distance of approximately 400 000 lightyears. In 7 billion years the collision between the galaxies will form a new elliptical galaxy– the Milkomeda. The collision of dust and atoms affects the speed of the two galaxies in relation to the stars.

It just goes to show that the galaxies are continupusly evolving and will do so well into the furure.

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THE EVOLUTION OF

HACKING AND VIRUSES YOUNG JU THERESA LEE YEAR 7, JEOJI

Hacking is a job done by hackers.

They don’t have to be professional to hack into something. Numerous gamers hack into game systems to win some extra points. Some hack for information, revenge, or simply for fun.

There isn’t just illegal hacking or black hacking. They are white hackers, or ethical hacking also. Ethical hackers have to follow certain rules, but other than that, it is completely legal.

When Hacking became illegal Hacking was at first, a practical joke. The first extreme hack was in 1971, carried out by a Vietnamese vet by the name John Draper. He figured out how to make free phone calls. This was later called the act of ‘phreaking’. In the 1980s, hacking began to be seen as not a practical joke, but an act of seriousness with serious consequences. Numerous people now had their private computers and it became important to shield their devices from hackers.

The first arrested hacker The first one to get arrested for hacking was Kevin Mitnick. He was born on August 6th 1963. From a very young age, he was interested in computing and other mechanisms. In 1981, Kevin and his two friends broke into the offices of Cosmos (Computer System for Mainframe Operations), and stole a lot of valuable materials like the lists of all the security keys, the

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doors of several branches, etc. Cosmos said that what he and his friend had stolen had a value of 170,000 euros.

Mitnick and his friends soon got into jail, after getting betrayed by one of the friend’s girlfriends. Because Mitnick was still underaged, he was sent to juvenile for three months and a year probation. After he served his months in juvenile, Mitnick adopted the name “Conder'', and shortly after in 1983, he was arrested again for hacking into the computers in a university to gain access to ARPAnet (the precursor of the Internet). He was later found entering the Pentagon (the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense) through hacking and got sentenced to six months in California. After a few more arrests, the US senators Fred Thompson and Joseph Lieberman invited Mitnick to lecture about the vulnerability of the security of computers. After being released from prison, Mitnick began to study security and to do security work. He began to use his talents for computers to do work that is legal and authorized. His clients asked him to break into their network and fixed the vulnerability.

He was still hacking into stuff, but doing it with the owner’s permission.

The original Ethical hacker We are not sure who exactly was the first ethical hacker, but the term ethical hacking was first mentioned in

1995 by IBM (International Business Machine) vice-president John Patrick.

It is said that the world's first ethical hacker was in WW2, where Rene Carmille sabotaged data about French Jews . He wa s a Fre n c h m i l i t a r y bureaucrat. He hadn’t rewritten codes or put viruses on the computer. He did throw a wrench at the computer with the data on it, causing the computer to smash. However, even for this resistance, Carmille was forced into labour for Germany and was tortured and killed by the Nazis.

Viruses Computer viruses are a series of codes adopted by hackers to hack into other people's devices. In January 1986, the first computer virus was found. It was called the Brain. Due to the lack of connections between computers, the virus travelled through floppy disks.

People had to physically move the disk in order to transmit the virus to other computers. The purpose of this virus was quite simple. The hacker was trying to brag that he was a better coder than anyone else.

Then the Michelangelo virus was found. On March 6th, 1991, which happened to be the famous artist Michelangelo’s birthday, the user’s hard drive was wiped clean.

Happy99 was the first e-mail virus. It was disguised as a happy new year email that spread through the receiver’s contacts to other users. The

fizzer virus was the first to attempt to make money.

The dangers of viruses and hacking Viruses won’t just stop your computer for a little while. It might destroy all your files, take your money, or even spread itself to other individuals through your contact information. Maybe I have a virus because I am going to stop now!

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FARMING GOES UP

IN THE AIR Humans have evolved in various kinds of manners, but one of the biggest evolutions was inventing the urban farming method, also known as vertical farming. Vertical farms are significantly different to the typical traditional farming method that we are used to previously. These features are what makes vertical farming the true evolution of farming in human history.

There are several different factors that differentiate vertical farms from conventional cultivation methods. One of them is that they grow vegetation in old facilities that are not exposed to natural sunlight. Instead of cultivating in an open area where natural factors such as sunlight, soil, and wind have an influence on agriculture, vegetables are grown in an enclosed building.

Additionally, it is also different in a way that it uses artificial material and employs biological growing technologies. For example, it uses LED lights to replace sunlight and the biologically enhanced technologies are deployed to not only grow the plants, but also to improve the efficiency of growing crops. This is called hydroponics.

Hydroponics is a factor that differentiates vertical farming from other farming methods, and demonstrates that vertical farming is human’s most enhanced agricultural technology. Here, they replace soil, water and sunlight with foams, water with sufficient nutrients, and LED light

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respectively. They also can artificially control the temperature and humidity to the optimum. Furthermore, the colour and the radiation of the LED light can be controlled so that they can maximise the growth rate of each vegetation. The biggest reason why this method is called hydroponics is due to the special water delivered to each of the cultivating slots. These waters not only hydrate the plants, but also contain nutrients that the plants require. They investigate the optimum amounts of certain nutrients by using big data storage to review and learn how much nutrients are suitable for certain plants.

Such unique characteristics of vertical farms thus allows humans to derive successful results from it. The greatest advantage of vertical farming is that it guarantees a consistent revenue for sales annually. This is the ultimate goal that the farmers have long been thriving for, and this is from the unique characteristic of it not being affected by seasons. According to Aerofarms, vertical farming takes 23 times less space compared to traditional farming, which means that it is approximately 23 times more efficient. This thus also derives other advantages: which it prevents land and food shortages. As it is much more efficient and produces more vegetation, this means that even if we were troubled by food shortages, we can probably supply enough

BY MINHO JOEY KANG YEAR 11, MULCHAT

food with these farms. However this will be when vertical farms are more widely spread over the world and start replacing old conventional farms. In terms of replacement, it’s also beneficial as it can produce the same products but taking 23 times less space, resolving land shortages as well. This will be more influential over time, because more buildings will start to emerge and farming will be able to encroach on urban areas.

Traditional farms will not manage to coexist with urban areas, because of obvious reasons. Therefore, such urban farming are the ideal solutions to this problem, as urbanisation can take place without damaging farming processes. Another advantage is that the products, vegetables, are of better quality. This is because they never use pesticides, usually the main factor that reduces people’s satisfaction. owever, the only disadvantage is that it currently lacks practicality.

Vertical farming itself is a blue ocean business that has been introduced recently to the world. It was only invented in 1999, and introduced even later. Therefore, for it to practically produce the majority of the vegetables to the world, it will take a long time.

There are few companies that have plenty of potential ability to spread this technology. The most well-known company is named ‘AeroFarms’. It is an American company that is currently the world leader in vertical farming.

Other than that, there are ‘Plenty’ and ‘Green Spirit Farm’. The leading company in Korea is called ‘Farm8’.

These companies show that vertical farms are not only used to extract efficiency in producing vegetables, but also shows that they have other various uses.

T h e s e ve r t i c a l f a r m s c a n b e minimised so that they can be placed in an individual's house, letting them eat fresh vegetables without having to go out to the market, and at the same time acting as a decoration.

These decorations are also put in cafes, subways, company buildings, and many other places. The rapid production enabled by vertical farming also means that the company that owns the farm can undertake mass circulation of vegetables to not only the domestic market, but also to other countries on an international scale.

All the features above demonstrate how vertical farming is the true revolution of human history, that solves multiple issues that might threaten the world in the near future.

In the status quo, such environmental and social problems are emerging rapidly as human technologies develop. I believe together, we should pay more attention to the companies developing potential businesses that can help society in the future. It can be things other than vertical farming, but it would be ideal to start our steps here.

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EVOLUTION

By Sarah Park Year 12, Halla North

Have you been thinking about the genetic similarity between a human and a banana? Surprisingly, the answer to this question is about 50 (or maybe even 60) %. This answer brings us to a question about why we would be genetically similar to a banana, which will be discussed later during the interview with a biologist. Other than this question, there are still countless questions about evolution that are left without an answer. Experts in different fields still debate about the beginning of the universe, and the start of mutation but there are no definite answers. To get an accurate answer to these questions, I conducted interviews with Mr Youell and had a chance to ask visitors from the UK: Dr. Earl and Dr. Davies, during the Science Paradigm Shift week.

Genetic similarity The reason for the high percentage of genetic similarities between humans and other species such as bananas are derived from specific proteins. Since cells require specific proteins to work, we share many essential characteristics for life. For example, we share 98.8% of our DNA with chimpanzees although we look and behave very differently from them. Also, when looking at the diagram below, which reveals the similarities and differences in the chromosomes of humans and

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chimpanzees, we can see that humans and chimpanzees have chromosomes that look alike. Nevertheless, around 35 million base pairs are different from chimpanzees because each of the human cells contains about three billion base pairs. The activity of the same genes may differ in the place, times, amounts or its function which are factors that differentiate humans from chimpanzees. Therefore, although humans look very different from bananas or chimpanzees when considering the shared genetics that is coded in our DNA, there will be a high percentage of similarity in terms of the genes.

In addition, due to the genetic s i m i l a r i t y, C h i m p a n z e e s a r e often mistaken for the ancestors of humans but this is incorrect.

Humans and Chimpanzees have evolved independently from a common ancestor over about 4.5 to 6 million years ago. They are our closest relatives and we can see that this is true by looking at a Primate Cladogram, a diagram showing that we haven’t evolved from Chimpanzees.

Random mutation Random mutations occur due to anything of a chemical nature. This means that almost anything you come into contact within your environment can cause mutations to occur, such as electromagnetic radiation, nuclear radiation and even foods. These mutations may cause negative or positive impacts on our bodies. For example, when exposed to radiation, our cells might mutate and result in malformation. However, the majority of mutations do not have outward effects, being undetectable, and for the mutations that cause negative impacts, recent technology allows us to repair the mutated cells that cause negative effects such as genetic disorders or cancer. Despite the fact that the majority of mutations are undetectable, mutations are crucial for variation and evolutionary changes to occur.

Variation Va r i a t i o n c a n b e c a u s e d by numerous factors such as mutations, random mating, random fertilization, and crossing over or the recombination in the chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Variation is beneficial for a population because it allows some individuals, and therefore allows a population to be maintained despite the changes in the environment. One of the main factors that influenced variation is natural selection. This mechanism allows us to hypothesise that natural selection allows organisms to be better adapted to their environment over a long period of time.

depend on the time spent in a certain region on Earth, and cannot be seen in just a few generations.

Furthermore, our skin or hair colour has limitations in the colours that can be produced. Melanin, which is a pigment that’s found in many organisms, controls skin, eye and hair colour. For humans, melanin only produces a small spectrum of colour such as blond, black, brown or red, unlike many other organisms. Hence, it would take mutations in the melanin gene for changes to occur in our skin, hair or eyes.

Linking to variation, when questioning about the causes of changes in skin or hair, we can say that both the DNA and the environment is a factor that changes them. For humans, skin or hair colour varied depending on the race as they were survival advantages in their environment that were passed down from generation to generation. Dark skin and hair protect humans from the sun therefore are seen more often in environments with intense sunlight. On the other hand, people who have fair skin or hair have ancestors that have lived where sunlight was less intense. Thus, the change in skin or hair colour would

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HOW TO STOP EVOLUTION Jihwan Mickey Kim Y11, Geomun

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To ‘evolve’ means to change in characteristics of a species over several generations and rely on the process of natural selection. Most of these evolutions are stimulated by the change of their surroundings by nature. However, some of them are stimulated by us, humans, and one of them is antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria. This development of antibiotics saved thousands of lives and prevented infections from occurring. On the other hand, bacteria are also living creatures, and they have also managed to evolve, which we call ‘antibiotic resistance.’

One example of a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics is MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus. Methicillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class, which was discovered in 1960. (Wikipedia) However, MRSA, a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body and mild infections on the skin like sores, boils or abscesses, is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics related to Penicillin, such as Methicillin. One interesting fact is that one out of three people has this Staphylococcal aureus bacteria in their nose. However, only two out of a hundred develops this into Methicillin-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of susceptible bacteria. Sometimes one of the bacteria survives because it has the ability to neutralize or escape the effect of the antibiotic; that one bacterium can then multiply and replace all the bacteria that were killed off, to cause more harm, and they do this in several ways: neutralizing them before it does any harm to our body, pumping the antibiotic out of our body rapidly or even changing the anti-

biotic attack site so it does not affect the metabolism of the bacteria. Exposure to antibiotics provides selective pressure making the surviving bacteria more likely to be resistant.

Antibiotic resistance is already a global health disaster. According to the Antibiotic Research UK, antibiotic resistance kills 700,000 people a year and is predicted to cause 10 million deaths per year by 2050 if the current situation is not improved. In the future, we might encounter a super bacteria, which is antibiotic-resistant to all antibiotics found and we won’t be able to get rid of the bacteria. To prevent us from encountering this ‘super bacteria,’ there are several things that can be done.

The first thing is not to use antibiotics to treat viral infections. Antibiotics work by causing harm to the metabolism of an organism. This is the reason why it works on bacteria: bacteria is considered a ‘living organism’ when on the other hand, a virus is not as there is no metabolism going on. So treating the virus with antibiotics will not kill it, but introduce a selective pressure on the bacteria in your body, which might create an antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

The second strategy we can apply is to avoid mild doses of antibiotics over a long period of time. This is because if we treat the bacteria with a mild dose of antibiotics, it might leave some bacterias to survive, and those bacteria are very likely to evolve and become resistant. So, it is better to treat the bacteria with a strong dose of antibiotics over a short period, making sure that no bacteria mutate and become antibiotic-resistant. Furthermore, it is better to take all the pills when treating bacterial infections with antibiotics, for the same reason: the survivors

might evolve.

Another thing we can do to prevent making the bacteria resistant to antibiotics is to use a combination of drugs to treat the bacterial infection. Once we understand that the drug does not help with treating the infection, it might mean that the bacteria has already gained antibiotic-resistant to that specific type of antibiotics. In this case, giving a stronger dose of the same antibiotics will simply increase the strength towards the same selective pressure, and might even cause the evolution of a “super-resistant” strain. Instead, it would be better to treat the infection with an entirely different drug that the bacteria have never previously encountered, as this new and different selective pressure might do a better job of causing bacteria extinction rather than their evolution. (Understanding Evolution) On the other hand, bacteriophages, a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea, are viewed as another solution for antibiotic-resistance.

These viruses can specify the bacteria which it wants to kill and do not target the human body cells. However, some might question that the bacteria will be able to gain resistance to the virus. This is true, but the virus evolves as well, and when bacteria gain resistance to either antibiotics or bacteriophages, bacterias will lose resistance to the other one.

Yes, it is frightening that someday, the whole human race might become extinct due to bacterias developing antibiotic-resistance, and someday we won’t be able to find an antibiotic that can kill the bacteria, and someday we won’t be able to survive. However, following these simple things can save our lives; it lets our ‘evolution’ continue.

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CHEMISTRY

SOCIETY Leader of chemistry society Chaei Rosie Beak Year 11, Geomun We are the Chemistry Society of NLCS JEJU. We aim to expand knowledge, evoke curiosity, and have fun with chemistry. If you enjoyed knowing the evolution of our everyday particle we encounter every second, visit us Wednesday 1:10, Girl’s school 3rd floor, room 303. Every two weeks, we carry out an experiment or two which our members are curious about, some of which include making aspirin and exploding bubbles. During exam weeks, we also are planning to open revision sessions for the ones who are struggling with Chemistry. After all, Chemistry is about having fun, isn’t it?

Many might think that “Evolution” is a concept that has nothing to do with Chemistry; well, you are wrong. In fact, the oxygen that you are inhaling now has gone through evolution over billions of years.

Scientists believe that oxygen has not been present for half of the Earth’s 4.6 billion year history just as well as it has been present for the latter part of this time! As a matter of fact, we might have ended up as a microorganism if the Great Oxidation Event (the dramatic rise of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere some 2.3 billion years ago) has never happened.

The first microbes to produce oxygen through photosynthesis were the bluegreen algae, or in fancy terms, the Cyanobacteria. However, one mystery was left unresolved: hundreds of millions of years were left blank before

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the Earth’s atmosphere first flourished with oxygen.

The original theory of how oxygen was able to thrive in the atmosphere focuses on the organic matter of the time of the year and found beneath the seafloor sediments. The Cyanobacteria are the earliest beings that were able to carry out photosynthesis. During the process, they produce organic carbon and release oxygen gas. Some of the oxygen gas entered the seawater, and some escaped to the atmosphere.

When the algae die their corpse gets buried in the sediments finally decompose. This removes oxygen from the seawater and the atmosphere. Through the carbon burial theory, oxygen is capable of building up in the atmosphere.

