Reshaping Architectural Choice and Energy efficiency solutions

KING FAISAL UNIVERSITY BA Architecture 2008/2013 UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER MSC Architecture and Environmental Design 2015/16

NOORIHAN ABDULMAGEED 2018

Reshaping Architectural Choice through Adaptation Energy efficiency solutions and Renewable opportunities Kingdom of Bahrain

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TOOLS USED ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION • Location • Methodology, hypothesis and expected outcome • The built environment, the urban scenery and land reclamation (past & present) • Identifying the problem, THE ROLE OF ACTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS CLIMATE CHANGE IN BAHRAIN CLIMATE ANALYSIS ANALYTIC WORK PRECEDENTS BAHRAIN’S SURROUNDING ENVELOPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROTOTYPE A ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE PROTOTYPE B ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES AND SIMULATIONS SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS AND RENEWABLE OPPORTUNITIES DESIGN APPLICABILITY CONCLUSION REFERENCES

Program planning

Investigation

Field work

Data analysis and reflection on the precedents

Applicability

Conclusion

2

The solutions that will be proposed here seek to alter the perception of comfort in a community that is accustomed to subsidized, cheap resources and luxury features - and in turn promote sustainable building practices that significantly reduce domestic energy consumption. consumption A study of the surrounding envelope has proven the possibility of mitigating the intense impact of solar radiation on buildings by adopting simple strategies, such as orientation, shading, the amount of glazing used and incorporating earth as a thermal mass.

This p paper p specifically p y focuses on earth-integrated g structures, using cooler ground temperatures to reduce heat levels in structures.

By analysing different earth integrations to compare their thermal balance, it is proven that a comfortable indoor environment can be achieved by passive strategies.

After studying the earth profile in Bahrain and exploring th courtyard the t d effect ff t on an underground d d level l l off two t prototypes - designed and simulated with consideration to orientation, zoning, proportion, surface area of contact with earth and thermal data - it has been determined that the solutions outlined here can result in a heat reduction of up to 7C° in a free running house.

In addition, incorporating appropriate ventilation can at least halve the number of months that mechanical cooling is required annually.

Solutions proposed are based on research into vernacular architecture, historic regional precedents and a predesign analysis, which involved a fieldwork visit to Bahrain and the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in April 2016.

The prototypes designed and tested have been developed in line with an environmental evaluation to assess their effectiveness. They prove that sustainable building solutions not only reduce power consumption, but can also improve social experience. Such benefits provide a powerful incentive for individuals to adopt sustainable strategies raising awareness and setting a new trend in strategies, the process. It is proposed that methods proposed here should ultimately be incorporated into building regulations.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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1. TAS Engineering 2. RHINO thermodynamic simulations (Grasshopper, Ladybug and Diva) 3. SKETCH-UP 3D modeller 4. 2D AutoCAD 5. OPTIVENT – Natural cooling studies 6. METEONORM 7. CFD (2d – 3D) 8. Spot measurements tools used during the field work: • 3in1Compact Vane Anemometer • Lux Meter • Infrared Thermometer

TOOLS USED 3in1Compact Vane Anemometer

Infrared Thermometer

Lux Meter

Tinytag humidity and temperature data loggers

4

Increased Western influence in the wake of the 1930s oil discovery has resulted in the loss of Bahrain’s architectural identity. The country’s y contemporary p y architecture is now characterised by minimal energy efficiency.

Luxurious features are sought after in homes to satisfy social and cultural norms, neglecting concerns about environmental waste. There is complete dependence on mechanical and artificial cooling systems to escape the harsh climate. Architectural fundamentals that are implemented regard the harsh climate as an obstacle, rather than an aesthetic functional element. The same is also true when maximisimg privacy in homes, which is often a requirement given the region’s conservative mindset.

Years of cheap energy prices, kept low by government subsidies, encouraged unsustainable design practices - reducing architectural quality and changing people’s understanding of comfort. f t Thi This di dissertation t ti explores l opportunities to combine government efforts to promote economic growth, social norms and environmental methodologies to achieve positive outcomes.

It discusses alternatives to existing architectural choices by addressing dilemmas affecting the quality of Bahrain’s housing. This paper also takes into consideration the complexity of the climate and identifies seasonal architectural and environmental approaches, which also complement cultural and social dynamics. dynamics These solutions incorporate passive strategies that motivate intuitive occupant behavior.

ABSTRACT

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Identity as a perception has social and physical meanings. meanings It establishes a group of indications recognized by a group of people at a specific time and place.

People and places, however, are exposed to change over time. In that sense, identity may change and people may battle b ttl this thi change h b because th they want to feel that they maintain a certain level of continuity. However, continuity of identity is a very debatable concept.

Every society faces a real challenge to maintain its identity for any length of time, especially under conditions of rapid economic and technological change. In this study it is the discovery of oil that has the biggest impact and challenge to the community.

According to that; architecture in this part of the world has been through two main stages, pre-oil era and post oil discovery. The community’s conservative background has many effects on the choice of architecture as well. They can be shortsighted in the y do not want to worry y sense that they about a post oil era. Not taking into consideration that in the future subsidies may not be provided and without oil the economy will decline accompanied by political instability. Many things will change if alternative sources of energy are not considered

INTRODUCTION 6

LOCATION Kingdom of Bahrain, a nation comprising more than 30 islands in the Arabian Gulf, it has been at the center of major trade routes since ancient times. times The modern capital is Manama. Located in the heart of the main island. it is situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre King Fahd Causeway.

Bahrain's population is 1,234,571 (c. 2010), including 666 172 non 666,172 non-nationals nationals.

It is 765.3 765 3 square kilometers (295.5 sq mi) in size, making it the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore.

