Museum Design Criteria by Noah

DESIGN STUDIO 4

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MUSEUM S PACES

Design Studio 4 Semester 4 Jan 2021 Group 2

Project 1b Craft Museum Research

Coordinated by Mr. Huat Lim

DESIGN STUDIO 4

CONTENT

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Introduction Project Linkage Project Data Key, Location & Site Plan Design Criteria Accessibility Structural Integrity Furniture Equipment & Operations Internal Illumination Fire Protection Natural Ventilation Daylight Security System External Awareness Facade & Building Envelope Acoustics Information & Data System Air Ventilation Wayfinding & Internal Circulation Indoor Air Quality Space Planning & Room Allocation

2 3 4

8 18 24 38 46 54 60 68 76 82 92 96 98 106 116 122

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Semester 4: Craft Museum Jalan Tun Razak It is generally accepted that museums are a public service - it is essentially private in so far of the collection was curated and acquired through private money and later loan or lent to a government body or agency. In the context of malaysia one needs to prevail and understand that most buildings do not conform to standards we find elaswwhere - in which we see funding and financial aid and sponsorship coming through corporations which support the arts. This is not a widely practiced culture or obligation, hence the issue of quality. In this program the students will need to prepare designs which can address the shortcomings above and also propose solutions which can be markedly different from the models we see today in the country. Aesthetic and formal solutions may be what is sought after but more importantly we want to students to embrace the correct protocols and conceptualists their designs through humanistic and conscientious approach. In the forthcoming 12 weeks or so the entire process will be captured and presented inside a clear framework which enables easy reading and reflection at the end of the course. Huat Lim

INTRODUCTION 2

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

PROJECT LINKAGE 3

Menara

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PES

IAR

TITI

JA LA N ME NT AK AB

rters

SELBOURNE CITY

JALAN ABDUL MANAN NORDIN

YAAK UB

JALAN HAJI HASHIM

JALAN DAUD

RS IH

RN IH N AI R JE

LA JA

WIN G

LA N

UDA

GURN

JLN GURNEY 2

Flats

K AB TO DU

A MU

RAJ

JALAN DAUD

ABDULLAH ABDULLAH

Balaldi a FeEY 3

GURN

Palladium Palladium

RAJ

EY 1

JLN

JALAN A. RAHMAN IDRIS

SRK ney n Gur 2 Jala 1 &

Telekom

LORONG RAJA BOT

HAJI

JALAN HAJI HUSSEIN

KIRI

AN JAL

Sikh Temple

NEY

JALAN

AH WIN

JALAN RAJA MAHMUD

JAL

LIK

JALAN RAJA ALANG

JE CO LITA UR T

L MA

JALAN RAJA ALANG

GUR

N GU JALA

LIK

JALAN RAJA ALANG

JALA

JALAN RAJA UDA

Masjid Kg. Baru

Shell

SAN

sed PropoB KU lex Comp

JALAN RAJA BOT

Kg. Baru Malay Reserve JALAN HAMZAH

I TE

Marinara U/C (Abandoned)

KL Inter Hotel

L DU

GURNEY

ege

UD RAJA

Daruzzakah

LRG

City Park Hotel

JALAN HAJI YAHYA SHEIKH AHMAD

LORONG HAJI TAIB

JLN

Coll

LEMBAGA TABUNG HAJI

YAYASAN SELANGOR

LORONG HAJI TAIB

SRK Raja Muda

LORONG

N AH

JALAN RAJA MUDA ABDUL AZIZ

Brisdale

Proposed Development by KL City Bazaar SB jv DBKL

AIR

MA RA K

National Library

LORONG

JLN

MUDA RAJA LORO NG

JALAN DOKTOR LATIF JALAN DOKTOR LATIF

Grand Seasons Avenue

Stadium TPCA

Stanford Hotel

L Pusa Teleatikohant m

(AbaMasaMena ndon U/ ra ed)C

DBK L

NG PAHA

Institut Jantung Negara

Proposed Hospital Islam (Majlis Agama Islam W.P)

Jab Pendidikan Wilayah Persekutuan

City Villa Fire Brigade

TAIB 5

G AIR

RIN

Kamsis Tun Dr. Ismail

il Tam r JK tche SMln Fle J

P Banropose k Isla d mH

LAI TET LO

TUN RA ZAK

Mosq

Car Park

LORONG HAJI

LRG

Kg. Bawean

Qua

CHOW KIT STATION

UKM Clinic

ERLO

TEM LAN

JALAN MASJID HOSPITAL

Hospital KL

IS NN T TECOUR

LRG

N KUANTA

M GS IUAN STTIAD TIW

Pute SM ri T Pere itiw mp ang uan sa Seri SM L Titiw elak ang i sa

A UDA

LAUT

L. RAJ

Nelayan Restaurant

LRG

LENGKOK

T LO

National Art Gallery

JALAN RAJA MUDA ABDUL AZIZ

Car Park

I TE

Istana Budaya

JALAN

Sentosa

N BE

Corruriculum Center KL

JALAN

Quarters

BID

JALAN

JALAN CEMUR

Vistana Condo

G LA

JALAN PAHAN G

JALA

RAH

JALAN BERSE

JALAN SETIAWAN

AMDB

G AIR

G AI

R BE

Taman Tasik Titiwangsa

l iona Nat ood ice Bl rv re Se nt Ce

JAL

G LAMA

Pekeliling Flats JALAN PEKELILIN

G AIR

AIR

CA FE

Esso

Pekeliling Flats

AIR

Maktab Perguruan Sri Kota (Aminuddin Baki)

JALAN PAHANG BARAT

Institut Respitori

TITIWANGSA

AIR

Titiwangsa Golf

IWA JALNG ANSATIT 2 IWA NGSA

NGS

N PA HANG

R BE

JLN

JALAN TIT

IWAN

JALA PESIARAN

Hopital Tawakal

PAH ANG N TIT

G AI

NIH

JLN

RIN

RAN

Rive

AIR

R BE

JLN

JALAN TITIWANGSA

PESIA

ak omb

N AI

KUANTAN

JER

SIN

AIR

PESIARAN

Esso

AIR

JER

NIH

JLN

PROPOSED SITE

Titiwangsa

JALA

JALAN 1/48A

Bandar Baru Sentul

KEY PLAN SCALE N.T.S

JAL

ERAH

RAH JALAN BERSE

LOCATION PLAN SCALE 1:3000

BER

SER

Corruriculum Center KL

N KUANTA JALAN JALAN

S JALAN BER

Istana Budaya

PARKING LOT

PROPOSED SITE

National Art Gallery

TUN R AZAK

2 WAY DRIVE LANE PADESTRIAN WALKWAY EXIST FACILITY

JAL

ERAH

PROPOSED SITE

OAD

ES ACC

S CES

FT)

TUN R AZAK

DETAILED LOCATION PLAN SCALE 1:3000

(5000SQ

AD ACCESS RO

JALAN

464.5SQ

00MM

23.6' 72

00M

' 72

3.6

R ESS

200

.6' 7

D 23

ROA

00M

' 72

23.6

PARKING LOT

THE STUBBORN HOUSE

National Art Gallery

23.6' 7200MM

ACCE

7200MM

Istana Budaya

AD SS RO

SER

Corruriculum Center KL

00M

' 72

23.6

BER

ACCESS ROAD 23.6'

OAD

JALAN

KUANTA N

RAH JALAN BERSE

ES ACC

S JALAN BER

EXIST. WARUNG

E CC

00M

' 72

23.6

EXIST. GUARD HOUSE

EXIST. BUS STOP

2 WAY DRIVE LANE PADESTRIAN WALKWAY EXIST FACILITY BOUNDARY LINE

ES ACC MM

00 ' 72

23 D A O

D ROA

ES ACC

464.5SQ (5000SQ

FT)

EXIST. BUS STOP

JALAN

TUN R AZAK

SITE PLAN SCALE 1:600

23.6

EXIST. WARUNG

00 ' 72

3.6

2 AD

R ESS

M 23.6' 7200M D A O R S S ACCE

00 ' 72

DESIGN STUDIO 4

01 8

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

ACCESSIBILITY Research by Noah Fuad Abstract Throughout my research, it is found that accessibility in cultural spaces comes across a myriad of barriers, which prevent people with impairments to fully enjoy these venues. Museums have played an important role in combating social exclusion of the visitors with visual impairment. Social exclusion means lack of access to various social benefits to an individual or a social group (Brstilo, 2010). I have uncovered that attempts to overcome these obstacles to social inclusion have been developed in the past decades with considerable progress in the US, the UK and a handful of European countries. However, Malaysia is not yet among these countries, though some efforts have been carried out in terms of universal accessibility. To avoid social exclusion of visitors with any forms of phsyical,visual or cognitive impairments, the museums we design should adopt and understand the social model of disability.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Accessibility in terms of the physical aspect of space Handicapped or Physically Impaired users The primary barrier which physically challenged members of the community, particularly those who are using wheel chairs, find themselves having to battle against its mobility and access to museum. People using wheelchairs find it hard to reach the vicinity of museums independently.It is worthwhile to point out that after reaching museum premises wheelchair users are confronted with parking complications. In many cases despite having special parking spaces, there was often no ramp between the road and the sidewalk. I believe, in order for Museums to rectify this situation, it is necessary for us to modify infrastructure, building ramps and railings to accommodate the disabled.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Taking the Museum’s entrances accessibility into consideration In a misguided attempt to accommodate the physically disabled, some museums have located wheelchair entrances far away from the regular entrance. This separation creates sentiments of exclusion for wheelchair users. Subsequently it is a reasonable expectation that museums should retrofit or build entrances that accommodate all people, with stairs and ramps adjacent to each other or in close proximity. This will go a long way towards eliminating the stigma wheelchair users feel when asked to use a separate, hidden entrance.