Howeve r, t h i s t h e o r y w a s s o o n challenged.

Thus, another theory arose. The theory states the following: reduction between gasses have caused them to “soak up” oxygen thus building oxygen within the atmosphere. The oxygen which built up due to the Cyanobacteria was buried within the Earth’s mantle, resulting in the hydrogen emitted by the volcanoes to rise instead of creating water. Also, the process of burying triggered the oxide to react with reduced gasses such as hydrogen. The buried oxygen-rich sediments finally are released through volcanoes, allowing oxygen to build up in the atmosphere.

Biology SOCIETY Leaders of Biology society Jiho Ha Year 11, Sarah Hyunwook Paul Im Year 12, Halla North

Unlike other biology-related societies, our society mainly focuses on supporting and helping the students in Y10 and 11 the IGCSE Biology by personal mentoring from Y12 society members on every Tuesday, 1:40 at B308. For Y12 students, this will be the best opportunity for you to fill Service from CAS by teaching students biology. For Y10 and 11 students, if you want to improve your grade in IGCSE Biology and try fun and helpful activities, Biology society will be the best choice that you can make.

In this society, one of the main projects was to expand the range of reading within the topic of biology. This is a short book review & Explanation of the book “The Epigenetics Revolution.”

Epigenetics is a rapidly evolving science that is often only described in scientific literature or textbooks. In “The Epigenetics Revolution”, Nessa Carey eloquently bridges the spheres of academia and scientific journalism.

The phrasing “revolution” is a dramatic use of English that effectively portrays a momentous shift in biological thinking. By reading this book, it would be a significant opportunity to explore genetics from diverse angles.

The book is divided into 16 chapters, each segment consisting of various concepts pertaining to epigenetics theory, key experimental studies, and some explorational studies which could be expanded further in the future. One of the most interesting parts was about cloning.

The book well explained the process of achieving DNA replication to mammal replication.

To briefly explain the process of DNA replication as from the language of the author, she describes DNA as scripts. In the process of replication, it is considered to be semi-conservative (one strand is an old conserved strand and the other one being new). An enzyme called helicase acts like a zipper, unzipping the DNA strand.

From the two unzipped strands, one strand is called the leading strand, while the other is the lagging strand.

A different enzyme such as primase and DNA polymerase reacts with the unzipped DNA to fill gaps with new DNA again.

The author expresses well the phenomena by explaining with the symbolic or metaphoric figure. In addition, famous experiments such as John Gurdon’s Toad experiment and

Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmat’s sheep cloning experiment are explained in deep detail.

“The Epigenetics Revolution” is a concise text that is accessible to a wide audience. The Epigenetics Revolution is, to my knowledge, the first popular science book that tackles in-depth the subject of its title. This salient fact is almost reason enough to recommend it. As a student without much base information about the topic, I found the book both interesting and informative. Carey's achievement is an up-to-date account of an important aspect of modern molecular biology, written with dry humour, peppered with historical anecdotes, sometimes challenging, but always clear and insightful.

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TURNING POINT OF EQUALITY OF GENDER IDEOLOGIES ;

THE DIFFUSION OF “METOO” YOUJU LEE YEAR 12, HALLA EAST

A turning point of gender equality, how does it sound to you? In recent days, gender inequality has become one of the most alarming global issues worldwide. According to history, females were treated unequally in various fields of society such as paid with lower wages for work and provided with fewer services such as leave compared to men. On average, women in South Korea only earn 63% of men’s wages - which is one of the highest pay gaps among 29 developed nations, including countries such as the USA and Australia.

Women’s unequal social treatment compared to men was taken for granted during this era, until the most significant gender-confronting protest Me Too movement took place in 2006 which was a turning point of the society for gender idealism and androcentric society. Now, more women are coming forward to the front row and facing the social norms which were silenced for decades.

T h e Me To o m ove m e n t f i r s t originated in India and, eventually, it began to spread over the world, mostly influencing Asian countries.

The phrase “Me Too” is used to raise awareness of the pervasiveness of sexual abuse towards women and to criticize society. As time passed,

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the phrase “Me Too” began to cover broader aspects and movements and in 2017 the spread of the “MeToo” protest was accelerated by an increase in usage of Social Media such as Instagram or Facebook. Since many younger women had access to their own SNS and the barrier between social networks has become fainter due to technological innovation, the use of hashtag #MeToo as a hashtag brought greater impact to the wider range of age groups which resulted in a dramatic increase in participation in the protest on a global scale.

The place of the “MeToo” marathon was symbolic. Gwanghwamun Plaza in Seoul was the place where thousands of Korean citizens gathered for the candlelight demonstrations against president Geun-hye Park’s forcing her resignation in 2016. Once again devastating protest took place but, now, for the voice of women. As mentioned before, due to the wider use of social networking and media, members of the younger generations are more aware of their rights and are keen to be assertive, raising the voice of women was greater. Inequalities

#WITHYOU We can do anything #METOO

in gender are now more highlighted and criticized since some of the androcentric-ideologized society and males are taking the opportunity and potential of women, which is unfair for human equality.

Since the power of Metoo became much more prominent than at the beginning of the period, many famous people, such as the Governor Ahn HeeJung, accused of raping his secretary and director Kim Ki-Duk, winner of a Golden Lion Medal in Venice FIl Festival have been confronted with the allegations against them. It was true that most of the victims supported by Me Too were in the fields of media and entertainment, however, the action of unequal treatment of male and female and the poor treatment towards women also happened in ordinary social life such as in companies or business centres. Finally, the numerous cases which were hidden in the dark were revealed. Not only these, but female students also spoke out like Yu-jin Lee, an 18-year-old high school student in the south of Seoul who said that she had felt depression over harassment by male students.

Referring back to the incidents, the accusers said the turning point in their research for accountability came spring of 2018. However, the movement of

voice has not ended. Not only referring to a certain gender, but I hope that all individuals can realize they have the power to raise their voice to the world.

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chImpanzees and humans Jinu Chun Year 9 Jeoji

ven though humans share about 99% of their DNA with chimpanzees (Ann Gibbons, 2012), people are not aware of the similarities between apes and humans. Apes and humans may seem different, but we actually have a lot of non-physical traits in common since we evolved from a common ancestor in the past. A few of those similarities are that apes have gender typed toys, hierarchies, a communication system, and tools within their societies.

First of all, nonhuman primates, like humans, prefer "gender-appropriate" toys. For humans, boys tend to have more rigid gender-specific toy preferences such as action figures or toy cars, while girls choose feminine toys. This fact is proven by numerous researchers which have shown both early social experiences and DNA impact the toy selection. Therefore, it is evident that the gender of humans affect their choice in toys. Just like humans, gender type toys exist in the society of apes. In a study conducted in 2008 of 34 rhesus monkeys living with a troop of 135 monkeys, researchers conducted an experiment in order to see which toys monkeys preferred: wheeled toys like trucks and plush toys (baby dolls). Male monkeys showed a consistent and strong preference for the wheeled toys (Jeanna Bryner, 2011). Since the toy selection is affected by social experiences and DNA, we can conclude that the DNA of apes is similar to humans and they have social experiences that are similar to humans. This

E

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research demonstrates that apes are similar to humans not only genetically but also socially.

Second of all, apes have a hierarchy system just like human civilizations. Social hierarchies have existed for a long time in human societies. For example, the caste system in India divided people into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras, and the untouchables from 1500BC. The main characteristic of these types of societies is that the members of the society are divided into leaders and followers. For the caste system, the leaders were the Brahmins and the other ranks such as the Sudras had to follow their decision. Amazingly, apes have similar hierarchy systems in their societies as well. When Jane Goodall, a well known primatologist, went into the forests of Gombe of Tanzania to learn about chimpanzees, she learned that chimpanzees, like humans, have an incredibly complex social structure with a hierarchy (Brittany Cohen-Brown, 2018). Just as human societies have leaders, the chimpanzees had a dominant alpha male and an alpha female. The alpha male and female made important decisions for the society that other chimpanzees had to follow. These dominant chimpanzees gained power through both strength and social relationships. Interestingly, the status of chimpanzees were not only based on the strength of the chimpanzees themselves but their parents as well. When the high status chimpanzees reproduced, they would have high status babies.

This idea is very similar to the hierarchies of humans such as the hierarchy of the Roman empire.

In Rome, the highest class excluding the emperor was the Patricians and people could only be a Patrician through birth. This shows that the social hierarchy of apes are similar to the hierarchies of human societies Third of all, apes are capable of communicating.

Communication plays an important role in societies. Communication can be used to develop social relationships, express ourselves, and share ideas.

Without communication, the members of a society would not be able to cooperate and maintain the society. This is why humans have numerous languages as well. Since apes are social animals like humans, this suggests that apes are capable of communication. In addition, scans of great ape brains show a kind of preliminary speech center as well (Brigitte Osterath, 2016). However it is clear that apes may not be capable of speaking because they have a higher larynx than humans. The only way that apes can communicate is through sign language. Some apes know how to use more than a thousand signs and some apes are even capable of creating new words. For example, a female gorilla once combined the signs for white and tiger to describe a zebra. Apes are able to make numerous combinations every day. Great apes also came up with "ball" and "beans" to explain "peas," "bottle" and "match" to say "lighter," and "bark" in combination with "sky" and "dog" to refer to a helicopter.

Although the sign language of apes is not as complex as human languages like French and English, it is significant that they are capable of communicating because it would have been a major reason how apes could have developed their own society just like human.

Lastly, apes make complex tools. Although the tools of apes may look as nothing compared to the tools humans use, it is significant that they are capable of using them. A few years ago, humans thought that apes were only capable of using tools that haven’t been manufactured such as wooden sticks. However, in the rainforests of west Africa, the woodlands of Brazil and the beaches of Thailand, archaeologists have unearthed stone tools

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that have been wielded by chimpanzees, capuchins and macaques (Colin Barras, 2015). This proves that primary apes are capable of not only using tools but also manufacturing them.

By looking at the humane society, we know that tools are a significant part of a civilization. As tools evolved, so did our thinking. We invented more and more technologies and tools. As a result the tools we use today enable us to perform actions we couldn't otherwise do or the same actions with greater speed. If apes are capable of making and using tools, it means that their thinking will grow as humans did. The fact that apes can make tools shows that the society of apes is likely to develop more and more.

To conclude, apes are very similar to humans because they have gender typed toys, hierarchies, a communication system, and tools within their societies. Although the majority of people don’t think so, we are very closely related to apes.

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Evolution in our Hands, Defiance against Nature or Potential Development?

For billions of years, we have been the subject of evolution, constantly being altered by the uncontrollable natural forces and shifting ourselves according to the outer environment. Now that we own the tool of technology, the situation has reversed: we developed the power to decide the course of evolution ourselves. While all of the other species are going through the process of random mutation and natural selection, human beings have invented a new skill referred to as genetic engineering that enables a much faster and more effective way to evolve.

Not only does it control the progression of our own species, but it also affects many other species as well. However, when we have arrived at the point where we have the overwhelming power to control the natural system, controversy and responsibility follow. Thus, the emerging technology of genetic engineering that once allowed us to explore nature and obtain benefits also leaves us with a heavy matter of discussion.

Humans have possessed the desire to alter living organisms for thousands of years. Initially, this was done through selective breeding, or artificial selection, where they bred plants and animals selectively to pass down preferable traits. After this, in the

1970s, scientists came across mutation breeding, the process of exposing the organism to chemicals and radiation in order to increase the chance of mutations from occurring. As more mutations occurred, the chances of the positive trait people sought improved. These earliest attempts enabled some developments in nurturing traits such as fast and intelligent animals or quick-growing plants.

Nevertheless, people were still not satisfied and wished to create any form of the organism pleasing to them. This developed into the modern concept of genetic engineering, which is cutting and arranging different combinations of genes. The first recombination of DNA molecules was made by Paul Berg in 1972, from the monkey virus SV40. Soon after, in 1973, the first genetically modified bacterium was generated by Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer. In 1976, along with the establishment of the first genetic engineering company, they successfully developed the bacteria E-coli that produce human insulin. Later on, genetic engineering has become an important field in science, leading to landmark discoveries such as the gene-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 and identification of possible gene drive. By this time, genetic engineering had already been applied in agriculture, influencing the food that people consume. Today, the gene-edited organisms are affecting our society to a very large degree that an overwhelming 93% of the corn and soy plants today are genetically modified.

The development of GMO, or genetically modified organisms, is causing an unimaginable impact on nature and our society. Already GMO is present in a large portion of crops and livestock in order to reduce the expenses and resources

used to cultivate them or to generate a better taste. As a result, we are unconsciously consuming the GMO products, without acknowledging the potential consequences these organisms can bring.

Apart from agricultural changes, GMO also altered the system of nature as well as genetic engineering protecting plants from pests, superbugs and superweeds began to be developed. Superbugs and superweeds refer to the pests which have become resistant to the crop’s modified genes previously used to destroy them. For instance, the GMO crops containing herbicides, a chemical that eliminates pests, has led to an evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, causing a great nuisance to the farmers. These resistant pests, indeed more powerful than the previous ones, means much more than mere damage to crops. The rise of superbugs and superweeds implies that there is a replacement in the food chain. No one can be sure about what damage they could cause to the system of nature, whether that may be a numerical imbalance between species or an accumulation of defects in organisms. Not only that, GMO also has altered numerous perspectives in society. People gladly accept the convenience deriving from

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SUA YOO, Y9, MULCHAT genetic engineering, yet recoil at the fact that they are actually consuming products reconstructed in the labs. Therefore, a contradiction has formed about the existence of GMO, causing confusion and cognitive dissonance. Now, knowing its impacts, it is us who have to determine whether these changes caused by a new mechanism of evolution are beneficial or harmful, whether they should be continued or not.

Genetic engineering is doubtlessly a beneficial device to the evolution of the human species. In order for a species to increase its biological strength in the ecosystem, the potential of better survival and producing fit offspring is important.

By genetic engineering, humans have achieved provision of a better quality of food, enhancing the life quality of people. Humans could also be more resistant against many fatal diseases through genetic engineering, already conquering many genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. Moreover, as the technology of genetic engineering improves, we are expected to decide our life span along with selecting positive traits for babies. Therefore, future generations will be more capable of living longer and healthier, along with higher intelligence, more attractive appearance, etc.

Genetic engineering is also beneficial for the whole community as well, as it contributes to solving the millennium’s problem of poverty. To illustrate, many African countries are suffering from undernourishment as the dry land makes it very difficult to cultivate crops. However, the advent of GMO skill has developed corn and other crops which can withstand dryness and extreme heat. This

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has reduced the starvation of African people, approaching the solution of poverty. When this technology develops even more so that it is safer and more affordable, it is possible to tackle food shortages all over the world. Genetic engineering has, and will continue to, enable better living of people, which can indeed result in better evolution of human beings.

Nevertheless, there are even more harms following genetic engineering.

Most of all, the concept of proceeding evolution on our own has disrupted the whole process of evolution. All of the species have been relying on the natural process of natural selection to evolve, which was slow but sustainable. However, now that genetic engineering exists, natural selection has lost its meaning.

For example, although another corn species tries to evolve, it would never be able to catch up with man made GMO corn which are already resistant to pests and can grow at a faster rate. In other words, it is us, the humans, who have the authority to decide which species evolve and which do not. Therefore, if a mistake is made by humans, which is very probable as we are imperfect beings, the whole system of nature is likely to break apart. Moreover, the fact that it benefits humans does not mean that it does other species as well. We have been removing seeds and toxic chemicals in fruits and vegetables so that we can easily feed human populations. However, these features were mechanisms for protection and reproduction of plants developed through evolution proceeding for millions of years. We are simply interrupting this natural process solely for

our benefit. Also, when these mechanisms allowed nature to be maintained, the removal of them suggests a change would happen sooner or later. A drastic number of natural organisms would fail to survive, as they fall behind artificial GMO. As a result, the biodiversity created by nature would drop over a short period of time. Even organisms vital for maintaining the ecosystem could be eliminated, causing great risk to all species dependant on them, including us. Consequently, genetic engineering encompasses numerous potential problems for the future. This implies that genetic engineering is not a technology that can simply be launched to benefit us, but one that carries an inconceivable responsibility.

Genetic engineering has left human beings with power, along with responsibility. Genetic engineering itself is never a bad technology, but we are not yet at a stage we can use it with prudence. It is not the right time for us to control evolution. Until enough research is done for us to comprehend its countless potential detriments, we must let nature decide the positive and negative traits for each organism. Once again, it is certain that genetic engineering contains exclusive advantages that no other has, which is capable of empowering human beings without limit, yet we should save it for future generations who would use this technology more wisely.

EVOLUTION OF THE

Internet HYUNSEOK ANDREW SONG YEAR 11, NORO

The internet started with the Advanced Research Projects Agency’s experimental network in America.