EXPATS & LOCALS

Locals 46%

Expats 54%

http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/bahrain�population/

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METHODOLOGY, HYPOTHESIS AND EXPECTED OUTCOME RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: An elaborative psychological investigation on the occupants, their behavior and the architectural identity pre and post oil discovery. The investigation will lead to the reasoning behind the architectural choice that is affected drastically by a requirement for privacy, luxury, and social or cultural needs. Afterward, there are suggested solutions to change the approach leading to residential unit design guidelines that mainly reflects the cultural demands which include it being attractive and cost effective. Later, the proposed solutions are tested to illustrate the environmental performance via passive strategies and renewables opportunities. Two prototypes are designed and tested.

“Anything new is different, and being different is essential to our region for different social and cultural reasons, and therefore the social and environmental enhancement follow the same path in this report” RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: 1.

2.

Designing prototype guidelines for a residential unit that is sufficient to both the social and environmental demands which are concluded under the following: • Privacy and cost affective • C Considering id i climate li t change h (th (the i increase i in th the ambient bi t temperatures and the rise of sea levels) Awareness: The approach affecting the architectural choice and perspective of energy consumption.

•An elaborative psychological investigation

•Testing the proposed solutions to illustrate the environmental impact

EXPECTED OUTCOME:

•Illustrating the reasoning behind the architectural choice

An elaborative study that illustrates the simulated prototypes identifying the benefits of using suggested strategies to accommodate the social and the environmental needs to support a passive habitat while reserving the architectural identity in a modern visualization.

•Suggested solutions to change the approach leading to residential unit design guidelines RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, THE URBAN SCENERY AND LAND RECLAMATION (PAST & PRESENT) Bahrain has a rich architectural heritage that can be seen throughout the country especially in home planning with magnificent vernacular characteristics such as courtyards, wind towers, downdraught cooling and other. With the increasing decay, researches in the Bahraini heritage have been on the rise with the support of the Bahrain culture and antiquities authority. Historically, building designs and materials were taken from the surrounding built environment such as: natural stones, Palm tree fronds and other, meanwhile, modern architecture in Bahrain has come under frequent criticism as being affected by globalization until present years as a new building code is being developed to insure it is environmentally suitable for the hot dry environment of the kingdom.

For economic and p political reasons the choice of architecture has changed g from the inherited historical buildings to high-rises and modern buildings that wiped away the architectural identity and dependent on artificial resources. This has made it harder for users to understand the importance of energy efficiency and the beauty of our traditional architecture. since the discovery of oil in 1930’sa new home image was introduced.

The impact Th i t off the th urban b context t t and d scenery on the th social i l pattern tt i determined is d t i d by the most common places that have high activity such as Seef area, Airport Avenue, Muharraq, Janabya, Riffa and the artificial islands such as Reef island, Durrat Al-Bahrain, Amwaj island and others.

COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND LAND RECLAMATION: For political and economic reasons the systematic sea reclamation started in Bahrain in 1990 were the surface area of Bahrain was 665.3 km2 and by the end of 2015, it was recorded at 778 Km2.(search area) This is an increase of 112.3 km2 in 35 years. This 15.8% expansion is due to sea reclamation, mainly for housing and industrial developments.

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IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM Energy consumption in Bahrain is mostly caused by high ambient temperatures and relative humidity. In addition, residential facilities display high usage of electricity.

A study done on Trends in Residential Energy Consumption by Farajallah Alrashed (School of Engineering and Built Environment in Glasgow Caledonian University) shows that 52% of the energy is wasted from the residential sector and that originally comes from burnt oil with the initial negative impact from the high CO² emissions then the high usage of the mechanical supplies in houses. Another study done by Jami Hijazi in Sustainable Houses in hot climate (University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2014) demonstrates that 80% of that waste is from airconditions.

Energy consumption Per capita

Energy consumption by sector

A survey has been assessed and answered by approximately pp y 150 p people p in order to understand the demands and social impact on the choice of architecture in Bahrain and AlKhobar and the following are the main findings obtained: 1. PRIVACY IS ESSENTIAL 2. Complete DEPENDENCE ON MECHANICAL SUPPLIES (AC, (AC artificial tifi i l light, li ht heating h ti sometimes) ti ) despite the availability of daylight or fresh air at certain times of the year.

3. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE in environmental techniques but there is interest in energy conservation.

Sustainable houses in hot climate (Saudi Arabia), Jamil Hijazi, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2014

* Details page -82-

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THE GOVERNMENT AND THE MUNICIPALITY The psychology p y gy that influences the architectural choices people make and the availability of cheap resources made it easier for consumers to neglect the energy value and caused individuals and industries to not fully apprehend the amount of waste.

Thus, the active contributors in the community are helping spreading awareness through smart marketing and educational seminars to guarantee effectiveness in many ways. A new energy efficiency action plan has been developed and is available for users on the SEU website.

ACADEMIC INDIVIDUALS

INSINUATIONS

AND

DESIGNING THINKERS. By improving the intellectual movement in architectural choice, h i when h a choice h i i sett to is t significantly i ifi tl influence the choices people make by creating a trend or awareness, This will have a great impact on environmental development and understanding in Bahrain such as individual well-being, environmental considerations and the stimulation of propro social behavior.

“Energy efficiency methods should be taught to the younger generations”.

THE ROLE OF ACTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN BAHRAIN The future of sustainability in Bahrain has been discussed in many publications and conferences as the g government of Bahrain has taken a number of critical steps to shift the country towards more efficient consumption of energy and by that created the national energy efficiency and renewable energy action plan.

The Sustainable Energy Unit in Bahrain has a Target to reduce 5% of the energy consumed which is equal to 250 m/w by 2025. The first step is by installing solar panels l on top t off the th roofs f off governmentt buildings b ildi which hi h are approximately i t l 450 building and that will produce 50 m/w. the project will start end of the year 2018 with the first 50 buildings. As well as 620 Mataam’s and mosques that will have covered roofs in solar panels, the avenues mall that has 880 panels installed within 4 days on their parking lot. Also, by building the Amazon Middle East head quarters that agreed to supply the grid with 50m/w. The second step is by building a 100m/w solar plant, In order to achieve a total of 150m/w in the span of one year. As well as Solar roads on the new causeway connecting the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia with the Bahrain. The government efforts have also included a green house code for new housing done by the ministry of housing. Part one of the green codes shall to announced end of the year 2018 that includes building, construction, appliances, district cooling and all necessary details with all renewable residential i i opportunities ii that will i allow the public i to generate theiri own energy form law 1/1996 as well as alternative retrofit and financial options to give everyone the chance to be a part of this change. This target will help saving 30-40% of electricity in the future. The lamp posts will be solar operated.