Furniture Accessibility for the Handicapped & Physically Impaired Once inside the museum, people in wheelchairs are alienated through the use of tall furniture. This height creates a sense of separation that prevents comfortable communication, as they cannot see the face of the person they talk to. One of the roles of the museum is to educate people, hence it is imperative for wheelchair users to be able to communicate without feeling excluded.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Accessibility for the Visually Impaired Audio Descriptions Museum visitors are expected to rely heavily on vision to access exhibits, which may be behind glass and rarely available to touch, traditionally making museums inaccessible to visitors with visual impairments. Therefore I find having audio desripctions crucial. It seeks make visual information accessible using verbal description. can be delivered live by an audio describer or trained guide, in recorded form, either online or through a listening device the museum.

to It or in

Practitioners face important questions regarding not only which content within a museum should be selected for description but also what the salient features of a particular piece may be and how to address them. We must decide whether to describe exclusively colors, shapes, and spatial content or whether to explore information that goes beyond these visual aspects such as meaning.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Tangible Exhibits Museums can implement different interactive technologies to communicate their exhibitions; however, it turns out that in most cases, information is not accessible to all members of the public. An example of a tangible exhibit is the design of a tangible user interface to enhance accessibility in interactive exhibitions, specifically for the case of visitors with visual impairments.

Exhibitions and art that emphasize on touching sensations allows the visually-impaired to experience the art.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Accessibility for the Hearing Impaired The deaf are another group of people with disabilities who encounter accessibility challenges during their visits to museums. Most museums do not offer sign language interpretation, which makes communication with the deaf almost impossible. Museum visitors are always keen to know more about exhibits. Generally they do this by asking questions and reading text labels. The deaf often find themselves helpless as museum staff do not understand sign language. Museums should hire sign language interpreters who can assist in these cases. The employee may also be responsible for guiding deaf visitors around, showing them the exhibits and answering their questions. This will provide deaf members of the community with the chance to learn about artifacts and culture from museums without being hindered by communication breakdowns.

Use of signage, graphics and icons create a universal understanding amongst users. 14

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Sign language being used to describe exhibits

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Accessibility for users with Mental Health Disorders Considerations for the users with Cognitive Impairments Many factors must be taken into consideration to ensure the accessibility of the exhibition text, such as legibility (font size), how the text is related to the exhibition objects, how the text interacts with the exhibition design and how the text presents itself as genre. Text-Level Exhibition texts should not be too long; however, there is no quantitative way to establish the exact appropriate length. To aid reading, texts should be divided into independent paragraphs with one main idea per paragraph. Sentence-level Sentences should be kept relatively short, and simple clauses without excessive subordination are preferable. The word order should be straightforward and sentences must not start with new or unfamiliar information. Generally, active voice is preferred to passive voice, so it. Word-level On word level, it is repeatedly stated that jargon should be avoided, and that simple words should be used instead. Jargon is not really explained in the museum literature, but we assume that this covers technical terminology related to museums, art, history, archaeology etc.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN STUDIO 4

The Nesting Doll To started off, Structural intergrity play an important part whenever building was built. Generally, to ensure the building stand and prevent it from falling apart. Later that, the studio program introduce to propose a craft museum in between the National Art Gallery of Malaysia and Malaysia ‘s Heritage Centre...that lead me a question that goes : “if the ‘two of them’ is there will ‘Generally’ enough ?” ; and the awnser is : “Generally was NEVER enough.” and then agian it leads another question that goes : “so structure intergrity is about prevent things falling down beside that ,can be more?” that’s where we began to reveal the layer of the Nesting doll. Theoretically, for me understanding something is about breaking down things and find out what is inside of it. To design, i need to understand the core “Because emphathy, is the foundation of design” - Iise Crawford.

Research by Yong Woon Kang

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

DESIGN STUDIO 4

What structure / build our building?

Concrete: overall casted badly ; honeycomb and crack

brickwork: Not aglined; often cover by thick plaster & paint

Welding work: overall good; well trained worker

Timberwork: overall good; worker originate from boat maker

Overall context of Malaysia Long story short, we live in a comfortable and violent zone. we did’nt have natural desaster like earthquick, typhoon ; we just have alot of rain, twice a year and a lot of sunshine. Combination of rain and sunshine together, resulting a tremendous rate of growing and decay. Thing grow fast and decay fast.

Malaysia’s way of built The Ecology, menifest itself on man-made thing together with grow and decay condition which give birth to Malaysia’s way we build

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN STUDIO 4

World and Us One of my theory on world, is everything/stuff/system that are divide to official and non-official, and I found out that the official system,Generally, we need certain degree of “official” in order to recognize it as a official system and overall are made up of these catogory : 1. The way we we “wrap” our building architecturelly, we contain our building from ceiling ,glass window, or space in building: it’s all about stopping air movement. 2. The way we maintain/keep it clean. To maintain,cleaning works from day to day, time to time 3. The way we design it - outlook/form After awhile, it does’nt matter whether you know, what that official system for:- you just follow/copy anyhow. Where non-official system is normally thought as it’s a failure of official system; things like: the judiciary get corrupted,we think that’s non-official system, when barbed wire place around our building we thought is a non-official system, which is not. Because non-official system are everything not officially example: is like, the first thing you do when you wake up,you’re looking at the side of your bed, side window instead of your feet. They are actually 2 totally different thing and to kick start is: whenever a new things came out to trend,by intentionlly or evolution,is because,things happen to non-official system that result by context ask a question of non-official system then it become official.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Non-official system + context In architecture, I manage to find out that combination result in few ways 1.The way we “frame’ our buiding . Summerize, as and idea of traditional malay house; is all about air movement.open, unwrap, frame. 2.The way we maintain/trim our plant. Is never just how we make our building,but what grows on them and add asthetics of the building instead of take away from it. 3.the way we respond to context. It’s something to do with : the location of valve and shower, why traditional malay house sit on stilt, platform made by wooden plank..

DESIGN STUDIO 4

03 24

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

FURNITURE EQUIPMENT & OPERATIONS Research by Tan Wei Ling Soane Museum Sir john Soane’s Museum is located in residence and it is a personal museum and library. Soane was forever exploring new ideas and seeking new inspiration in sculpture and painting as well as in architecture. His home was a kind of laboratory for his ideas. His collections were antiquities pictures, books and sculptures. There were carefully arranged as a series of ‘studies for my mind’ and as a lavish expression of his architectural imagination. All of the paintings are housed in Soane’s specially built Picture Room, where the majority are hung not on the walls but on a cleverly designed system of hinged screens (Soane called them ‘movable planes’) which can be opened up to display the paintings, then folded away again. Among the collection are two famous Hogarth series, A Rake’s Progress and The Election, and three top-notch Canalettos. Furtheremore, Soane also put his sculpture on top of choc-a-block.

Choc-a-block 25

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Malaysia Art and Craft There are some of the traditional arts, crafts and trades which well known in Malaysia. They keep us connected to our roots and build our cultural identity. Therefore, we need to preserve all art and craftwork to our next generations. Below are some of the example of Malaysia art and craft.

1. Batik 2. Gasing 3. Wau 4.

Calligraphy

Bamboo Weaving

Wayang kulit

7. Lantern 8.

Nyonya beadwork

Wooden clogs

10.

Leaf origami

11.

Mask carving

12. Pottery

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Security in Museums Metal detector communities portray themselves as heritage rescuers. Before then, a guard used to conduct a quick bag check when people entered museums. But this is not enough safety as visitors will hide their metal weapon inside their shoe. Nowadays, all items have to be removed from pockets, bags are subject to a more thorough search and all visitors must go through metal detectors.Â Furthermore, walk through metal detectors are much quicker, and they will alert the security personnel of dangerous objects such as knives or weapons.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

CCTV systems had played an important role in a museumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s defences of the collections against theft or damage. It can also support staff and visitors when an incident occurs and offer a deterrent to a would-be offender. CCTV system needs to respond to the needs of our museum. Hence, when setting up CCTV need to consider our buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s layout, entrances and exits, and the location of our collections.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Exhibition Room

All the exhibition artefact can be well arranged is one of the key factors of a success museum. In order to meet the above conditions, movable partition has become the first choice for many largescale exhibit room. The use of movable partitions within museums can create small groupings and arrange artworks thematically creating optimal flexibility. Hinged screen offer museum flexibility to arrange their spaces that help to ‘create dialogs’ with their customers. Hence, It can be opened up to display paintings or batik and folded away again. Lastly, It is worth mentioning that the movable partition also has many special properties that are generally recognized, such as sound insulation, heat insulation, fire prevention and other functions. It can provide a strong guarantee for the special environment.