Data was originally sent through circuit switching; which was very i n e f f i c i e n t c o m p a r e d t o p a c ke t switching.

The first internet connection was between UCLA and the SRI laboratory on 1969.10.29.

Rober Taylor, promoted to the head of information processing office in DARPA, intended to realize Licklider's ideas of an ‘interconnected networking system.’ This was called the ARPANET and is the start of the internet that we are used to. Even though the first experiment wasn’t perfect, Kleinrock referred to the first experiment by stating this: “Yet, a revolution had begun,” at an interview.

December 5, 1969. The ARPANET had increased its size to become a 4-node network by adding the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbara. This was assisted by the findings in the ALOHANET, a networking system built in Hawaii. A total of 213 hosts became available by 1981. The ARPANET became the technical core of the ‘internet’ by this point.

The ARPANET, unfortunately, did not get any help from the European developers, where there were several political reasons involved.

This was when the Merit Network came in. With support from the State

of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971. This was further developed in the next few years, getting more stable as the steps went on.

T h e Tr a n s m i s s i o n C o n t r o l Protocol, or TCP, was developed for the unification of the network methods.

Between 1976 and 1977, Yogen Dalal proposed separating TCP's routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers, which led to the splitting of TCP into TCP and IP protocols, and the development of TCP/IP. With the role of the network reduced to a core of functionality, it became possible to exchange traffic with other networks independently.

After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years, ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to; ARPA's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development, not running a communications utility.

Eventually, in July 1975, the network was turned over to the Defense Communications Agency, also part of the Department of Defense in the USA. They started developing multiple networks based on it. The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research; unrelated commercial use

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was strictly forbidden. This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities. During the 1980s, the connections expanded to more educational institutions, and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett-Packard, which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were.

The networking process was further developed: NASA and NSF also had started to develop their own network, where they developed it far enough to replace the ARPANET. This was when the term ‘internet’ was starting to be used widely. It was reflected in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol as a short form of internetworking, when the two terms were used interchangeably. With this, the internet became something new: something that it is now. It had become global. With the intervention of several more people, the internet got rid of any leftover problems. In general, the internet was a collection of networks linked by a common protocol. Having made it global in the 1980’s, the internet has developed itself to what it is now.

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The theory of evolution by natural selection was first introduced in Darwin’s book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859. This theory is the process of organisms changing over time as a result of changes in inheritable traits. Changes that allow an organism to adapt better in the environment will help the organism to survive and produce more offspring. This is called the “survival of the fittest”. This evolution is presented in the pathogenic bacteria as well.

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Antibiotic resistance evolves through natural selection, by random mutation, but also artificially applying an evolutionary stress on a population. When bacteria with antibiotic resistance is produced, it will survive and transfer this genetic information to its offspring.

This process repeats and makes the whole generation fully resistant to antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance makes the infection untreatable or difficult to treat. One of the examples is multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) which is resistant to two tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. MDR-TB is particularly dangerous because it gives rise to extensively drug-resistant M.tuberculosis (XDRTB), which requires aggressive treatment using a combination of five different drugs.

THE FRAME ENTERPRISE Chaewon Sally Kim Y12, Halla East

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Antibiotic resistance of penicillin was first uncovered in 1947, just four years after the drug being mass-produced. Then Methicillin was the only choice of antibiotics.

Penicillin was widely used by the military in World War 2, increasing the rate of natural selection.

These days, scientists cannot develop new antibiotics as fast as bacteria develop resistance. Therefore it is important to educate the public about the proper use of antibiotics. People should not overuse antibiotics and always complete a full dose as prescribed. Improvements in diagnostic equipment to detect and isolated resistant bacteria in hospital settings have enabled quick identification of bacteria. These improvements in technology help to fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and also caused the evolution of medicine drugs.

Evolution in antibiotic-resistant bacteria also caused evolution in medicinal drugs. However, it is always important to prevent and slow down the further evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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“If we don’t act now, our medicine cabinet will be empty and we won’t have the antibiotics we need to save lives.”

CDC Director, M.D., M.P.H.

Tom

Frieden,

THE EVOLUTION

OF THE NBA

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Ever since Doctor James Naismith first invented basketball, it has grown into a worldwide sport culminating with its own league, the NBA, founded in 1945. The NBA nowadays is filled with very fast tempoed, three point shooting teams. But, the league in its early days was exactly the opposite. It was a league where anybody tall and athletic could dominate. So, I thought it’d be interesting to take a look back at the league from beginning to end and see how it has evolved over the years.

1960s: Let’s begin with the 1960s. The NBA was rougher, tougher, smaller and less visible than just about every decade that followed. Notable players included centers Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain. As you can see above, centers were dominating their competition. They were tall, broad, and physically superior to most players. Bill Russell had carried the Celtics and won a handful of championship rings with them, and Wilt Chamberlain set the record for the most points scored in a single game with 100. However, point guards were also getting more recognition. Notable examples included Oscar Robertson and Jerry West. They were able to score and pass in an efficient manner, complementing the big men, being nimble and fleet of foot around the court. However, even with all the talent, the competition was minimal. The Celtics, coached by Red Auerbach, were the clear cut champions every year with Bill Russell, John Havlicek, Bob Cousy leading the way.

The Lakers was another team that competed mainly with Jerry West and Elgin Baylor leading the way. However, the Lakers would get trampled year after year by the Celtics because they lacked a talented center. During that time period, it was clear that the center was extremely essential for a team to be successful.

1970s: We move on to the 1970s, where there wasn’t a significant change. In 1976, the NBA merged with the ABA, absorbing their four best teams: Nuggets, Pacers, Spurs, and the Nets. Big men were still key to glory, but the Celtics were no longer the obvious winners. In fact, 8 different teams won the title and not a single team managed to win back to back. The only teams to win more than one championship in this decade were the Celtics and the Knicks with two each. The Sonics, Blazers, Warriors, and the Bullets also made a name for themselves in this decade by winning a title. Players like Julius Erving and David Thompson were slowly spearheading the trend of non-center player dunking to the league. Some of the best players, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Moses Malone, reached the climax

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of their careers, while greats from the 60s wrapped up their careers - Jerry West and Elgin Baylor. The decade wasn’t pretty at all. For example, there was the time Kermit Washington almost killed Tomjanovic with a punch to the face. However, the decade was a somewhat more competitive league and set the blueprint for today’s league.

1980s: Now we have reached the 80s. This decade was defined by some of the greatest players to ever set foot on an NBA court.

Two were Magic Johnson and Larry Bird.

They made every game exciting to watch.

The Lakers, led by Magic Johnson and James Worthy, would face off against Larry Bird and Kevin McHale’s Celtics in the Finals almost every year. So you might ask what is the difference between the 80s and 60s? Well, this time everybody was watching. The two teams alone drew fans from all over the world. By now, I might have made you think that other than Magic and Bird, there wasn’t really any talent in this decade. And you would be so horribly wrong. I’m sorry for misleading you!

Players like Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, and Isiah Thomas were some of the top talent in the league. This was also the decade when the phenomenon that was Michael Jordan first happened. The competitiveness of this decade was incomparable to today’s league.

The fouls that were committed were straight up brutal. The Bad Boys Pistons were a great example. From Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars to Bill Laimbeer, the team played gritty and violent defense to top the league. The league looked like it had hit its peak, but then the 90s came along.

1990s: If you know even the slightest bit about the NBA, you should know whats coming next! That’s right. This was the decade of Michael Jordan, the undisputed greatest of all time. Michael Jordan was phenomenal on both sides of the court, and he dominated all of his other competition to win 6 championships with the Bulls in total before final retirement. However, winning the ring was a huge challenge each and every year. The Bulls faced the Lakers, Suns, Trail-Blazers, Supersonics, and the Jazz on their way to championship glory. The duo of Stockton and Karl Malone was one of the greatest pick and roll partners of all time, and gave the Bulls a hard time for two consecutive years. Charles Barkley was an absolute freak of nature. Shawn Kemp and Gary Payton almost beat the unstoppable 72 win Bulls. But when Jordan retired to play baseball, it seemed like it could be anybody’s year. In the end, Hakeem Olajuwon and the Rockets capitalized, toppling Ewing and the Knicks, to win the title. Jordan did return after a year, but in 1998 came the second retirement. During the final year of the decade, the

Spurs beat the Knicks to claim the throne.

From beginning to end, the talent and the competition was on another level compared to any other decade. And this is why the 90s were considered the greatest decade in NBA history.

2000s: Then came the noughties, which saw the emergence of players like Tim Duncan, Kobe Bryant, Allen Iverson, and Vince Carter. This decade saw the birth of many great individual achievements and highlights as well, such as Iverson’s stepping over Tyronne Lue or Vince Carter’s 360 degree windmill. The decade was a bit less competitive compared to the previous two. This was because of the dominance of a brace of teams: the San Antonio Spurs and the LA Lakers. The Spurs were perfect. They were coached by Gregg Poppovich, one of the greatest coaches the league has ever seen.

Their trio of Tim Duncan, Tony Parker, and Manu Ginobili had the perfect chemistry. They even had David Robinson for a couple of seasons, one of the greatest defensive centers. The Lakers, however, were just as good. The Lakers had landed a huge fish in Shaquille O’Neal. Then, they made one of the greatest draft day trades of all time, trading Vlade Divac to Charlotte for a kid called Kobe Bean Bryant. These two were enough to get them to the finals each year. The two were surrounded by the likes of Rick Fox, Derek Fisher, and Robert Horry. The Lakers even had their hands on an aging Gary Payton and Karl Malone for a year or two. And then there were the Celtics.

How could I forget? In 2007, Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett, and Ray Allen formed the first superteam, a gathering of three or more all-stars in a team by each player’s will. They gave the Lakers and the Spurs a hard time, although they didn’t win that many rings.

The decade was entertaining, but it was a bit obvious at times.

2010s: Now we come to the more recent decade in the 10s. This was when Lebron happened. He lead the Heat to 2 rings and the Cavs to their first. He was the big news ever since he began playing highschool basketball, and he definitely lived up to the hype. He was drafted straight out of highschool to the Cavs. After years of sucking, he went out the door. He built a superteam in Miami, joining Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh. Kevin Durant was also a phenomenon, even leading the Thunder to the finals once. He, along with Russell Westbrook, gave hope to the fans of Oklahoma each year. But what changed the shape of the league was in fact not Lebron and not Durant. In 2009, the Golden State Warriors selected Stephen Curry with the 7th pick of

the NBA draft. Nobody expected what would follow. Paired with another deadly shooter in Klay Thompson, the Warriors were absolutely unstoppable. They won 73 games, most in NBA history. Their main weapon was their 3 point scoring. As soon as the ball was launched, everyone knew it was money. To compete with them, other teams had to shoot just as much threes and run a faster pace offense. Soon, centers like Brook Lopez and Towns were shooting threes. And hey, remember Kevin Durant? Well, he joined the Warriors. This was one of the weakest moves in all of sports, and it destroyed the entire balance of the league. Everyone turned to Lebron, the only man powerful enough to stop this team. In 2017, the Cavs just weren’t enough to take down the Warriors. And in 2018, it got even worse. The roster looked like a pile of hot garbage, and JR Smith’s idiotic play in game 1 blew a chance to get a winning start. It was, in fact, Kawhi Leonard and the Raptors who completed the seemingly impossible feat.

Probably because Durant and Klay were injured, but still. The offseason of 2019 was one of the greatest. Players like Kawhi, Anthony Davis, and Russell Westbrook went to different teams. There isn’t a better time to watch basketball than now.

That might be the history and evolution of the NBA, but what about the part that is yet to be written? Darius Garland, the first NBA player born in the new millennium year 2000, is a good representation of a fresh beginning.

Up and coming players like Luka Doncic and Pascal Siakam are each having MVP like seasons, not to mention the greek freak himself, Giannis. The future is sure to be an exciting era of fun fast paced basketball, and we must look out for what changes the league will go through next.

Junseong Daniel Lee, Y9, Geomun

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ECONOMICS SOCIETY

Minseo Len Park Y12, Halla East

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From peasant to pope, the term ‘Wealth’ has been a compelling factor which has proven to be inseparable from the time of the line from mankind.

Wealth has played a central role in our development as a species; while for other species the status of power is determined by physical strength, the prestige in humanity is largely dictated by one’s economic potential.

“Homo sapiens, the thinking ape, has evolved into the Homo pecuniae, the money monkey.” - Peter Collett While it is true that wealth is deeply entwined with the history of humanity, the definition of wealth is an ever-changing one; wealth chronologically mirrored our cultures and society at each epoch.

As humanity had undergone colossal adjustments and alterations, the concept of wealth also has evolved throughout the century, firmly ensconcing its role during a specific era.

Initially, wealth was not defined by financial means. The term wealth surfaced when the notion of personal property was conceptualized. During the Bronze age, wealth was associated with properties that implied divine meaning. Essentially, it can be argued that a simple idea of proprietorship had formed the fundamental basis of wealth. Wealth became more complex as the significance of coinage in the context of wealth started to receive recognition during the 6th century. The diffusion of coinage lowered the entry barriers to economic transactions for the common people.

Active exchange and democratization of wealth followed, which ultimately led to the world witnessing its empowering nature. The entitling features of wealth kindled the embers of feudalism, blazing to

its peak in the 11th century. Money was viewed as a tool in the exercise of power; wealth in terms of economic might authorized individuals to hold imperative power over others. Wealth can be argued to be the main culprit of the establishment of the strict hierarchical and obligatory system. While the form of wealth as the dominant determinant of power mirrors our current society to some extent, the evolution of wealth is still progressing. Over the course of time, the economic interconnectedness between individuals had been accentuated. This triggered the emergence of shareholder capitalism, which produced opportunities to generate wealth. As opportunities to hoard wealth became unmanageable for an individual, it led to people getting together to share the risk and reward.

This induced a boom in the establishment of financial intermediaries, further ensconcing wealth’s international significance. Now, as economic actors are increasingly more interconnected, many witnesses that the evolution of wealth is getting further accelerated by the rapid development of technology.

The evolution of wealth simultaneously stimulated economic transactions between people. Factors outlined above such as the introduction of coinage, empowerment of wealth, and the interconnectedness of people had made financial transactions much more sophisticated compared to the past. The wide propagation of media across the world has enabled economic actors to promote their services and goods, further facilitating their economic deals and profit. This particular promotion later became widely known as a strategy called ‘marketing’,

and had gone through several stages of evolution, analogous to the principle of wealth.

The concept of marketing has undergone a gradual change ever since the industrial revolution. Similar to the evolution of wealth, there were several stages regarding the evolution of marketing.

Originally, producers solely oriented the production of good production, until the 1930s. There was a prominent prevailing feeling that a good product will result in automatic consumer response, and that promotional efforts were trivial in terms of sales. However, as the significance of marketing strategies started to prevail in the 20th century, some producers started to appreciate the fact that producing the best product is futile unless the firm promotes it with aggressive salesmanship. As many firms started to realize the importance of marketing, some firms started to turn to customer’s demand oriented products. Active communication between consumers and firms took place, providing firms with the ability to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Firms’ desire to differentiate themselves from other firms eventually led to the development of the form of competition that we see today. The current form of marketing cares not only for consumer satisfaction but also for social welfare. The firm is to discharge its social responsibilities in its marketing techniques. The growing complexity of marketing is another form of evolution in economics, that had developed along with the history of mankind.

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HOW SIGNIFICANT IS THE SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL IN HISTORY?

BEN KO Y11, NORO

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How are we created? ‘We’ as a human being. Did we evolve like the theory of Charles Darwin? Or are we created by god like the creationists say? In 1927, there was a debate on it. However, it wasn’t a fair one. In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law. If we look at this case now, we think ‘how can a teacher be accused of teaching evolutionism in school?’ Unfortunately, for John Scopes, Tennessee is a very religious state, even now. And secondly, in 1927, in Tennessee the teaching of evolutionism was banned by the state law. I think that this trial is more than just a single case. It is a case where religion and science had collided, a case where a young substitute teacher changed the minds of the US citizens. The trial was a clash between two generations; an older generation where they all believed in god, and a younger generation which decided to con sider alternatives to the creationist story.

The trial lasted eight days. John Scopes was found guilty but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The true significance of the trial was not the verdict, however; the Scopes trial increased American awareness and interest in the issue of teaching theology (the study of the nature of God and religious beliefs) and/or modern science in public schools. It also drew attention to the divide between religious Fundamentalists and Modernists who took a less literal approach to the Bible and supported modern science, as well to the split opinions between urban and rural American values.

The two lawyers were Clarence Darro, who was defending John Scopes, and Jennings Bryan, who is the lawyer for

the state. Darro was one of the biggest defense lawyers in the US at that time and he was portrayed as the modernist, humanist, and the secularist. On the other hand, Jenning Bryan was a great believer in the bible, and he greatly supported in old time fundamental values.