Electric cars will be introduced and charging points will be built to encourage people to go towards that especially after the high oil prices. As well as other relevant efforts such as encouraging recycling, recycling beach clean ups, ups cleaning Tubli bay sludge and turning it into energy.

The first ever 'solar home' in Bahrain, which is connected to the governmental electricity network through a Net Metering system allows individuals and establishments to install and use solar energy in their homes or facilities safely, thus saving substantially on monthly utility bills. Dr. Mirza (Minster of EWA) said experts and specialists from the Sustainable Energy Unit are willing to assist individuals and institutions who wishing to install such systems. He said the cost of power produced in this way is much lower than conventional energy.

Bahrain Awali Energy plant

https://www.evwind.es/2013/05/11/bahrain-awali-solar-energy-plant-is-in-service-before-the-end-of-this-year/32563

Solar roads construction

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CLIMATE CHANGE IN BAHRAIN

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CLIMATE CHANGE IN BAHRAIN – A BRIEF As a low-elevation island, Bahrain is likely to feel the impacts of climate change more strongly than its GCC neighbors. As emissions i i and d the th greenhouse h effect ff t raise i global l b l temperatures t t toward the 2°C threshold, The kingdom of Bahrain is already feeling the heat after the hottest August and September on record (2017). Bahrain’s high summer temperatures, population density, and low elevation make climate change mitigation important for the future of Bahrain. The government of Bahrain is taking meaningful steps to protect its citizens by mitigating climate change through improved transit infrastructure and adopting renewable energy sources. It is clear Bahrain takes seriously the effects of climate change, as evidenced by the leadership of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa at the COP-21 (The daily tribune). The majority of the country’s population lives in coastal zones (Bahrain’s Public Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment, and Wildlife) and 81% of the population lives in Manama, Manama the capital. capital The Kingdom is one of the most densely populated countries in the world at 1,700 persons per square kilometer in 2014 with projections of population doubling in size in less than 20 years (CIO). The highest altitude is registered at 134 meters above sea level, while a large proportion of the coastal area does not exceed 5 meters of altitude. One of the main environmental challenges facing Bahrain by the end of the century is sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change.

The Kingdom has launched a set of mitigation measures to address the impact of climate change in regard to SLR, these mainly consist of strengthening capacities in terms of initiating a coastal monitoring program, strengthening the urban planning considerations and laws to address climate change impact, revising legal and administrative procedures for land reclamation, integrating enhanced environmental safeguards, raising policymakers and public awareness on the impacts of SLR, involving the local communities in developing adaptive responses, and reinforcing existing coastal protection structures. On the other hand, mitigation measures for the marine ecosystems y targeted g the rehabilitation of mangroves, g the establishment of extended conservation zones for coral reefs, legal protection and development of integrated management plan for the threatened ecosystems and intensify afforestation (PCPMREW).

The four different scenarios set out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessments draw an alarming future for the coastal zone population of Bahrain. Based on the Kingdom’s qualitative assessment of the SLR risks, the predicted loss ranges from 27% of the Kingdom’s area with a rise of 1.5 meters of sea water to 56% of the Kingdom’s g area with a rise of 5 meters by y 2100 (PCPMREW).

The effects of climate change on Bahrain can affect three mediums. The coastal medium can be impacted by a rise in sea temperature, sea acidification, coral bleaching, shoreline erosion and degraded coastal fisheries. The impact on the terrestrial medium can be visible through sea water intrusion to the freshwater aquifers, while the impact on the human medium can be discerned by the relocation of coastal communities, loss of habitat in urban zones and damages to the infrastructure (Nurse et al., 2014). http://arabdevelopmentportal.com/blog/climate‐change‐impact‐sea‐level‐rising‐bahrain

http://globalfloodmap.org/Bahrain

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SEASONALLY VARYING FOOTPRINT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PRECIPITATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Climate change is expected to alter precipitation patterns; however, the amplitude of the change may broadly differ across seasons. Combining different seasons may mask contrasting climate change signals in individual seasons, leading to weakened signals and misleading impact results. A realistic assessment of future climate change is of great importance for arid regions, which are more vulnerable to any change in extreme events as their infrastructure is less experienced or not well adapted for extreme conditions. The results show that climate change signals and associated uncertainties over the Middle East region remarkably vary with seasons. seasons The region is identified as a climate change hotspot where rare extreme precipitation events are expected to intensify for all seasons, with a “highest increase in autumn, lowest increase in spring” pattern which switches to the “increase in autumn, decrease in spring” pattern for less extreme precipitation. This pattern is also held for mean precipitation, violating g the “wet g gets wetter, dry yg gets drier” p paradigm. g https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598‐018‐22795‐8

A simulation run on the present and future climate scenarios. See page -24-

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POLLUTION

PURITY AND CLEANLINESS

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Bahrain is an Island that has a desert climate characterized by extreme heat during the day, sudden drops in temperature during the night, and very low annual rainfall in the summer with dry winters. winters Because of the influence of a subtropical high-pressure system, there is considerable variation in temperature and humidity. The average summer temperature is about 47°C, but readings of up to 55°C are common. Weather data has started recording on 1902. 2017 recorded the hottest summer measured. Sand storms are frequent q phenomena p causing occupants to close windows and not use natural ventilation and daylight. Wind direction is mainly North West. Pollution is high in certain industrial areas such as Sitra Island.

Bahrain was very known with underground water and springs i th t are allll dry that d t d today d due t to desertification, unplanned mass utilization and construction development.