Catalog records give us access to information about our museum collection for research and interpretation. They are also the primary property accountability records for museum objects. Catalog records tell you what objects you have, their history, and where they’re located. They provide physical and intellectual access to your museum collection. Then, map is also important while entering museum as it help visitor to figure out where they are and how to get to the place that they want to go. Hence, catalog and map can be place on the bookrack.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Display Cabinet Materials

All the craftwork need to have a place to exhibit but what materials should the cabinet use? Some items are sensitive to light, others might be made of a particularly delicate material such as paper. Metals such as stainless steel, powder coated steel, or alluminium is the preferred material for many display cases and storage shelving because they are strong, non-flammable, and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t emit harmful vapour. Next, acrylic is a great cost-effective option with the added benefit of being safer due to the fact that it will not smash or shatter. It is light and therefore easy to relocate, and also features the best optical clarity with crystal clear properties whilst blocking ultraviolet light, making it perfect for protecting objects that are sensitive to UV light.

Display Case Types

The size and shape of the items that you want to display, along with the look, feel, and flow of your exhibit will inform the type of display. Therefore, table top Museum display, wall display cabinet, freestanding display case, plinth with case on top, modular display case, drawer cabinet is some of my options. This is because a good case should effectively highlight the piece without distracting from it. It should also not distract from the overall design of the exhibition or gallery, whether youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re going for a simple white aesthetic or a design that compliments the time period or style of the exhibition.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Exhibition Room Exhibition room is a must in museum. Therefore, if we talk about an Art Museum, we will not need shelving-units as most of the times the works will be hanging on the walls (so the case of paints pictures) or placed on pedestals. But one thing that we will need for sure, it is the seating for visitors to sit down and calmly contemplate the works of art displayed. In this kind of areas, we need to provide seating that do not disturb the visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flow and the possibility to staring the works of art. We will find a good example in backless bench which combines both requirements, one is the lightness and the other the backless version which enables the full view of the exhibition.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Conference Room Besides the exhibition areas, Museums very often also have Conference Rooms where any eventual event can be held and it is necessary to count on the proper furniture equipment. The furniture meant for the Conference Rooms should have the following features which are functionality aesthetic easy maintenance and versatility. It is not an easy task to get that a same furniture product can gather all these features, but here you have some. Therefore, bench with folding writing tablet is a good example as it is a seating together with the writing tablet which is very often required in press conferences, teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lectures or master classes.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Workshops

After walking though the museums, we can create our own artwork inspired by works in our collection and learn new art-making methods with the guidance of expert artists and designers. This public workshop provide opportunities for people to explore art making as a means of learning and knowing. Therefore, it will explore the museum at their own pace and appreciate the beauty art through drawing, reveal the museum. Hence, having this workshop will need some table, rack and chair.

Cafeteria Good café were found to be a key attraction and motivation for a museum visitation. Its provides a cognitive break’ after having a long duration of a visit. Therefore, visitor can have their lunch at indoor and outdoor and also do some sketching there. Hence, café spaces will features museum retail as well as core exhibit areas. Therefore, this spaces require tables, chairs and signboards.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Interior Lighting Interior lighting is one of the significant design features that is required in museum design. There are different types of artificial light sources with different light types can be used for various spaces. What does the light do? Other than allowing people to see, the appropriate use of different type of lighting produces various atmosphere in a space which will be discussed later. However, it is a double-edged sword. With other environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, the properties of crafts can be altered drastically throughout their exhibition which leads to deterioration. Therefore, to balance the act of achieving preservation needs of artifacts and form interactive spaces by discovering, exploring and learning which is the goal of a museum, some researches are done.

Research by Ng Xin Ru

INTERNAL ILLUMINATION

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Diagram 1: Material classification based on sensitivity to light

Diagram 1 is the data analysed by CIE which is the International Commission on Illumination on museums in Argentina and Spain. The materials that is extremely susceptible to light cannot be displayed under natural lighting until certain level of natural light is controlled. The lighting level need to be as low as when the sun is just below the horizon in the early morning or sunset in the evening. In this case, the use of artificial lighting is prohibited. For other materials, lighting level can be increased with the condition of considering conservation policy.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Colour Temperature

Colour temperature is a way to describe illumination appearance such as how yellow or blue the light emitted is from the light bulb. The higher the colour temperature, the cooler the resultant light effect. It is an important variable to be considered as it does not only affect the colour appearance of the artifacts or spaces but also the mood communicated to people. Warm light source such as incandescent bulbs have low color temperature which is from 2200K to 3000K and it makes softer and cozier space. On the other hand, cool light sources such as fluorescent lamps have high color temperature which is more than 4000K and aids in concentration.

Diagram 2: Colour temperature from various artificial light sources While designing lighting system, concept of circadian lighting need to be considered as it follows circadian rhythm by working in harmony with human internal clocks. For instance, in the evening when the day is bright, the space need to give external awareness to people that means outside is still daytime. If daylight is insufficient, the intensity and color of artificial light will be modified according to the natural lighting cycle. This allows visitors to reduce circadian disruption which optimize mood and visual experience in museum while improving sense of wellbeing. At night when there is no daylight, light with low color temperature is suggested as it triggers the production of Melatonin which has relaxing effect. In contrary, high color temperature causes the release of Serotonin which boosts oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy level.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Zoning In order to achieve high energy efficient projects, British Standard Institution which is BSI sets out standards for internal illumination - BS EN 12464-1. The lighting requirements are set based on three basic human needs. Firstly, visual comfort whereby lighting gives people such as workers in museum feelings of wellbeing and thus contributing to their productivity. Next is the visual performance which allow people to fulfil visual tasks under any circumstance for an amount of time and luminaires should enable all work to be carried out safely. The diagram beside shows the lighting levels for spaces in the unit of lux. The Society of Light and Lighting(SLL) which is part of Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) has provided a guide â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Lighting Guide (LG7)that aims to ensure adequate amount of lighting and provide a stimulating environment for people. It stated that to allow for energy saving and improving well-being, best practice is to utilize daylight in conjunction with having dimming settings. Otherwise, with the excessive lighting amount and improper located luminaires glare which happens when one part of an interior is much brighter than the ambient brightness may occur to the visitors that has visual discomfort or workers who experiencing disability glare.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

Diagram 4 shows that even the material used for finishes is important as they have their own reflectivity. If a space is created for educational purpose in museum, the illumination level would be similar to the data shown in Diagram 4 but it can be adjusted according to different condition. All walls and ceilings should be illuminated. People need to be able to look away into the distance to avoid eye strain. The best scenario here is that they can look outside but if not, there should be a distance to explore, and the walls and ceiling within this view should be lit to a similar level to the task area.

DESIGN STUDIO 4

Mounting When planning museum lighting, there are some key areas to focus on. All the various ways that artefacts may be displayed, from items placed on the walls or large objects on plinths, to small, intricate pieces inside display cabinets, should be included in a good museum lighting scheme. Museums also hold special or temporary exhibits, so the lighting fixtures for museums should also be considered as exhibitions change, space will need to be altered in the future. All these various display techniques and the broad range of items on display calls for a mixture of different lighting fixtures, from ceiling mounted track lighting to small cabinet lights on poles. Normally lighting for art museum will typically concentrates on wall displays. This can be done by choosing dimmable fixtures with adjustable beam angles that allow lighting technique to adapt to the artifacts on display. A costume on a mannequin may be better viewed using a wide beam angle to create a pool of light, whereas the detail of a small item of jewelry will benefit from a narrow and focused beam. Artificial illumination can be classified into three main sources through generation and the development of technology that enabled its existence. First, incandescent lamps which light up by heating the wire filament. Halogen lamp which is also known as tungsten halogen is a type of incandescent lamp filled with a halogen gas such as iodine (I) or bromine (Br). This type of light is not suitable for museum as it emits ultraviolet light which may affect artifacts and heath of everyone in museum so prolonged exposure need to be avoided. Next, fluorescent lighting is the second source of illumination. Although this type of light is an efficient way to provide lighting over a large area and last longer than incandescent bulbs, light that comes from fluorescent bulbs is omnidirectional. It scatters light in all direction and this really wastes energy as only about 60% to 70% of light is used. Moreover, it cannot be frequently switched on and off as this action shortens the lifespan. Lastly, light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. It emits light when electric current passes through the diode and excites the atom inside to high energies.

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

It is a cost-effective alternative for non-domestic building especially museum which uses light for a long period to replace other type of light source as it is long-lasting and uses less energy to provide same light output.

In conclusion, internal lighting has always been a fundamental feature due to its major role in enhancing visual comfort and aesthetic purposes. The color temperature, space zoning, mounting and types of artificial lighting are all the criteria that should be considered in order to reduce the cost and energy consumption. Daylight should be used as much as possible before installing artificial light as why shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t we use the free gift given by nature?