This was also the first time people were able to hear the trial live on radio.

This is also a key aspect of the Scopes trial as in the 20’s technology rapidly developed and people all owned a radio.

And listening to the radio, people could share their own opinions and discuss the salient points in their homes. The judge leading the trial was John Raulston, a thorough believer in religion and in the bible. When Clarence Darrow tries to ask scientists if they can give testimony, Raulston refuses. So, Darrow cleverly asks if he could question Jennings Bryan, and he says yes. Confidently, Bryan is ready to give testimony. Darrow asks ‘Do you believe everything in the bible?’. ‘Yes’ Bryan replies. Then, Darrow asks specific questions that are in the bible, like ‘where did this come from?’. When Bryan can’t reply straight away and says ‘I’ll leave that up to you’, Darrow storms in and destroys him by asking more questions. Bryan still felt okay since he was thinking of an excellent closing statement. However, Darrow refused to give a closing statement which left Bryan in pieces. Bryan eventually won the case in the court but, everyone who was listening to it live on the radio knew that Darrow and Scopes won the case no mather what the judge decided. Six days after the case ended, Bryan died of diabetes. Medical experts assume that lots of stress was an alternative reason.

Who knew that a simple trial would become so significant in the history of religion, science, and even humanity?

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Did people's thoughts and perpsectives change?

Seungyeon Claire Ma, Y8, Mulchat

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“We are the representatives of the cosmos; we are an example of what hydrogen atoms can do, given 15 billion years of cosmic evolution.” This is a famous saying by the famous writer Carl Sagan.

Carl Sagan insists that anyone can evolve slowly if they put the effort into it. It is said that when humans changed, their thoughts and culture have changed a lot. From my experience, I am also able to perceive that people’s thoughts and perspectives are changing. In the book, Cosmos, Carl Sagan talks about past or elderly people, their cultures and perspectives. The evolution from a human perspective contains a lot of stories.

In the past, as everyone knows, there was a lot of discrimination. People made their prejudice or stereotypes themselves and think their own way. This made a lot of people to think that they are unfortunate. However, thankfully society has changed. People tried to assert different opinions compared to the past; one of the examples is racism. Racism is discrimination by skin colour. Europeans colonized Africa and were expecting to see people who were similar to themselves. However, Africans didn’t meet the expectation for them, nor did the Indians in North America nor the aboriginals in Australia. That was the starting point to discriminate against Africans.

Settlers in North America asserted that Africans are in an inferior class and they are savage, dangerous people. With some ambiguous reasoning, Africans should be the slave for settlers in North America. Unfortunately, there is still discrimination and racism.

There is still racism. However, racist behaviour is declining. According to the Economist newspaper, the United States are having fewer incidents related to racism than before. It is good news that the society is becoming better. However, there is still some racism in some part of the society. Like the famous quote “Every strike brings me closer to my next home run.” Step by step procedure is the best way to prevent racism, and the first step which we need at this point is people’s awareness and acknowledgement of various discrimination consequences.

One other discrimination is about

disabled people. Disabled people have been discriminated against. According to “Disabled person for news”, it says that there is more than 5 percentage in South Korea, and it is increasing. This result shows us that we should provide a lot of institution for preventing disabled discrimination. A Korean book for teenagers called “Joker and Me” contains a story about a boy who has muscular dystrophy. In that book the friend, Joker, is teasing the main character who has a disability. In this book, the expression that Joker feels are explaining that it’s no big deal to be disabled.

However, in fact, in the first part of the book, the disabled main character did not have friends. Like this book, disabled people usually feel that being disabled is not a big thing, but because of people’s dark atmosphere staring against them, they suffer. To prevent this discrimination, the government shows some countermeasure. For example, according to the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, it says they are giving the parenting support, support for family rest and giving them a free automobile payment system. However, unfortunately, these things are not put into practice but compared with the past, there is at least some policy. This can show us that society is changing positively, and it can be changed more positively.

Sadly, some kind of discrimination is not changed positively. Some of them get worse. The representable example is lookism. Dictionaries present that the meaning of lookism is discrimination against a person on the grounds of physical appearance. The beauty standard had been changed but the social media such as Facebook, Instagram or the TV reality programs are giving the stereotypes by repeating the idea that a person’s outward looks counts.

If there are some beautiful person, the reality show serves them as a real princess but if there are some people who are especially fat or have bigger faces compared with other people, they aren’t served well. By judging appearances continuously, this directly affects teenagers because they can learn a lot of things in TV programs and if there are some words which show the lookism,

teenagers and young people will believe that it is the natural situation.

Thankfully, there are more examples that people get more positive changes when they are living in the society. By thinking correctly, that small thought can help and furthermore, we can have a more developed country. So think carefully before you judge someone.

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EVOLUTION OF

ADVERTISING BONNIE HYUN, YEAR 11, GEOMUN

People, who first started advertising were Egyptians. In premodern history, people used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. These commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and Arabia, including lost and found advertising on papyrus, which was easily found in Ancient Greece and Rome. According to these historic proofs, historians could easily discover that painting was used as the main advertising form for commercial advertising. However, some historians claim that the earliest advertising was first done orally in ancient China.

People, who lived at the time of Ancient China, often used a way to attract people’s attention like playing two bamboo flutes to sell candy, which was usually taken in the form of calligraphic signboards, inked papers and copper printing plates. Similarly in Europe, most of their population was unable to read at that time. Because of this, instead of using persuading words, they used images associated

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with their trade such as food, boots, diamonds and horses. They further sold goods in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.

When it reached between the 16th and18th century, modern advertising began to develop and form a clear structure such as newspapers and magazines. In Britain, for instance, the first weekly appeared in the 1620s and its first daily newspaper, “The Daily Courant� published from 1702. The earliest commercial advertisements were usually for books and quack medicines but by the 1650s, various products were advertised and increased markedly.

D u r i n g t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y, a leadership position in British advertising was established by the Co tobacco company. Smoking had been common for centuries, but the innovations consisted of brand names, heavy advertising and market segmentation according to class. The

most innovative appeal was to health consciousness. The advertisements were directed at the middle-class men, claiming that “smoke not only checks disease but preserves the lungs.” A rugged heavy taste was pitched to working men, soldiers and sailors, while "delicately fragrant" was part of the appeal to the upper-class. The packaging was attractive, posters were omnipresent to show that smoking was a normal part of English life. Edward Barnay is the one who propelled cigarettes into fame in the late 1920s, as he got women to start smoking in the 19th century, where it was not common for women to smoke.

He further ran huge campaigns for Chesterfield, presenting models and movie stars with cigarettes coming out of their mouths for which he got enormous praise. He became a leading figure of the industry.

Escaping from the early times, people came to the age of radio, which not only allowed messages to reach a much larger audience, but also got the message across more

quickly and even efficiently. Radio ads were similar to the “native ads” which we can see on the Internet today. Native ads basically make the ad seem like the product itself. For example, when people listened to their favorite programs on the radio, it was always “brought to them by” whatever company was advertising during that program. This led to the birth of the advertisements through television. It is welcomed as everyone is able to see the commercials as an opportunity to learn about what is available for us to buy. After a few decades of advancement through technology, television ads eventually developed into Internet advertising!

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GLOBALISATION : AN

INCOMING TSUNAMI DAVID NOH YEAR 10, SARAH

We a r e i n t h e e r a o f f r e e information flow and the democratization of communication.

The world is rapidly changing as countries are becoming more interconnected through developments in technology, transportation and the Internet. This process has been called globalisation, the phenomenon of cultural, social, environmental and political change that has evolved from the massively increased trade and cultural exchange between countries.

Decades ago, numerous factors such as the lack of technology and transportation tied people together in local communities.

However, globalisation has enlarged and deepened interdependence among countries and people; local communities have amalgamated into one large global community.

Evolving from local to global, this change is attributed to the result of human innovation and technological progress. Ultimately, globalisation has been an unstoppable world trend that changes the world so greatly that it can be argued that no nation can avoid it. Globalisation has both positive and negative impacts on the globe and a large number of experts are scoping the study of globalisation and speculating how it will impact the future.

For economic growth of the world, globalisation creates jobs, makes

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companies more competitive, and lowers prices for consumers. The rapid flow of globalisation causes companies to spread out to foreign countries as this is more profitable to the companies. Indeed, through globalisation, TNCs (Transnational Corporations) such as Nike, McDonalds and Starbucks get the most benefits. The increase of TNCs leads to the much faster growth of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) which is the cornerstone to both governments and companies involved in foreign trade. Also, FDI allows countries to experience higher economic growth by creating new markets where TNCs can easily interconnect in their complex supply chains. Once TNCs are launched in new markets, they provide jobs for the host countries.

According to the Our World In Data, TNCs had reduced job loss in India and increased its employment rate by 15 percent. TNCs also tend to pay higher wages than local rates but, in return, they tend to employ more skilled and entrepreneurial local workers.

Local firms consequently may find it difficult to grow.

On the other hand, globalisation can lead to exploitation and local economies employ greater government regulation. Exploitation grew deeper through globalisation and sweatshops were increased worldwide. A sweatshop is a type of workplace that

has very poor, socially unacceptable working conditions. Since the 1970s, Nike, Inc. has been accused of using sweatshops to produce footwear and apparel. Nike sweatshops were located in numerous LEDCs, such as Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh.

In fact, some activists found out that more than 8,000 children were used as labourers and were underpaid by the owners of Nike factories. Also, workers were forced to work for up to 72 hours straight in bad air conditions, without sleep. Some of these workers were sexually, verbally and physically abused when they contacted or complained to activists for their rights. These devastating facts contributed to the formation of antisweatshop organisations that oppose TNCs which only care about profits.

Firms like Nike operate at arm’s length - they don’t actually own the manufacturing businesses or directly employ the labour. A local firm does this. Nike have in place rules which local owners are supposed to abide by. Nike and other TNCs monitor this but still there are cases of exploitation involving factories making goods for TNCs. Some people argue that TNCs put too much pressure on local firms to reduce costs and this is why exploitation occurs.

Moreover, TNCs can have great l eve r a g e ove r t h e g ove r n m e n t s of LEDCs and abuse their power

for benefits. TNCs threaten local economies by increasing the popularity of, and subsequently demand for their products through advertisements with celebrities and the creation of strong brand images that are familiar to people all across the world. The cheap international marketing of TNCs and the cheap labour ,as LEDCs usually do not have any form of the minimum wage, means that the TNCs costs are kept to a minimum thus creating productive efficiency. If costs are l ow, p r o f i t s h o u l d r e m a i n h i g h which can then be used to reinvest into product innovation and new technology. This cycle helps establish a dominant corporation crushing domestic companies. For example, in Bangladesh, numerous domestic companies were threatened by Puma as they lure workers with slightly larger wages than domestic companies.

C e r t a i n l y, b u s i n e s s e s a r e experiencing increasingly diverse workforces as a result of a globalised economy. The more interconnected countries encourage workers to work in different locations and workplace w i t h d i f fe re n t r a n g e s o f e t h n i c groups. All of these can be challenges, but overwhelmingly are a positive thing in the workplace as it brings together different ideas, insights and perspectives. Domestically, the increased number of TNCs in a

country allows the spread of diverse cultures and innovations among the country. Those diversity of cultures and experience help countries to develop. Undeniably, globalisation has also made it easier to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. For instance, the free flow of people, goods, and information has made it possible to have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite Norwegian death metal band and stream the latest Brazilian movie.

By and large, globalisation has both optimistic and pessimistic impacts. Indeed, drastic changes made by globalisation may cause hesitation a m o n g t h e co u n t r ie s . Howeve r, globalisation is an inevitable and ongoing process which can not be easily avoided. We need to be aware of the potential downfalls to ensure that people are not exploited in the chase for the latest goods at the cheapest prices.

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EVOLUTION OF

ADVERTISING

HYUN SEO AILEEN LEE, YEAR 11, GEOMUN

Advertisements are tracking you everywhere! On your way back home, on every website you enter for homework, and even on the toilet door, advertisements are waiting for you to pay attention to them. People nowadays are floating within the wave of advertisements. Well, you might not read ads attentively, but you would notice that you are singing a song from some strange tuna advertisement.

An advertisement is “a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, or event or publicizing a job vacancy,� and it is one of the markets that are steadily expanding at a rapid pace.

The most common advertisement before the internet developed was outdoor advertising. Before the popularization of the internet, we can find various kinds of ads on billboards. However, more recently, a d s we me e t freq u ently are the display advertisements, including digital advertising. According to a new Market.us study, the global advertising market is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of approximately 6.4 percent over the next ten years, reaching US$ 1,036.9m in 2028 from US$ 558.0m in 2018, a doubling.

Then, when do you think this advertising started? Surprisingly, advertising has already existed in many forms since ancient times. The first

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advertisement is presumed to be made

by Egyptians, who used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters for advertising announcements and wall posters. In the ruins of Pompeii and Arabia, commercial messages and political campaign displays were found. Moreover, in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, lost and found ads on papyrus were also popular. Another example of an ancient marketing form, present in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America, is a wall or rock painting for commercial advertising.

The wall painting tradition can be traced back to depictions in Indian rock art dating back to 4000 BCE. In ancient China, the earliest k n ow n a d ve r t i s i n g wa s o r a l , a s recorded for selling candy, which appeared in 11th to 7th century BCE. In general, advertising took the form of calligraphic signs and inked papers.

A copper printing plate from the Song dynasty used to print posters in the shape of a square sheet of paper with a bunny symbol is considered the oldest printed advertisement media found in the world.

With the introduction of newspapers and magazines in the 16th and 17th centuries, commercial advertising began to take shape, and newspapers introduced advertisements to defray publishing and distribution costs. The very first weekly gazettes arrived in Venice in

the early 16th century, and the idea of a daily newspaper expanded from there.

In Britain, the first weeklies, 'The Daily Courant', appeared in the 1620s The number of products advertised had increased significantly by the 1650s.

T h e f i r s t a d ve r t i s e m e n t wa s broadcast in the US on July 1, 1941, over the New York station WNBT. It was for watchmaker Bulova and was shown before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies.

The golden age of advertising started in the 1960s. During this era, marketing tended to concentrate less on the product being sold and more on the customer making the purchase.

I n o rd e r t o ge n e r a t e sy m p a t hy, jealousy, and remorse, advertisers routinely generated extensive social life vignettes to carry out a huge profit.

Furthermore, since these ad agents worked with ingenuous self-assurance, they gossiped about their techniques in the trade press. Their enthusiasm and their easy assumptions about the masses they were addressing made especially revealing the ads of this era. Advertisers focused on creating and selling product-linked emotions and feelings, and this no-holds-barred imagination is a defining feature of advertising in the sixties.

Today, when ads are booming everywhere, companies try to be smart to make their ads outstanding

in order to sell more of their products.

People today use the Internet often, so many advertisers are looking at mobile platforms rather than offline. A mobile ad platform is an “intermediary b e t we e n m o b i le p u bl i s h e r s a n d advertisers.” Many of the top platforms such as Google and Facebook provide an ad management panel that allows people to create an account and manage ads themselves. In this case, there’s no need to reach out to the advertiser directly and people can easily view data on impressions, conversions, click-through-rates, etc. as all of this data is tracked by the ad platform. Often, people can also set an ad campaign spend-limit with multiple bid options to choose from such as cost-per-impression (CPM) or costper-click (CPC).

Then, what do the best mobile a d p l a t fo r m s h ave i n c o m m o n ?

Regardless of the ad type available, the best mobile ad platforms have some common traits; large inventory of possible ad placements; advanced analytics and targeting; access to a global market; mobile support on all of the big operating systems.

As an advertiser, a large inventory is a necessity. This allows you to choose the ad placements, such as search ads, display ads, in-app ads, etc, that make sense for your business.

Another must-have feature is analytics and targeting. Without having a clear

idea of who sees your ad and which ads perform best, mobile ads are a waste of time and money.

As advertising develops over time, expectations are growing for the type of advertisement in the future. Here are some expected advertisement features that are likely to be present in the future: Biometric data, which uses facial recognition technologies or speech analysis to help measure the efficacy of an ad or sales call by determining customer responses outside of clicks and views. This might be slightly creepy but it will be helpful for fast iteration of different ads and sales approaches. There might be also an emotive measurement that creates sets of data to help define what a customer’s emotional response to an ad is. Moreover, the advertisement might interactive content and capture a user’s interaction with content like hotspots clicks or rotation of the phone to view immersive content.

In short, the advertising industry has come a long way from the days of drawing on walls or shouting out the message you want others to hear.

Nonetheless, the message still needs to get through to widen the experience of the consumer or, perhaps, to bamboozle them into buying what they don’t really need.