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

Bahrain has a thick ground layer that has a steady ground temperature throughout the year (page 14 – 15)

Monthly Average Climate Data 45.00 m/s

40 00 40.00

DBT mean max

35.00 DBT mean min

kW/m2

25.00

oC

30.00

10.00

Global Horizontal Radiation

20.00 15.00

Wind Velocity

5.00

DBT mean average

0.00 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov Dec

By: Author

17

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Rainfall

Days 30 27 24 21 18 8 15 12 9 6 3 0

day ys

mm m

Cumulative Rainfall

Wind rose and direction throughout the year

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Seasonal sun radiation coverage Tool: Rhino – Lady bug – Source: Author

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BAHRAIN EARTH TEMPERATURE PROFILE The concentration of any urban fabric plays an essential role in the amount of solar radiation absorbed, reflected and stored in the fabric of the city’s y ground. Considering g g the fabric and earth as a cooling g environment is a main proposal in my paper. The calculation of the significant difference between the mean annual soil temperature (MAST), the mean summer temperature and The difference between mean summer and winter temperatures all at a soil depth of 50 cm is what the soil regime depends on.

It is normally assumed that the MAST (in °C) equals the sum of the mean annual air temperature plus 2°C. according to the The mean air temp 27°C and ground temp 22°C. The different orientations and excavation of the fabric depend on the location and the amount of the solar exposure.

The temperature underground depends on the depth of the excavation.

From running the weather data exported from the tool Meteonorm into a climate analysis spreadsheet by Juan Vallejo “Westminster University, London” it i is i concluded that the ground temperature profile fi allows building homes that are fully or partially sheltered with earth which would perform as a cooling environment by acting as a thermal mass. In this study the proposed depth is between 5-10m for improved performance.

50.00

°C

40.00

0 00 m 0.00

30.00

1.00 m

20.00

2.00 m

10.00 0 00 0.00 -10.00 Bahrain earth temperature profile on different depths

4.00 m 6.00 m 10.00 m

Soil temperature regime

Temperature range

Pergelic

~ -8°C to -4°C

Subgelic

~ -4°C to 0°C

Frigid

~ 0°C to 8°C

Mesic

8°C to 15°C

Thermic h i

15°C °C to t 22°C

HYPERTHERMIC

22°C OR HIGHER

Fig – 50- Soil temperature regime and temperature

Soil Density (kg/m3) clay silt

1220 1280

medium to coarse sand uniform sand gravel g

1530 1650 1870

Soil Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) soil minerals granite quartz organic i matter tt water

2.5 3 8.8 0 25 0.25 0.56

Soil Specific Heat (kJ/kgK) soil minerals granite quartz organic matter water

0.87 0.82 08 0.8 1.92 4.18

Fig – 51- Saudi Soil specifications

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Underground excavation illustration

Underground excavation with suggested ventilation strategies

Underground excavation types By: Author

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COMFORT THEORIES Understating the differences of comfort in compression to other places is related to the climate analysis of the region chosen. For instance the summer comfort band in the UK can be around 26ยบC while in Bahrain it can be up to 35ยบC. By designing guidelines for a residential unit (a prototype) that is environmentally friendly it can serve the needs of the social norms with understanding of the perception of comfort, with consideration to orientation, these guidelines are meant to aid the essential privacy demands while being affordable and environmental. environmental The visual comfort of these units can offer luxurious features through Islamic or Arabic motifs in order to revive the traditional architecture with a blend of simplicity from modern designs to support approach theories.

SUMMER BAND

The comfort calculation formula by Fergus Nicol helped with the targeted temperature to reduce in a free running space especially during the summer months. Details shown on page -22-.

WINTER BAND

Fig. -42- Comfort theories: Dhahran airport weather station

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Free-running buildings comfort calculation formula done by Fergus Nicol. Done in Oxford Centre for Sustainable Development, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.

HOTÂ SEASON N

Tc = 0.534To + 12.9

Min comfort Max

Max comfort

Month

Mean temperature

Mean Comfort

Result

Min

Jan

14

Tc = 0.534*15 + 12.9

20

11

18.774

21

24.114

Feb

17

Tc = 0.534*17 + 12.9

22

12

19.308

24

25.716

March

21

Tc = 0.534*21 + 12.9

24

17

21.978

28

27.852

April

27

Tc = 0.534*27 + 12.9

27

19

23.046

33

30.522

May

32

Tc = 0.534*32 + 12.9

30

26

26.784

40

34.26

June

34

Tc = 0.534*35 + 12.9

31

28

27.852

44

36.396

July

36

Tc = 0.534*36 + 12.9

32

31

29.454

45

36.93

Aug

36

Tc = 0.534*36 + 12.9

32

28

27.852

44

36.396

Sep

33

Tc = 0.534*33 + 12.9

31

28

27.852

42

35.328

Oct

28

Tc = 0.534*28 + 12.9

28

24

25.716

38

33.192

Nov

22

Tc = 0.534*22 + 12.9

25

19

23.046

28

27.852

Dec

16

Tc = 0.534*16 + 12.9

21

12

19.308

21

24.114

22

Adaptive Comfort in Bahrain 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan

Feb

March

April

May

June Mean

July Min

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

MAx

Adaptive thermal comfort standards in the hot–humid tropics done by Fergus Nicol – done by: author.

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PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE FLUCTUATIONS Metenorm present scenario Future A1B scenarios

There is a significant increase in the precipitation levels between the current 2010 2015 scenario and the 2050 future scenario, 2010-2015 scenario especially during the months of January till May. Which lead to thinking of infrastructure solutions to deal with possible flooding.

Current – Temperature profile

Future – Temperature profile

Current - Precipitation levels

Future – Precipitation levels

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SUMMARY After running studies on various houses in Bahrain, there were a few observations: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Occupants behavior and background The extensive use of air-conditions especially in the months between May – October.

