Regent's Place Getaway Centre - London

April 2016

University of Westminster Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design Department of Architecture MSc Architecture and Environmental Design 2015/16

Semester 2 - 1Module: Designing our Living and Working Environments

Getaway Centre NW1 3HF, Regents place, London

Deraz, Noorihan Safarini, Lina Shibib, Bilal

1

FORM OF DECLARATION

2

TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION INITIAL STEP AN OVERVIEW LOCATION HISTORY LONDON WEATHER URBAN CONTEXT SURROUNDINGS SITE INVESTIGATION ELEVATIONS STUDY IN RELATION TO URBAN CONTEXT TRAFFIC ANALYSIS EUSTON ROAD TRAFFIC IMPACT ON FEW CLIMATIC PARAMETERS SOUND REDUCTION CALCULATIONS PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO HUMIDITY SITE SURFACES ANALYSIS WIND ANALYSIS AND AIR QUALITY SHADOW ANALYSIS CLIMATE INVESTIGATIONS SUMMARY PROGRAM AND OCCUPANTS BEHAVIOR SITE ISSUES AND POTENTIALS / INITIAL DESIGN STRATEGIES APPLYING DESIGN STRATEGIES DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FLOOR PLANS / DESIGN ZONING OUTDOOR EXPERIENCE - ROOF GARDEN THE HAMMOCK HALL – NOORIHAN DERAZ - Daylight analysis - PDA - Natural cooling and ventilation studies - Zone performance, TAS THE SOCIAL LIBRARY – LINA SAFARINI - Daylight analysis - Mesh studies - PDA - Natural cooling and ventilation studies - Zone performance, TAS THE QUIET ROOM – BILAL SHIBIB - Daylight analysis - PDA - Natural cooling and ventilation studies - Zone performance, TAS GAMEROOM – GROUP WORK - Daylight analysis - PDA - Natural cooling and ventilation studies - Zone performance, TAS BIOCLIMATIC SECTIONS – AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED STRATEGIES SKY VIEW IN RELATION TO SURROUNDINGS PROPOSAL MASS ON EXISTING ELEVATIONS APERTURE STUDIES BUILDING PERFORMANCE – VENTILATION RELATIVE CALCULATIONS

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 33 34 35 36 37 41 42 43 44 45 46 50 51 52 53 54 58 59 60 61 62 66 67 68 69 70 71

BUILDING PERFORMANCE: ENERGY INDEX AND ENERGY DEMAND EXPLORING RENEWABLE ENERGY CHOICES CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES

72 73 74 75 76

3

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

-1- Vane Anemometer -2- Lux Meter -3- Infrared Thermometer -4- Sound meter -5- structure mind map -6- Location on map -7- Location in London -8- Regent’s Place 1890 -9- Regent’s Place 1950 -10- Regent’s Place 1970 -11- Regent’s Place 2016 -12- Site 1990’s and present -13- Camden Temperature – current -14- Camden Temperature – future A1B scenario -15- Camden sunshine duration – current -16- Camden sunshine duration –future A1B scenario -17- Camden precipitation – current -18- Camden precipitation – future A1B scenario -19- The urban context -20- A - Warren Street Station -21- B - Residential Building -22- C - Mixed use Buildings -23- D – on the east of Euston Tower -24- E - Bus Station/ Residential -25- F - Approach -26- G - Bus Station -27- H – Santender bank South Facade -28- surroundings -29- Regents place site -30- East Elevation - The urban context -31- South Elevation The urban context -32- The urban context -34- Typical weekday traffic – 10 a.am -35- Typical weekend traffic – 10 a.am -36- Typical weekday traffic – 2 p.am -37- Typical weekend traffic – 2 p.am -38- Typical weekday traffic – 6 p.am -39- Typical weekend traffic – 6 p.am -40- streets breakdown -41- Avg. monthly Relative Humidity -42- spots plan -43- Avg. pollution for February -44- Sound spot Measurements -45- The urban context -46- Camden : time histories for the three boroughs included in LNS -47- Sound reduction formula -48- Sound reduction calculation on east façade -50- Weekday pedestrian movement -51- Weekend pedestrian movement -52- Humidity at 10:30 am -53- Humidity at 2:30 pm -54- Humidity at 6:30 pm -55- Humidity at 10:30 am -56- Humidity at 2:30 pm -57- Humidity at 6:30 pm -66- Flow design wind analysis -67- Flow design wind analysis -68- air velocity at 10:30 am -69- air velocity at 2:30 pm -70- air velocity . at 6:30 pm -71- air velocity at 10:30 am -72- air velocity at 2:30 pm -73- air velocity . at 6:30 pm -74- Wind rose Mid-season -75- wind rose summer -76- wind rose winter -77- The Shadow analysis 10 am, July -78- The Shadow analysis 2 pm, July -79- The Shadow analysis 6 pm, July -80- The Shadow analysis with sun path 10 am, July -81- The Shadow analysis with sun path 2 pm, July

Figure -82- The Shadow analysis with sun path 6 pm, July Figure -83- The Shadow analysis with sun path 10 am, Jan. Figure -84- The Shadow analysis with sun path 10 am, Jan. Figure -85- The Shadow analysis with sun path 2 pm, Jan. Figure -86- The Shadow analysis with sun path 2 pm, Jan. Figure -87- Total solar radiation Figure -88- site model Figure -89- spots plan Figure -90- spot measurements summary Figure -91- Site plan with points studied Figure -92- The plaza in the summer Figure -93- The north side of the bank Figure -94- The north west side of the bank Figure -95- sun angles Figure -96- building materials Figure -97- sun angles Figure -98- Design development Figure -99- Roof garden Figure -100- Design proposal Figure -101 – view from mesh of social library to roof garden Figure -102 – roof garden Figure – 103- roof garden on physical model Figure -104 - Global solar radiation in Summer Figure -105 - Global solar radiation in Mid- Season Figure -106 - Global solar radiation in Winter Figure -107 – Trees improving air quality Figure – 108- Hammock hall daylight and ventilation summary Figure – 109-Hammock hall vision Figure – 110- Hammock hall vision Figure – 111- wind driven rule of thumb Figure – 112- Hammock hall ventilation technique Figure – 113- Hammock ceiling opening Figure – 114 – Social library daylight Figure – 115 – Illuminance – Typical day in the summer Figure – 116 – Illuminance – Typical day in the winter Figure – 117 – Mesh closes in the winter Figure – 118 – Section of Mesh down in the winter season Figure – 119 – Mesh opens in the summer Figure -120- Section of Mesh up in the summer season Figure -121- the social library ventilation technique Figure -122- the social library indoor experience Figure – 123- wind driven rule of thumb Figure – 124- Quiet zone – sleeping pods Figure – 125- Quiet zone section – daylight and ventilation techniques Figure – 126- Quiet zone section – cross ventilation techniques Figure – 127–Game room design development Figure – 128 –Before adding the ceiling openings Figure – 129 – after adding the ceiling openings Figure – 130 – Game room Figure – 131 – Game room - Model Figure – 132 –Game room ventilation system Figure – 133 – Section A-A Figure – 134 – Section B-B Figure – 135 - Plan Figure – 136 - sky view model A Figure – 137 –sky view model B Figure – 138 –sky view Figure – 139 – E Elevation with proposal Figure – 140 – S Elevation with proposal Figure – 141- S Elevation Figure – 142 – Creative open offices Figure – 143 –Creative zone Figure – 144 –Brain storming space Figure – 145 – Hammock hall Figure – 146- ventilation performance Figure – 147- ventilation performance Figure – 148- ventilation performance Figure – 149- BER Chart Figure – 150- Photovoltaic on ramp Figure – 151- Model 4

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support extended to the following persons who in everyway made this study possible.

The course leaders and tutors for the Environmental and Energy Modelling module which include: Rosa Schiano-Phan, Nasser Golzari, Zhenzhou Weng and Juan Vallejo.

Correspondingly, supporting us with the permissions required to take photographs and spot measurements for the required field work given by Ms. Emma Webb. Many thanks to the employees who took some time to answer our questions and shared their practices, thoughts and lifestyle helping us with the design development of this project.

Special thanks to the University of Westminster for providing the required tools that were used to take measurements.

5

INTRODUCTION Regent’s place is a very unique site, occupying a 13 acre area in the London borough of Camden, just north of the Euston road, to the east of regent's Park and west of Euston station. The life style in the plaza summarizes a typical fast eventful life of a major city such as London. Observations were essential on weekdays and weekends to understand the urban layer, occupants behaviour, other spot parameters and their impact on our list of climatic investigations.

The team conducting the study contains of three members. The work has been steered on few main stages that have been planned out on a mind map to manage the time frame given and fitful the requirements shown in figure -5-.

According to the life style of the plaza the findings were related much to the occupants behaviour, the way they deal with regents place environmentally and socially. With that we concluded that managing the environmental aspects of the space would supply the design lots of benefits that are useful for both the occupants and the environment. This project has taught us that there is a strong association between social and environmental demands, it educated us to come up with solutions to deal with the environmental issues that are both ecofriendly and architecturally aesthetic.

PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS Noorihan Deraz The environmental and energy modelling module has enhanced my abilities in designing an environmentally friendly space that also contributes in the social aspect and lifestyle of the occupants today and in the future.

Making the designs both suitable and architecturally aesthetic.

Lina Safarini The environmental energy modelling course is

challenging in a way that incorporate art and design into a new environmental awareness, responsive and efficient architecture.

As it focuses on the theory and practice of developing low carbon and sustainable building designs. The regents place project was a great exercise to combine all the environmental thinking into an applicable design in real life.

