Genius JUNIOR SCHOOL SCIENCE MAGAZINE ISSUE 06
EDITORs Martin Yun Y13 Yun Bin Cho Y12 Janice JH Huh Y12 Cindy SW Kim Y11 Heesoo Lee Y11 Sophie SM Kim Y11
DESIGNERs Yoorim Park Y11 TaeHyun Kim Y11 Jin Chun Y11
WRITERs NLCS JEJU Junior School Students
CONTENTS All about Acid Wuna Cho 5MEJ & Lily Kim 5DW
Animal Disease Emily Jo & Lily Kim 5DW
DNA Joshua Lee & Ray Moon 5DW
Fire Hyeon Moon 5SR & Yongho Seo 6SR
Hyperloop One Sally Kim 6JR, Lua Cho 6SS, Lily Han 6SS
SCIENCE in MUSIC Brian, Daniel YR6
Solution & Reasons for DISEASE Jiwoo Chae 6SS & Claire Jo 6JR
Water Nancy Lee 5DW & Soohee Lee 5MEJ
All about acid Yuna Cho 5MEJ & Lily Kim 5DW
What is an acid? An acid is a substance that can neutralize alkalis and usually have a sour taste. On the pH (Potential of Hydrogen) scale, which is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, acidic substances have a pH below than 7, while alkalis have q pH above 7 and neutral substances have pH 7. Some acidic substances can cause major problems. For example, when our body gets too acidic, we can suffer from heartburn, which can be fatal to our health. Another example is an acid rain. Rain normally has a pH value of 5~5.5 , which is slightly acidic. However, when the rain combines with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide from power plants and automobiles, the rain becomes much more acidic that pH might reach up to pH 4. Acid rain can be extremely harmful to our environment. First of all, it damages the forests. Acid rain can dissolve nutrients and wash them away from the soil even before plants use those for their growth. Acid rain also causes release of aluminum into the soil and inhibits them absorbing water. Trees that are located in mountains at high altitudes, such as spruce or fir trees, are at higher risk because they are exposed to acidic clouds and fogs containing greater amount of acid than rain or snow. The acidic clouds and fog strip important nutrients from their leaves and needles. This loss of nutrients makes them susceptible to infections, insects, and cold weather to damage trees and forests.
Without pollution or acid rain, most lakes and streams would have a pH level near 6.5. Acid rain, however, has caused many lakes and streams in the northeast United States and other regions to have much lower pH levels. In addition, aluminum that is released into the soil eventually ends up in lakes and streams. Unfortunately, this increase in acidity and aluminum levels can be deadly to aquatic organisms, including phytoplankton, mayflies, rainbow trout, smallmouth bass, frogs, spotted salamanders, crayfish, and other creatures that are part of the food web. This problem can become much worse during heavy downpours of rain or when the snow begins to melt in the spring. These types of events are known as episodic acidification. Acid rain can also have a detrimental effect on many objects, including buildings, statues, monuments, and cars. The chemicals found in acid rain can cause paint to peel and stone statues to begin appear old and worn down, which reduces their value and beauty. However, our body needs acid sometimes. The acid kills bacteria that enters our body along with the food in stomach, before it goes into the small intestine. In this way, acid helps keeping our body healthy but if the acid level goes too high, it may cause serious health problems, such as heartburn.
Animal Disease Emily Jo & Vivia Yang & Jane Ok 5MEJ
What is Animal disease? Do you know about animal disease? Disease is in other words sickness, and it can have a negative effect on growth. Just like humans, animals can have diseases as well. Some of these diseases can be transmitted to human. Some of these diseases can be fatal and can even wipe out the entire region. Types of animal diseases There are thousands of types of animal diseases prevalent today. There are mainly four types of common livestock (animals raised for a use, sheep, horse) illnesses. Firstly, there are Contagious diseases. A contagious disease is a subset (part of a larger group) category of transmissible (able to be passed on) diseases, which are transmitted to other people, either by physical contact or with causal contact with the patients’ their secretions, objects touched by them, or airborne route among another route.