DESIGN STUDIO 4

05 46

MUSEUM DESIGN CRITERIA

FIRE PROTECTION Research by Lau Yee Seng Abstract Fire protection means fire prevention for buildings. All fire protection should be taken when designing a building to prevent fires before it happens and reduce the risk of fire to life and property. Fire prevention mainly determines the fire resistance rating of building materials and fire resistance construction, controls the number of combustible materials, and separates the fire-prone areas. In the unfortunate event of a fire, the main thing to do first is fire compartmentation, set up evacuation facilities, fire smoke extraction systems, and fire extinguishing equipment.

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Fire Triangle Three elements must be present for a building to catch fire: Combustible materials, ignition sources and combustion aids. Therefore, all three elements should be effectively controlled in the design of building fire protection. Neglected details cause almost all major fires.

Glasgow School of Art In 2014, Charles Rennie Mackintoshâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Glasgow School of Art was damaged by a fire. Flames enveloped the building and the adjacent residential area was evacuated as people watched in horror. The damage was devastating, although the fine library was lost, no one was killed or injured. And the extensive restoration work was estimated to cost 35 million pounds. A second fire destroyed the building again in June 2018. Following this disaster, the entire interior, east and west wings, was damaged and the roof disappeared. The library, which had previously been renovated, was also destroyed. Once again, the relevant organizations and the government urgently appealed to the public to start rebuilding the Glasgow School of Art, but the sad truth is that little can be restored.

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Fire Prevention But how can we prevent a fire? Firstly, check that the electrical circuits in the building have been made fireproof. Circuits construction must be installed by professional and make sure it is not overloaded. After that, check diligently if the circuit and plugs are overheated or leaky, and check that the wiring is not aged or broken. Next, keep lighting appliances away from combustible materials, for example, spotlights are used to enhance the visual impact of a display or antique in museum, so try not to place any flammable materials under the high-power lamp. Lastly, there is a fire check for other electrical appliances. Check the electrical appliances unplugged after use and Whether someone is present when the appliance is in use.

Detect Building fire generally spread after 10 to 15 minutes. In addition to the fact that fires can be detected by witnesses and reported to the fire department, the museum should be set up the flame detector and automatic alarm devices. Flame detectors have multiple types such as temperature-sensitive, smoke and light-sensitive. A fire control center is set up to command automatic alarm devices and automatic fire extinguishing devices to control the alarm, evacuation, fire extinguishing, smoke extraction, fire doors and windows, fire elevators, and emergency lighting.

Extinguish If a fire has already occurred, the fire will be extinguished by eliminating one of the three conditions that caused the fire (Combustible Materials, Ignition Sources, Combustion Aids). Fire extinguishers must be installed at various locations in the building. When the fire is small, fire extinguishers can be used to stop the spread of the fire. The liquid or gas in the fire extinguisher is sprayed onto the burning material and the burning area, cooling the burning material, isolating the burning material from oxygen, and eventually causing the necessary conditions to maintain combustion to be destroyed and stop the combustion reaction, thus playing a role in extinguishing the fire. If the fire is raging, the fire brigade must be called in to put it out by using a fire hydrant or will have to be used. When the air temperature rises to or exceeds the equipmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s specified rated temperature, the sprinkler will automatically operate to discharge water in the designated area. 50

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Fire Compartmentation To reduce fire casualties, the design of the museum should take consider to fire compartmentation and fire evacuation. Smoke travels fast and can quickly fill a room. The spread of smoke can be slowed by compartmentation of the building. It helps keep users safe during evacuation and slows down the fire itself by cutting off the airflow. Fire compartmentation uses to zoning the building into smaller areas for firefighters and emergency personnel to manage effectively. The unaffected areas of the building can be enclosed to isolated from fire and smoke.

Fire Evacuation Plan Public buildings should typically have no less than two safety exits, with more calculated exits for areas with a higher density of people and the straight-line distance to the nearest evacuation exit should not exceed 20 meters. The emergency exits from highrise building are staircases. Highrise buildings must have smokeproof enclosures or stairwells, which should be arranged so that there are two evacuation directions. Enclosed stairwells block smoke and facilitate evacuation, and it must be built from firerated walls and doors. Fire doors have a metal label listing the fire rating of the component. All openings through the firewall must be sealed with fireproof caulking so that no air or flame can pass through the wall. Stairwells are more conducive to evacuation as they have a front room. On evacuation route, emergency lighting, exit sign and evacuation direction indicators should be provided.

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Abstract Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through a space by natural means it can be achieved with openable windows or vents. Natural ventilation and air movement can be simply achevied by â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;structural controlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as it does not depends on any form of external energy supply or mechanical installation. there are three achieve different technologies for natural ventilation. There are three types of natural ventilation effect : stack effect, wind tower and courtyard effect. The stack effect is the movement of air caused by thermal differences. The density of high temperature air is lower than that of low temperature air. As the warm air rises, it will create a pressure difference, below which the pressure will decrease, and above this pressure will increase the pressure. In buildings in winter, lower pressure allows colder air to enter the ground from the outside. The temperature of the cold air starts to rise and continues to circulate. In summer or warmer climates, the chimney effect reverses. Hot air from outside enters the upper part of the cooler building and generates ventilation. Wind tower is a key element of traditional iranian architecture. It can be seen in settlements in hot, dry and hot climates. They look like chimneys in the skyline of ancient iranian cities. They are vertical shafts with ventilation holes on the top to guide the required wind to the interior space and provide thermal comfort. This architectural element shows the compatibility of the architectural design with the natural environment. It saves energy and functions according to the principles of sustainability. Courtyard effect is due to the solar radiation in the yard, the air is warming and the wind is surging. The ground air radiates to the sky landscape or water body through low-altitude radiation from the lower opening, indicating that the courtyard radiation produces a cooling effect.

Research by Lam Qin Jun

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Air Flow Control in Buildings In order for air to flow in, out of the building, or flow within the building, two requirements must be met: there must be holes or paths for the air to flow through, and it must have a driving force. Whether the airflow in the building is controlled or controlled. The control of air flow is very important for several reasons: controlling moisture damage, reducing energy loss, and ensuring the comfort and health of occupants. Wind pressure, chimney effect, and mechanical air handling equipment such as blowers and furnaces drive airflow throughout the building envelope. A continuous, sturdy, durable and airtight air barrier system is required between the external space and the conditioning space to control the airflow driven by these forces. Therefore, there are three main reasons why airflow control is critical to the performance of buildings : moisture control, energy savings and comfort and health. For moisture control is water vapor in the air can be deposited within the envelope by condensation and cause serious health, durability, and performance problems. Secondly, air leaking out of a building must be replaced with outdoor air which requires energy to condition it. Approximately 30% to 50% of space conditioning energy consumption in , many well-insulated buildings is due to air leakage through the building enclosure. Convective circulation and wind washing both reduce the effectiveness of thermal insulation and thus increase energy transfer across the envelope.

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Comfort and health cold drafts and the excessively dry wintertime air that results from excessive from excessive air leakage directly affect human comfort, wind-cooled portions of the interior of the enclosure promote condensation which supports biological growth which in turn affects indoor air quality, airborne sound trasmission control requires good airflow control, and odors and gases from outside and adjoining buildings often annoy or cause health problems.There are other circumstances that require the control of air flow; for example, to control smoke and fire spread through air spaces and building voids and shafts, but these are situations that deal with extreme events, not typical service. This document will emphasise airflow control and the avoidance of related moisture problems. Basic in order for airflow to occur, the following two conditions must be met at the same time:the pressure difference between the two points, andcontinuous flow path or open connection point.Although the prerequisites are obvious and easy to state, in actual design applications, it is not always clear what the differential pressure is or how to evaluate the existence and nature of the flow path. Generally, the method of controlling airflow is to try to seal all openings on a certain plane in the building shell. This airtight main plane is called an air barrier system. The term â&#x20AC;&#x153;Systemâ&#x20AC;? is used because the control of air flow is not provided by the material, but by the combination of materials including each seam, seam and penetration.

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DAYLIGHT

Research by Helen Lim Xin Ying Skylight Skylight is a kind of daylighting form of the building that are installed on the roof.Skylight receive daylight with large and uniform lighting depth at the same time provide a broad and clear view for the interior.For instance,skylight in John Soane’s museum comes with several sizes and shapes in various colour such as light yellow, white and dark yellow which presenting different colors at different times bringing wonderful visual enjoyment for the visitors.There is a handkerchief dome with skylight that is floating in the middle of the breakfast room, there are convex mirror placed at each corner of the handkerchief dome which helps to reflect the coloured light from the stained glass fitted on the skylight.Then,John Soane’s private study and dressing room is illuminated by a skylight that filled with yellow glass so the it change the colour temperarure which will let the space looks warm. The Soane museum’s architecture office and picture room consist of skylight filled with clear glass to allows daylight penetrates and make the exhibit and important picture restore its original colours.These skylight is similar to mirror as it makes the room look spacious and bigger.

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Window Openings Windows are essential because they can change peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perception of the scenery outside the window in various ways and can bring light in to let the interior look more spacious.For instance,there are window placed near staircase in John Soaneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s museum mainly for daylight to shine on the picture and the exhibit and aware the people the weather outside.John Soane often used stained glass window to enhance his own collection such as sculpture and painting as light that penetrate through stained glass could enrich the color of exhibits.Then, he also used arched sash window as it is taller than normal window so it allows more daylight to enter the space.