Bilal Shibib After last terms analysis of a building and its

performance, this term we were able to design an environmental friendly facility. My group and I have chosen Regent's Place as a location because we recognized a lot of potential in it. I enjoyed working on the site, especially because it was on top of a building, making it challenging and exciting. I have learned strategies such as how the geometry of a building can influence the environment and how it can enhance a buildings performance as well as looking good. With the knowledge I have gained during the few months, I am looking forward to use to work on my upcoming dissertation to help create a better future.

6

INITIAL STEP For the sources of data we were able to speak to a total of 13 people,10 of them work at the is Santander head office bank, 3 of them from the reception desk and the rest are employees and 3 security grads of the plaza that have been working there for at least 5 years.

The parameters considered in the study have been concluded from surveys and observations such as thermal comfort, daylight and visual comfort and their value to the employees of regents place.

Spot measurements of the site have been also conducted using the following tools shown in the figures (1-4): 1. 3in1 Compact Vane Anemometer 2. Lux Meter 3. Infrared Thermometer 4. Sound meter

Figure -1- Vane Anemometer

Figure -2- Lux Meter

Figure -3- Infrared Thermometer

Figure -4- Sound meter

Software's used in the simulations done: 1. Rhino thermodynamic simulations (Grasshopper, Ladybug and Diva) 2. TAS Engineering 3. 3D MAX, Sketch up and Rhino 3D modellers 4. PDA Passive design assistant – ARUP 5. Optivent – Natural cooling studies Important assumptions underlying the modelling of spaces and the operational conditions adopted considering the location of our sit being on top of the bank which a height of approx. 38 m: 1. high air velocity making a buffer zone is considered.

2. Running shading studies to manage the high solar radiation exposure and in relation to that the high illuminance levels.

3. Controlling the morphology of the roof top layout in regards to High surface temperature.

4. Running spot measurements on the ground level where conducted to be able to estimate the requirements on the roof level.

7

AN OVERVIEW

History

Location

London Weather

TAS

Energy Index

Site climatic studies

1. Site

investigation

Social demands

2.

Climate

9. Building performance

Analysis

Photovoltaic skylight

Environmental demands

8. Exploring renewable energy choices

3. Program

and occupants behavior

Hammock Hall

Issues

7. Spaces

4. Site

Analysis

Social Library

5. Initial

6. Design

Quiet Room

design strategies

development Game Room

Figure -5- structure mind map

Potentials

Roof Garden

Considering demands Applying design strategies

8

LOCATION London, England’s capital, set on the River Thames, is a 21st-century city with history stretching back to Roman times. At its centre stand the imposing Houses of Parliament, the iconic ‘Big Ben’ clock tower and Westminster Abbey, site of British monarch coronations. Population in London is approximately 8.539 million (2014) The selected site is located in north-west of London. Regents place sets in the London borough of Camden, just north of the Euston road, to the east of regent's Park and west of Euston station.

51.525496, -0.141100

Figure -6- Location on map

Figure -7- Location in London

9

HISTORY

Figure -8- Regent’s Place 1890

Figure -10- Regent’s Place 1970

Figure -9- Regent’s Place 1950

Figure -11- Regent’s Place 2016

Development of the site throughout the years is severe. In 1890 Regents Park was split into two lands named Park square and crescent gardens. Regents place block was a residential area. In 1950 the block was converted into a mix of business offices, houses, a school and a church. In 1970 Regents Park was still split into two sides and the block contained business and retail buildings. In the early 1990s, Regents place was a battleground. There was gang fighting and other disturbing events Houses were derelict. Before the master plan, Regent’s Place was a disconnected commercial enclave that contained Thames TV studios, after it has been demolished in 1996 after it closed down in 1993 because they lost their franchise.

Through the Partnership happening in the early 1990’s, developers and investors joined with the council, local ward councillors, the police, University College London, the NHS, community organisations and other local stakeholders with one common aim, to make the area a better place to live and work. regents place development was between 1997 and 2013.

In year 2000 2-3 Triton Square was built, a 7 storey building which is Santander UK Head Office.

Figure -12- Site 1990’s and present

10

LONDON WEATHER An A1B scenario of London and Camden weather have been prepared to understand the change as well as developing a design that is suitable for the future and all seasons. London weather predictions in 2050 expect higher participation levels especially during between July and December. A slight increase in the sunshine duration occurs in 2050 during summer specifically between June and September. Meanwhile the temperature difference is stable and doesn’t change drastically between the present case and 2050.

Figure -13- Camden Temperature – current

Figure -14- Camden Temperature – future A1B scenario

Figure -15- Camden sunshine duration – current

Figure -16- Camden sunshine duration –future A1B scenario

11 Figure -17- Camden precipitation – current

Figure -18- Camden precipitation – future A1B scenario

URBAN CONTEXT Regent's place is located north-west of London and east of Regent's Park. Some of the main attractions include University College of London (UCL), Regent's Park, University of Westminster and The British Museum.

The urban context is a mixed use area containing educational institutions, residential houses and apartment buildings and office buildings. There are many cafes and restaurants surrounding the site.

Figure -19- The urban context

12

SURROUNDINGS The area to the north of regents place is relatively quiet with a mix used area of residential, some educational institutions and a day care center that has an impact on the north side of the site.

Point A and H which are located on the S south façade is the busiest point as they have a bus stop and Euston tube station and it carries one of the main circulation patterns specially people coming in out from Euston Tube station Point C is a mixed use property that has shops on the ground floor and residential flats in the upper floors. Point D is a commercial building opposite Euston tower from the east side. Point E shows a view to the north on Hampstead road.

Figure -20- A - Warren Street Station

Figure -21- B - Residential Building

Figure -24- E - Bus Station/ Residential

Figure -25- F - Approach

Figure -22- C - Mixed use Buildings

Figure -26- G - Bus Station

Figure -23- D – on the east of Euston Tower

Figure -27- H – Santender bank South Facade

Figure -28- surroundings

13

SITE INVESTIGATION Regent's Place is located in the north of Euston Road which is one of the main roads that intersects with Hampstead road from the East. Warren Street and Great Portland Street tube stations are the closest transportation points with other major tube station a few minutes walking distance away. In addition, there are several bus stops surrounding the area. The place consists of mostly commercial buildings with a few residential ones located on the north side of the site. It offers many retail shops and provides services to the employees of different companies inside regent's place.

The plaza is used by all the staff as circulation area and a meeting point.

Depending on seasons, different outdoor activities happen.

Figure -29- Regents place site

14

ELEVATIONS STUDY IN RELATION TO URBAN CONTEXT The south elevation shows building proposal site on top of Santender Bank in relation to building surroundings. The building is 38m high. The average height of the surroundings is between 40-50m high.

Euston Tower is located on the east side is the highest building on site with a height of 100m.

Proposal Site

Figure -30- East Elevation - The urban context

Proposal Site

Figure -32- The urban context

Figure -31- South Elevation The urban context

15

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

Figure -34- Typical weekday traffic – 10 a.am

Figure -35- Typical weekend traffic – 10 a.am

Figure -36- Typical weekday traffic – 2 p.am

Figure -37- Typical weekend traffic – 2 p.am

Figure -38- Typical weekday traffic – 6 p.am

Figure -39- Typical weekend traffic – 6 p.am

Site is located on a main road Euston road, making the traffic very slow at some parts of the week specially traffic directed towards Baker street to the west. The graphics demonstrate the traffic pattern during the weekday and on the weekends on three different times of the day. During the week, Euston road at 2pm is busy as it is a rush hour at between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm. On the other hand during the weekend there are no office hours results in smoother traffic pattern or faster. Pedestrian walking pattern. Busy during the week specially during the day. The plaza shops operating result in continuous movement pattern on the other hand on the weekends since the office building do not operate it results in less movement around the and within the site.

Figure -40- streets breakdown

16

EUSTON ROAD TRAFFIC IMPACT ON FEW CLIMATIC PARAMETERS The impact of Traffic and movement patterns on pollution, noise levels and humidity directly in the site as it is located on a main road Euston road.

The impact of having a main tube station and 5 different bus stops around the plaza, also the amount of pedestrian movement in the plaza especially during the week resulted in high humidity rate especially during the weekdays.

The air Pollution changes between a weekday (Moderate) and a weekend (Low) depending on traffic density.

According to the Camden time histories regarding the noise levels that has high noise pollution in London

Figure -41- Avg. monthly Relative Humidity

Figure -42- spots plan

Low 1-3

Moderate 4-8

High 7-9

Figure -43- Avg. pollution for February

Weekday

Very High 10 Figure -44- Sound spot Measurements

Weekend

Figure -45- The urban context Figure -46- Camden : time histories for the three boroughs included in LNS

17

SOUND REDUCTION CALCULATIONS

According to the sound study conducted on the previous page figure -44- a sound study prepared to estimate the sound parameters on top of the roof for our site.

The sound reduction formula used is as following: Each additional 1m height = increase 1.5 db in noise reduction.

33mx1.5= 49.5m Street noise level – proposal noise level height = 93 – 46.5 = 43.5 db Wall barrier reduces 5 db 43.5 db – 5 db = 38.5 db

Figure -47- Sound reduction formula

Receiver 38.5 db

38h

Receiver 43.5 db

Source 93 db Figure -48- Sound reduction calculation on east façade

19

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO HUMIDITY Due to the high human and vehicle traffic during the weekday. High humidity rates are shown in the plaza and the points closer to Euston road. Especially in the centre were many shops are operating, in addition to the northern side of the building were many facilities are happening such as some outdoor activities and food markets.

On the weekend relative humidity has lower rates especially afternoon.

Figure -50- Weekday pedestrian movement

Figure -52- Humidity at 10:30 am

Weather station outdoor Temp. 6ºC

Figure -55- Humidity at 10:30 am

Weather station outdoor Temp. 7ºC

Figure -51- Weekend pedestrian movement

Figure -53- Humidity at 2:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 10ºC

Figure -56- Humidity at 2:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 7ºC

Figure -54- Humidity at 6:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 8ºC

Figure -57- Humidity at 6:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 6ºC

19

SITE SURFACES ANALYSIS

Weather station outdoor Temp. 8ºC Figure 58 to 63 show the surface temperature around the site location, depending on the amount of solar radiation that effects the ground surface along site with other aspects.