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Evolution in Bugatti Jongsuh Jason Park, Y11, Sarah

Automobiles Ettore Bugatti, a French car manufacturer, was founded in 1909 in a German city of Molsheim, Alsace by an Italian-born designer Ettore Bugatti. The elegant cars are well known for their exquisite design and multiple winning titles. The company struggled financially after the death of Ettore Bugatti’s son Jean Bugatti in 1939. There was not a successor to lead the factory and no more than 8,000 cars were made. The company created its last design in the 1950s, before being purchased for its airplane parts business in 1963. Today it is owned by the Volkswagen Group.

From 1909 the car has been through radical changes in design and functions which leads to it still being one of the most recognized automobiles in the world today.

The Bugattis are noticeably focused on the design of the car and throughout the years that is clearly evident. For example, the first model made by Ettore Bugatti in 1905 was called the Peugeot Bébé, which stands for Baby, was a smaller version of the Peugeot made from 1905 to 1916. It was originally presented in the Paris Motor Show in 1904 and presented its modern and robust creation that was cheap, small, and practical. Its weight was 350

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kilograms and 2.7 meters in length. At this stage the engine could produce 10 horsepower (7.5kW) and was capable of propelling to 40 km/hour. These figures later on improved and now the most recent Bugatti model is the Bugatti Chiron, costing about 3 million dollars, setting a new bar in price and exclusivity. Bugatti cars were extremely successful in racing. The little Bugatti Type 10 swept the top four positions at its first race. The 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is one of the most successful racing cars.

The Type 35 was developed by Bugatti with the master engineer and racing driver Jean Chassagne who also drove it in the car’s first ever Grand Prix in 1924 in Lyon. Bugattis swept to victory in the Targa Florio for five years straight from 1925 through 1929. Louis Chiron held the most podiums in Bugatti cars, and the modern marque revival Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. named the 1999 Bugatti 18/3 Chiron concept car in his honour. But it was the final racing success at Le Mans that is most remembered—Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron won the 1939 race with just one car and meagre resources.

These success are currently continuing.

Even though Bugattis are rarely used for the purpose of racing it is still chosen as one of the most beautiful and elegant

cars in the world. Gathering fame from an early stage the Bugatti was able to get support so that they can develop and finally establish a goal car makers would ever dream of.

Woojin Sam Choi, Y11, Noro

The Evolution of European National Flags and Banners Unbeknownst to most, the actual use of a flag was not an old idea. Only from the 8th century did the idea of a ‘national flag’ grow throughout the world and became popular only by the 15th. Overall, throughout history, the first ‘national flag’ was created in Japan. This first banner consisted of a simple blank white sheet with a single circle in the middle.

This design never changed.

The first flags that nations used to confront each other weren’t as simple.

Throughout Europe, the national flags were basically constructed featuring one of the following: A Cross, an animal, or the country’s coat of arms. These symbols were embroidered onto the middle of a unicoloured background, which were mostly red, the historically universal symbol for a bloody struggle, or white, the historically universal symbol for peace and purity.

Although most of these flags are long since out of use many, such as the Nordic Cross (then Denmark and Sweden only), Burgundian Cross (Spain), and the German Eagle are still universally recognised.

However, by the end of the 18th century, all of these flags with complex designs, across Europe were replaced with 3 basic designs. The Vertical Tricolour, The Horizontal Tricolour, and the Nordic Cross. The former two designs were based on the two great powers who controlled the continent at the time: Revolutionary France with its Blue-White-Red Vertical, and Habsburg Austria with its Red-White-Red Horizontal.

Austrian Influence over Royal Families and Napoleon’s Conquest of Europe brought these two flags around the world, Austria influencing many monarchies, such as Spain and Hungary, who respec-

tively filled in the White of Austria’s flag yellow, and replaced the bottom red with Green. France also influenced Belgium and Italy, who fly the Black-Gold-Red and Green-White-Red today.

The cluster of small nations in Europe came to a decrease by the end of the 19th century, and the Great Powers had their flags settled. Great Britain had a merger of the English, Irish, and Scottish Flags, a White with Red Cross, a White with Red X, and a Blue with White X respectively. These flags reperented the flags of the patron saints of these countries George for England, Patrick for the Irish and Andrew, the Scots. France long since abandoning the white royal flag with the fluer de lys, had kept flying their tricolour. Germany flew the BlackWhite-Red, based on Prussian Colours, Austria the same Tricolour, but with half of the bottom stripe Green to represent the Hungarians, Russia the Pan-slavic colours of White, Blue, and Red, and Turkey the Red with White Crescent.

Under these flags many parts of the world had been colonised, and many flags now used have been influenced by them.

The end of World War 1 saw the change of the German flag to the now used Black-Red-Gold, and many Slavic countries such as Poland, Czechia or Yugoslavia with variations of the pan-slavic flag of White-Blue-Red. And although the history of Europe was still fluctuating and it’s maps constantly redrawn, the flags that were coined then never really changed.

The timeline of national flags shows the change in history, and the turbulent times that the continent of Europe had been subject to.

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LET'S GO TO SPACE! YE CHAN JEON YEAR 9, JEOJI

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The Mars 2020 rover mission, one of the multiple projects that NASA is currently doing, is a part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The Mars 2020 mission addresses high-priority science goals for Mars exploration, including key questions about the potential for life.

The mission searches for signs of past microbial life itself. The Mars 2020 rover has introduced a drill that can collect core samples of the most promising rocks and soils to find signs of life at different layers of the planet. The mission also provides opportunities to gather knowledge and demonstrate technologies that address the challenges of future human expeditions to Mars. These include testing a method for producing oxygen from the Martian atmosphere, identifying other resources such as iron oxide and rust particles, improving landing techniques, characterizing weather, dust, and other potential environmental conditions that could affect future astronauts or civilians living and working on Mars.

mythology is the goddess of hunting and, in some cases, the moon.

However, Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo and shows that the mission has a similarity limited to going to the moon. The Artemis project is a project that will send the first space-woman to the moon and is a long-term project estimated to be completed in 2024.

The goal of this mission is ultimately to create a habitable environment in space.

T h e o t h e r m i s s io n t h a t N A SA is currently progressing on is the Artemis project. Artemis in Greek

So the first small steps for a man back in 1969 has proved a turning point for the world and gives us an

While there are missions being planned for building a research facility on the Moon or Mars, there seems to be no plan for a habitable society for normal people. Environmental issues on earth are a serious thing and require constant attention by not some individuals but all of us. If we leave it this way soon we will have to find another habitable environment for the future of humans. By the Mars 2020 rover mission, we hope to test the possibility of humans going to Mars and actually building a habitable society there.

Bankingution

Evol

SEUNGHO HAM YEAR 11, GEOMUN

In modern recent economic systems, many banks participate in one of the most important rules in the economy, controlling the amount of money in the market. This control is very important since banks are able to create money from the deposits entrusted to them from the public, and the market economy usually functions well with the huge amounts of money that are created. However, do you know that the banks lend more capital than the amount they have taken in deposits? Why are the prices of goods generally always increasing?

How about these two facts being deeply related? In this text, the writer will demonstrate these points and consider the development of banking throughout history.

After people created money as a way of exchanging, gold broadly performed the function of being a medium of exchange through countries in the middle-ages. Gold was valuable and scarce, and many people tried to entrust their gold to Goldsmiths with some payments to prevent their gold from damage and theft. However, gold was very heavy to actively use in exchanging for expensive goods, hard to measure the correct price of it, and it was not trustworthy since it was easy to mix gold with other substances to increase its supply or produce fake gold. To increase portability, counting

values, and prevent the production of fake gold, people turned gold into a golden coin to increase portability.

However, the gold coin was also uncomfortable to exchange with expensive goods since the mass of gold does not change. Hence, people started to use their gold claims from the goldsmiths to exchange goods rather than gold itself. The goldsmith provided them with a light piece of paper when they made deposits of gold in the vaults for safekeeping. Gold claims were lighter than golden coins, and people can exchange their gold with gold claims anytime they want.

As many people started to exchange gold claims, Goldsmiths used the fact that people do not exchange all of their gold, and they do not come simultaneously to reclaim their gold, to lend gold coins to others and so be able to gain some interest. By using loans, Goldsmith became very rich by accumulating interest from debtors.

On the other hand, people start to be suspicious of the reason why goldsmiths suddenly become rich, and they realize that the goldsmith becomes rich with interest from debtors. As deposit customers complained about the loan, goldsmiths solved this problem with customers by paying them some of the interest received from debtors. Through this agreement, both customers and goldsmith were

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EVOLUTION OF WOMEN’S FASHION THROUGH 1900 TO 2020

These days, fashion is a big deal, especially for women. It is because they want to look attractive in front of others: especially in front of men.

Everyone cares a lot about what they wear. Sometimes people might be fired from a job or employed for a job because of their clothes. There are various types of clothing people can wear: clothes, pieces of jewellery, and makeup are some of the things women care about a lot. So, what was women’s fashion like about 100 years ago? Was it the same as nowadays?

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The 1900s 1 9 0 0 s wo m e n wo r e c o r s e t s .

Corsets are items of clothing that were put on their waist, under their clothes, and tightened by a rope to make their waists look thinner. Also, ladies used hand fans and used umbrellas with lace on them. They wore flowerdecorated hats. However, although the corsets presented beauty, it further caused problems for women in their waist: they sometimes had breathing problems and developed a hernia.

The 1910s In the 1910s women fashion first introduced a dress that could be worn without the help of a maid. Dresses of pastel colours were introduced. The clothing’s shape was in an S shape or a cylindrical shape. Also, there were some silhouettes of “lampshade tunic” which were dresses that had a narrow bottom. These dresses made it hard for women to walk. Also, people wore hats with feathers and flowers on them.

The 1920s Below knee drop, dresses were trendy for the 1920s. Also, long pearl necklaces were introduced. A lot of the dresses were inspired by “flappers”.

They sometimes used artificial silk.

Boyish looks were famous. So, they tried bob cuts to try to look boyish.

Also, women wore black gloves and pearl necklaces. Women wore netted stockings as well. Headbands were also a trend.

The 1930s In the 1930s a skirt longer than knee length, with a belt, a shirt, and a hat was the popular look in the 1930s.

The afternoon dresses were long dresses with a belt and they wore a hat. They used small handbags that they held in their hands and they sometimes used gloves. Also, women wore black gloves like the 1920s and they wore headbands with feathers.

Ring earrings were a trend as well.

The 1940s 1940s women wore clothes with puffed shoulders and with patriotic c o l o u r s . T h e r e we r e b u t t o n s i n the middle. The skirts and dresses were still about knee length. People sometimes wore jackets on top of their dresses. Also, there were some skirts with wrinkles in them. Polka’s headscarf and netted head scarfs were trendy. Makeup was minimal except for that the lips were quite dark.

The 1950s Circle dresses and sheath dresses were popular in the 1950s. The dresses were knee length and they wore petticoats for the fullness. Some kinds of jewellery they wore were pearls and brooches. One other trend was poodle skirts which were worn a lot by teens. The polka dot was in the trend with sunglasses. Cat-eyed glasses were popular as well as gloves with bows or flowers on the wrist part.

HAEDAM JENNIFER LEE YEAR 7, GEOMUN The 1960s In The 1960s the hippie subculture came in. Hippy culture is when people decide to live like their distinctive own lifestyle. They more wore ponchos and peace signs. They also wore puffed sleeves and polka dot clothes. Another trend was the tie-dyed shirts. Hair Bands were also one that was famous.

Rainbow sunglasses or scarves were popular and peace signs were on earrings and necklaces. Also, flower headbands (a lot of daisies) were popular.

The 1970s 1 9 7 0 s wo m e n wo r e m i l i t a r y surplus clothing. Also, they wore bellbottoms, ankle-length maxi dresses as well as midi skirts. Jumpsuits were worn as casual wear, evening wear, and for disco dancing. They still wore tie-dye shirts because this time they valued individuality. Peace signs were everywhere on fashion and hair bands.

Gems were popular as well.

The 1980s People wore large puffed hair in the 1980s. Short and tight mini skirts were also in the trends. People tried to look successful and rich by wearing fake gold earrings and fake pearl necklaces. Crop tops were also worn a lot by teens and other age groups as well. Pink netted gloves and pink leg warmers were popular as much as Pink bow headbands and rainbow bands. Neon colours were also worn by people in the 1980s.

The 1990s In the 1990s a famous trend for women was black leggings with oversized sweaters. Also, everything that was denim was popular and turtlenecks under cardigans or sweaters were also a big thing in the 1990s. These items are still popular in the 2020s. Small butterfly hairpins and scrunchies were a trend as well as mood rings and wire chokers with neon hair bands. Blue denim jackets and trousers were popular.

The 2000s Bohemian fashion was trendy in the 2000s. Wearing dresses over jeans was one of the other popular things in the 2000s. People wore frosted lip gloss with lace-up jeans. Halter tops and trucker hats were trendy as well. Feather earrings and feather hair bands were trendy with hair bands and sunglasses with butterfly pins as well as the 1990s. Branded tracksuits were worn a lot. This is still a trend in the 2020s.

The 2010s Skinny jeans and floral print dresses were trendy in the 2010s.

Pastel and neon-coloured clothes were popular as well as motorcycle jackets.

Brightly coloured rubber bands, choker necklaces, and off-shoulder clothes were worn a lot as well. It was trendy to wear rainbow loom bracelets or necklaces. Also gold or gems jewellery was very popular at that time with tattoo chokers or tattooed bracelets.

The 2020s In the 2020s boxy and oversized clothes were trendy as well as neon colours and jeans. V style looks were also worn. Tye dies, and logo accessories were popular. Fanny trousers, oversized hoodies, and jumpers, comfortable clothing and jumpsuits were worn a lot as well.

Ring earrings were also popular as well as crop t-shirts, netted clothes, and fur coats.

Fa s h i o n f r o m 1 9 0 0 t o 2 0 2 0 changed a lot. Fashion has a similar trend as before. Beauty over comfort.

In history, they had corsets that made women hard to breathe or move their waist. Now, people have plastic surgery or have things put in their bodies to make them look prettier.

In the future, I think there will be a jumpsuit for everyone so that they don't have to change or buy a new one due to their growth. A perfect piece of clothing should fit right on to the person, never get damaged, grow with your body, do not stain, be waterproof, bulletproof, and comfortable. When this happens it would seem reasonable to say that it is comfort over beauty.

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The Continuing Appeal Of Communism

conservatism cconservatism cconservatism

c

Yeongsun Sean Hong Y12, Halla

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Conservatism has been a dominant ideology in the political landscape for hundreds of years. Although conservatism in the broad sense that appeals to habitual action and opposes sudden change has always existed, modern conservatism has emerged in reaction to liberalism during the Enlightenment.

We can trace its advent to Burke’s critique of the French Revolution. After the modern sense of conservatism emerged, the imperfection of human nature, emphasised by Hobbes, has called upon the need for a strong state and a police force, underpinning fascism. After fascism met its downfall in the Second World War, neoconservatism has emerged as a new variant of conservatism. Today, many conservatives do not subscribe to Burkean conservatism; rather, they subscribe to neo-conservatism which rejects state planning for doctrinaire reasons, contrary to Burkean conservatism which values the paternalism of the state. This article will explore the evolution of conservatism throughout history.

The initial modern sense of conservatism has arisen due to Burke’s critique of the French Revolution. Burke was critical of a priori reasoning in politics and he valued a posteriori knowledge in politics. A priori reasoning in politics was most dramatically expressed in the Revolutionary Jacobin objective of destroying and rebuilding society from abstract principles, such as natural rights. Burke holds that there is a practical wisdom in institutions that is mostly not articulable in theory, but is passed down in culture and tradition. From this, the conservative value of tradition has emerged. Burke took inspiration from Thomas Hobbes, who laid out that humans in “a state of nature” were in “the war of all against all” in his magnum opus Leviathan. This emphasised the need for a strong police force and state, aimed at protecting citizens from “the war of all against all.”

As we can note here, conservatism as

an ideology is not a meager reactionary non-ideology, rather it is an ideology that values a posteriori knowledge and tradition.

In the evolution of conservatism, fascism is commonly regarded as the extreme form of conservatism, located at the far-right of the ideological compass.

It is an ideology that exercised significant influence in the world during the early 20th century. Notable successful fascist parties include the National Fascist Party in Italy, led by Mussolini and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party led by Adolf Hitler. The ideology only gained traction as the Great Depression, started by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, posed economic threats to certain social groups. Fascism upholds ultranationalistic, militaristic and authoritarian ideas which appealed to various groups threatened by the economic strife. These authoritarian and nationalistic characteristics of fascism link to Burkean conservatism which values paternalism of the state and a strong police force. Furthermore, as Bolshevism gained support around the world, notably in Russia and other nations due to the Depression, many turned to fascism which displayed strong anti-Communist tendecies. Although fascism gained much public support from the economic disruption of the early 20th century, it also met a quick downfall as a result of the Axis defeat in the Second World War. The victors of the Second World War were quick to annihilate fascism from the defeated countries, banning the display of Nazi symbols or the Sieg Heil salute. These efforts with the Third Reich’s atrocious racist policies have significantly decreased support for fascism, while parts of it persist as Neo-Nazi groups in some parts of the world.