Glazing The glazing of a museum should come with double glazing, it needs to fulfil low emissivity coating which can filter out the Uv light so it can transmit daylight with no harmful effect.One of the glazing that suitable for museum is laminated glass as it has extremely high safety even if the glass is broken, the pvb film in the laminated glass will stick the broken glass so it can prevent the glass from hurting people.Then,the pvb film can decrease solar transmittance and screening the Uv light which avoid the exhibit from fading. Laminated glass has a good acoustic effect as the pvb film in the laminated glass can resist the spread of noise so that people will not be affected by external noise.

Transparency of the Wall For the transparency of the wall,it can comes with various types such as curtain wall and translucent wall.Translucent wall is better as it is blocking the Uv light from entering and lower the heat from outside.For example, VCU Institute for Contemporary Art applied translucent wall as it reduces glare so people can benefit from daylight without suffering from glare.

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Figure 2: Types of window in John soane museum

Figure 3:The translucent wall

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Figure 4: Orientation of sun angle

Figure 5:Patient lives in room with daylight VS Patient lives in room with no daylight

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Light level The light level of daylight is approximately 15000 lux mix with sun.In a museum, the light level near the window could receive 1000 lux while the middle space only received 25-50 lux.

Orientation of sun angle In a museum,the window should be placed at north or south side as both side gain less solar heat while the east and west side will receive strong radiation which makes the interior extremely hot. Therefore,window should placed at north or south to prevent the daylight to damage the exhibit from cracking and fading.

Work of Roger Ulrich Based on Roger Ulrichâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research, he published a research report on how daylight cure patient in the medical environment.He investigated 46 patients in a 200 beds suburban hospital in Pennsylvania who underwent gallbladder surgery from 1972 to 1981. The patients were divided into 2 groups where one group could only see a wall from the ward and the other group could see daylight from the ward.The result is the patients who lives under daylight ward consume less painkillers and recover faster.By exposing to daylight, it helps patients relieve stress and enhance the positive effects of the immune system so that they can recover faster.

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What is Uv light? Is it useful or harmful? In my opinion Uv light is harmful.Uv light is the general term for radiation wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum which invisible by human’s vision.Uv light do harmful to the exhibit as it will oxidize and deteriorate which will cause the exhibit to crack or deform. The reason why Uv light can change the color of exhibits and cause fading is that they actually change the chemical bonds of the exhibit.Uv light increases the surface temperature of exhibits which accelerate the rate of deterioration.

Is daylight good for museum? Daylight is good for museum as it can restore the original colours of the exhibit. Compared with artificial light, people with poor eyesight can better observe exhibit under daylight.Daylight shining into the museum allows people inside to receive the weather outside at any time so they will not feel depressed. Daylight is a renewable source and it’s free.Since it is free, there is need to spend money on electricity bills.Then, the exposure of daylight will also improve people’s mood as daylight’s colour temperature ranges from 5000k-6000k which helps people to have good interest and be able to watch exhibits more attentively.Daylight can be a kind of wayfinding. When people are trapped or in an unfamiliar environment, daylight can help find the direction. Daylight is important as Stephen Kellert acknowledged that human’s happiness and health is related to biophilic design.He concluded that we are getting far away from nature world which causes us the ability to think and communicate.Therefore, daylight is essential for museum as it increase our concentration and let us think and communicate better.

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Figure 6:Uv light causes the statue to crack

Figure 7:Skylight helps people with poor eyesight observe better

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Abstract The reason to have a structured security system is to prevent threats such as thefts and accidents. The motive of threats are often towards the value of the work, be it financial, artistic, or cultural—or some combination of those factors. Giving a good reference is the Isabella Stewart Gardner heist. The thefts cut Rembrandt’s Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee and A Lady and Gentleman in Black from their frames; removed Vermeer’s The Concert and Flinck’s Landscape with an Obelisk from their frames; pulled an ancient Chinese bronze Gu, or beaker, from a table; and took a small self-portrait etching by Rembrandt from the side of a chest. It only took them 81 minutes to accomplish the heist and escape. The problem which allow such act to happen is the lack of awareness of the security guards, as you can see from the image, they were duct taped and handcuffed. They should be alert of surrounding people and be able to defend themselves and defend the artwork. Moreover, the museum only have motion detectors and no CCTV footages. This had made the tracking of the thefts hard as there were only recording of sounds and no image to enable recognition of the thefts. The frames were also left hanging without any protection and security.

Research by Fan Khai Jing

SECURITY SYSTEM 68

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For an effective security system in a museum, we can break it down into 3 factors. 1. Museum Planning 2. Technology 3. Manpower **NOTE that application of the system could vary depending on the type and value of one musuem holds. When planning a museum, there should be a fix route, where visitors will reach all checkpoints. There should be only one entrance and exit for visitors and one entrance for shipping. The lesser the opening the better as it will be easier to check on the criminalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s escape or theft break ins. This excludes the fire exits and emergency exits. The exhibitions should be arrange due to values. Room of precious collections should not be located on top levels or near exits as many cases happened through roof entrance, it will only benefit the snatch and grab of the thefts. As a safety precaution especially for those musuem which holds precious artifacts, the room should be able to act as a secure vault when the museum is close. Moreover, the outer shell of the museum should not allow direct sight of artifacts inside the musuem.

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Moving on to technology. Nowadays technology has allowed us to have a better security system. But the best combination is using manpower and technology together. Here are a few example of modern technology that we use in a musuem.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Video Surveillance Motion detectors Intruder Alarms Proximity Alarms Fire and smoke detection IP Intercoms

A CCTV surveillance is a must. CCTV not only help catch theft cases but it is also a proof and prevention of unpredicted incident such as kidnap cases and a planned vandalism. The placement of the CCTV should have no dead angles for the room and it will be best if some CCTVs are hidden or hard to locate by thefts.Cameras with better face recognitions should also be placed at all exits especially the fire exit. Criminals of stealing, often act in 2 ways, they hid in overnight or they break in. Therefore motion detectors should always be open when the museum is closed. Alarm system such as intruder alarm should also be installed in the inside and also outer shell of the building and all openings. For example windows and doors. In order to secure the rooms, lock them with keys and have a keybox labelled with numberings. Or else, IP intercoms could be used especially in restricted acess areas. Other appliances could be secure doors, bars and burglar resistant glass.

CCTV

Motion detector 73

Intruder alarm

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We could also protect and preserve the artifacts and arts with specific display casings. The displays often has one of the few features stated below and in the image above:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Top buckling prevention system Sheet glass jointed along milled interlocking edges Platform frame technology Ant-collapse system for glass panes in box cases O-ring gasket configuration

When no display cases are used, vibration sensors or RFID are attached on the sculpture or artwork. Vibration sensors are normally attached on sculpture which gives signal once touched since there was a clear instruction to not touch str e said item. Meanwhile RFID acts like a GPS if an artwork is stolen.

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Next, the subtopic of manpower is mainly referring the staffs of musuem. When acquiring a staff, a background check is required. This is because such criminal activities are often lead by staffs or fellows that have a connection with the staffs. Professional security guards should be hired, as they have defensive skills and are more alert of the surrounding. Their job is to take action immediately when any alarms goes off. Only trusted staff member will have access to a control room, collection

In conclusion, there will always be unpredictable threats, but with the application of effective planning, technology and manpower, the chances of threats could be reduced, and enhance the safety of both visitors and artifacts. As Desiderius Erasmus once quoted â&#x20AC;&#x153;prevention is better than cureâ&#x20AC;?.

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EXTERNAL AWARENESS

Research by Cassandra Choo Yee Lit Abstract External awareness is a sense of space, environmental aware, and attitude which one needs to be aware in order to form a spatial perception. This awareness exists from humans and the impacts from external environment will help reduces physiological and neurological distress and makes them feel better. The presence of awareness when merging with building interior with nature will enhance people in terms of health and productivity as well. Based on attributes of biophilic design, it allows demonstrating the phenomenal and experiencing of human and nature to respond to external awareness within a museum.

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Related to Biophilic Sense External awareness have few considerations which can be related to biophilic sense when comes designing a museum. Natural light are essentials to facilitate movement and wayfinding. Natural air helps bring in fresh air within space and reduce air pollution and carbon emission as this element will also overcome â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sick Building Syndromeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for visitors if not taken care. As for natural water and plants, they can help their awareness by improving concentration, engagement and attentive toward craft or art piece. Weather is most important, the presence can help improve mental stimulate toward visitor experience to create narrative and journey as they embark through pathway of rooms full of arts and crafts.

Experience Between Space and Place As for awareness to experience between space and place, prospect and refuge allow to create a view within museum through outside world to have sense by keeping up with the times since museum have curious attraction to divert concentration of visitor. Attractions and pieces within museum space can have flexible organized complexity, mainly by reducing patterns and colours either on floor or walls can create a sense of difference of centrepieces and draw more attention toward it. The integration of parts to whole can be shown within transition of room, for example small art pieces can be shown first then it transition to a big pieces within another room. As for mobility and wayfinding, it should be clear noticeable to navigate self and other people to have no sense of lost within the building. It can be shown through 5 elements of cognitive mapping which is path, edge, node, district and landmark. By putting an engagement of cultural and ecological attachment to a place, it allows visitors to related themselves and allow for enlightened and engagement in equal to the local landscape, flora and fauna and meteorological conditions.