Figures 64 – 65 show the amount of solar radiation that effects the building surfaces.

Considering the design proposal is going to be located on top of the building, the assumed highest amount of surface temperature in the summer is 31 KWh/m2 as in the winter is 12 KWh/m2.

The global solar radiation study has been conducted at the same time Simultaneity to understand the relationship of the surface temperature with the solar radiation.

Figure -58- surface temp. at 10:30 am

Weather station outdoor Temp. 6ºC

Figure -61- surface temp. at 10:30 am

Weather station outdoor Temp. 7ºC

Figure -59- surface temp. at 2:30 pm

Figure -60- surface temp. at 6:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 10ºC

Weather station outdoor Temp. 8ºC

Figure -62- surface temp. at 2:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 7ºC

Figure -64- Solar Radiation – Cold Season

Figure -63- surface temp. at 6:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 6ºC

Figure -65- Solar Radiation – Warm Season

20

WIND ANALYSIS AND AIR QUALITY Prevailing wind direction is from south-west.

Euston road acts like a tunnel caused by the typology of the surrounding buildings.

The result of having traffic, the tunnel effect and the typology of the context results into a small turbulence in some parts of the plaza as shown in figure 13.

Figure -66- Flow design wind analysis

Figure -67- Flow design wind analysis

Figure -75- wind rose summer

Figure -68- air velocity at 10:30 am

Figure -69- air velocity at 2:30 pm

Figure -70- air velocity . at 6:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 10ºC

Weather station outdoor Temp. 8ºC

Figure -71- air velocity at 10:30 am

Figure -72- air velocity at 2:30 pm

Figure -73- air velocity . at 6:30 pm

Weather station outdoor Temp. 7ºC

Weather station outdoor Temp. 7ºC

Weather station outdoor Temp. 6ºC

Weather station outdoor Temp. 6ºC

Figure -74- Wind rose Mid-season

Figure -76- wind rose winter

21

SHADOW ANALYSIS A sun path study in relation to shadow analysis showing the impact on the site and the plaza for further thermal and visual comfort studies. The result of this study is that the plaza is exposed to solar radiation depending on the season and the hour of the day. Meaning, the built form does not obstruct much of the solar radiation except certain hours specifically after 2:00 PM in the summer and the winter.

The total radiation for a meter square is approx.. 685 kwh/m2.

Figure -77- The Shadow analysis 10 am, July

Figure -80- The Shadow analysis with sun path 10 am, July

Figure -83- The Shadow analysis with sun path 10 am, Jan.

Figure -78- The Shadow analysis 2 pm, July

Figure -81- The Shadow analysis with sun path 2 pm, July

Figure -84- The Shadow analysis with sun path 10 am, Jan.

Figure -79- The Shadow analysis 6 pm, July

Figure -82- The Shadow analysis with sun path 6 pm, July

Figure -85- The Shadow analysis with sun path 2 pm, Jan.

Figure -86- The Shadow analysis with sun path 2 pm, Jan.

Figure -87- Total solar radiation

22

CLIMATE INVESTIGATIONS SUMMARY

Weather station outdoor Temp. 8ÂşC

The model on figure -88- is the site location on top of the roof, Euston road and the plaza.

Figure -90- includes a graph showing the summary of the spot measurements taken while doing the field work, helping to understand the relationship between these measurements on ground level and the once expected on the higher level.

Point C had the highest Surface temp. and the lowest illuminance, according to observations that corner of the plaza wasn’t reached by enough Solar radiation RH and air velocity were at their highest (Point F) on the pedestrian by Euston road and moderate by the shops in the plaza (depends on the density of people) Air temperature was highest by Point A which is around the coffee shops and intensively used spaces through the day also exposed to direct radiation most of the year.

Figure -88- site model

Figure -89- spots plan

Figure -90- spot measurements summary

23

PROGRAM AND OCCUPANTS BEHAVIOR

Occupants

•Employees •Residents

•Hectic •Enhancing the social life is essential

Lifestyle

OCCUPANTS BEHAVIOUR

Identifying Users

A survey was initiated to determine the occupants behavior around the area and find out more about their needs. These occupants are employees and residents of Regent's Place. Their lifestyle is very busy and hectic.

Survey was accompanied with around 13 people that work the Santander head office during work hours and during lunch breaks and security guards. The survey questions that have been asked are the following:

Figure -91- Site plan with points studied

Survey

Figure -92- The plaza in the summer Quite zone

Recreation Center

Roof Garden

Thermal Comfort

Daylight

Ventilation

Acoustics

Yes No

Social Demands

A getaway 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Quiet Zone A relaxing Hall Roof Garden Creative zone Library Lounge/ Bar Game Room

Environmental Demands

Figure -93- The north side of the bank

1. Thermal comfort within the space indoor/outdoor 2. Daylight accessibility 3. Natural ventilation and fresh air 4. Acoustics 5. What would be an ideal space for the employees break time 6. Would employees enjoy a relaxing time away, or would they be too busy for it?

The findings included social and environmental demands. According to observations, Employees are usually in a rush even during break times their routines were identified as very fast pace especially in the outdoor public plaza. Therefore, enhancing the social life in the plaza is essential.

Users behavior vary according to seasons.

In summer, many activities take place in the public plaza, gathering the public and the employees of the place during break times and after work. Some food markets and other events are held in the plaza including an open air cinema and mini golf events.

In the winter, the plaza would be mainly busy with employees. Due to the weather conditions causing less outdoor activities.

Survey conclusion to enhance 1.

2.

3.

4.

Daylight Thermal comfort Natural Ventilation Visual comfort Figure -94- The north west side of the bank

24

SITE ISSUES AND POTENTIALS / INITIAL DESIGN STRATEGIES Due to the fact that the site is located on top of a building 33m high. Many environmental factors can have a huge impact of the design proposal.

In order to determine design strategies, environmental issues and potential are identified.

Issues

Design Strategies

Potentials

1. High air velocity SW wind direction 2. High noise levels from Euston road 3. Pollution is moderate/high because of busy Euston Road 4. High solar exposure in the summer on the roof

PRIORITIZED Environmental Strategies

1. Exposed South faรงade to daylight 2. Visual comfort 3. Natural ventilation quality improvements 4. Air Quality due to height 5. Sound level due to height

Daylight / visual comfort

Thermal comfort

Natural ventilation

Figure -13- The urban context

Number of floors

Location of zones

Noise level control

Figure -13- The urban context

Enhancing the outdoor area on the roof

Maximize natural ventilation

Utilizing daylight via material choice and openings

Considering the surrounding buildings (Sky view simulation)

Initial Design Strategies

25

APPLYING DESIGN STRATEGIES The application of the design strategies started by applying the maximum and the minimum sun angles vertically and horizontally to identify the design morphology.

The initial consideration for the design development are - Walls / Partitions orientation - Mass positioning - Mass development - Materials: 1.

2.

-

Double glazed Facades and openings Precast concrete: Light weight Low cost Time efficient for installation usually happens during weekend to avoid inconvenience for the employees in the plaza as well as labour hours ) 3. Sustainable - Less maintenance - Reduces CO2 emissions on site

Figure -95- sun angles

Figure -96- building materials

Considering periodic sun

Design Development

Simulation (Testing)

•Geometry •Building fabric

Zone

Expected number of users in peak hours

Hammock Hall

10-20

Game room / Lounge

30-40

Social library / outdoor mesh

20-30

Quiet room

10

Approx. total with the rest of the zones

150 people at peak hours

Peak hours

Zoning

•Number of users •Occupancy time •Users behaviour

Lunch breaks between 12:00PM – 1:00PM

After office hours 17:00PM – 19:00PM

26

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT The sun angles during seasons were considered as the building shape inclination is 6oâ—Ś so maximise the amount of direct solar radiation in the winter but limit the access during summer time.

The south façade angles were more than 60 degrees in order to receive a higher amount of day light throughout the year.

The external shape remained the same in order to create shading during summer time.

Figure -97- sun angles

Figure -98- Design development

27

FLOOR PLANS / DESIGN ZONING The floor plans come as a conclusion of the social and environmental demands study.

Accordingly each function has been laid out in a way that supports the environmental requirements.

Floor plan - Level 1

Floor plan - Level 0

Floor plan - Level -1

28

FLOOR PLANS / DESIGN ZONING According to the social and environmental demands that have been resultant from site observations, survey and interview the zoning was established.

The main modified social demands to meet the needs of the employees in regents place are: 1. The quiet room that includes sleeping pods for lunch breaks power naps 2. A Hammock hall that is semi social, a roof garden 3. A social and quiet library 4. A game room that contains a lounge, games, snack bar and a TV corner.

Along side with the social demands the environmental demands were considered such as daylight, thermal comfort, natural ventilation and visual comfort was essential as in it is a relaxing facility Element

Materials

Level 1

3%

4%

15%

7%

Level 0

2% 12%

22% Game room

9%

Hammock hall Level -1

Library 6%

Creative department 7%

Quiet room

U-Value

3%

Services

10%

Circulation

Walls Ground Ceiling Internal walls

Lightweight Concrete

Facades and openings

Double glazed glass

Game room

196

15%

Hammock hall

156

12%

Library

Creative department

121 73

9% 6%

Quiet room

131

10%

Services

44

3%

Circulation

94

7%

Roof garden

295 27 99 37 50

22% 2% 7% 3% 4%

Waiting area

Library mesh

LOBBY %

Library mesh

Workshops

1.9

Area

Workshops

Reception

Waiting area

Zone

Reception

Roof garden

0.19 0.28 0.3 0.9

Reception

SERVICES

CafĂŠ / Waiting area

36%

WC

Kitchen

CIRCULATION Storage

Circulation

Vertical circulation

25%

LIBRARY Social library

Quiet library

39% 50%

64%

13%

62%

50%

61%

29

INDOOR EXPERIENCE AND STUDY Hammock Hall – Noorihan Deraz

30

OUTDOOR EXPERIENCE - ROOF GARDEN The enhanced outdoor experience was an essential part of the design. The idea is creating a space that welcomes exhausted people from long office hours during breaks and after hours with greenery and a comfortable sitting.