The extra unnecessary space for guests that are not used more than twice a year. These areas depending on their locating in the house sometimes can act as a micro climatic zone regulating the temperatures traveling through th walls. the ll The houses are concrete structures, with no or weak insulation . Some facades are marble, or regular painted stone. High rises are fully or partly glazed.

Most of the houses consist of two and a half floors and apartment buildings depend on the area some either consist of 3 to 6 floors and some are towers that are as high as 40 to 50 floors. floors The over shadowing occurring from neighboring apartment buildings helps enhance the social outdoor activities during certain seasons.

During the field work visit; three data loggers have been placed in three different spots. The first space had no AC, the second had constant AC working and the third was placed outdoors. outdoors This exercise results are shown on page 27-.

8. The existing trees or palm trees act as a buffer zone and protect against dust (depending on the orientation) Moreover, the narrow hallways around the house create tunnels for the sand to go through instead of building up.

Point 6 - Shading analysis and sunlight hours - Summer Done by: Author, Rhino – Lady bug tool

ANALYTIC WORK

Point 6 - Shading analysis and sunlight hours - winter

25

APPLICABILITY OF DOWNDRAUGHT COOLING

Ts=TDB-0.8(TDB-TWB) =41-0.8(41-27) =40.2-11.2 The supplied temperature =29ºC

April 8th 2016

Avg. oudoor temp (°C)

The resultant difference between the outdoor t temperature t and d relative l ti h humidity idit allows ll th the applicability of downdraught cooling. Giving to the data logger placed at the case investigated: the mean dry bulb temperature is 41°C and the RH is 19%. The wet bulb is 27°C with approximately 14°C difference. We can conclude that there is evaporative cooling applicability Suggesting this strategy is also applicability. beneficial for the social perspective as it enhances the connection with the traditional cooling techniques.

Psychometric chart to calculate the wet bulb temperature

0:00

20:00

16:00

8:00

12:00

4:00

0:00

20:00

April 11th 2016

Oudoor Humidity

Data logger results taken during the field work in Bahrain, April, 2016

16:00

8:00

April 10th 2016

12:00

4:00

0:00

20:00

16:00

8:00

April 9th 2016

12:00

4:00

0:00

20:00

16:00

12:00

8:00

4:00

0:00

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20:00

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 16:00

As mentioned previously, during the field work visit; three data loggers have been placed in three different spots. The first room had no AC g, the second had constant AC functioning, working and has a similar space opposite side of the house and the third was placed outdoors.

This exercise shows the following results: 1. The placing of the AC units across the house on the upper floor with the support of a central volume could helps enhancing the air quality and movement affecting both floors.

2. The results from the graphs show the opportunity to adapt down draft cooling as one of the main cooling strategies suggested for this type of climate.

According to the following formula:

Weather details on the day measurements taken, April, 19th, 2016 https://www.wunderground.com/

12:00

Placing the data loggers show the following results:

April 12th 2016

Indoor RH

Source: Author.

Downdraught cooling mechanism

26

Optivent, Natural cooling results. Source: Author.

Seasonal sun angles Source: Author.

Cº 45

40

35

30

25

20 April 8th 2016

April 9th 2016

April 10th 2016

April 11th 2016

April 12th 2016

12:0 00 14:0 00 16:0 00 18:0 00 20:0 00 22:0 00 0:0 00 2:0 00 4:0 00 6:0 00 8:0 00 10:0 00 12:0 00 14:0 00 16:0 00 18:0 00 20:0 00 22:0 00 0:0 00 2:0 00 4:0 00 6:0 00 8:0 00 10:0 00 12:0 00 14:0 00 16:0 00 18:0 00 20:0 00 22:0 00 0:0 00 2:0 00 4:0 00 6:0 00 8:0 00 10:0 00 12:0 00 14:0 00 16:0 00 18:0 00 20:0 00 22:0 00 0:0 00 2:0 00 4:0 00 6:0 00 8:0 00 10:0 00 12:0 00 14:0 00 16:0 00 18:0 00 20:0 00 22:0 00 0:0 00

15

Avg. oudoor temp (°C)

Data logger results taken during the field work in Bahrian, April, 2016 Source: Author.

Avg. indoor temp without AC (°C)

Avg. indoor temp with AC (°C)

27

ANALYTIC WORK CONCLUSION 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The relationship between having a space with AC, without AC and the outdoors show that AC’ placements AC’s l t reduce d th amountt off energy the consumed and enhance cross air circulation and can help maintaining moderate temperatures. (less AC units) Double height or Enclosed courtyards assist circulating the air and reducing temperatures.

Buffer zones or adding an extra façade (Jacket facades (In our case it is the boundary wall) they help creating a microclimatic space between the outdoors and the house and help regulate and reduce temperatures traveling to the space.

Downdraught cooling is a vernacular strategy that is very much applicable in our region as an alternative for some more costly options Having more houses built with a two story and a half level allows the opportunity space wise to install renewable sources on top of the roofs.

AC’s placements reduce the amount of energy consumed and enhance cross air circulation

Surrounding rooms act as a buffer zone

Palm trees acting as a buffer zone

CFD – 2D simulating the temperatures inside with the points above

Double height supports air flow

6. Creating pavilions or going down a few meters has the earth acting as a cooling environment with a steady underground temperature particularly when creating an enclosed central space.

Ground temperature helps cooling

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PRECEDENTS BASELINE The case studies that have been reviewed for the suggested passive strategies in hot/dry or hot/humid climates i are several and in i this i study they are based on a main reviews; the environmental assessment.

PRECEDENTS

Precedents

Social Impact

Concluded energy efficient stringiest

Cost

Double height or Enclosed courtyards

Style

Jacket facades facadesbuffer zones

Traditional motifs

Traditional environmental techniques

GROUND EXCAVATION

Downdraught cooling effect ff t

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BIGBURY HOLLOW HAWKES ARCHITECTURE, ARIZONA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; USA. Utilizing timber felled from the KWT clearing of bigbury camp, establishing most of the site as a heathland habitat. It has 300mm thick insulation. Also, crushed Whitstable cockle shell polished resin flooring. Airtight = <0.6 air changes/hour @50pa. <15 kwh/m2/annum heat load. <80 kwh/m2/annum predicted primary energy consumption.