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Case Study of Laurie Baker Project

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Abstract

A façade or building envelope is a part of architecture exterior wall of a building, often refers to a structure’s front wall. Façade claddings materials refer to components are attached to the primary structure of a building to form non-structural, external surfaces and it typically does not contribute to its stability. Their function is to keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, controlling the radiation of heat, controlling the conduction of heat and controlling sound. The façade element usually has supporting structure such as stainless steel claw connection which is a cable anchor to main structure and the cable able to bear the load after pre-stressed. Then the glass panel is connected with sealant to maintain integrity without aluminum frame. Another type of supporting structure is the façade element are hung at building and supported at floor slab suspended between two floor levels. With this supporting element, the whole structure remains in tension, restrain and rigid to avoids buckle and deflection problem in structural design.

Research by Helen Lim Xin Ying & Cassandra Choo Yee Lit cas-

FACADE & BUILDING ENVELOPE 82

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As for faรงade of day lighting, it can be used to counterbalance the use of electrical lighting and ensure a positive effect on the productivity of occupants and mood. Some museum building use this method to control daylight enters the building,especially to view arts on wall. The faรงade external airflow patterns are important as they channel wind, rain, pollutants and particles onto the building facade. For example, by using airflow barriers system, it can help reduce these effects when the building air from the sub-floor flows up within the wall cavities into the roof space. This can be beneficial in terms of reducing temperature and humidity variations and may also promote condensation.

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Functional requirement The function requirements of air ventilation are rate of supply of fresh air by supplying and removing used air to outside. Next, the air change depends on number of people, room temperature and nature of work. As for the temperature of air, the velocity of air should not be lower than room temperature. Then, humidity is the amount of water vapor in it and lastly, the purity of air means impure from odor, organic matter, inorganic dust, and unhealthy fumes of gases. As for rainwater tightness, it often refers to uncontrollable flow of water through gaps or crack in the envelope of building. There are two methods to drive rain from envelope. Using principle of rain deflection, building can use overhangs to protect wall by shadowing. Firstly, building can use approach of storage, an approach to absorb all rain water. Secondly, exclusion to stop all water penetration at single plane and lastly, drainage, to screened drain wall where some rainwater penetrate the envelope and placing drainage to remove water within wall. The heat insulation uses to reduce energy consumption in building by preventing heat gain/loss through building envelope and to maintain a comfortable and hygienic indoor climate at low ambient temperatures. A minimal amount of thermal insulation is required to protect the constructional elements againstÂ thermalÂ impact and moisture related damage. As for solar protection of building, it can be used to optimize the amount of solar heat gain and visible light that is admitted to building. They are few designs materials which can be applied such as metal, composite, terracotta, ceramic, aluminum, wooden, WPC, titanium, particle or HPL solar shading. The materials of solar protection can reflect, transmit or absorb the solar radiation.

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Wind load Wind load is a force on structure arises by the impact of wind on it. There are three types of wind load which is shear load, lateral load and uplift load. - Shear load: Horizontal wind pressure that could cause racking of walls, making a building tilt. - Lateral load: Horizontal pushing and pulling pressure on walls that could make a structure slide off the foundation or overturn. - Uplift load: Wind flow pressures that create a strong lifting effect, much like the effect on airplane wings. Wind flow under a roof pushes upward; wind flow over a roof pulls upward.

Non Structural Façade Non structural façade does not carry any dead load of the building and it’s only carry its own load.For instance, the curtain wall system is the outer protective structure of the building. It mainly bears its own weight and the wind load.The high-rise building adopts the curtain wall because it encloses the entire structure so that the structure in indoor does not change because of the increasing of temperature and there will be no damage to the structure.

Structural Façade Structural façade support the building element and carry the loads of the building.For example,The Gherkin by Norman Foster is applying structural façade called diagrid system for supporting the building.The diagrid system consists of diagrid and core so there is no need the internal column to support the structure as the diagrid can carry the gravity load and lateral force.Diagrid structure is made up of oblique intersections which composed of steel and gathered together at triangular nodes to support the weight of the building.These diagrid frame resist to strong wind loads as winds wraps according to the shape of building and transfer the load to the diagrid.The vertical force will be split into diagonal member, compression and tension will cause the load to transfer to the bottom part

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Door and window maintenance Window maintenance is essential to protect us from harsh weather condition.Window maintenance for exterior consists of several procedure.First,start cleaning the window before come to the next step.We need to check the caulking of the outer surface of window as it can create watertight seal between the window frame and remove or replace the new caulking if it is broken.Then,ensure the lock and opening mechanisms smoothly opened.In case it canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t open smoothly, apply silicone spray on the window rail to solve the problem.For windowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inter surface maintenance,we have to clear the dust on the frame.For glazing part,cleans it from the top to the bottom by using clean water to remove dirt. Next, first thing to look at for door maintenance is Tighten the faceplate with a screwdriver. Then, brush off the loose paint and wipe off the scratches with sandpaper. Clean the door by soap water and let it dry well.Lastly, apply coat paint to make it long lasting.

Opening and access for firefighter evacuation escape The firefighter evacuate along the stairs, evacuation signs and safety exit signs on the corridor.Firefighter can quickly escape through roof platform to another evacuation channel. Use the firefighter lift for evacuation instead of normal lift when a fire occurs.

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ACOUSTICS

Research by Boong Siew Juan Abstract A museum should have a good value of acoustic to provide a more experience to the visitors. But nowadays most of the museums have designed simplicity to emphasize the art, but that design contains the hard, flat sound-reflective surfaces which bring disadvantages to the acoustics in the museum. We can hear every noisy sound from the visitors, HVAC equipment. And the noise also come from the cars outside because the Sir John Soane Museum is located in front of Lincolnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Inn Fields, in the Holborn district of central London.

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Reverberation Reverberation is the phenomenon of continuance of sound after it stopped as a result of multiple reflections from surfaces such as furniture, people, air, and etc. The reflections build up with each reflection and they are absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space enclosed. Besides, the larger the volume of the space, the longer the reverberation time - and the longer the time that sound and noise gets to gather. There are a few of factors that can cause the poor acoustic. Such as, the showcase glass that used to protect the artwork has a flat reflective surface. Others than that, the floor material which is marble or wooden floors with hard and smooth surface also present a poor sound absorptive. This can increase the noise generated in the space of museum from the enthusiastic voices of the visitors or HVAC equipment. There are a few of ways to make the museum into a more private experience formed, which is decorating with sound-absorbent materials to achieve a balance of reflection and absorption. First, may decide to incorporate micro-perforated wood veneer surfaces or plank-and-reveal products into wall construction. Besides, to make the listening envelope sound become absorptive may place sound absorbing panels on the exhibit surfaces. It will improve sound emanating from the space as well as absorb sound coming in from space outside listening envelope. Cloud ceilings can be a better choice to reducing echo and reverberation because it is lined with an acoustical backer are excellent sound absorbers.

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Abstract Information systems are designed to analyze the current situation. Then specify the requirements that a solution should embody. The next stage is to design a solution. Then the system is developed and tested. Finally, the system goes live for the end users as it is implemented in the business setting. To design an effective data system, it defined the underlying rules and play a critical role in directing the organisationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journey to a target solution. The primary focus of any design decision should be the users. To build a system that will serve the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s purpose, we need to spend enough time on understanding the needs of every set of users before thinking of a solution. As an example, to design a public toilet, it needs to improve the ventilation within the toilet but also minimizes hand contact for hygiene reasons. So, single entrance provided the path of the users do not cross each other and the main entrance is wide enough. Besides, for a program to be effective into buildings, it must be used as a tool to help plan activities, monitor progress and identify where additional resources may be required.

Research by Boong Siew Juan

INFORMATION & DATA SYSTEM 96

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AIR VENTILATION

Research by Bernard Tang Wei Kiet Abstract Ventilation is an important criteria in building design as it is mainly used to control indoor air quality, temperatures and humidity. A space with good ventilation is able to flush out hot air which resides in the space and replace it with cooler air, thus reducing its indoor temperatures. Besides, humidity is responsive to temperature as warm air holds more moisture than cold air. Malaysia has a tropical weather and it is quite humid and hot throughout the year. So, proper ventilation is needed in order to provide better thermal comfort and preserve the craft collection which is sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal airflow velocity is also beneficial as it can reduce the dust drift which might pose as a threat to the craft collection. A sufficient airflow is also required to dissipate heat loads from the occupants as well as indoor lighting.