Figure -99- Roof garden

31 Figure -100- Design proposal

OUTDOOR EXPERIENCE - ROOF GARDEN

Figure -104 - Global solar radiation in Summer

Figure -101 – view from mesh of social library to roof garden

According to the roof surfaces analysis the roof garden was designed creating areas that control the high exposure of south solar radiation. To enhance being in that area a mesh structure was added to be a semi outdoor/indoor space for the library, Greenery demonstrated in trees in a pavilion taking the occupants few steps lower to be shaded by a specific choice of trees protecting from Euston road pollution specially during the week. These areas along with circulation between them are designed to enhance the social connection between employees and visitors if any.

To improve the protection from the high air velocity a glass barrier with an inclination is added to allow a certain amount of breeze and fresh air required.

Certain elements that are added for environmental proposes are boosted in a way that they can be socially used. Such as wooden/glass benches that act as lighting tunnels and ventilation openings from the sides for the space in the lower level.

Surface studied during peak hours: Lunch breaks 12-2pm After office hours 17:00PM – 19:00PM Trees added to reduce Euston pollution and improve air quality:

Figure -105 - Global solar radiation in Mid- Season

Figure -102 – roof garden

American sweetgum

London plane

Figure -107 – Trees improving air quality

32 Figure -106 - Global solar radiation in Winter

Figure – 103- roof garden on physical model

road

INDOOR EXPERIENCE AND STUDY Hammock Hall – Noorihan Deraz

33

THE HAMMOCK HALL – Daylight studies

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ The Hammock hall is designed to be an escape from the hectic employees life everyday. It is located on the main level of the building with a direct connection to the roof garden.

The idea of the hammock hall is a getaway where busy employees can enjoy sometime away from the busy office life to a green calm very nature friendly atmosphere as its objectives are to enhance the social life and enhance people’s connection with nature.

Figure – 108- Hammock hall daylight and ventilation summary

One of its main features is the dynamic ceiling that is adjustable according to seasonal responses. In the summer time, it can be opened to increase the amount of solar radiation, increase the level of illuminance and to improve the ventilation rate. The mesh that is attached to the ceiling functions as a support of the hammocks and controls the amount of solar radiation accessing the hall when the roof is opened in summer.

Level 1

Level 0

Level -1

Type of Space

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Achieved Illuminance (LUX)

Hammock Hall

300 - 500

480

Gaming Room

300 - 500

10

Social Library

500

400

Quiet Room

300

320

34 Figure – 109- Hammock hall vision

THE HAMMOCK HALL - Passive design assistant

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ

Peak hours: Lunch break: 12-14 After office hours: 17-19 The hammock hall was simulated in PDA in order to study its performance during different seasons. According to the number of occupants, zone area and occupancy hours, simulations have proved a positive percentage of comfort in comparison to discomfort. In summertime, the operative temperature is slightly above the comfort band, between the lunch break 12 pm to 2 pm that can be solved with increasing the ventilation rate. And, after work hours 5 pm to 7 pm. In winter, the indoor operative temperature is slightly under the comfort band, between lunch break yet tolerable.

Hammock Hall Library Quiet Zone Figure – 110- Hammock hall vision

Summer

Mid – Season

Winter

35

NATURAL VENTILATION IN THE HAMMOCK HALL

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ Cross ventilation strategy was implemented in the design proposal. Due to the propsal height +33, High wind driven is expected throughout the seasons.

The dynamic roof can be opened during the summer time and mid season as it will create a semi outdoor experience that will improve the cross ventilation flow and create indoor temperature balance.

Optivent results shows the amount of openings in the building design can almost achieve the required amount of cooling but achieved the required amount of fresh air.

The amount of fresh air required per person is considered.

Figure – 111- wind driven rule of thumb

Type of Space

Required Air Rate (L·s–1 per person)

Hammock Hall

10

Figure – 112- Hammock hall ventilation technique

Buoyancy driven + Wind driven

36

CASE 1 ZONE PERFORMANCE / HAMMOCK HALL – Basic number of windows Basic number of windows refers to having only one or two small openings in the facades to determine the amount of environmental requirements needed.

After running this test it is concluded that the ventilation rate according to the aperture flow in and out would be very low specially in the warm season.

Also, the temperature is severely affected by the amount of solar radiation getting. For instance choosing the cold season the temperature goes down to almost 6°C making it too cold. While in the summer temperature goes up to almost 28°C making it a bit out of the comfort band. So the next step would be adding the amount of windows required to reach comfort.

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ

SUMMER 30

7000

25

6000

100

30

80

25

5000

20

4000

15 10

15

3000

40

2000

20

5

1000

0

0

10 5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

20

60

hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON Days chosen are three typical summer days in the warm season which are: • Winter: from day 25 till day 28 • Summer: day 220 till day 223 • Mid-season: day 100 till day 103

30

3500

25

3000

30

80

25

2500

20

2000

15

1500

10

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

100

1000

5

500

0

0

15 40

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

20

60

hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 30

10000

25

8000

20 15

6000

10

4000

5

2000

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) hamoock Solar Gain (W)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

100

30

80

25 20

60

15

40

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

37

CASE 2 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE HAMMOCK HALL – No shading

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ

SUMMER 40

25000

35 20000

30 25

15000

20 10000

15 10

5000

5 0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Days chosen are three typical summer days in the warm season which are: • Winter: from day 25 till day 28 • Summer: day 220 till day 223 • Mid-season: day 100 till day 103

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 hamoock Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C)

MID-SEASON

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

800

35

700

30

600

25

500

20

400

15

300

10

200

5

100

0

0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

External Temperature (°C)

30

•

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

25 20 15 10 5 0

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

40 35

10000

30

8000

25 6000

20 15

4000

10

2000

5 0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

35

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

40

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

WINTER

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

40

In this case windows needed and fixed double glazed facades have been added but without adding any shadings or blinds.

The conclusion as expected is too hot in the summer and too cold in the winter making it out of the comfort zone for the occupants so in that case dynamic shadings are added to be fixed depending on the season. Considering that the hammock hall is a double height space of 6m with an inclination to the back wall goes down to about 4m.

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

38

CASE 3 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE HAMMOCK HALL – No internal gains After adding the shading and the windows fulfilling the requirements the simulation is a space that has no internal gains. That includes human and equipment gain. In this simulation it is concluded that the humidity percentage is low except in the winter expecting that it becomes airless in the space. But the temperature is still controlled in the summer because of the dynamic louvers controlling the amount of solar gains accessing the space but too cold in both midseason and winter. For that in the next simulation a full study is done that includes internal gains calculated.

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ

SUMMER 40

20000 100 18000 16000 80 14000 12000 60 10000 40 8000 6000 20 4000 2000 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 40

8000

35

7000

30

6000

25

5000

20

4000

15

3000

10

2000

5

1000

0

0

100

35

80

30 25

60

20 40

15 10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

40

hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 100

40 35

10000

30

8000

40 35

80

30 25

60

25 6000

20 15

4000

10

2000

5 0

0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) hamoock Solar Gain (W)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

20 40

15

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

39

CASE 4 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE HAMMOCK HALL – Improved results

AUTHOR: NOORIHAN DERAZ This is the result obtained after applying the suggested environmental techniques and theories.

SUMMER 30

18000 16000

25

14000

20

12000 10000

15

8000

10

6000 4000

5

2000

0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0

20 solar radiation that is minimized at certain

times during the warm season by an indoor

15 mesh hung on the ceiling that acts as a

buffer zone as well as a hammock hanger.

10 During the midseason the space acts well 5 0

hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

In the summer the dynamic ceiling shading

25 opens up allowing sufficient ventilation and

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

30

External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

comparing to external temperature. While in the winter its slightly cool but that is dealt with by having blankets with each hammock in the event of an occupant needing one. This solution applicable as the hammock hall is meant to be a semi social and relaxing space.

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 30

8000 7000

25

6000 20

5000

15

4000 3000

10

2000 5

1000

0

0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

30

hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C) Figure – 113- Hammock ceiling opening

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 30 10000 25

8000

20

6000

15 10

4000

5

2000

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

hamoock Solar Gain (W)

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25

Zone

Area

%

Hammock hall

156

12%

Element

Materials

U-Value

20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 hamoock Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Walls Ground Ceiling Internal walls

Lightweight Concrete

0.19 0.28 0.3 0.9

Facades and openings

Double glazed glass

1.9

hamoock Dry Bulb (°C)

40

INDOOR EXPERIENCE AND STUDY SOCIAL LIBRARY – LINA SAFARINI

41

THE SOCIAL LIBRARY

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI The social library is located on the ground floor of the building, which is +38m above the street level on top of the roof of the bank building of Regent's Place. The Concept behind the social library is to have an outdoor and indoor space integrated into one social space, to endorse the connection with the outdoor social living, that will result in enhancing the social life and peoples connection with nature.

Figure – 114 – Social library daylight

Level 1

Level 0

Level -1 Figure – 115 – Illuminance – Typical day in the summer

Figure – 116 – Illuminance – Typical day in the winter

Type of Space

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Achieved Illuminance (LUX)

Hammock Hall

300 - 500

480

Gaming Room

300 - 500

10

Social Library

500

400

Quiet Room

300

320

42

THE SOCIAL LIBRARY

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI

An architectural mesh is added to enrich the social relationship with shade and shadow to be able to use the outdoor space in the summer avoiding the high exposure to the south solar radiation.