Secondly, there’s Dehydration (loss of water) and heat stress. This is what common livestock face during the hot summer months. If they have to heat over 103 degrees the livestock get sunken eyes. If we look at prevention for this problem it is giving them some water. Like we have explained earlier, prevention is stopping from something happening and treatment is how you act towards this disease or giving a medical treatment. To the livestock problem, people are ought to give them some water and keep them hydrated. How can animal disease affect animals? Do you know that how animal disease can have a bad effect on animals? There are many problems that are very dangerous and harmful. African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly fatal non-contagious, infectious disease, African horses, mules and donkeys caused by AHS virus. African disease can affect this kind of animals. There is also a disease which affects the dogs, called the Lyme disease.The disease was first recognized in 1985. A bacteria called Borrelia Burgdorferi. It goes into the skin of a dog and causes it to suffer. The dogs have a fever between 103 and 105 degrees, They also have more than one swelling joints, along with stiff walking and difficulty in breathing.
If you ever had a pet fish you might recognize this disease called the fin rot disease. Various types of fish can get (Betta, goldfish). When they get this disease, The fins of theirs turn brown, which is similar of being rotted To cure this disease you need to clean the fish tank and pot some salted water in. Look at the tails of the fish. What color is it? Animal diseases that can affect humans (Mers) Did you know that some animal diseases are often moved to humans? Humans eat animals that are badly affected by the disease and some touch animals that are badly infected. Firstly, let’s look at Ebola, which first appeared in 1976 and it was moved from wild animals, such as chimpanzees, fruit bats and gorillas. These animals were found dead in forests. It spreads direct contact with body fluids, such as bloods saliva (spits).it doesn't spread through the air or food like most of the diseases. This disease appear from 2 to 21 days. Early sign includes some fever, headache, sore throat joint and muscle ache, chills, weakness and tiredness. If it gets worse, you might start to bleed, throw up, have chest and stomach pain, which would lead to trouble breathing and swallowing. Unlike Ebola, mad cow disease first appeared in 1986. It’s mostly spread in Britain. Over 80 people had died. If people eat the infected cow you go crazy.
The Black Death Do you know what is a disease that is one of the most devastating pandemics in history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1346 - 1353? It's the most famous disease in the world, Animal Disease. First, it started with a black rat and covered the whole Europe. When it was 1346, Europe didn't have a virus of black death. But when it became to 1347 it covered Constantinople, the bottom of Italy, Marseilles and 2 islands below it. Next, it spread towards the left side of Kiev and spread around Italy. Luckily, around Milan, it didn't get spread. Also, Barcelona got spread and half of Paris got spread. In 1349, it spread of Europe. And in 1350, black death covered half of Europe. It is a mystery of how the black death had affected the people, due to the fact that people had been constantly dying after suffering for around two weeks. Although some were immune to it. (0.2% of people) Lots of people believed that the black death is a disease that the gods had sent. To try and cure this disease some even tried praying to god. Moreover, people tried to bleed, because they thought that the disease was mainly in blood. Some tried to wash with vinegar and rose water.
DNA
Joshua Lee and Ray Moon 5DW
DNA is a buildin g blo ck that co de s all the information making up an organism. It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and contains a genetic code, like a recipe. Within its double-helix shape, it is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base (adenine,cytosine,thymine, and guanine). This part is called Nucleotide. Guanine always pairs with Cytosine, and Adenine always pairs with Thymine. The two bases are connected by a hydrogen bond. FACT FILE 1. DNA is regarded as an enzyme by itself because it requires a coenzyme such as magnesium ion to work 2. Changes in the DNA can cause diseases (e.g. down syndrome). 3. Every human being shares 99% of their DNA with every other human. 4. A parent and child share 99.5% of the same DNA.
Who discovered DNA? Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins studied DNA using x-rays. Franklin produced an x-ray photograph allowing James Watson and Francis Crick to work out the structure of DNA. Crick, Watson, and Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for their discovery. However, Rosalind Franklin had died earlier so she was not acknowledged until much later. Other fact Inside the nucleus, the DNA strand is separated by an enzyme. Complementary bases attach to the DNA strand being copied and mRNA sequence is synthesized. When it moves out of the nucleus, ribosomes in the cytoplasm decodes RNA in groups of 3 bases. Those 3 bases are complementary to the bases in tRNA and 1 codon codes for 1 amino acid. For example, if the 3 bases are CAA (Cytosine, Adenine, Adenine), glutamine is formed, and if it is AGU (Adenine, Guanine, Uracil), serine is formed.