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HVAC System Ideal Temperatures, Humidity and Air Velocity Room Temperature Requirements for Preservation 1. Indoor Temperature : 21Â°C - 24Â°C 2. Relative Humidity : 60% (Wood & Oil Paintings) 50% (Mixed Exhibits) 40% (Graphic Designs) 3. Air Velocity : 0.20m/s - 0.25 m/s * Avoid Large Fluctuations * Importance: Conservation > Comfort Key Factors For High Performance HVAC Design 1. Ensuring the longevity of the precious craft collection located within the space. 2. Strike a balance between ambient weather conditions and performance expectations. 3. Ensure the air quality meets the requirements of the collections in each gallery. 4. Equip intelligent HVAC control system to control important air conditioning parameters. Common HVAC System Components * A/C units are used in smaller buildings. Once the building reaches a certain size, it becomes cost-effective to utilize a centralised system by using a chiller plant. 1. Thermostat - Is used to control and monitor indoor condtions such as temperature and humidity. 2. Condensor - Is the device where heat exchange occur, releasing indoor heat to the outdoor. For air-chilled systems, the condensor is equipped with a condensor coil and a fan. 3. Compressor - Is used to compress the refrigerant to get it to the right pressure and temperature before it passes through the condensor coil.

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4. Evaporator - Works the opposite of the condensor. It converts the refrigerant to its gas form by absorbing heat from indoors. 5. Condensor Coil - Is used to cool down the refrigerant. 6. Filter - To remove dust, pollen and other particulates. These particulates are trapped in the filter to prevent them from being recirculated in the ventilation system. 7. Ductwork - Used to transport treated air from the HVAC systems to various area of the building. Most ducts are made of aluminium, but they can also be made of plastic, steel or fiberglass.

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HVAC System Options

1. Displacement Flow Ventiltion with Chilled Ceilings Displacement Flow Filtered fresh air and recirculated air is supplied at a low velocity (0.2 m/s) at low level into an occupied space. Then with the buoyancy forces, the hot air is replaced with the cool air below and is exhausted at a high level. Chilled Ceilings & Beams A chilled ceiling is a metal sheet with water pipes running above it while chilled beams consist of heat exchange coil. The pipes cools down the metal panel, which then radiants the cooling effect towards the building occupant. Benefits: 1. Energy and Cost Efficient 2. Improved Indoor Air Quality 3. Ventilation Effectiveness 4. Low Noise Drawbacks: 1. Requires higher headroom 2. Temperature & Pollutant Stratification

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2. Mixed Flow Ventilation Mixed Flow Ventilation is a traditional way where cool air is blown in through the ceiling or wall and creates a homogeneous flow and hence a homogeneous temperature distribution and air quality. It controls the density of indoor pollutants by bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute emissions from indoor sources uniformly. The drawbacks are higher airflow velocities such that mixed flow ventilation alone is an option only if the higher airflow velocities have no negative effect on the exhibits.

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HVAC System Types

HVAC systems are divided into three main categories as below. 1. Single-Split System - This is found most commonly in smaller buildings. This system typically include air conditioners that pass air by refrigerant lines in one system that circulates air throughout the space via air ducts. However, each space you wish to control seperately, an outdoor unit is needed, taking up additional space. 2. Multi-Split System - It operates similarly to the single-split system, but it offers much higher energy efficiency and much smaller outdoor footprint as it allows you to connect several indoor units to one outdoor unit. This system requires more effort on installation, so the initial cost can be higher than single-split systems. 3. Chiller System - Chillers generates chilled water which is used to provide air conditioning in buildings. Chillers are typically located in the basement or on the roof. Roof top chillers tend to be air-cooled while basement chillers tend to be water-cooled. Chillers can provide more options for more effective use of resources and take advantage of non-peak electricity costs with chilled water and ice storage systems. 4. VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) System - This system are best for larger mixed-use type buildings which requires different zone cooling or heating as it provides precision control and comfort. VRF System also has a much smaller footprint and requires less equipment than chillers as it utilizes small air handlers and refrigerant lines rather than air ducts. However, complicated control structure and additional control manager is needed in the system, thus increasing cost.

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Abstract Wayfinding is knowing where you want to be in a space. nonverbal. It helps users building, reducing stress

you are physically, and how to get where Clear wayfinding design is intuitive and to access the various spaces within a and increasing efficiency.

Architects should provide a robust building design that includes wayfinding â&#x20AC;&#x153;baked inâ&#x20AC;? as part of the architectural experience, which then other disciplines can enhance. Even without graphic or interior designers, the architectural design of a building should communicate to end-users how to move through it, where to go and not go, where to collect, or where to rest.

Research by Nourhan Mohamed Mahmoud Ahmed

WAYFINDING & INTERNAL CIRCULATION

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The principles of Wayfinding: -

Create an identity at each location, different from all others. Use landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations. Create well-structured paths. Create regions of differing visual character. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t give the user too many choices in navigation. Use survey views (give navigators a vista or map). Provide signs at decision points to help wayfinding decisions. Use sight lines to show whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ahead.

There is a lot of types of wayfinding signage: - Wayfinding for patient and visitors - Important notifications Send students and faculty relevant updates - Connect the campus Guide people indoors and outdoors Visual Identity Wayfinding does not have to be sign upon sign upon sign. Changes in color, large scale graphics, or interior landmarks orient users without the visual clutter.

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How to choose suitable Signage - Simple signage – signage must be highly legible, using bold text, but without overpowering exhibits to maximise readability. - Colour matching – assigning colours for each gallery or floor is a great way to help visitors find their bearings and follow the natural flow of exhibits. - Pretty as a picture – simple pictograms or symbols, clear photography, symbols or numbers can be easily understood by lots of different audiences, including non-English speaking and young visitors. - Keeping it fresh – building in some flexibility in the wayfinding scheme means you can easily refresh signage as exhibitions change. Environmentally friendly and sustainable signage materials are a good option to reduce wastage and cost. - Magic materials – wayfinding must be functional, but if it’s also fun and educational you can really bring the brand personality to life with signage materials that reflect your museum’s theme. - In the zone – large spaces can benefit from being split into themes, zones or wings to make them distinct from each other and provide pointers to treasures within. - Styling it – visitors tend to have two main navigation styles; museum wanderers who prefer the freedom to discover themselves, and structured explorers who want more of a guided explanation. It’s important to take both these audiences into account. - Stay grounded – signage doesn’t always have to be positioned up high; vinyl graphic maps and directional signage on the floor is a cost-effective wayfinding solution. For larger museums, active digital floor plans are also an option. - Handle with care – the fabric of your building may be delicate, so the use of innovative fixing solutions will be needed to protect the building as well as adhere to regulations and public health and safety. Installation is often completed in stages or throughout the night to avoid disruption. - Test and flex – if you’re working with a wayfinding consultant, they’ll use their observations and mapping to test visitor behaviours so you can adapt recommendations to ensure the journey is simple for all audiences. 110

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Building directory It solves issues of people when they enters any place and asks a lot whats here? whats of interested to me? where do I go? Jury Comments: “A perfect example of graphics activating the environment. Stencil type works perfectly and coloring provides stimuli and identity strength. Good information speed.” “Powerful signage for a powerful space. Great use of pylons and bold typography to define the program. Nice, clear solution using oversized type and color to define various levels.”

Avoiding energy waste in way finding Wayfinding is very useful in every building and it solves a big issue that makes every one walks and knows were he is going and can find the place that he wants to go ,but also whie making the signs we have to respect the nature and to reduce using the electricity ,its unrespectful even for us ,we can use the nature light instead of the electricity ex:blinking lights,and at night we can use the lights that is comfortable for our sight.

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Internal Circulation Circulation within Interiors refers to the way in which people move through and around a building throughout time. It can be broken down into direction, the type of use, the frequency of use and the time of use. The speed of the movement of circulation can be fast or slow. The speed of the movement will depend on the visibility and how crowded/scarcely populated the location is. The direction of circulation can be either horizontal or vertical. If circulation is described as being horizontal, it refers to how people move in and around on a particular floor or level, but, if it being described as vertical circulation then it refers to relationship between the levels; looking at how people move between the various floors. Methods of horizontal circulation methods include moving walkways and corridors, whereas examples of vertical circulation can include a lift, stairs, escalators, and ramps. As well as Visitors’ satisfaction in museums is a very difficult mission to achieve. Yalowitz (2002b) in his study highlights that visitors today have different expectations than those before 100 years. He states that an increased focus on entertainment requires interior design that is dynamic and draws visitors’ attention. As a result, if visitors’ attention and time are directed in ways that meet or exceed their expectations, they should leave feeling of satisfaction. Interior Circulation Design from point of view of some architects Hsu (2004) recommends in his research that, in order to design museums properly interior circulation design must be considered, in addition to the solutions for interior movement in space/time in a sustainable plan. Although Hsu highlights a very important issue that the museums’ visitors may not be conscious of how their bodies and movement are in a conversation and contact with the building and interior environment itself. Therefore the interior circulation design in the building is how we experience the three dimensionality of a building through the movement of our bodies with full consideration of time, sequence and space .