The main feature in the library design is the outdoor mesh that is located in front of its entrance. The dynamic feature of its vertical movement helps adjusting it during the seasons. This feature is mainly designed to create a connection between the library and the roof garden. The mesh can be lifted up so it creates a canopy during summer time.

The mesh allows a certain amount of solar radiation to access. Therefore, it creates a dynamic lighting pattern under the canopy as well as a floor pattern and an atmosphere. The air movement creates a naturally ventilated space through the material used (wood). This component is designed to function during the summer time and warm days thru the mid-season.

While in the winter time it will be closed down creating a semi outdoor space and a semi outdoor library extension.

Figure – 117 – Mesh closes in the winter

Figure – 118 – Section of Mesh down in the winter season

Figure – 119 – Mesh opens in the summer

Figure -120- Section of Mesh up in the summer season

43

THE SOCIAL LIBRARY - Passive design assistant

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI Peak hours: Lunch break: 12-14 After office hours: 17-19

Hammock Hall

Library Quiet Zone

Summer

The social library hall was simulated in PDA in order to test its performance during different seasons. According to the number of occupants, zone area and occupancy hours, simulations have proved a positive percentage of comfort in comparison to discomfort. In summer and winter time, the operative temperature is within the comfort band, especially between the lunch break 12 pm to 2 pm and after work hours 5 pm to 7 pm where we consider it as occupancy peak time. In mid-season, the indoor operative temperature is slightly under the comfort band after lunch break and working hours as additional heaters will be required to achieve thermal comfort for the reduction of the amount of the internal gains.

Mid – Season

Winter

44

THE SOCIAL LIBRARY

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI

Cross ventilation strategy was implemented in design proposal. Since the building design is +33 high. High wind driven is expected throughout the seasons.

During the summer time higher percentage of openings is considered as it will help to cool down the indoor temperature and improve the air quality.

Optivent results shows the amount of openings in the building design can almost achieve the required amount of cooling but achieved the required amount of fresh air.

Type of Space

Required Air Rate (L·s–1 per person)

Social library

10

Figure -121- the social library ventilation technique

Figure -122- the social library indoor experience

Figure – 123- wind driven rule of thumb

Buoyancy driven + Wind driven

45

CASE 1 ZONE PERFORMANCE / SOCIAL LIBRARY– Basic number of windows

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI

SUMMER 30

25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Solar Gain (W)

1 100 0.9 0.8 80 0.7 0.6 60 0.5 40 0.4 0.3 20 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%)

30 25

0

TAS results show that during summer time the indoor temperature is achieved without using any additional mechanical cooling.

On the other hand in winter season, The indoor temperature dramatically drops to 6°C, which requires additional heaters to increase the temperature in order to achieve the thermal comfort level.

30

Days chosen are three typical summer days in the warm season which are: Winter: from day 25 till day 28 Summer: day 220 till day 223 Mid-season: day 100 till day 103

20 15 10 5

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

MID-SEASON 30

1 100 0.9 0.8 80 0.7 0.6 60 0.5 40 0.4 0.3 20 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

25 20 15 10 5 0

Basic amount of windows explained as having minimum openings in the façade in order to determine the amount of thermal requirement needed to achieve thermal comfort for the occupants.

25 20

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

15 10 5 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 1 100 0.9 0.8 80 0.7 0.6 60 0.5 40 0.4 0.3 20 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25

20 15 10

5 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C) Library Solar Gain (W)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

46

CASE 2 ZONE PERFORMANCE / SOCIAL LIBRARY – No shading In this case openings needed and fixed double glazed facades have been added but without adding any shadings or blinds, as it shows that the indoor temperature during the summer season is extremely out of the comfort zone as it reaches 41°C due to high solar gains accessing the room. In comparison to winter season, the indoor temperature faces a severe decrease in temperature which requires additional heating devices. In that case dynamic shadings are added to be fixed depending on the season allowing flexibility in controlling the amount of direct solar radiation accessing the room.

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI

SUMMER 45

16050 14050

40

12050 35

10050

30

8050 6050

25

4050

20

2050

15

50

100

45

80

40 35

60

30 40

25

20

20

0

15 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C)

Days chosen are three typical summer days in the warm season which are: Winter: from day 25 till day 28 Summer: day 220 till day 223 Mid-season: day 100 till day 103

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 45 40 35

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

External Temperature (°C)

30

6050

100

5050

80

4050

25

3050

20 15

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

60 40

2050

20

10

1050

5 0

50

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

Library Relative Humidity (%)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

8000

100

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) Library Solar Gain (W)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

80 60 40 20 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

47

CASE 3 ZONE PERFORMANCE / SOCIAL LIBRARY– No internal gains

AUTHOR: LINA SAFARINI

SUMMER 30

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50

25 20 15

10 5 0

100

30

80

25 20

60

15 40

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

Library Relative Humidity (%)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

After adding the external shadings and the openings fulfilling the requirements the simulation has been tested as the a space that has no internal gains. That includes human and equipment gains. In this case the results show during the summer time the indoor temperature is within the comfort zone, it starts decreasing towards the winter season where the temperature reaches 7°C indoors. By adding internals gains, the temperature will be increased and enhanced towards the comfort level.

Higher ventilation rate is required during the summer time in order to balance the indoor temperature.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 30

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50

25 20 15 10 5 0

30 100

20

60

15

40

10

20

5

0

0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

25

80

Library Relative Humidity (%)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

Library Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 30

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) Library Solar Gain (W)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

100

30

80

25 20

60

15 40

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Dry Bulb (°C)

48

CASE 4 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE SOCIAL LIBRARY– Enhanced results After applying all the environmental strategies that may have an impact on improving the room thermally. The simulations demonstrate a good result in achieving the indoor temperature within the comfort band during summer time.

During mid-season the indoor temperature reaches the comfort level especially during peak hours where we expect the occupants to use the space. On the other hand winter season requires additional heaters ain order to achieve the comfort level.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

SUMMER 30

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

25 20 15

10 5 0

100

30

90

25

80

20

70

15

60

10

50

5

40

External Temperature (°C)

0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

External Temperature (°C)

Library Resultant Temp (°C)

Library Resultant Temp (°C)

Library Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 30

12000

25

10000

20

8000

15

6000

10

4000

5

2000

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Zone

Area

%

Library

121

9%

Element

Materials

U-Value

External Temperature (°C)

Lightweight Concrete

Facades and openings

Double glazed glass

0.19 0.28 0.3 0.9 1.9

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Library Resultant Temp (°C)

Library Relative Humidity (%)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Resultant Temp (°C)

WINTER 12000 100 90 10000 80 70 8000 60 50 6000 40 4000 30 20 2000 10 0 0

30

Walls Ground Ceiling Internal walls

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

25 20

15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) Game room Solar Gain (W)

Library Resultant Temp (°C)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Library Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Library Resultant Temp (°C)

49

INDOOR EXPERIENCE AND STUDY QUIET ROOM – BILAL SHIBIB

50

THE QUIET ROOM – Daylight studies

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

It has been proven that power napping improves the concentration by 34%.The pod's promote blood circulation by elevating the feet, relaxing the lower back, and slightly bending the knees.

The quiet zone is located on the first floor which is +41m on top of the existing site.

After doing few interviews with few employees in the plaza during the lunch break many suggested a place where they can take a short nap during lunch hours.

Therefore, this space is designed as a getaway where busy employees can enjoy some time away from hectic lives to a completely quiet semi dark zone. The main elements in this zone are sleeping pods.

Space elements: I 1. Double façade with some greenery and dark glass allowing minimal daylight through the S façade 2. A narrow window along the north façade for warm daylight and

Figure – 124- Quiet zone – sleeping pods

Level 1

Level 0

Level -1

Type of Space

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Achieved Illuminance (LUX)

Hammock Hall

300 - 500

480

Gaming Room

300 - 500

10

Social Library

500

400

Quiet Room

300

320 Figure – 125- Quiet zone section – daylight and ventilation techniques

51

THE QUIET ROOM - Passive design assistant

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

Hammock Hall

The quiet room was simulated in PDA in order to study its performance during different seasons. According to the number of occupants, zone area and occupancy hours, simulations have proved a positive percentage of comfort in comparison to discomfort. In summertime, the PDA results show that the operative temperature during the peak hours from 12 pm to 2 pm and from 5 pm to 7 pm are within the comfort band.

Library Quiet Zone Summer

Mid – Season

Winter 52

THE QUIET ROOM

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

The pods help boost productivity by providing 20-minute naps. Its spherical dome enclosure provides semi-privacy; a privacy visor provides additional seclusion.

Controlled at the armrest, a built-in timer is set to a pre-programmed 20-minute nap, but can be set to any preferred nap time.

The pod gently wakes nappers with slowly brightening light and vibration. The armrest remote also controls the heated mattress of the sleeping pod to provide the optimal thermal comfort.

The double façade with some greenery functions as a cross ventilation strategy, where the wind enters from the south double façade and exits through the north opening. The room is rather kept dark to satisfy the relaxing atmosphere for the nappers. The north opening supports cross ventilation technique proposed.

Type of Space

Required Air Rate (L·s–1 per person)

Quiet room

10

Figure – 126- Quiet zone section – cross ventilation techniques

Buoyancy driven + Wind driven

Built-in remote

Sleeping pod

53

CASE 1 ZONE PERFORMANCE / QUIET ROOM – Basic number of windows

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

SUMMER 30

3050

100

30

25

2550

80

25

20

2050

15

1550

10

1050

5

550

0

50

60

15

40

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

20

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

Basic number of windows refers to having only one or two small openings in the facades to determine the amount of environmental requirements needed.

During the summer months, the indoor temperature is slightly above the thermal comfort with an average humidity of 20%.