Fire
Hyeon Moon 6SR and Yongho Seo 6SR
Fire is what we can see from the process of combustion. Combustion is a complex sequence of chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant. This is a fire triangle. It indicates the three elements required to set fire: oxygen, heat, and fuel. A fuel is anything that is able to burn, oxygen is O2 in periodic table and finally heat is what makes something burn. When was fire discovered? New study suggests that fire was discovered before 350,000 years ago. Researchers looked at the oldest cave sediments, and found flint tools from the deposit layer, which are more than 350,000 years old.
If humans didn’t discover fire ... If humans didn’t discover fire in the past, humans would have been unsafe. Humanity would have been the same with monkeys, and our IQ would have been similar to that of gorilla (IQ of 70-80). Therefore, fire can be seen as the best discovery for humans.
Making Fire There are lots of ways to make a fire. This article will tell you one main method. 1. Prepare tinder, kindling, fuel, a long and strong wooden stick, and a short wooden stick. 2. Continue to scratch the long stick with the small one. 3. If you manage to set fire, kindle the tinder, then the kindling and finally fuel wood.
Disasters from fire There are lots of small and big fires in the world. Recently, there was a big fire on the 2nd of december, 2016, at 11:20 p.m, in an oakland warehouse. 36 people died from of this fire. Disasters from fire are mostly caused by gas. Since fire is a dangerous material, which is difficult to control, there are only a few solutions to put out the fire: by using water or a fire extinguisher. Fire Extinguisher The fire extinguisher can save your life. It is very useful and you should follow these steps when using it. 1. Pull the pin out. 2. Aim at base of the fire from 8-10m away. 3. Squeeze the handle. 4. Sweep from side to side. Advantages of fire -
Roast something ( especially meat or ore ) Can make warm Light in dark Help our experiment (bunsen burner)
Other uses of fire -
Songs (Fire by BTS) Poem (Water or fire by Maurice Rigoler) Fiction Books(Fire by Sebastian Junger) Non fiction book about fire( very many people ) In movies or animation ( skill with using fire ) Magic shows Cooking ( roasting )
Glossary - Oxygen: The periodic table number is O2. Oxygen make us to breath - Heat: Make you very warm. - Fuel: Material such as coal,gas or oil that is burned to produce heat or power - Sediment: matter that settles to the bottom of the liquid - Oxidant: an oxidizing agent - Unexpose: Covering for protection
Hyperloop
Sally Kim 6JR, Lua Cho 6SS, Lily Han 6SS
What is Hyperloop? Hyperloop is a new form of transportation that travels more than 760 miles per hour. That means that it is faster than a normal aircraft, which travels around 500 miles per hour. Considering that a rocket travels at a similar speed, this is an extremely useful technology. It is made for improvements in areas such as safety and efficiency, as well as a profound decrease in pollution and the costs of transportation. What were the Initial Ideas, and Who Invented it? The first design was made in August, 2013 by a technician called Elon Musk. Musk was born in South Africa, and he took part in many crucial scientific projects such as spaceX, Paypal, Tesla Motors,Solarcity and OpenAl. The design was elected from a group of students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). How does Hyperloop work? The special thing about the passenger capsule is that the capsule is not propelled by air pressure, and instead, is operated by two electromagnetic motors. Its aim is to travel 760 miles per hour. Also, most things moving pass will create a cushion that can slow down the Hyperloop. Thus, the hyperloop has a compressor fan that can move the air to the back of the capsule and to the air bearings. The hyperloop is lead by solar power.
What is the cost of the Hyperloop? The first design for a passenger-transportation was estimated to cost around $6 billion, and a separate version transporting passengers and vehicles was predicted to cost about $7.5 billion. The $6 billion estimate was for two-one-way tubes and 40 capsules with no space for loads, while that of the higher estimate would carry loads. Opinions about Hyperloop All things said, who are those people that are against Hyperloops when they are fast, natural, and safe? Some people think that the air transport will be rivals. Hyperloop is dedicated to be between those places where air travel will have more money and time used. Most people are against Hyperloop based on their presumptions, and they think that it is impossible. However, when times come and the environment develops to a place that has the necessary skills, Hyperloop will be possible, and people would not have much to say about it then. Hyperloop will make the world a better place by reducing pollution and upgrading knowledge for human life. However, if people start using hyperloop for their own success, hyperloop may be a huge issue for the society. If we have a very good invention, it is our responsibility to use it for its true purpose instead of exploiting it. The world is asking a question, and it is our job to answer it.