Finally, after the quick ascendence and downfall of fascim, conservatism also experienced an evolution into neoconservatism. Neoconservatism arose in the

United States during the 1970s among intellectuals who shared a dislike towards communism and the counterculture of the 1960s. It combined features of traditional conservatism and political individualism with an endorsement of the free market. Although neoconservatism shares many values of conservatism, such as its traditional values, it differs in economic aspects as neoconservatives reject state planning for doctrinaire reasons unlike Burkean conservatism. In the modern U.S. Republican Party and the British Conservative Party, Burkean conservatism has largely submerged, giving way to neoconservatism. Despite the differences, neoconservatism is an ideology that evolved from traditional Burkean conservatism that has huge influence in the modern day political landscape.

Conservatism has evolved throughout the ages. While the values of tradition are largely consistent throughout the evolutionary history, fascism differs from Burkean conservatism in respect of the extent of nationalism and militarism while neoconservatism disagrees on economic issues. Conservatism itself has undergone changes to keep up with the dynamic political landscape in an ever changing world. What form will conservatism have in the future?

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Have we evolved for the office?

Junyeong Alex Kim, Y11 Noro

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Any species evolves over centuries and centuries to match their surroundings and the circumstances around them through natural selection. A typical example of evolution would be Darwin’s finches in which the original bird changed its shape according to the type of food and the circumstances on the island they live on. This is no different when it comes to human beings, evolution has made. However, have humans evolved to be truly fit for the current human lifestyle with office work and staring into screens?

The human body is designed for exercise and movement. Although this does not mean that everyone should do work outs for the rest of their lives, it certainly means that most office workers are not meeting the minimal amounts of physical activities in their daily lives. This is due to the nature of office work. When a typical business man would go to work at 8 am and would go back home at 6, 10 hours of their day has been used up sitting around and moving only their fingers which means that the people would spend almost no calories at all. However, the change in calorie intake would not show such a dramatic reduction. Less movement and no change in food means that you gain weight, which could lead to obesity. Furthermore on obesity, due to the lack of time given to such workers during lunch times or the expectation that they use their lunch hour for work related activities, it is common for office workers to simply eat Mcdonalds or go to a sandwich shop. Like all types of fast foods, these are high in calories but low in nutrition, causing the effect explained above to be worsened greatly leading to obesity.

Similarly, there are extra harmful effects, other than obesity. When actually going to an office in the mornings or returning home in the evenings, the use of public transport such as subways and buses is common. A study in the UK showed that the people who travelled 30 minutes by bus have the lowest levels of life satisfaction. Cars also have a similar effect where commuting more than 10 miles would lead to increased cholesterol and higher blood sugar along with an

increased risk of depression, anxiety, and general misery, shown by a study from the University School of Medicine and the Cooper Institute.

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is also a big problem. It is a medical condition where people feel unwell and have symptoms for no apparent reason except that they are in a building. The effect decreases or disappears when people are away from the building and increases when they are in it. The most common symptoms would be headaches, eye, nose and throat irritation, fatigue, dizziness and nausea. The causes are frequently pinned down to flaws in heating, ventilation and air conditioning, However this is not always the case, the findings have been inconsistent with regard to the relationship between the syndrome and the air conditioning.

Other causes have been linked to the material used for the building, mold, chemicals used for lighting, the lack of fresh air etc. Nevertheless, this is a growing problem in the world.

Overall, given our modern lifestyle, our bodies are taking time to evlove from their original hunter gatherer configuration to sitting at a desk each day. However, we can do something ourselves about this problem by being more active in the activities we choose to partke in. Going forward, we need to look at a more balanced lifestyle to ensure that our bodies remain healthy and fit for the 21st century.

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THE EMERGENCE OF

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WARRICK KWON YEAR 9, NORO

Whether you are a supporter of the Marxist theory, and thus believe in the idea of historical materialism where the fall of capitalism and the rise of socialism is determined, or you being a supporter of the Schumpeterean socialist theory, believing in the emergence of a tokenistic capitalist society triggers the collapse of capitalism, capitalism is doomed to collapse. Of course, it does sound like a far-fetched idea that this perfect, sturdy model is determined to decline. The fact is, this model that we associate ourselves with today is not steady at all. Simply by looking at the daily inequalities in our lives, t h e ma ss i n com e co ncentratio n on the wealthiest one percent of the population even in the most economically developed areas of the world, tells us that this particular system fails to ensure maximum happiness within society due to the constant deprivation of the individuals at the bottom half of the economy.

This led to many individuals coming up with possible alternatives to the existing model. Many believe this alternative to be socialism, as socialism eradicates the social problems society encounters as a capitalist economy such as income inequality and the asymmetry of political capital derived from income inequality. However, despite socialism being an extremely attractive form of government, as one of the fundamental aspects of

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socialism is the demolition of private property, this is not easy for those living in a society where they have put their lives and effort into accumulating private property. This is why people have come up with a smooth transition towards a socialist society: a social democracy. Thus, this essay will elaborate on the origins, details, and the applications of social democracy as a socioeconomic model of nations around the world.

Before discovering the future of social democracy, it is vital that one gains insight into what social democracy itself is. As Schumpeter characterises, a social democracy is a socio-economic model of government which acts as a ‘transition’ to a socialist society. It is distinguished by an absolute socialist nation to a sense that the government approves of a capitalist economy where individual firms are guaranteed to practice business void of state intervention.

However, the biggest difference from a socialist nation is that in a social-democracy, states tend to approve of individual property while socialist nations entirely do not.

There are some features that socialdemocracies attribute their models to socialist models. To elaborate, nations who have a social democratic form of government view income redistribution accompanied by high rates of welfare to be a crucial

function of the government. The preservation of individual rights and equality are also extremely important in social democracies that many actions to promote these values have been conducted such as nationwide labour unions and universal welfare policies. These social-democracies form some of the most democratically and economically mature nations in the world such as Norway, Sweden and Finland. The general image of Scandinavian nations where they have one of the highest HDIs, literacy rates and GDP per capita in the world and provide extremely high quality social welfare to their citizens are a result of a social-democracy being the underlying principles in these nations. If the advantages and equality social democracies promote seem to be so much better than our current governments, how come the vast majority of the nations do not have a social-democratic government?

The truth is, even for these highly developed nations, implementing a social democratic model in their nation was an extremely challenging task. In the case of European social democracies who have succeeded in maintaining their unique forms of government for a considerable amount of time, their governments formed after the second World War. Witnessing the paradoxes of the political and economic models present during World War 2 - one will refrain from characterising the Soviet Union as a ‘completely’ socialist nation as the USSR was never a socialist nation, but more of a single-headed dictatorship

by Joseph Stalin - these nations came up with an alternative which combines the benefits of both socio-economic models. This was the emergence of a new form of government: a Socialist-Democracy. A rather recent emergence of a socialist democracy was the emergence of the SocialDemocratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) in Iceland. The party emerged after the break of the 2009 Financial Crisis when the faults of the financial sector and the corrupted conservative branch of Iceland were revealed to the

public. Social Democrats have gained popularity within Nordic nations and East-Europe and have proven to be unique, effective models of government throughout its execution.

Despite its success during the initial years of government governing based on social democracy, these parties have declined through history.

To illustrate, in renowned social democratic governments such as those of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Germany political parties have faced rapid declines in public support in recent years. Why has this been the case? There are numerous factors for this rapid decline of the social democratic parties around the world.

One reason for this is the global rise of nationalist sentiments. The public are increasingly skeptical about the cosmopolitan stances their governments took regarding immigrants. They blame their government and immigrants for societal problems. Opposing political parties also use these as a political tool for strengthening or securing their political position within parliament. To do so, socialist democratic parties have faced significant amounts of public discourse that the general support towards these forms of governments has decreased over time. Moreover, another factor of the decline of social democracy around the world is due to insignificant economic growth. People need the economy to grow, and as most economies in social democracies have high income tax rates, this acts as a barrier towards effective economic growth. Moreover, high welfare rates also influence the motivation for people to engage in economic activity actively compared to states with less welfare policies hindering economic growth. With less economic prosperity and social harmony compared to nations without social democracies, it is likely for these parties to have lost political capital from their supporters.

with, would there be a difference compared to the past instances of social democracy? The truth is, there are certain conditions necessary for a nation to choose social democracy as their backbone political ideology for running a nation. That is, there has to be a social consensus regarding equality and income redistribution.

People of the nation have to acknowledge the significance of equality and union within societies so that they can insist on supporting the individuals who are in desperate need.

Thus, social democracy is unlikely to thrive in environments where citizens are extremely polarised and have different viewpoints towards the world so much that the rich portion of the population disagree with giving their tax money to the poor.

That being, in nations such as China and the United States where they perceive being poor as a shame and there is minute social infrastructure to increase the social mobility for those who are in need, social democracy is unlikely to be successful. On the other hand, several nations in Europe where they have civilised democracies and there is high public recognition regarding social equality, we are more likely to face a faster, robust and stable social democracy. The system, of course, is not absolute or flawless.

However, the implementation of this very system when all prerequisites are satisfied, is to function as a powerful form of social contract, and most importantly, an effective transition to a harmonious, peaceful socialist society.

These are all of the challenges that social democracy has to overcome.

However, if these problems are dealt

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THE BEGINNING OF LIFE :

WHAT WAS THERE AT FIRST? SM CHUNG YEAR 10, SARAH

We are like goldfish. It's just swimming in an empty space called the universe. Nobody can escape this big fishbowl. Since humans, as well as space, are affected by time, they are locked in time and we cannot do anything with our will. Even genius scientists in NASA and presidents in firms and government and those who have influence and power in all of these spheres can't answer the most important question in the world we live in now. It is not there. Do we exist as living things because of the existence of God? Or is it just that all these worlds are illusions and do we accidentally exist with billions of million confirmations? What was there first?

The first living things on Earth, single-celled microorganisms or microbes lacking a cell nucleus or cell membrane known as prokaryotes, seem to have first appeared on Earth almost four billion years ago, just a few hundred million years after the formation of the Earth itself. By far the longest portion of the history of life on Earth, therefore, has involved the biochemical evolution of these single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea: we can find individual fossilized microbes in rocks 3.4 billion years old, yet we can only conclusively identify multi-celled fossils in rocks younger than 1 billion years.

It is presumed that, over a few hundred million years of evolution,

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prebiotic molecules evolved into self-replicating molecules by natural selection. While some aspects of the subject are well understood, others remain clouded in mystery and are the source of much contention among scientists. Although much progress has been made, there is still no single definitive theory.

Life, for all its complexity, is woven out of just 30 or so different molecules, constructed from some of the most abundant elements in the universe: oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.

However, no one has yet succeeded in synthesizing a “protocell” using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life (something which has been made much of by religious creationists and antievolutionists). That’s as far as I have been able to comprehend so far and I am no nearer answering the question I posed at the start. Life is complicated!

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Musical Evolution R&B still spinning

after all these years.

taeyang nathan ha y11, sarah

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The R&B Genre has been gaining recognition in the past few decades. Ever since the genre was created in the 1940s, it evolved incorporating different elements from pop, funk, hip-hop, electronic music and soul.

The current form of R&B was formed in the 1990s: Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, TLC, Whitney Houston and many other R&B artists contributed a lot to R&B’s public recognition and mainstream success. In recent years, R&B artists have developed many genres within R&B with their own styles, such as Beyonce and The Weeknd and Ariana Grande.

Their success can be attributed to the R&B music from the 90s and 00s.

Unlike the works of Boyz II Men, Babyface and similar artists, other R&B artists and groups from the same period began adding more hip-hop sound to their work, like the groundbreaking Jodeci group. The synthesizer-heavy rhythm sounds of new jack swing were substituted by grittier East Coast hip-hop-inspired instrumentals, emerging in a style called hip hop soul by Mary J. Blige and producer Sean Combs, who had initially also mentored the group Jodeci and supported them with their distinctive look. By the end of the 1990s, the style became less popular but later saw a resurgence. Mariah Carey released her debut single Vision of Love” in 1990. In various worldwide charts, including the Billboard Hot 100, the single was sensationally popular peaking at number 1 and catapulted Mariah’s career. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma and introduced it to mainstream R&B. Whitney Houston’s The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album sold more than 40 million copies worldwide during the mid-1990s, making it the biggest-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jackson’s fifth studio album janet.

(1993), which was recorded after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, has accumulated over twenty million copies sold worldwide.

Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hits, including “One Sweet Day”, a collaboration between both acts, which became the longest-running No. 1 hit in Hot 100 history.

Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single “Fantasy”, with Ol’ Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool.

R&B has continued to evolve and adapt to changing tastes over time but it is amazing that the roots of today’s music can still be traced back to the original soundtrack of poor America.

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The Evolution Of International Trade Chloe shin, y12, halla north

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International trade refers to the exchange of products between foreign countries across international borders. It consists of imports and exports for each country and anything like service, goods, and capital can be exchanged. Today, international trade has grown in size as the countries have gained more power.

Trade has gradually changed with the establishment of trade policies. Multitudinous countries have succeeded in trade with others while some have failed to accomplish trade without disputes.

Starting from ancient times in international trade, there were three most significant roads related to trade. These roads were the Salt Road, Amber Road, and the Silk Road. Among these roads, the Silk Road seems to be the most familiar road as it is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. This road consists of several routes that link the ancient Eastern and Western worlds. People such as merchants, nomads, pilgrims and monks used this road. This road was named as the Silk Road because the Chinese silk trade was the most dominant trade. The Amber Road is sometimes called “the gold of the North� consisting of several routes that link southern and northern Europe. The road was established through Poland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Italy, Belgium, Spain, France, and the Netherlands. The Amber Road was found in ancient settlements within Europe, North Africa and Asia. Last but not least, the Salt Road was the trading routes named after salt.

As salt was treated as a valuable product because it could be used to preserve things long before refrigeration and so extend the product life of products enabling them to be sold to a greater range of customers, people named the road after it. One of the roads within the Salt Road, the Italian Salt Road, ran from Rome to the Adriatic coast. Another barnch also led travellers across the Himalayan mountain and some rivers. These rivers and ports were significant in medieval times, which made the Salt Road all the more valuable.

ing the medieval era shows a significant change in international trade from what went before in the ancient era. The scale of trade got greater and sales events were held annually in large towns. During the fairs, diverse traders such as those of wool, cloth, spices, wine, and other goods came from different countries.

The fairs were usually held for up to forty-nine days. The traders involved in the fairs happening in France were protected

by French kings as they guaranteed their safety. Across the borders, the merchants exchanged slaves, spices, perfumes, gold, jewels, leather goods, animal skins, and silk. During the 10th and 11th centuries, the Vikings sold a large number of slaves.

The countries grew thus widening the scale of international trade.

Nowadays, international trade shows dramatical growth. As countries become more interconnected, the exchange of products between countries has rapidly increased. According to the source from UNCTAD, trade growth has dramatically increased since 2005. The positive economic growth acted as one of the factors of the growth in international trade and the growth in trade has, in turn, propelled the growth rate of the coutries involved. The sustainable positive economic growth enhanced global trade as the stakeholders were able to spend more.

Amongst this positive development of international trade, there was a recent decline between 2008 and 2009 due to the Great Recession. From the graph, it is clearly shown that the volume index dropped in 2009. The 2008 economic recession was one of the worst economic disasters and affected the whole globe.

After the recovery from the Great Recession, economies started growing but at a slower rate. Economic growth continued but world trade declined around 10 per cent.

The evolution of international trade includes both positive and negative growth. One of the significant negatives was in 2009, the Great Recession. There were some problems related to international trade, including the monopoly by a International trade in Europe dur- particular country. During the process of

export and import, a certain country may be dominant amongst other countries.

This leads to a situation of unfair trade and small firms would get negative effects as the bigger companies would have more power. The powerful country or company would try to make agreements which benefit them. Also, as international trade is achieved between countries, the relationship between them highly affects their cooperation. For instance, the trade war between China and the US shows the countries dealing with the balance of power.

A further disadvantage of international trade has been the lack of concern for those who have lost out as a result of industries declining, particularly in developed economies like the USA, UK and Germany and production moving to developing economies. The growing inequality in developed countries is tetement to the fact that the winners from the developed world have not looked after the losers from international trade in their countries. The winners in develoiping countries like China have ensured that poverty can be reduced throughout the world and the first Millennium Development goal of halving world poverty by 2015 was more than achieved with the development of China as a trading nation on the world stage since the 1980’s. Trade will also hlep us achieve the Sustainable Debvelopment Goal of eliminating poverty by 2030 throughout the world. However it is likely that the relatively poor in developed countries will pay a relatively high price for this.