As the weather gets cooler, the temperature goes below thermal comfort during mid-season as well as winter.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 30

1800 100

30

1600

25

1400

20

1200 1000

15

800

10

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

600

400 200 0

5 0

20 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 30

2050 100 1850 90 1650 80 1450 70 1250 60 1050 50 850 40 650 30 20 450 10 250 0 50

25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

54

CASE 2 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE QUIET ROOM – No shading When shading devices or blinds aren’t implemented in the design the indoor temperature is out of the thermal comfort band with low humidity levels.

In the mid-season, it gets quite comfortable as the indoor temperature is within the thermal comfort. Other than during the winter, where the indoor temperature is below the thermal comfort.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

SUMMER 40

850

35

750

30

650

25

550

20

450

15

350

10

250

5

150

0

50 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

MID-SEASON 40

800 100

40

35

700

35

30

600

25

500

20

400

15

300

10

200

5

100

0

0

80

25

60

20 40

15 10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

30

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 40

300 100

35

40 35

250 80

30 25

200 60

25

40

15

20 150

15 10

30

100

5

20 10

20

5

0

0

50

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 quiet zone Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C) quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

55

CASE 3 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE QUIET ZONE – No internal gains

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

SUMMER 35

850

30

750

100 90

20 15 10

70

25

550

60

20

450

50

350

40

15

30

10

250

5 0

20

150

10

50

0

5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

30

80

650

25

35

After adding the shading and the windows achieving the requirements, the simulation is a space that has no internal gains. That includes human and equipment gain. In this simulation it is concluded that the humidity percentage is low except in the winter expecting that it becomes airless in the space. The temperature is slightly above the comfort zone but still cold in winter. For that in the next simulation a full study is done that includes internal gains calculated.

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 35

800

30

700 600

25

500

20

400 15

300

10

200

5

100

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

WINTER 35

300

30

250

25 20

200

15

150

10 100

5 0

50 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35 30 25 20

15 10 5 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

56

CASE 4 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE QUIET ZONE – Improved results The improved results are obtained after applying the suggested environmental techniques and theories.

The double façade in addition to the greenery that was applied on the inner side creates diffused solar radiation, that keeps the indoor temperature within the comfort zone during hot seasons on peak hours as well as throughout the day.

As the weather gets cooler, the indoor temperature decreases and drops below the thermal comfort zone. This is done to achieve the required atmosphere in the quiet room. The idea is to create a cool area with sleeping pods that can be heated up as the individual napper requires.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

AUTHOR: BILAL SHIBIB

SUMMER 30

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

quiet zone Resultant Temp (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%) quiet zone Resultant Temp (°C)

MID-SEASON 30

800 100 700

25

600 20

500

15

30 25

80

20

60

15

400 300

10

200 5

100

0

0

40

10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Relative Humidity (%)

quiet zone Resultant Temp (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

Zone

Area

%

Quiet room

131

10%

Element

Materials

U-Value

WINTER

quiet zone Resultant Temp (°C)

30

250

100

30

25

200

80

25

150

60

100

40

50

20

0

0

20

Walls Ground Ceiling Internal walls Facades and openings

Lightweight Concrete

0.19 0.28 0.3 0.9 1.9

20

15

15

10 5 0

Double glazed glass

External Temperature (°C)

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

quiet zone Resultant Temp (°C)

10 5 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 quiet zone Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C) quiet zone Resultant Temp (°C)

57

INDOOR EXPERIENCE AND STUDY GAME ROOM – GROUP WORK

58

GAMEROOM – Daylight studies The game room and lounge take place on the -1 level and that is +33m from the ground level on top of the bank.

The space is designed to serve the entertainment side of regent’s place. As it contains of few games, a TV corner and a snack bar.

The game room is located in a very critical part of the proposed design as it is considered the lowest level comparing to the rest of the spaces. For that solar control techniques were processed on different stages to fitful the required illuminance and daylight.

Figure – 127 –Game room design development

Level 1

Level 0

Figure – 128 -Before adding the ceiling openings Level -1

Type of Space

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Achieved Illuminance (LUX)

Hammock Hall

300 - 500

480

Gaming Room

300 - 500

10

Social Library

500

400

Quiet Room

300

320

Figure – 129 -After adding the ceiling openings

59

THE GAME ROOM - Passive design assistant The game room was simulated in PDA in order to study its performance during different seasons. According to the number of occupants, zone area and occupancy hours, simulations have proved a positive percentage of comfort in comparison to discomfort. In summertime, the PDA results show that the operative temperature during the peak hours from 12 pm to 2 pm and from 5 pm to 7 pm are within the comfort band.

Hammock Hall Figure – 130 – Game room

Library Quiet Zone Game room

Summer

Mid – Season

Winter 60

GAMEROOM Cross ventilation strategy was implemented in the game room in order to enhance the air flow movement. Therefore, will improve not only the air quality but also cool down the space during the summer season.

The shape of the openings in the ceiling are designed to have multi-purpose use. the three openings function as a skylight for the game room and on the roof the shape can be used by occupants as benches.

High wind driven is expected due to the height of the building.

Figure – 131 – Game room - Model

Figure – 132 – Game room ventilation system

Buoyancy + wind driven

61

CASE 1 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE GAME ROOM – Basic number of windows SUMMER 30

8050 7050

25

6050 20

5050

15

4050 3050

10

2050 5

1050

0

50

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

Game room Relative Humidity (%)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

3500

25

3000

100

30

80

25

2500

20 15 10

2000

60

1500

40

500

0

0

15 10

External Temperature (°C)

20

5

0

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

As we are receiving less solar radian access towards the colder seasons, the indoor temperature drops drastically to 7°C which requires the occupants to use additional heaters in order to achieve comfortable level of occupancy.

20

1000

5

The simulations show that the indoor temperature during the summer season is within the comfort zone. Especially during the peak time of occupancy during the day.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

MID-SEASON 30

Basic number of windows refers to having only one or two small openings in the facades to determine the amount of environmental requirements needed.

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

Game room Relative Humidity (%)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

WINTER 30

3550

25

3050

100

30

80

25

2550

20

2050

15 10

40

1050

20

550

0

50 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) Game room Solar Gain (W)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

15

1550

5

20

60

10 5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

62

CASE 2 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE GAME ROOM – No shading Having no shading elements in the design affects negatively on the overall building performance especially during the summer time where the indoor temperature achieves 36°C during the peak hours of occupancy.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

SUMMER 40

18050 100 16050 90 14050 80 12050 70 10050 60 50 8050 40 6050 30 4050 20 2050 10 50 0

35

30 25 20 15

10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

35 30 25 20

15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

MID-SEASON

40

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

100

40

80

30

60 20 40 10

20 0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%)

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

40

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 40

7050

35

6050

30

100

40 35

80

30

5050

25 20

15

4050

60

3050

40

10

2050

5

1050

0

50 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) Game room Solar Gain (W)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

25 20 15 10

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C) Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

63

CASE 3 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE GAMEROOM – No internal gains SUMMER 35

9000 100

35

30

8000

30

7000

25

6000

20

5000

15

4000

80

25 60

20

40

15 10

3000

10

2000

5

1000

0

0

20

5

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

In this case the design was tested with no internal gains which includes occupants and appliances. The simulations show the indoor temperature is not achieving the thermal comfort level in all seasons.

Peak occupancy hours are highlighted in grey boxes.

Game room Relative Humidity (%)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

MID-SEASON 35

18050

30

16050 14050

25

12050

20

10050

15

8050 6050

10

4050

5

2050

0

50

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

WINTER 35

7050

30

6050

25

5050

20

4050

15

3050

10

2050

5

1050

0

50

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%) External Temperature (°C) Game room Solar Gain (W)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Dry Bulb (°C)

64

CASE 4 ZONE PERFORMANCE / THE GAME ROOOM – Improved results This is the result obtained after applying the suggested environmental techniques and theories.

SUMMER

By applying shading devices that can be adjusted during seasons to limit the access of direct solar radiation, can improve in the quality of the thermal indoor space.

25

After simulations the graphs show positive results especially during the summer time.

During the cold seasons additional it is expected that internal latent gains will be higher and that will help increasing the indoor temperature.

10

30

20 15

5 0

900

100

800

90

700

80

600

70

500

60

400

50

300

40

200

30

100

20

0

10

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C)

20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Game room Resultant Temp (°C)

Game room Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Resultant Temp (°C)

MID-SEASON 30

9000

25

8000 7000

20

6000 5000

15

4000 3000

10

2000

5

1000

0

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70

Game room Resultant Temp (°C)

Game room Relative Humidity (%)

Game room Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Resultant Temp (°C)

WINTER

Zone

Area

%

Game room

196

15%

Element

25

0

quiet zone Solar Gain (W)

External Temperature (°C)

30

Materials

Walls Ground Ceiling Internal walls

Lightweight Concrete

Facades and openings

Double glazed glass

U-Value 0.19 0.28 0.3 0.9

30

12000

25

10000

20

8000

15

6000

10

4000

5

2000

0

1.9

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 External Temperature (°C) Game room Solar Gain (W)

Game room Resultant Temp (°C)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25 20 15 10

5 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 Game room Relative Humidity (%)

External Temperature (°C)

Game room Resultant Temp (°C)

65

BIOCLIMATIC SECTIONS – AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED STRATEGIES Bioclimatic sections explain the over view of the environmental strategies regarding daylight, solar radiation and natural ventilation applied in the design proposed.

Figure – 133 – Section A-A

Figure – 135 – Plan Figure – 134 – Section B-B

66

SKY VIEW IN RELATION TO SURROUNDINGS INVESTIGATION The surrounding buildings were considered throughout the design process.

The sky view of the surrounding buildings was taken into consideration as it is intended to maximize the sky throughout view.