Science in music Brian, Daniel YR6
Introduction
Have you ever thought about how music is linked to science? Probably not. Surprisingly, music is linked to science in lots of ways. Well, now I will tell you all about the relationship of science with music. First of all, we will look at sound alone. What exactly is sound? And what does it do?
What sound is
The dictionary definitions of sound are as follow :
1. The sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of hearing by vibrations transmitted through the air or other medium. 2. Mechanical vibrations transmitted through an elastic medium,traveling in air at a speed of approximately 1087 feet (331 meters) per second at sea level. 3. The particular auditory effect produced by a given cause: 4. Any auditory effect; any audible vibrational disturbance: 5. A noise, vocal utterance, musical tone, or the like: 6. A distinctive, characteristic, or recognizable musical style, as from a particular performer, orchestra, or type of arrangement.
And here is our definition that hopefully sums up the above: Sound is not exactly a substance but the way the substance moves, so it is basically a pressure wave created by a vibrating object. For example, air is the medium which sound wave travels through.
Vibration
The sound source is anything that makes sound; basically, it can be everything. These sound sources make sound waves called vibrations. The vibrations push and pull air around the sound source, making it vibrate. If you don’t understand this, think of a bell. When you shake the bell, it will continue to shake and vibrate, until you stop it with force. Sound can travel through not only through air, but through solids and liquids too. However, because sound is a vibration, it must have a medium for it to travel through. The medium can be in any form and any state. So that is why we can’t hear sounds in space, where there isn’t any medium such as air exists.
Effects of music on our body Learning an instrument and listening to music can improve our reasoning skills and vocabularies. Scientists conducted an experiment with non music learners and music learners and soon found out that that the music learners performed better in training than those who didn’t learn music skills. Employees who listened to music while working resulted in a higher productivity and better work performance. Listening to music also can make you have a larger Corpus Callosum, which is a part of brain that is used in communication between brain hemispheres, eye movement and vision, maintaining the balance of exhilaration and attention, and tactile localization. Also it deals with stress and your worries and also heart disease. Scientist Bradt and Dileo reviewed on 23 studies among 1500 heart disease patients that after they heard music it slowed down their heart rate and lowered their blood pressure.
Diseases Jiwoo Chae 6SS & Claire Jo 6JR
When do you feel happy? Most of the time, people feel happy when they achieve their goals, or experience something exhilarating. However, what happens when you become sick? The experience then would not be so pleasant. Then, how do diseases affect our body so easily? What are diseases in the first place? Are there any diseases that we cannot fix? Coronary Artery Disease Have you ever had a heartache? It’s easy to trivialize heart diseases since they seem to exist everywhere, but it’s actually a lot worse. For instance, in America almost 380,000 people die each year because of heart diseases - that’s about 13.2% of people at a global scale. This would harm your heart repressing blood flow. Then how can we prevent these diseases? The best solution is to exercise everyday, refrain from smoking, and lead on a healthy diet to stay in shape. Malaria Have you ever heard of Malaria? Most people will know how horrible Malaria is. It is one of the deadliest disease in the world. Do you know why you get Malaria and what happens when you have get on? Malaria usually spreads because of plasmodium parasites such as female
anopheles mosquitoes. Even if you had an inspection, the parasite can spread to other people, meaning that the disease is very strong. To be fair, however, even though there are lots of plasmodium parasites, there are only 5 plasmodium parasites that can cause malaria. Still, it is important to keep in mind that about 438,000 people died because of Malaria. Stroke Strokes happen when the brain doesn’t get enough oxygen, or when there are not enough nutrients, causing brain cells to die. In one year, there are about 800,000 people die because of strokes. When strokes occur, they hinder blood supply to the brain. However, 80% of heart strokes can be prevented through simple methods. Diabetes Diabetes is a diseases that has a big group of metabolic diseases. With high blood sugar over the period, they could cause to us a very serious problems. There are main 3 types of diabetes. One of them could cause you from not getting hungrier and makes you lazy. This is not the serious one but it would make you so thin. The 2 type will be the commonest type in Diabetes. This type is opposite of the first type. This will make in you for hunger and will make you very thirsty every 1 minute. The last type will only effect to woman when
they are pregnant. But there are some ways to prevent from this disease is go to the primary care or go to the doctor and get some surgery and exercises from the cares. Ways to Prevent Diseases The ways listed below are some ways to prevent diseases. You can lower the risk of getting these through very simple methods, and they don’t even take up much time! - Wash your hands (sanitize yourself). - Always wear masks when going to places where epidemics are going on. - Get vaccinated before an epidemic. - Eat healthy. - Exercise at least 3 times a week. - Sleep well. When you do this things, you can prevent diseases. Most people would have experienced several illnesses for at least once in their lifetime. Nobody can be healthy all the time, so it completely normal for people to be sick sometimes. The important point is that we have to be more careful of it.