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MASDAR CITY, FOSTERS AND PARTNERS, ABU DHABI, UAE A review of the impact of an eco-friendly residential unit design under similar climatic conditions, along side the urban layout that enhanced social activity. activity Stack ventilation in harsh climates (villa is expected to use a quarter of the energy and 35 per cent less water compared with the average Abu Dhabi household). The type of ventilation used is wind catchers through wind towers that admit winds of significantly higher velocity, and openings can be smaller than windows at ground level. Tall covered courts provide shade throughout the day and at night the building walls and roofs radiate heat.

The air next to these surfaces cools and settles to the bottom of the court which cools the surrounding surfaces that have stored heat through the day.

SUNKEN COURTYARDS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE OF KUWAIT The concept of using underground buildings received more widespread attention after the energy crisis in 1973 primarily due to its suitability y climate control strategy gy and to the subsequent energising's it provides, among others.

Masdar city, UAE

Sunken courtyards in the desert climate of Kuwait

31

CHURCH OF SAINT GEORGE, LALIBELA, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA The church was carved from a type of limestone called tufa and volcanic stones.

The Ethiopian church was built sheltered with earth to provide passive natural cooling reducing the amount of solar exposure addressing population, climate change, and cultural heritage to people.

THE MASHRABYA HOUSE, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE The house was designed as a contemporary re-interpretation of traditional elements of Arab vernacular architecture. Creating a microclimate using Mashrabyas as a jacked faรงade regulating the temperatures moving from o ou outside s de to o inside s de the e bu building. d g.

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FARSONS BREWERY, MALTA It contains judicious openings on a Jacket facade and closing of vents, The building is designed to defend itself against sandstorms and rainfall. In the case of Buoyancy driven system: vertical pressure difference (density difference). While in the case of wind driven system: wind speed, wind direction and pressure difference have the main impact.

AGHA BOZORG MOSQUE, IRAN The 18th century Agha Bozorg Mosque and its sunken k courtyard t d representt a traditional t diti l vernacular passive architecture.

The courtyard has a central water body for evaporative cooling to enhance comfort in the warm season, and a lower than ground level courtyard with sheltering earth to enhance the cooling performance for visitors.

It also has wind catchers on the sides of the mosque that improve air quality.

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MICROCLIMATIC DESIGN: When presenting the different environmental conditions of different areas, the created microclimate depends on the heat mass transfer, transfer orientation, orientation fabric and balance. balance THERMAL BALANCE OF BUILDINGS: Any microclimatic design of an indoor environment depends on the inputs and the outputs. These inputs mainly depend on the heat gains, heat losses, ventilation gains and losses and evaporative heat gains and losses.

Just like the human body has heat exchange processes with the environment, the building can be similarly considered as a defined unit and its heat exchange processes with the outdoor environment can be examined Heat energy tends to distribute itself evenly examined. until a perfectly diffused uniform thermal field is achieved. Heat tends to flow from higher temperatures to lower temperature zones by conduction, convection and radiation.

The rate of heat flow by y any y of these three forms is determined by the temperature difference between the two zones or areas considered. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the rate of heat flow.

BAHRAINâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SURROUNDING ENVELOPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAST AND PRESENT

The equation given below is valid when both the outdoor and indoor temperatures are constant, such as Bahrain climate It is harsh but climate. b t is constant in its harshness. harshness Qi + Qs +- Qc +- Qv +- Qm -Qe = 0

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EXISTING THERMAL BALANCE CONSIDTION: The existing thermal condition is maintained if the sum of the previous equation is zero. zero If the sum of this equation is less than zero (negative), the building will be cooling and if more than zero, the temperature in the building will increase.

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THE CURRENT URBAN CONTEXT A study on the typical city grid has been assessed in order to understand the possibility of integrating proposed strategies in the existing urban context. The main strateg which strategy hich is going underground ndergro nd and using sing earth as a cooling environment en ironment can be approached.

The site has been chosen because it represents a common grid, the over shadowing factor, the cluster or similarities in traditional urban planning of a city in this region.

OVER SHADOWING: Having narrow roads with buildings that share walls in the traditional planning, and also the modern planning of apartment building neighborhoods, helps in reducing the amount of solar radiation.

BY THE WATER: On the island, costal parts are main in the city and are surrounded by expensive lands There are many luxury hotels and high rises - residential and office buildings. lands, buildings In other areas over looking the water there are regular residential villas and resorts.

Most of the lands over looking the water are utilized.

Sunlight hours during the winter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Overshadow factor

Sunlight hours during the summer Overshadow factor Tool: Rhino â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ladybug

CFD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3D air flow simulation and sun angles

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GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION TOTAL RADIATION

Global solar radiation during the summer DIRECT RADIATION

Global solar radiation during Mid-Season

Global solar radiation during the winter

DIFFUSED RADIATION

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SOLAR HEAT GAINS Solar radiation is the main source of heat gains in the warm season. The way to control these gains can be the urban context layout and the orientation of the residential units.

THE URBAN LAYOUT The urban context in Bahrain is built on a grid which helps identifying the optimum locations for residential units supporting proposed ideas.

Maintaining such a grid helps create tunnels for the sand storms to go through. As well as a Grid to support renewable systems. Also, the over shadowing helps in reducing the solar exposure. Along side with the above, creating an infrastructure to deal with the expected increase in precipitation levels.

GOING UNDERGROUND: To be able to use earth as a cooling environment. There are main scenarios that are examined to understand the impact of the external envelope on a built unit. These scenarios depend on the f ll i following f t factors: 1. The depth of the structure.