Figure – 136 – sky view model A

G

A

Figure – 137– sky view model B

B

C

E

D

F

G

Figure – 138 – sky view

67

PROPOSAL MASS ON EXISTING ELEVATIONS Proposed mass on the east and the south elevations.

Figure – 139 – E Elevation with proposal

Figure – 140 – S Elevation

68

APERTURE STUDIES Aperture flow in and out studies explain the amount in and out specifically during peak hours. In the bottom from figure 142 until figure 145 show few images of the considered indoor experience.

Figure – 141 – S Elevation

Summer - Aperture Flow

Winter - Aperture Flow 1800

2000 1500

1300

1000

800

500

300

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 -200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure – 142 – Creative open offices

Surface Aperture Flow Out (kg/s)

Game room Surface 1 Aperture Flow Out (kg/s)

Surface Aperture Flow In (kg/s)

Game room Surface 1 Aperture Flow In (kg/s)

Figure – 143 – Creative zone

Figure – 144 – Brain storming space

Figure – 145 - Hammock hall

69

BUILDING PERFORMANCE – Ventilation

Figure – 146- ventilation performance Figure – 147- ventilation performance

Cross ventilation strategy was implemented in the design proposal. According to the rule of thumb, buildings with a height of less than 100 meters, would have air velocity across their roofs. Therefore, the assumption of natural ventilation, is wind driven. As the graphs demonstrate, the results of ventilation process during the summertime is achieved in comparison to required amount for cooling and fresh air. On the other hand, where there are less amount of openings, such as the closed ceiling of the hammock room, fresh air is still provided and the amount of cooling can be controlled according to the users desire.

The geometry of the design along with the free standing glass that acts as a windbreaker which decreases the air velocity in the roof garden and creates a pleasant and comfortable outdoor experience for the users.

Summer

Mid – Season

Velocity (m/s)

23 20 16 12

Winter

0 Figure – 148- ventilation performance

70

RELATIVE CALCULATIONS Zone

Area

%

Volume

Occupancy hours

Game room

196

15%

1075

5 hours

Hammock hall

156

12%

1599

365 days

Library

121

9%

385

Creative department

73

6%

344

Quiet room

131

10%

Services

44

Circulation

94

Roof garden

295

22%

Reception

27

2%

100

Workshops

99

7%

455

Library mesh

37

3%

-

Waiting area

50

4%

645

3%

7%

Gains kw/m²

Type of Space

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Required Air Change (ACH)

Reception

200

10

Waiting Area

200

10

Gaming Room

300 - 500

10

Workshops

300

10

.3 .4 .3 .3

290

.2

Creative Department

300

10

-

-

Services

100

10

-

-

Circulation Area

200

10

-

.6 .3 -

Amount of glazing: Areas of glazed facades in the proposal: (35 + 35 + 10 + 8 + 8)= 96x4 = 384 = 33.5% Which is less that 40% glazing

.6

Internal gains calculation example for main zones: Zone

Lighting w/m²

Occupancy sensible gains w/m²

Occupancy latent gains w/m²

Total internal gains w/m²

Occupancy hours

5

4

5

11

5

196

Hammock Hall

5

4

2

11

5

156

Library

12

5

5

22

5

121

Quiet room

5

4

2

11

5

131

Creative department + workshops

12

10

5

27

5

173

Reception + waiting area

12

5

27

5

(11x5)x365/ 156/1000 = .4 kw/m²

Library

(22x5)x365/ 121/1000 =.3 kw/m²

Quiet room

(11x5)x365/ 131/1000 =.2 kw/m²

Game room

(11x5)x365/ 196/1000 = .3 kw/m²

Floor area

Game room

10

Hammock hall

77

The spaces in each row are combines in the calculations

71

BUILDING PERFORMANCE: ENERGY INDEX AND ENERGY DEMAND Step -2-

Step -12

per m

Overall building heat loss coefficient [W/K]

4361.28

3.63

Annual heat loss [kWh]

229993

Total internal gains [kWh]

2325

Total net solar gains [kWh]

134628

Total annual heat gains [kWh]

136953

Gains-to-loss ratio (GLR)

0.595

Gains-to-loss ratio (GLR)

Auxiliary heating fraction (AHF)

0.508

Auxiliary heating fraction (AHF)

0.297

Continuous heating [kWh]

116881

Continuous heating [kWh]

90903

75.8

Intermittent heating [kWh]

77268

64.4

97.4 82.8

CO2 [kg]

CO2 2 [kg/m ]

2

Total

31725

26.44

26966

22.47

Total

per m

Overall building heat loss coefficient [W/K]

4361.28

3.63

Annual heat loss [kWh]

306403

Total internal gains [kWh]

215436

Total net solar gains [kWh]

134628

Total annual heat gains [kWh]

350064 1.142

99349

Excess gains [kWh]

17881

Excess gains [kWh]

Peak temperature [°C ]

33.0

Peak temperature [°C ]

33.0

Number of hours above 27°C [h]

934

Number of hours above 27°C [h]

934

Total

per m

Overall building heat loss coefficient [W/K]

4361.28

3.63

Annual heat loss [kWh]

229993

Total internal gains [kWh]

215436

Total net solar gains [kWh]

134628

Total annual heat gains [kWh]

350064

Gains-to-loss ratio (GLR)

1.522

Auxiliary heating fraction (AHF)

0.204

Continuous heating [kWh]

46969

39.1

Intermittent heating [kWh]

39924

33.3

Excess gains [kWh]

2

CO2 2 [kg/m ]

Total energy demand is a combination of laten gains, equipment gain, heating and cooling demand and lighting: Results taken from TAS of the inputs, total energy demand = (27 + 11 + 11 + 22 + 11 + 27 + 39) = 148 KW/m²²/year

Intermittent heating [kWh]

Step -3-

CO2 [kg]

24674

20.56

20973

17.48

100923

2

CO2 [kg]

CO2 [kg/m ]

12749

10.62

10836

9.03

125280

Peak temperature [°C ]

33.0

Number of hours above 27°C [h]

934

ENERGY INDEX RESULTS Total annual heat gains [kWh]

Total net solar gains [kWh]

Total internal gains [kWh]

Annual heat loss [kWh] 0

50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 Figure – 149- BER Chart

72

EXPLORING RENEWABLE ENERGY CHOICES To enhance the quality of the performance A Photovoltaic skylight provides: Energy generation UV filter Reduce Co2 Emissions Thermal and acoustic insulation Used on Ramp roofing with an area of approx.. 16 m2 PVs can produce photovoltaic transparent glass with 10%,20% or 30% of transparency degree 1. 6 Watt LED Slimline reduce energy by up to 65% Output voltage 36V 2. LumiLife 7 Watt LED Spotlight for Library & Creative replacement for 70W halogen 3. Made to last 25,000 hours LumiLife 3.3 Watt LED Spotlight for Hammock hall A Photovoltaic skylight can also generate energy to heat up some spaces such as the quiet room in the winter spaces.

Calculating the Solar PV Feed-In tariff with www.solarguide.co.uk Input: Roof faces: South Space available for panels: 10m X 2m (Roof of the ramp) Daytime electricity rate: £0.1247 per kWh (inc VAT) 100% of the energy generated will be used.

No export meter Benefits calculated over a 20 years period Assume RPI of 3.584% and annual energy price inflation of 5% Roof angle: 20 degrees Assume panel degradation to 80% of year 1 output after 30 years.

Assume inverter lifetime of 25 years Assume cable/inverter system losses 15% of output.

Figure – 150- Photovoltaic on ramp

Outcome: Investment in 3.00kWp system £5,318.67 First year total benefit: £487.41 Total profit after 20 years: £9,624.20 (9.05% per year) Calculations include solar radiation and system losses in NW1 3HF due to temperature 6.6% ans angular reflectance 3.4%, as well as losses of 15%

73

CONCLUSION

Figure – 151 – Model

The insights of the work obtained on this project can be summarized in the following: 1. Building on top of roofs requires managing the countless amount of solar radiation and wind received.

2. The getaway centre is designed upon the environmental aspects of the site such as solar and wind studies 3. There is a strong relationship between the social and the environmental demands.

4. Utilizing environmental factors and transforming them into environmental and architectural design strategies.

5. Taking the surrounding’s building typology into consideration in terms of sky view and over shadowing.

6. Choice of building fabric is upon sites condition, environmental performance and application time management.

7. Enhancing the relationship between the outdoor and the indoor spaces by transparent facades and seasonal architectural elements.

8. Enhancing the greenery indoors has improved the indoor environment and experience.

9. Multi-use elements that are designed in a way that serves multiple functions at a time.

10. Dynamic louvers that manage the solar access and thermal control.

11. The energy demand required over all is 148 KW/m²/year, the heating is only 39.1 KW/m²/year which is dealt with via renewable energy sources suggested previously.

12. In this proposal the main consideration was the design before the sources of the renewable energy and after running the studies and the simulations the design has shown success most of the year and it is gathered that using photovoltaic for a specific time of the year has been minimized as much as possible and only used when needed.

74

REFERENCES 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

"2 - 3 Triton Square - Euston Road, London". Manchesterhistory.net. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"2 Triton Square - Watkins Payne". Watkins Payne. N.p., 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"2 Triton Square, London - Santander". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Air Pollution Around High- And Low-Rise Buildings". Informedesign.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"B&Q, Toilets, Soane, Compost And Chelsea". GirlAboutGarden. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"BREEAM : 404". Breeam.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"British Land Sells Abbey Headquarters". Britishland.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Construction Cranes Dominate The Skyline At Regents Place Near...". Getty Images. N.p., 2016.

Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Data Availability - Defra, UK". Uk-air.defra.gov.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Euston Road`1987-2010". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Freyja Sewell". Freyjasewell.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Home". Britishland.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Illuminance - Recommended Light Levels". Engineeringtoolbox.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Lend Lease Wins �150M Regent’S Place Construction Project". Freeofficesearch.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Location Of Old Thames Studios On Euston Road - Broadcasting - Digital Spy Forums".