Developed country governments will need to do more to ensure that those in their countries that suffer from the growth in international trade are compensated by those who gain, particularly the top 1% of income earners who have done very well out of international trade.

In order to prevent the problems related to international trade, trade policies are made. Government interventions appear in regulations to control the market.

Negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) also help the countries to achieve in fair trade. The WTO works on Sustainable Development Goals aiming to

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“promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system�. Their overall aim is world development and as an example, the WTO members in 2014 recognized the need for trade-related policies to reflect environmental concerns and launched plurilateral negotiations on the Environmental Goods Agreement. This shows how international trade can be carried out with a satisfying majority of countries. Therefore, international trade has changed a lot since ancient times and now even international organizations such as the WTO are formed which shows the significance of international trade for the countries.

However, WTO negotiations take a long time to conclude and countries have resorted to doing deals with each other that are easier to negotiate but less beneficial for world trade. We now live in a world of bilateral rather than multilateral trade deals with a sphagetti bowl of rules and regulations that are difficult and costly for firms to work through and put off the ambition of firms to expand their horizons. Trade today is, as it was in ancient times, mainly to do with goods.

Services hardly get a look-in. Developed countires would like to trade much more in the services they specialise in but it is difficult to expand trade in this area. The world faces a number of problems in relation to further developing trade but the riches are theere if we can overcome these problems.

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ETYMOLOGY ETYMOLOGY ETYMOLOGY

ETYMOLOGY Jenna Jeongwon Yu Y13, Halla

English is spoken in the boardrooms of German companies. In some cases, the ability to converse and think in English means a higher chance of getting a better job or a better quality of life. Approximately 753 million people around the world speak English as a second language, not to mention the 379 million people who are native speakers. (This amounts to a total of 1.132 billion speakers.) But where did this lingua franca originally stem from?

English is classified as a West Germanic language, meaning that geographically it originated between the Rhine River, the Alps, the Elbe River, and the North Sea. This family splits into the North Sea, Rhine, and Elbe Germanic. English is part of the North Sea Germanic family or Ingvaeonic languages, more specifically Anglic languages. Along with English, Lowland Scots are also part of the Anglic category as well as two extinct languages, Yola and Fingalian.

English is a language with more synonyms than any other language. Howev-

er, most are not exact synonyms; rather, they do have a similar meaning on the surface but have slightly different nuances to the meaning. Therefore, in order to correctly convey their intention, the user much take much precaution in their choice of words.

English is known to have approximately 170,000 words, or 220,000 if obsolete words are included. This number does not include Latin species names, scientific terminology, botanical terms, prefixed and suffixed words, jargon, foreign words of extremely limited English use, and technical acronyms. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter of the 170,000 are adjectives and yet one seventh are verbs.

When it comes to the formation of words, English adopts foreign words quickly and from a variety of sources.

29% is from Latin, another 29% is from (Old) French, including Anglo- French.

26% derives from Germanic languages such as Old or Middle English, Old Norse, Dutch etc, and 6% comes from

Greek. 6% are from other languages or their origins are unknown, while 4% are from proper names.

So there you have it - who knew the numbers in English were so diverse.

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Evolution of afterlife

Sunghyun Tom Lee Y12 Halla East

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Ever since humanity reached the surface of the Earth, the division between life and death has been a common topic in philosophy and a concern for us all.

Death has always remained a mystery since nobody experienced death and lived to tell what was in the world of the afterlife. However, some civilizations, such as Ancient Egyptian and Mayan, started to have independent ideas of how death and the afterlife would look like. For example, the Ancient Egyptians built pyramids for their rulers who had just passed away. Mayan civilization believed that death was reuniting with ancestors. Koreans’ view of death was being sent to the afterlife trials and receiving the punishments for their own actions.

The Ancient Egyptians and other civilizations treated death as an unusual event. As medical technology wasn’t developed even subtly, some people even met death due to a trivial reason that wouldn’t even give us a bruise today.

This made death a common but inevitable event in our life, which seemed interesting to the people in the ancient civilizations. For example, the Ancient Egyptians built a set of pyramids every time when Pharaoh, their ruler, has passed away. During that time period, the Ancient Egyptians even had a religion that was deeply related to death.

Anubis, the Egyptian god of death, was a gatekeeper of the dungeon of hell and Osiris was the ruler of that dungeon.

The Ancient Egyptians believed that when people die, they are being guided

by Anubis to Ra’s boat, which goes to the dungeon. After the souls of the dead people arrive at the dungeon, they are set into a trial. One of the judges places the heart of a dead person on one side of the beam balance. On the other side, a small feather is placed. When the heart appeared to be heavier than the feather due to the sins inside the heart, Amut, a god that has the face of a crocodile, devours the heart and the dead person is sent to hell.

Based on this belief, the Ancient Egyptians treated death extremely importantly. They believed that preserving the dead body in the form of a mummy to be beneficial for the dead person.

Some of the mummies, especially the ones of the pharaoh, were even placed inside a coffin that was designed with various gems and gold plate. The bestknown example of this is the mummy of Tutankamen, as his mummy had a large, heavy golden mask on its head before being placed inside the coffin.

The start of this evolution not only emerged from Egypt. Even North European nations, Mayan civilization, and Asian countries had their own culture and belief of an afterlife. The North European nations, such as the Vikings, believed that when a warrior dies in battle, their spirit is picked up by an army called Valkyrie and sent to heaven called Valhalla. As a result, most of the warriors wanted to die during the battle, while some of them who survived were even killed by their own families after returning home. The Mayan civilization had their own ceremony of the afterlife.

It took place in Chichen Itza, where one of the priests went to the top of the temple with the sacrifice. A priest than stabbed the sacrifice with a large dagger and took out the sacrifice’s heart, despite the sacrifice being still alive (but not for long!). The Mayan Civilization believed that these practices united their tribe with the gods and carried on this until the civilization mysteriously fell. Asian countries, such as Korea and China, also had their own ancient view of death. Various dynasties with different cultures and religions passed through history, but their treatment of death remained similar. Almost all of these countries the thought was that there was also an afterlife and they buried the corpses underground with the materials used by the dead person. The majority of Korean dynasties had a culture of the afterlife which involved all of the dead people being set on seven trials of seven sins for 49 days. The trials determined whether the dead person is guilty of being greedy, violent, lazy, ignorant, and arrogant. When the trials end with a conclusion that the person is guilty, each of the trials gives different punishments, such as walking on the infinitely long blade or a tongue being taken out and mowed.

Throughout an extremely long time

period, the insight of the afterlife has developed into different beliefs and versions, depending on each of the regions’ cultures. However, there is also a common feature that all of these myths focused on the price of death and the sins committed by each person before he or she died.

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Alumni Interview -With Aiden Yoo

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During the first half term of 2019/20 school year, Aiden re-visited our school and provided us with various lectures and individual conversations. He clearly showed his hope and passion about academic progression to students. He did not achieve a perfect score in IGCSE, such as getting 11 A* or more which is speculated as the average of students who attend Oxbridge, however, he still got into Oxford University with his continuous devotion, perseverance and effort in his academic areas. Here is the story of Aiden’s experience of being a successful student, culminating in his student life at Oxford University.

Aiden, who is a student majoring in BIology, said that “Biology is a subject that has endless diversity and depth yet it is all intrinsically linked, unlike some subjects”. He enjoyed smaller things in biology commonly known as cells and genes and this is due to it being the starting point of what students may consider the bigger picture of biology like evolution and ecology.

Students who just entered the world of IB and are facing the end of IB say that the IB life is tough. Aiden, who was one of the NLCS Jeju’s students also agreed with IB students with his experience.

Jeju and the island of Jeju gives you so much opportunity when it comes to co-curricular activities. He advised students who were considering their CV, ”don’t look at it as just another thing that you can add to your CV when applying to Universities, enjoy what you want to actually partake in it.”

Don’t miss any CAS, you know how important it is to complete the CAS tasks to get an IB diploma.

Focus on your studies without the unnecessary stress. Then take your passion outside of the classroom if you can.

Make it GENUINE, do it because you’re interested not because you have to.

Many students were curious about life at Oxford. Are there many differences between life as an IB student and Oxford? Our kind Aiden provided answer by recounting his experiences. Here’s what he said: “The teaching in Oxford is a unique one where we are taught in large groups where we are taught the necessary material and we directly apply this knowledge in sessions called tutor meetings. It allows to delve into the depths of your studies where you argue with one to three peers with their own take on the question and are supervised by the world’s leading biologist in that field of study.”

“Also very important is rest,” he added. “I do realize that it is a cliché but you need rest, but one that is organized and actually restful. Most Oxford students to my surprise get 8 hours of sleep a day.

So all-nighters and late nights are not necessary to do well! Just plan ahead and stick to it.”

He has enjoyed Oxford very much regarding both its academic and non-academic areas. He was constantly surrounded by people to talk to with varied interests. “Oxford students are all willing and very capable of speaking their minds and to be challenged to go beyond my Going back to his life in Jeju, he said subject was always exciting,” he said. that classes in NLCS Jeju gave him the skills all students need to study at any Aiden’s advice to NLCS Jeju’s stuuniversity they want to. As he men- dents who are targeting Oxbridge or Ivy tioned, responsibility is key in university, league University next year: the school’s curriculum evolves in a way Stop worrying about the past! Do what that as you get older, and students also you are able to. get more and more trust from the staff, Prioritize the right things. learning on your own becomes a part of It should be clear for you to realize that evolution. He also added: “I don’t what you want to study and why. think I have to mention that NLCS Jeju’s Expand your depth of knowledge academic standard is amazing”. NLCS through the IB diploma.

With the theme of Evolution, what can you relate your studies in you Oxford?

Aiden: Evolution is a very big part of biology if not the biggest. Everything present on this planet and perhaps beyond this planet is the product of evolution. One thing I have learned in Oxford that was very interesting to me, and stands out to this day, is the evolution of behaviour of individuals in ants and how it all comes down to what is known as inclusive fitness. It suggests that the behaviour of ants is, in the main, driven by the forces of evolution. So how much of our lives is driven by evolution and natural selection? Learning about something is one thing but the important part of biology is understanding it and being able to realize the hows and whys behind them, and evolution is able to provide the answers.

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ยกHUMAN ยกHUMAN ยกHUMAN ยกHUMAN

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CLONING! CLONING! CLONING! CLONING!

Stella Hyena Yeom Y11, Mulchat

The sweet yet tempting smell of scrambled eggs, the strong mouth watering smell of freshly cooked bacon woke me up. I found my feet moving before I was aware of it. The kitchen of our house is very grand; there is one chandelier hanging on the center with gold sparkles visible from the eye.

The kitchen table was full with all sorts of food, ranging from local Chinese roast dishes to Western meat dishes; just watching them would make my mouth water. Mrs. Williams, our so called “mom” was already grinding up fruit juice - a mixed combination of kiwi, carrot, and apple that we would drink daily. Mia my older sister was already shoving food into her mouth - I wondered when her ravenous appetite would ever go away. As if she read my mind, Mia said, “Sophia, you should eat a lot when you can. All of this food comes from Rambagh Palace, you know. Or else how would we be able to ever afford this?” Mom, glaring at Mia, replied, “Never mind her Sophia. Mia, just finish your breakfast and don’t say silly things. We are going to visit Prince Porus today Sophia. Remember to wear your best dress.” Mia, as if terrified by her mother, instantly stopped talking and ate in silence. I wondered what she was talking about, but observing the solemn atmosphere, I just kept my mouth shut.

I had worn my best pink frilly dress and was twirling around the mirror when Mom shouted, “Sophia, hurry up! We need to go in five minutes!”

Mia had already gone to school, and the whole house was quiet. I came out of my room and Mom was already waiting for me, impatiently. She rushed me to the car, a whitewashed van that had glossy windows. Mom would always get obsessed about the cleanliness of our car whenever we went to see Prince Porus - even a tiny bit of dirt would drive her crazy. We arrived to Rambagh Palace in what seemed like a minute - the white pillar towers were looming in front of our

window, and I could see 10 bodyguards that were standing like statues in front of the entrance. I was always in a sort of a daydream while coming here every time; I was jovial and excited to see Prince Porus, but at the same time there was this mysterious, tingly feeling inside my heart. The bodyguards noticed our car right away - they were ready to escort me inside. Officer Wilson, a man with an orange beard, smiled at me like always and asked, “How are you today, Sophia?” as I got out of the van. Mom waved at me, and mouthed, “Be good Sophia”. I gave her a quick nod, took a deep breath, and followed Officer Wilson. He is the main bodyguard and chief advisor of Prince Porus, also being his friend. Prince Porus therefore trusts him the most. Officer Wilson took me to the gold painted elevator engraved “Specialized” on the top.

He pressed a card which said “Permission of entering”, and then the elevator opened. As I was daydreaming, the elevator had reached a number 3, which was the floor of Prince Porus’s chamber.

Officer Wilson knocked upon it.

Chapter 2 Prince Porus came to open the door himself. He was an old aged man with a shriveled forehead. Every part of his body was half the size of normal people - he looked only five foot tall, with a hand span that looked similar to mine.

He welcomed me with a big smile, saying, “Have you been well Sophia?” pointing towards the lavishly decorated orange tea table placed at the center of the room. Prince Porus’s chamber was equivalent to what you would normally expect out of a prince’s chamber. Three rooms were connected together through a passage, without a doorknob. In case of intruders, a red light would go blazing off when an unfamiliar footstep stepped on any of these three rooms. I know so much about the security here, because I am a weekly visitor and to my disbelief, Prince Porus trusts me. He motioned for me to sit down on the blue silk carpet, and asked, “How’s living in Norwich house like?”. He continued with his usual

array of questions that would seem like an interview - he was so curious about the way I live, how my family treats me, and whether I’m not content in not being able to attend school. He’s very kind to me, but sometimes it feels like he’s inspecting me, as if I’m his secret business agent that has to be constantly monitored. Nevertheless, I enjoy my visits to Prince Porus: he always makes amusing jokes that make me laugh. I feel like he is the only person that truly seems to understand how I feel.

Chapter 3 We were eating dinner when Mia suddenly said, “Sophia, did you know that there was another Sophia before you?”

Astonished, I said, “What do you mean there was a Sophia before me? Where is she now?”. Half smirking Mia answered, “She died of course. There were several Sophias before you. You are the fourth one. So, in reality you are Sophia 4, or to be explicit Prince Porus named you so. But we just call you Sophia.” My face was utterly white right now. My hands had already lost their consciousness- I didn’t know where to look. I briefly glanced at Mom’s face and she looked like she was ready to throw a severe blow to Mia. Mia, as if determined to break the secret today, added, “We get 6000 dollars a month to take care of you- this high quality food and home is supplied

by Prince Porus.” At that moment, I felt like the earth was crumbling. Everything I held on till now- the idea of a family, education and Prince Porus - that I had relied on so much was destroyed. I looked once more at Mia and Mom, who were scanning my reaction with big eyes, and collapsed.

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the fashion movement Hailey Yoo Year 11 Geomun

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South Korean fashion, also known as K-Fashion, experienced a significant change over generations. These have been immensely popular within South Korea and outside as well. While Korean pop music and dramas grew in popularity, fashion has been readily consumed especially by young people worldwide.

During the thirty-five-year annexation, Japan tried to assimilate the Korean people into the Japanese mainstream and to destroy the Korean national identity. Yet, they were eventually freed from their rule after two generations of occupation. South Korea then embraced the culture of their new ally, the United States, seeing any ideas or customs contrary to Western culture as an old-fashioned and out-of-date. For South Koreans, traditional culture became the subordinate one. Their main aim was modernization, however, it failed to create a new national identity due to their new values not securely grafting to the traditional. Even though it failed in this aspect, modernization succeeded as an economic and manufacturing goal.

In the 1970s, South Koreans realized the need for rediscovering their traditional culture to create a unified and identifiable future for their country.

Korean traditional dress helps Koreans define their traditional values, including religious attitude, and family relationships. The traditional dress blend both traditions: Korean history and Western elements. Hanbok, meaning “a dress of our race”, is the term for the Korean traditional dress. During the Joseon period (1392-1897), hanbok was the typical fashion choice.

Female hanbok has two main pieces: a floor-length skirt (Chima) and a blouse or jacket (Chorgori). The skirt wraps tightly around the body directly under

the arms. The middle skirt panel is placed at the centre front of the body and wrapped around to overlap and open on the back left side. In order to fasten the skirt, a tie band is used. On top of this long skirt, a jacket is worn; it covers the arms and upper part of the body. Similarly, male traditional dress consists of two parts as well: the trousers (Paji), and a top (Chogori). The trousers are cut and sewn from rectangular and triangular shapes.