2. The amount of sheltered walls of the unit.

3. Which spaces are sheltered and which aren’t.

4. The applicability of applying shading devices or similar.

5. Bahrain’s earth temperature profile page-19-.

6. The social acceptance page-747 The ability to offer visual comfort.

7. comfort

GEOMETRY:

The shape of the built structure affects on the amount of absorbance and reflectance of the surfaces and the internal gains. The traditional courtyard addition to home planning reduces solar radiation by over shadowing the court helping the occupants spend more time outdoors.

ORIENTATION The total direct solar radiation can reach up to 537 kwh/m² stating that, the amount of heat gains can be very high during the warm seasons especially if the structure was not protected by proper insulation, shading or earth. The main element that is being neglected is optimal orientation. Avoiding simple complexities can happen by directing the openings away from the south orientation.

Historical houses wiith traditional planning - 1950’s – 1960’s

THE FABRIC The urban fabric and the building’s g fabric p plays y a big g role in the amount of solar radiation absorbed and affects the heat gains and losses.

DOUBLE FACADES Having an extra skin as a layer to create a microclimate in the middle space. That helps with direct radiation reduction at the same time gp privacy y which is culturally y required. q enhancing Traditional planning, 1930’s – 1960’s

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The first design is developed from the searched data such as climate analysis, urban context, field work and precedents These following designs are precedents. conceptual designs, for testing and simulations proposes only. The idea is accumulating all the previous studies in designing a residential unit guidelines (a prototype) that is environmentally friendly with multi-functional spaces and serves the needs of the social demands with the minimal waste of space and energy. Built in a way so that it can be placed anywhere in consideration to orientation. There are many suggested sites located in various places in Bahrain as there are many abounded lands.

PROTOTYPE

A

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STRATEGY The architectural practice of using earth against building walls for external t l thermal th l mass, to t reduce d h t heat loss and maintain a steady indoor air temperature for the ground floor. Also, by oobstructed urban context to reduce solar exposure on ground and angling the structured roof.

Summer

Bedrooms Services Kitchen

9%

Livingroom Circulation Ci l ti

10%

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Laundry Storage Extra rooms O td Outdoors

2% 4% 2% 4%

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Winter Solar radiation rays reflected on the surface of the prototype according to the sun angle in both cold and warm season. These roofs also have ecstatic features such as screen windows (Mashrabyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) on the skylight. The water tanks can be buried underground.

22%

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FFL

GF

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Design concept:

DESIGN APPLICATION Part is over g ground and p part is underground. g After simulating it acts better than a full structure above ground as the lower floor is sheltered with earth. Land area is 400m² an the built area is 60% of it according to the local municipality in Bahrain which is 240m² . It varies from an agriculture land and other. But taking a typical l d land: Total

Per m

Overall building heat lloss coefficient ffi i t [W/K]

1164 95 1164.95

2 91 2.91

Annual heat loss [kWh]

112459

Total internal gains [kWh]

2

1060

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ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Bioclimatic 3D section

Solar radiation

Shadow summer hours

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Bioclimatic section A.A

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Bioclimatic section B.B BB

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CFD simulation elaborating the natural ventilation movement within the proposed prototype

CFD simulation elaborating the natural ventilation movement within a cluster of the proposed prototype

Using Arabic patterns on the roof shading cover (Mashrabya)

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PROTOTYPE A SIMULATIONS CONCLUSION A g generated g graph p from TAS building g simulator to understand the thermal performance in the above ground and underground structures.

The over all temperature dropped between 3 to5 C° . Explaining that Using earth as a cooling environment can reduce the energy usage.

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EARTH AS A COOLING SETTING It is noticed that the lower dug the lower the temperature, it went down to highest of 37°C in a typical summer day. With proper ventilation the thermal balance will be enhanced.

According to the ground temperature profile going below to almost to about 10m the ground temperature reaches 22ºC which will be creating a cooler environment for the sheltered structure.

At a depth of 2.5m till about 10m the temperature of the earth is constant and remains close to the average annual temperature. The indoor climate of structures built underground or covered with a thick layer of soil benefits from the enormous thermal mass of the adjacent ground and therefore it is not affected by hot days and chilly nights. The units can be made of Precast - concrete with the proper insulation added such as MARMOX and covered by soil The analytic work assessed to be able to understand the effect of using earth as a cooling environment included scenarios (Shown on page soil.

49,50,51) comparing above ground, partially underground and, fully underground with the suggestion of flexibility in the zones sheltered by earth depending on the function of the space. The idea of going underground was to enhance the cooling prospect possible as well as the privacy issue.

The materials used in the structure construction is recycled cement which is called E-cox concrete following the required U-Values for a residential unit which are: • All roofs: .22/.13 53/ 857 • Walls: .53/.857 • Floors: 1.825

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Above ground heat balance study - Tool: TAS ENGINEERING - Source: author.

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Under ground heat balance study - Tool: TAS ENGINEERING - Source: author.

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Partial underground integration and above ground - Tool: TAS ENGINEERING - Source: author.

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Underground in an not shaded hole depths 7- 10 M Tool: TAS ENGINEERING Source: author.

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Underground in a hole depths 77 10 M with dynamic louvers Tool: TAS ENGINEERING Source: author.

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84

SPACING AND ZONING The spaces integrated with earth can be split into two types; spaces with high internal gains such as kitchens and laundry y rooms. And spaces p with moderate to low internal gains such as bedrooms they can be less sheltered. The spaces with the higher internal gains require more ventilation and cooling.

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Earth sheltering building Window Natural ventilation window Natural ventilation skylight

Spaces such as the kitchen and laundry rooms can be ventilated entilated through thro gh multiple m ltiple techniques: techniq es: 1. Earth pipes 2. Opening on the exposed walls 3. Dynamic vents Zoning in such structures should be carefully studied specially in a context like Bahrain as privacy is essential as well as visual comfort by utilizing daylight and natural ventilation.

Earth sheltering ventilation pipe

Kitchen

Source: author.

52

All simulations are elaborated with focus on summer season and some solutions to the rainy seasons for suggested drainage solutions.