water
Nancy Lee 5DW and Soohee Lee 5MEJ
Water is a very important resource to every living organism on Earth. Water is all around us - we use water to drink, wash, swim, and many more. Without water, we cannot possibly survive! Now we will tell you some very interesting facts about water. A human body is 75% water, while a jellyfish’s body is filled with 95% of water. Surprisingly, water takes up 84% of an apple! Moreover, a typical human can survive without food for about two months, but less than a week without water. If one drinks water, obviously, one goes to bathroom. The water used when flushing the toilet is measured up to 6 litres! Surely, these are some fun facts. Let’s move on. Did you know that in the 1800s, raw sewage was often transported directly to the river Thames? And surprisingly the river Thames was London’s main supply of drinking water for people - can you possibly believe this? No way!
The next part is about our planet - the Earth. Our Earth looks blue when viewed from the space, as 70% of its surface is covered in water. We have five large oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Southern, and the Indian. However, there are still a lot of parts in the deep sea that are left undiscovered. The Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world, is located between the American continent and the Asian continent. The Atlantic Ocean lies between the Americas, Europe, and Africa. Interestingly, the Arctic Ocean is frozen for most times and it is the smallest ocean. The Southern Ocean was acknowledged as an ocean only recently - in the year of 2000. The Indian Ocean, covering the whole 15% of the Earth, is the third largest ocean that we have. The oceans also have their own zones, too. We divide them into three main parts: the tidal zone, the twilight zone, and the dark zone, according to the depth. First, let’s start with the tidal zone. The tidal zone is the zone where the land meets the sea. It’s the shallowest part of the ocean. It starts from the surface of the water and ends at the beginning of the twilight zone, which is about 180 m (600 ft) deep. Spiny Boxfishes and Manta Rays, are the examples of the animals dwell in this zone.
The twilight zone is the middle level of the ocean that is far below the surface of the water. It’s where only a little bit of sunlight is penetrated. In the twilight zone, various animals are found - squid and sperm whale, for example. The twilight zone starts from the end of the tidal zone and ends at the beginning of the dark zone which it is about 1000 m (3300 ft) from the surface. The last zone - dark zone is the zone where no light is found. This zone starts from the end of the twilight zone and ends at the beginning of the abyssal zone. The dark zone is where animals like gulper eel is found. The abyssal zone is the ocean’s deep, dark trenches. The abyssal zone starts from the end of the dark zone - about 2000 m (6600 ft)- and ends at about 6000 m (20000 ft). Animals like hagfishes live in the abyssal zone. A typical sea diver can only go 150m (500 ft) down the sea. The submarine that went the deepest down the ocean was called the Challenger Deep; it traveled 10916m (36200 ft) down the water! Surely it is an unbelievable achievement?
Now, let’s talk about water in our body. Water comes out of our body in the form of urine (wee). There are lots of colours of urine in different situations. Do you know the colour of your urine? A typical colour of urine is mostly pale straw or dark yellow. Pale yellow coloured urine indicates your healthy state you are drinking enough water. However, dark yellow colour can tell you two things : you need to drink more water or you have been eating too much carrots! Now, we told you some really interesting facts about water. First, we talked about trivial but surprising facts about water, then about different types of oceans and the ocean zones. We also talked about how we excrete water from our bodies in the form of urine. Did you learn something useful? Water is amazing!
BE GENIUS.