Compared to a woman’s chorgori, men’s chorgori are longer with a wider neckband and shorter ribbon tie. It fastens on the right and has a V-shaped neckline, with a curved neckband and a white, stiff detachable band similar to the one worn by the female.

As time passed, the ways of people dressing have changed significantly; the vast majority of Koreans wear western-style dresses these days. Fine silks and organza are usually worn by women and, for formal occasions, are worn by men as well. Casual pyjama-style hanbok is made from cotton and is very comfortable for everyday wear. For business, Koreans are formal and wear suits and ties.

Since 2000, Korean fashion has started to have an impact on the global market as well. With smartphone and internet accessibility, the domestic and global consumer has access to Korean fashion within the competitive market. The United States is one of the biggest international consumers of fashion in Korea.

From hanbok to western-style clothes, it is clear that the Korean people’s fashion has changed.

Seoul is now competing with western fashion cities such as Paris and New York. It will be interesting to see where Korean fashion and makeup will go from here.

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The evolution of synthetic drugs Yerim Jung Year 12 Halla North

According to the New York State Department of Health, a synthetic drug is defined as “a drug with properties and effects similar to a known hallucinogen or narcotic but having a slightly altered chemical structure, especially such a drug created in order to evade restrictions against illegal substances.” For instance, popular used synthetic drugs are bath salts, phenethylamines, and hallucinogens. Synthetic drugs, since when they were invented, have developed a lot. Due to technological advancement, people now have more knowledge of how to effectively produce and apply synthetic drugs in our lives.

To briefly explain how synthetic drugs are produced, synthetic drugs are produced by separating from the originally designed drugs. The synthetic drug was first sold in the market in Europe in 2004.

It first appeared in the US market in 2008.

However, the invention of synthetic drugs goes back across a few decades. Synthetic drugs were produced by many different chemical engineers around the world for the use of scientific researches. It was first invented only for the purposes of research chemicals. However, as it was researched in-depth, it started to be used for the

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entertainment of people, too. Synthetic drugs at first had only one form. However, they have been developing through time.

The way engineers developed the durgs was that they used different combinations of chemicals in order to produce different synthetic drugs with different effects.

Synthetic drugs are developed for the purpose of entertainment and treatment.

Even though synthetic drugs have been developed over the decades, they still have not only positve effects which could be used for treatment but also significant side effects. People seem to use synthetic drugs as a treatment for illness. Synthetic drugs are known to relax people and provide a dissociative state for people. It is mainly taken by patients who suffer from psychological problems. Drugs like Spice and K2, which are legally traded in our markets, have weaker side effects than drugs like marijuana and pharmaceutical amphetamines. Some legally traded drugs are used as a “legal” substitute for marijuana, which is one of the toxic drugs.

The main side effects of synthetic drugs are rapid heart rate, dizziness, hypertension, chest pain, hallucinations, and if severe, death. Nowadays, synthetic drugs are easily traded in society. Even though

some synthetic drugs are decided by the world organisations that it should “not be used in the purpose of human consumption”, there are illegal markets trading them.

Synthetic drugs are one of the brilliant inventions which made our life more convenient. However, due to some side effects, there are some people suffering from cognitive symptoms. Some synthetic drugs are decided to be “illegal” and “toxic” for the use of people. It is significant to make a further step on the development of synthetic drugs but as a global society, we need to consider that there would always be an effect caused by our decision. People should be cautious in the use of synthetic drugs.

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0 oh Year 1 David N

Sarah

e m i r C f o h t ow

r G e h T

‘Early ideas about wrongdoing were either connected to religion or property. Sin, morality and blasphemy were the business of the church who took a key role in a social discipline which focused on biblical teaching, Judaeo-Christian morality and the sanctity of church property. Some early ecclesiastical records show that the church defended its property with rigour (there are many references to fines for those who vomited or urinated in churchyards).’ (University of Sheffield, 2019)

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The evolution of mankind has always involved the crime. The first recorded crime of Cain and Abel shows that the human and crime are interrelated. Biologically speaking, evolution just means change within lineages of organisms over the course of successive generations. The so-called “fossil record” provides irrefutable evidence that life forms have radically changed over the passage of aeons. While there has undoubtedly been an evolutionary change in the forms of life over geologic time, the process that really does the “designing” was a major biological mystery. In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin (1859) proposed a theory in which the driving force behind the evolution of species was identified as natural selection. It is a concept that can be explained in a variety of ways, but it basically means differential survival and reproduction of organisms depending upon the influence of their genes.

Certainly, various kinds of crime contaminated society and aggravated conflicts. The evolutionary process enhanced human intelligence and widened the variety of emotions.

Rational thinking required to communicate for adaptation as sedentism flourished. The dissemination of the Bible, philosophy and psychology shaped the thoughts of people. They tried to control their emotions to avoid a redundant fight and started to resolve it psychologically or philosophically.

Laws that clearly defined crimes and corresponding punishments were established to both quell crime and to put an end to the blood feuds that resulted from the victims’ revenge. These early attempts still allowed the victim of a crime to issue the punishment, but they sought to clarify that a response to a particular crime should be equal to the severity of the crime itself. ‘The Code of Hammurabi is one of the earliest of these endeavours, and it's perhaps the best-known attempt to establish a set punishment scale for crimes.’ (Timothy, 2019)[2] The principles set out in the code are best described as the “law of retaliation.” However, the crime rate did not decrease, ironically it increased and ignited the evolution of crime. Primitive laws made criminals secretly conduct crimes and allowed it to be more exquisite.

A remarkable development in the 19th and 20th centuries progressed and improved our lifestyle; Internet, credit card, transportation and electricity drastically changed our lives.

Particularly, throughout the two world wars, numerous weapons were developed. This

allowed humans to find a ‘tool’ to kill others easily. For instance, gun violence in the United States results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually. The gun homicide has increased by 184% compared to before the WW1. Killing people, the only purpose of the gun, is clearly causing a problem and ambiguous regulations exacerbated gun violence.

Humans may have a naturally evolved capacity for violence and aggression. It is the large number and sophistication of our evolved capacities—what evolutionists refer to as adaptations—that make human behaviour, criminal or otherwise, so difficult to understand. As an example of a large number of evolved capacities that can be brought to bear in a criminal enterprise. Consider the infamous serial killer Ted Bundy, who lured some of his female victims by faking an injury and then asking for their assistance in order to get them into a vulnerable position. His violent tendencies, combined with human capacities for language use, deception, and cunning, resulted in a horrific series of rapes and murders. To understand these capabilities, which exist in nearly all of us to some degree, a theoretical framework is needed.

Increasingly, criminologists are turning to biology for guidance. Evolutionists believe that violent behaviour comes from the surroundings of a person. Especially, the home environment was a huge factor that could stimulate the violence of person. Children from slums were less likely to avoid crime while children born the well-off are not as exposed to crime. Also, childhood abuse was the key which can harm the inner side, and it could lead children to commit crimes in the future.

One focus of their work has been the study of child abuse by parents, such as the case of Joel Zellmer. In The Truth about Cinderella, Daly and Wilson (1999) point to studies that have shown that adults are much more likely to injure step-children than they are any biological children they may have. In evolutionary terms, this can be explained by noting that far fewer genes are shared between adults and step-children than between adults and their biological children. In other words, from an evolutionary perspective, individuals who harm close genetic relatives are less likely to pass genes on to future generations than are individuals who harm distant relatives or non-relatives. This is not to assert that violence does not occur between close genetic relatives, and it certainly does not serve to condone any form of child abuse. The work by Daly and Wilson indicates that, given the same opportunities in terms of time spent together, genetically unrelated persons will be substantially more violent to each other than will those who are close relatives.

In conclusion, both biological and social environmental factors interact to affect the crime rate. Also, we can see that crime evolved throughout the developments of human. However, humans do not simply have violent tendencies; we can also cooperate, empathize, negotiate, and live in harmony. ‘In fact, we have used our evolved intellect to construct a network of legal and administrative procedures— the criminal justice system—to reduce violence and maintain social order.’ (Ellis, 1990)

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Economic Growth Start?

South Korea’s

When did

Since liberation, the Korean economy has achieved remarkable growth. Many have explained that such achievements stemmed from the 1961 military regime. Unlike the Seung-man Lee administration, the new ruling forces had a strong will for economic growth and believed that the "Miracle on the Han River" was possible because they carried out proper industrial and trade policies.

The historical view that links the growth of the Korean economy to regime change was originally a "revolutionary view" advocated by the forces of military-political change. The revolutionary history has been taken as conventional wisdom to explain our economic development so far without much objection. It means that the start of Korea's economic growth is the Park Chung-hee administration.

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However, statistically, this is not true. Between 1954 and 1960, the average annual GDP growth rate was 5.3 percent, which was very high. Thus it shows that defining the 1950s as a "deterioration period" is inappropriate. Manufacturing production increased by 13.6 percent annually during the 1955-1960 period. This is not only extremely high but also similar to the 12.3 percent increase between 1961 and 1965. In the 1950s, electricity output increased 13.1 percent annually. The "moderate economic growth,� which continued to take place, shows that it was already in the 1950s that the foundation was laid for rapid growth (more than 10 percent of GDP growth) in the 1960s.

There were two main reasons that modern economic growth was possible even in the 1950s. The first is that we received a large amount of aid at this time. The aid provided a necessary foundation for economic growth as well as the quick postwar recovery. The second is industrial and trade policy.

Numerous export promotion policies, commonly known to have been carried out by the Park Chung-hee administration, such as the import-export link system and protective tariffs, were already introduced in the 1950s. After the armistice, the trade and industrial policies introduced in the 1950s and the aid that provided the material foundation for implementing this policy were the starting point for industrialization in earnest after liberation and were important factors in laying the foundation for export-oriented modern economic growth.

Many consider the 1950s to be a time of turmoil and stagnation. It is true, yet, this was not because economic growth was low, but because of low-income levels. Korea was the world's poorest country at the time in 1950, but it was also a fast-growing country. The traditional theory did not properly distinguish these aspects, so it prevented an appropriate assessment of the 1950s. Furthermore, linking 'political change' with economic growth in a single-track way could lead to a wrong understanding of economic growth. It is only a correlation that high-level growth began after the military regime's change, and it may not be because the new government's policies have successfully had the intended effect.

Research in the 1950s needs to be more active in the future not only in terms of a deeper understanding of Korea's economic growth but also in terms of providing implications for developing countries.

Andrew Cheon, Y11, Noro

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Poetry Junior

SUMMER 2020

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FOREWORD

Ms. Jennifer Freeman In English in Year Five and Six, we have focused on many different literary skills to create a set of unique poetry. Some students decided to focus on the bushfires in Australia which started in November 2019 and to raise awareness, along with a Non-Uniform Day, we created a display to promote raising money for a range of charities. Other students took influence from Grace Nichols, a poet from Guyana who loved to London once she was married. She wrote about her love for her home country and one of the poems we focused on was Praise Song for my Mother; some students decided to write their own version of this. Finally, some of our Year Five students took inspiration from our studies and created their own poems.

We are so proud of their efforts - we hope you enjoy them!

Junior WRITERS ELLIE FOWLER JENNIFER LEE TIA ZHOU HWEE LEE MAX MA JIAN YEO ELINA LEE LENA KO VICTORIA PARK

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CREW JIOH JUNG SOUL PARK YOU JIE WALCOTT GANISHA SRIKRAM LUMI LEE DESIGN SEYFRIED SUNG STAFF JENNIFER FREEMAN

You are A blanket to me Warm and soft and safe.

You are A friend to me Kind and fun and friendly.

You are A star to me Shiny and bright and cute.

You are The air to me

The sunlight

The ocean, the home that’s always there.

Go find your dream, you said.

By Lumi Lee

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r o F g n o S e s i a r P r e h t o M y M You are

You are

A mountain to me Brave, strong and powerful.

Blankets to me

You are

You are

A blanket to me Cosy, warm and soothing.

A friend to me Caring and kind and relaxing.

You are

You are

The answer to me Intelligent, clever and brilliant.

The foundations of me Supporting and powerful and steady.

You are

You are

A seed to me

The beat of a heart

A bandage to me

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Warm and comfortable and safe.

The medicine for the sick

A knot to me.

The oxygen in a sealed room.

You can be a big person, you said.

Follow your heart, you said.

By Jian Yeo

By Hwee Lee

I Am a Wallaby

By Victoria Park

I am a wallaby I live in fire A cage of death A cage of ire

I am a wallaby I live in fire A cage of death A cage of ire

A forest with my friends A forest without red A forest with air I’ll miss it till all’s dead

I cry and plead I shout and scream I pray with burnt hands Until I bleed

I am a wallaby I live in fire A cage of death A cage of ire I used to see green With happy birds’ song I used to feel the breeze

Please come and help For we want to live We need the water We want to thrive

help us

help us

please do I want to live

With trees dancing along

DO YOU NOT CARE?

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I am a edback R Spider

By Selina Lee

I am the redback spider Don’t forget I will poison you If you take another step I have killed thousands Who’d dared to touch my web And they all backed away With a face full of dread I am quiet and relaxed When I am left alone But when people provoke me, They soon start dialing on their phone I am the redback spider Don’t forget I will poison you If you take another step I am deadly, I am cunning, I am the reason People start running So stay away from me Or you know what I’ll do.

I’ll bite you Bite you Bite you If I can I want to be alone CAN’T YOU UNDERSTAND?

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I Am a baby koala

By Jioh Jung

I am a baby koala I live in a burned forest I am extremely angry And very downcast

I am a baby koala I live in a burned forest I am extremely angry And very downcast

I climbed trees Hugely happy and free, Clambering from branch to branch, On the eucalyptus tree.

I yip, I squeak To find my Mum I repeats these words But my Mum doesn’t come

I am a baby koala I live in a burned forest I am extremely angry And very downcast

So please come help me, Or stop the wild fire.

Else we will be extinct, If you can help me, Help me, Help me, If you can.

I want to be safe.

Please help me.

I miss my Mum Next to me, I miss the forest, And the leaves

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Howling Wind

By Max Ma

The wind howled and shrieked.

Too loud to be classified as speak.

The wind ran and cried, bumping into houses and people.

It staggered as it bumped into the house, and fell.

And then the peaceful silence fell.

Feeling of a cloud

By Tia Zhou

The angry cloud shouted across the sky, Made the thunder fly.

The sad cloud came, And cried and cried, But soon the happy cloud arrived, The rainbow was jumping one cloud to another, Singing happy songs of life.

Clouds, clouds amazing clouds, Gives weather to Earth!

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Ode to Apple Mango

By Soul Park

O Apple Mangos!

Most delightful of all, When you are here, I think I am in paradise!

As you are my favourite.

In my mouth, you give me joy!

And your sweet juice Fills my mouth with wonderous flavours.

Without your existence My stomach would be blank.

Most marvelous Apple Mango.

Never shall I chew another cherry.

Never shall I touch another tomato.

Never shall I gobble another grape.

Never shall I bite another blueberry.

Never shall I try another tangerine.

Never shall I chomp another cranberry.

Never shall I take another tasty melon.

Never shall I gulp another grapefruit.

And never shall I swallow another strawberry.

Without you my life would not be perfect.

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I LOVE ...

By Ganisha Srikram

Pavlova, sweet sweet pavlova, I am incomplete without you.

The crunchiness when I bite into you, The ooey-gooey-ness on the inside.

Perfectly white, with cream running down your sides.

Oh how I could watch that all day!

Your berries perfectly sweet and sour.

No other dessert could compete with you.

You’re like the rays of the sun on a dark day; The singing of the birds on a quiet day.

The sweet sensation of the finest desert in the world.

You’re the food of the gods – My one and only pavlova.

The first bite, the tingling on my tongue, The leap in my heart and the miracle of life.

You’re my stomach’s soul mate!

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My Cat

Eyes as round and yellow as the moon, Nose as pink as the falling sunset on the beach, Claws as sharp as razors, Fur white as snow.

He’s a rocket zooming across the street, A trumpet to my ears, A soft silk to my legs, A vicious tiger with the mice.

This is my pet cat.

Squirrel

By Lena Ko

By Jennifer Lee

The thief of the woods, He searches for food, Eyes sparkling like night stars, Fur brown and white like a cup of cocoa.

Its tail is fluffy as a cloud, Its two front teeth most striking, the biggest acorn lover, It’s a squirrel!

Feel the rush of the midnight wind.

See the full blood moon.

Out in the dark when midnight comes.

Oh no! What will you do?

Then BANG! You hear the howls of wolves, Wolves getting closer and closer.

Run, you should better watch out!

Make it out alive if your lucky.

If not, what can i do?

Now you know of the midnight wolves, You might want to run when the hour strikes!

Run for your life!

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Midnight Wolves

By Ellie Fowler

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EVOLUTION.

Brought to you by:

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