Forums.digitalspy.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"London Air Quality Network » Nowcast - Current Pollution Map". Londonair.org.uk. N.p., 2016.

Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Natural Stone Solutions". BBS Natural Stone. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"NEQ Continues At Pace". Britishland.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Optivent". Naturalcooling.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Projects · FARRELLS". Farrells.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Regent's Place". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Regent's Place, London". Building4change.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Regents Place: Compulsory Purchase Plans And Some Professional Critique". Talkswindon.org.

N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"SANUK". BritishCall. N.p., 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"Thames TV Productions". Oocities.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

123, Developed. "Precast Concrete Wall System, Precast Warehouse Walls". Acp-concrete.co.uk.

N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Design Guide RECREATION CENTERS. 1st ed. 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Firstenburg Community Center Vancouver, Washington. 1st ed. 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

K-Point Internet Solutions - Warrenpoint, County Down. "Timberframe Homes In Ireland And UK Kilbroney Timberframe, Timberframe Manufacturers". Kilbroneytimberframe.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Ltd., MintTwist. "Regent's Place Map And Contact Information". Regentsplace.com. N.p., 2016.

Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

McManus, David. "Regents Place - Triton Square | Regents Place London - E-Architect". earchitect. N.p., 2010. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Pod., The. "The Productivity Boosting Nap Pod - Hammacher Schlemmer". Hammacher.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

REGENT’S PLACE At 30 Celebration Reflection. 1st ed. 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Regent’S Place, London NW1. 1st ed. 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Sustainability And Precast Concrete. 1st ed. 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

TS, Ravichandran. "Sai Preethi Precast Builder » Lightweight Precast Concrete Panels In Tamilnadu, Chennai, India". Saipreethiprecastbuilder.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Welch, Adrian. "Regents Place Pavilion, British Land London Building, Architect, Regents Place Images - E-Architect". e-architect. N.p., 1999. Web. 1 Apr. 2016. www.a3ia.com, anar[at]a3ia.com. "Buildings - 2-3 Triton Square, London NW1 3AN".

Buildington.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

"London, UK". Google.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Ltd, Holmes. "Solar Guide PV Calculator Results". Solarguide.co.uk. N.p., 2016. Web. 6 Apr. 2016.

75

APPENDICES Passive Design Assistant (PDA) Input

Site and Climate Location: Month: Room Length (m): Width (m): Height (m): Orientation (clockwise from north): Occupancy, Equipment and Lights Occupancy Level: Time Occupants In: Time Occupants Out: Small Power Density: Time Small Power On: Time Small Power Off: Lighting Power Density: Time Lights On: Time Lights Off: Ventilation Ventilation Rate: Window Data Width (m): Height (m): Window Multiplier: Glazing Type: U-value: G-vale: Overhang Construction Material: Thickness (mm): U-value (W/m2k): Y-value (W/m2k): Settings Occupant Sensible Heat Gain (W/person): Ground Reflectance: Internal Surface Resistance: Walls: Floor/Ceiling: External Surface Resistance: Walls: Floor/Ceiling: Turbidity (Haziness): Radiant Percentage of Gain (%):

Physical Model Pictures

Type of Space Gaming Room

Hammock Hall

Library

Quiet Room

London January / April / July

London January / April / July

London January / April / July

London January / April / July

10 13 5 270

16 8 6 270

11 8.4 4 150

9 14.5 3 270

Average 12 14 Average 12 19 Average 15 20

Average 12 14 Low 12 19 Low 15 20

High 12 14 Average 12 19 Average 15 20

Average 12 14 High / Low / Low 12 19 Low 15 20

Low / Medium / High

Low / Medium / High

Medium / High / High

Low / Low / Low

8 3 1 Double Glazing 1.54 0.6 0m / 0m / 0m

7 5 1 Double Glazing 1.54 0.6 0m / 0m / 3m

9 3 1 Double Glazing 1.54 0.6 0m / 0m / 3m

Concrete_Leightweigh Concrete_Leightweig t ht Concrete_Leightweight Concrete_Leightweight 300 300 300 300 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 70 0.2

70 0.2

70 0.2

70 0.2

0.12 0.12

0.12 0.12

0.12 0.12

0.12 0.12

0.074 0.074 Clear 50

0.074 0.074 Clear 50

0.074 0.074 Clear 50

0.074 0.074 Clear 50

Optivent Input (Summer Case) Location Data: Latitude (decimal degrees): Month: Hour: Prevailing mean outdoor Temperature (°C): Meteorological Wind Speed (m/s): Terrain data: Inlet (surface) Azimuth: Construction Data: Glazing: Solar Transmittance Factor (0-1): Shading Proportion (%): Wall: Surface Absorptance (0-1): U-Value (W/m²·K): Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K): Roof: Surface Absorptance (0-1): U-Value (W/m²·K): Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K) Building Data: Cell - Floor area (m²): Cell - Volume (m³): Outdoor temperature (°C): Indoor temperature (°C): To - Ti (°C): Cell - Heat Gains: Number of people: occupant gains (W/m²): Equipment gains (W/m²): Lighting gains (W/m²): Total internal gains (W/m²): Apertures Data: Inlet: Effective Area (m²): Height Zn (m): Airflow Rate, Buoyancy driven (m³/s): Airflow Rate, Buoyancy driven + Wind Driven (m³/s): Outlet: Effective Area (m²): Height Zn (m): Airflow Rate, Buoyancy driven (m³/s): Airflow Rate, Buoyancy driven + Wind Driven (m³/s):

Type of Space Gaming Room Hammock Hall

Library

Quiet Room

52

52

52

52

July 12 20 5

July 12 20 3

July 12 20 5

July 12 20 5

4 South

1 South

1 South

1 South

0.6 20

0.6 20

0.6 20

0.4 50

0.6 0.3 4.0

0.6 0.3 4.0

0.6 1.1 1.7

0.4 0.3 3.0

0.6 0.2 4.0

0.6 0.2 4.0

0.6 1.1 1.7

0.4 0.2 4.0

195 975 22 24 2

156 780 22 24 2

121 400 22 24 2

130.5 456.75 22 24 2

20 73.33 15 20

10 14.07 15 10

15 25.33 15 10

7 4.08 15 5

108.33

39.07

50.33

24.08

1 1.5 0.16

1.6 3 0.3

1 2 0.58

1 1.5 0.17

1.01

2.06

1.9

2.0

1 2 0.16

2.4 2 0.3

1 2 0.58

1.25 2 0.17

1.01

2.06

1.9

2.0

Daylight Factor Simulations :

APPENDICES Type of Space

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Achieved Illuminance (LUX)

Required Air Rate (L·s–1 per person)

300 - 500

480

10

300 - 500

10

10

500 300

400 320

10 10

Hammock Hall Gaming Room Social Library Quiet Room

Required Illuminance (LUX)

Required Air Change (ACH)

Reception

200

10

Waiting Area

200

10

300 - 500

10

Workshops

300

10

Creative Department

300

10

Services

100

10

Circulation Area

200

10

Type of Space

Regents Place outdoor sound level measurements

Gaming Room

Hammock Hall

Social Library

Achieved Illuminance Level:

Regents Place outdoor sound level measurements

Hammock Hall: 4000 x 12 / 100 = 480Lux Social Library: 4000 x 10 / 100 = 400Lux Quiet Room: 4000 x 8 / 100 = 320Lux

Regents Place outdoor sound level measurements

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band on Running Mean

Quiet Room

APPENDICES SITE INFORMATION Dwelling type Location Latitude Annual mean temp [°C]

Detached London 51°28'

CALCULATION RESULTS Overall building heat loss coefficient [W/K] Annual heat loss [kWh] Total internal gains [kWh] Total net solar gains [kWh] Total annual heat gains [kWh] Gains-to-loss ratio (GLR) Auxiliary heating fraction (AHF) Continuous heating [kWh] Intermittent heating [kWh]

11.98

SPACE LAYOUT Obstruction angle in 0 degrees (integer) Floor-to-ceiling height 3 [m] 0.3 Ventilation rate [ac/h] 3600.0 Space volume [m3] Overall window-to-floor 30.0% ratio [%]

1 2

Opaque Area [m2] 1200 Floor (total) 0 Exposed floor 216 Wall (gross) 1200 Roof 0 Other Mean U-value [W/m2K]

Transparent Area [m2] 130 N 0 NE/NW 0 E/W 0 SE/SW 222 S 352 Total

U-value [W/m2K]

per m

4361.28 306403 215436 134628

3.63

2

2

CO2 [kg]

CO2 [kg/m ]

24674 20973

20.56 17.48

350064 1.142 0.297 90903 77268

Excess gains [kWh] Peak temperature [°C ] Number of hours above 27°C [h]

BUILDING ELEMENTS

Total

75.8 64.4

100923 33.0 934

1. Obstruction angle affects all orientations 2. If not specified, 0.75 is used as a default

0 1.5 1.5 0 1.50

% Frame 10 0 0 0 10

INTERNAL CONDITIONS 215435.775 Internal gains [kWh] Additional internal gains [kWh] Fuel type (Gas, Oil, Gas Electricity, Coal) Mean indoor 20 temperature [°C]

Net Window-to(glazing) floor ratio area [m2] [%] 300.0 15 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 199.8 19

Glazing type DG DG DG DG DG

Floor U-value reflectance [W/m2K] (0.2 - 0.8)

Total annual heat gains [kWh]

Total net solar gains [kWh]

1.54

0.6

Total internal gains [kWh]

Annual heat loss [kWh]

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

78

APPENDICES Energy index input U-Value

TAS 3D model cases

Basic windows- no double facades

Mean in - out

Building heat

Retained

No windows

No shading elements

No internal gains

Improved results

79