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Stephen (2009) defines clearly the interior circulation in the buildings as: “A term describes how visitors make their way through the facility. What pathways do they take? Do visitors circulate the way the designers intended? Do visitors miss key exhibits because of the architectural design of the facility? Which direction do visitors turn when they reach choice points? Do visitors have a circulation strategy (e.g., “Turn right and follow the perimeter”) or do they simply wander more or less aimlessly?”. It becomes a fact that museums can be more successful if designers apply and implement the principles of circulation to the design process, and visitors will be more satisfied when the building is properly designed and when visitors are oriented properly to an exhibition area. Therefore, visitors tend to be more satisfied when the exhibition is designed with full consideration of the factors that determine circulation actions. Thinking about circulation and interior environment should be started during the museums design process rather than added after the design is finished. In addition to that, the circulations factors and considerations should be an important part of the museum design and be an important part of the plan, launching with the planning stage and continuing through design. Therefore, circulation devices and elements should be defined by visitors and adjusted according to the visitors’ input and not exclusively by designers who may not be able to predict the impact of these elements on visitors (Griggs, 1983). It becomes a fact that the efficiency of interior circulation system in the museums determined by the basic shape and form of building itself. So buildings of the same internal floor area and same function differ in the proportion of space absorbed by the elements of interior circulation and in the design style of circulation elements such as lifts, corridors and other mechanical equipment. Researchers stated that the time needed by a visitor to move from one area within the building to another area and the enjoyment of doing this by visitors are affected by the building form and circulation style that is designed.

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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Research by Osama Amir Abstract Indoor air quality (IQA) refers to the air quality within and around the buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants in museums it is maintained according to the products stored inside. Factors affecting IQA are humidity levels, temperature, HVAC issues, ventilation and chemicals

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Organic materials contain a high proportion of water, so they retain moisture. They absorb or give off moisture until they reach a state of equilibrium with the air that surrounds them. These materials include wood, paper, cotton, linen, wool, silk. When the air surrounding is very dry it makes it uncomfortable for the visitors and it results in chronic skin and throat irritation. it will affect the organic materials as these materials will give off moisture and become brittle and may shrink, warp, split or crack. When the surrounding air has high moisture content it results in dehydration, heat exhaustion and fatigue. Organic materials will absorb moisture and may swell, cockle, warp, change shape or lose strength. The environment in museums is measured in relative humidity (rh). This expresses as a percentage of maximum amount of water the air can hold at that temperature. The rh should not drop below 40% or rise above 70%. humidity can be controlled by constantly monitoring it and by installing humidifiers or dehumidifiers.

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Objects themselves are rarely directly affected by temperature. Fluctuating heat, however, can damage or compromise items in indirect ways. Uncontrolled temperatures can cause changes in humidity, damaging objects through rh fluctuation, which is the main reason for controlling temperature and it affects the comfort of people working or visiting the museum. The humidity of the air depends on temperature for example at 10ºC, 10g water is the maximum amount the air can hold, so the rh is 100% but at 30ºC, 10g is about one-third of the maximum amount therefore the rh is approximately 33%. The recommended temperature for museum is 16ºC to 20ºC at the area where crafts are displayed to give a comfortable environment for the visitors and to keep the craft in a good shape. The temperature of other spaces such as café and restaurant can vary from 20°C to 26°C. The temperature can be controlled by installing air-conditions and heaters to maintain suitable temperature. Dust or dirt in ductwork and other components of HVAC system can pollute the cooled or heated air circulating in the museum. Excessive moisture caused by leaks can also encourage mold and mildew growth, which can trigger health conditions. these problems can be avoided by maintaining the HVAC system regularly. Insufficient ventilation can trap the polluted air indoors, which can lead to bacteria, pollen and dust buildup making the indoor environment polluted and causing health issues and discomfort for the visitors. it’s important to introduce fresh air into the museum through windows, doors and exhaust fans. Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are the gasses emitted from certain solids or liquids such as new paint, flooring, cleaning products and other furnishing. VOCs have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility. most VOCs are human made chemicals that can cause nausea, fatigue and allergies. This problem can be avoided by using non-toxic products.

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Abstract Space planning is an in-depth analysis of how physical space is used in structures. Architects begin space planning by gathering information, indentify the needs and required elements of spaces. When doing space planning, we need to consider lots of element which would affect the space quality, such as facade, pipe system, building code, green building system, lighting system, acoustic system, building flexibility, furniture planning

Research by Tan Yoon Ling

SPACE PLANNING & ROOM ALLOCATION

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Abstract The configuration of structural system, construction materials, windows design and building facade act as important roles in space plan design. The different construction materials would affect the freedomness of space planning, it decide whether and how to install doors and windows for spaces. The construction materials determine the difficulty of demolishing walls and digging ground, thus it affect the purpose and function of the building. Moreover, the distance between the columns affect the flexbility and openness of the spaces. Refer to figures shown below are how several aspects has an impact in space designing.

(a) Classic rectangu lar symmetrical form more conducive to space design.

(b) Multi-level shapes can design more corner rooms.

(c) curved exterior (d) Sharp-angled will wall will increase cause limitations the difficulty when in space design. designing.

Building Code The user groups, construction types, evacuation methods, fire protection structures, combustibles and harmful gases as well as the consideration of the disabled must always be considered. The ability to evacuate safely from the fire is the core issue considered for evacuation methods. Other than that, residential load, safety gate capacity, width of doors, corridors and stairs, distance between two safety gates and disconnected corridor are the important considerations.

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Abstract Any from the natural lighting, energy saving, exterior view, sun direction or natural ventilation could affect the location of the windows. The openings are required take up at least 10% of the area, and 5% of it is operable and ventilated windows. In terms of psychological needs, people need space with openings to increase external awareness. When analyzing the needs of users and spaces, the priority of natural lighting needs should be clarified, let the building enjoy daylight wherever possible.

Acoustic Design When analyzing user and space requirements, distinguish acoustic privacy, sound insulation and sound absorption requirements based on quiet and noisy areas, try to avoid conflicts with sound effects as much as possible. Size of space required Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s no specific size for the spaces, but just a amount range. We must determine the area value according to the actual space quality requirements. Flexibility and versatility It has become an inevitable trend that multifunctional spaces that can maximize space utilization and meet the requirements of more than one project at the same time.The main two reasons are: Reducing the size of the entire project can not only reduce construction costs, but also reduce energy consumption. Secondly, the building is more durable to achieve a sustainable design. Quality of spaces Three-dimensional space experience is important as no amount of novel decoration and detail treatment can make up for a poor spatial experiences. 125

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Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency is an action that enable to let human enjoy the services from the installation, with the minimum energy expenditure. The thinking on a different scale about the use of the energy developement, joined up with the possibilities that buildings produce more energy than they consume. Hereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s few examples of efficiency design: Jacobs II passive solar house (The solar hemicycle) by Frank Lloyd Wright

This house utilizes an earthen berm on three sides to protect from the harsh Wisconsin winters, and takes maximum advantage of a passive solar design as it is oriented to the south to allow for lots of natural light along with utilizing the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s warmth to assist with warming the house during the winter months.

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Abstract

City hall in London by Foster+Partners

-Reused water for the toilets. In summer it is kept cool through the use of groundwater. The majority of the horizontal steel elements, have hot water coursing through them, for the atrium space that not requiring pipe work installation.

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Space Plan Case Study Glass house by Philip Johnson

The transparency of the house is emphasized by the absence o Interior walls and the ability to look within and out. Only a brick cylinder, containing a bath and fireplace, rises from the floor and pierces the ceiling. Two overlapping golden section rectangles define the proportion of the width of the house.

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Villa La Rotonda by Andrea Palladio

The main space is the central, circular hall, surrounded by a balcony and covered by the domed ceiling; it soars the main houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full height up to the dome, with walls decorated in trompe lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;oeil. Abundant frescoes create an atmosphere that is more reminiscent of a cathedral. Formative ideas :

Symmetry and balance

Plan to section

Configuration patterns

Unit to whole

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Repetitive and additive

Geometry and grid

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Plane layout of a exhibition room can is devided into the following type : Tandem type aims at connecting all exhibition rooms; its visiting circulation is specific and coherent but less flexible.

Radial type, all the exhibition rooms are arrange around the atrium or set along the hallway; which has strong flexible and selectable peculiarity.

Hall type, centers on centralizing most echibition space into a comprehensive hall, whose layout is well knit and flexible. However, it inevitably tends to result in overlapping visiting routes and noise references.

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Space Planning Consideration for Museum Throughout the research, here are some suggestions of the space planning for museum. First, we need to consider the requirements of the programmes such as the spatial quality and the relationship between different programmes. For example, how to layout furniture and gallery display setting so the space is fuctional and flexible? Having flexibility can achieve long-term sustainability. Next, the consideration of safety purpose and disabled is required in the arrangement of the circulation, as museum should provide sense of secure for the public and it guides visitor wherever they can go but avoid to the more privacy space such as private office, documentary rooms, services room and other space that don’t allow the visitors to go in. Privacy is important because it protects information that we don’t want to share with public and it helps protect our physical safety. As a museum can benefit not only public but also environment is appreciatable as human being. To achieve this, we can consider how to let building produce more energy than it consume, which means use the natural elements to replace the mechanical services, to decrease the environmental consumption. When the environment condition is good, it is benefit to the museum’s visitor to enjoy their activities. Therefore, spaceplan is about giving the building the best opportunity for visitors to experience it.

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Museum Design Criteria

Articles inside

Wayfinding & Internal Circulation

Indoor Air Quality

Acoustics

Air Ventilation

Space Planning & Room Allocation

Facade & Building Envelope

Information & Data System

External Awareness

Accessibility

Fire Protection

Daylight

Natural Ventilation

Structural Integrity

Security System

Internal Illumination

Introduction