PROTOTYPE

B

53

PROTOTYPE B

DESIGN AND APPROACH The unit follows certain guidelines when it comes to the program by following a standard family size which is 8 members including two parents, two maids and 4 children. (studies conducted by author) Two and a half floors where the common spaces and services se ces a are e in the e g ground ou d floor, oo , the e bed bedrooms oo s a are e in the first floor.

The design suggested suitable for 5 to 10M underground level with a central courtyard.

ACCESSIBILITY TO UNIT: All units it have h a ramp access designed d i d to t lead l d to t the th house to reduce footprints.

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THE COURTYARD EFFECT A courtyard or court is an enclosed area, often surrounded by a building or a complex, that is open to the sky.

Researchers from the University of Seville (Spain) have used mathematical tools to assess what has been known for centuries: the temperature inside the typical courtyard is cooler than that of the street. "Why then put air conditioning extractor units on rooftops or outer walls when we could save energy by taking the cooler air from inside the courtyard," suggests architect Juan Manuel Rojas.

Courtyards are a main factor in traditional Bahraini Houses.

HOW IT WORKS: "These spaces create a mixture of phenomena: stratification (hot air rises and cold air falls); convection (the walls heated throughout the day project air upwards); and flow patterns (whirlwind formation depending on the geometry of the space)," explains Rojas.

Simulations were ran to understand the ultimate courtyard design choice for the climate conducted previously and expected solutions regarding high solar radiation, wind direction and sand storms.

After simulating the effectiveness of the courtyard addition to a structure, another simulation ran where the structure with the courtyard pulled down to a distance of between 7 and 10m below ground with exposed top to understand the effectiveness of both elements implemented together. Taking the summer case as an example it is notable at a depth of 10 m underground with no top shadings the solar radiation has reduced from 18 kWh/m² to 6.2 kWh/m² which is almost a half of the total direct exposure.

The depth Th d th has h created t d shade h d around d the th middle iddl area helping h l i reducing the solar exposure and enhancing the opportunity of drainage options to intake the higher expected rain amounts to use for irrigation within the house. As well as the social activities longer periods of the year.

“The correct ratio between the height and width of the courtyard should always allow for adequate shading, shading despite the angle of the sun. When the courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source and modifies the microclimate accordingly.”

The Courtyard effect

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Air flow illustration through different courtyard types. source: Author.

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Summer

Solar radiation simulations through different courtyard types, Ladybug. (on ground level). source: Author.

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SOLAR RADIATION AND SUNLIGHT HOURS SIMULATIONS FOR THE COURTYARD OF PROTOTYPE B. Tool: Rhion, Ladybug. source: Author.

* More simulations for other seasons displayed on page -83-

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Mid - season

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DAYLIGHT FACTOR AND GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION LADYBUG PLUG IN

Solar radiation simulation shows when having the structure sheltered by earth or integrated with top louvers it minimizes the amount of solar radiation. At the same time allowing the useful sunrays to enter creating renewable opportunities and utilize daylight.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR

GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION

Sheltered with earth with top louvers

Sheltered with earth

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EARTH AS A COOLING SETTING LOUVERS

The suggested top shading would reduce much of the solar contact to while creating g a renewable source opportunity. pp y Subjectively j y they y could be dynamic louvers where there are sensors that sensor the amount of solar radiation they are receiving and change the angle accordingly. This whole process can be done using photovoltaics panels that supply these sensors with the sufficient amount of power to move that can be placed on the louvers them selves. They also add to the appearance as they create appealing floor pattern.

In order to understand the affect of going underground and adding louvers a surface study was conducted to see the effectiveness of the two strategies implemented together. Below is a compression between having a top shading and without during a typical summer day. It dropped approximately 7ºC without adding any mechanical supplies. * surface study for other seasons displayed on page -84-

Summer – with louvers Source: author. Tool: TAS

Summer – No louvers or top shading

Dynamic louvers - Source: author.

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The performance of all the studied strategies implemented together improving the cooling without any mechanical ventilators during a typical day of the summer season. Also, the internal temperatures of the building sheltered by earth (19ยบC).

After testing the suggested strategies a main element has not been neglected which is visual comfort that is essential in the Bahraini cultural context because of all the limitations. Thus, a sky view simulation has been done to determine the amount of sky visible to the inhabitant within the space. Page -61-

PROTOTYPE

B

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

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PROGRAM Highlighting the spaces that shall be more integrated with ground which produce higher internal gains. gains Doing that helps having earth cooling the walls of these rooms.

The two top graphs show the visual angle looked at from two different locations explaining the sky visibility if the louvers were built on top

Seasonal spaces

Program Seasonal spaces kitchen and dinning indoor social space Services Enclosed courtyard Bedrooms Backyard

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Kitchen and laundry Indoor Social space

F Front t Elevation.

El ti source: Author.

A th T l Sketch Tool: Sk t h up

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Underground with top louvers or shading

The court yard effect

BIOCLIMATIC SECTIONS FOR SUGGESTED UNIT

Downdraught cooling

Stone jacket with mashrabya top for microclimate effect

Concluded guidelines

104

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SUMMER Adding a balcony on the lower level as the privacy isn’t and issue More glazing towards that north façade and less by the south

Backyard towards the N façade with a water body (swimming pool) to enhance cooling Palm trees acting as a buffer zone against i t sand d storms t A green wall made of plants that grow in harsh climates Vertical circulation a ramp

A downdraught cooling tower

Enclosed Courtyard lower level of -0.5 than ground level.

Contains water body and greenery for cooling

PASSIVE STRATEGIES INTEGRATED IN ONE UNIT DESIGN

Extrudes depend on the level of internal gains within each space such as the kitchen and the laundry room. Since they have the highest internal gains thus, they’re sheltered by more earth and ventilated by an earth pipe. And that helped the design development.

Creating a microclimate via a stone jacket, benefits in privacy and as a buffer.

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PROTOTYPE

B ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

AND ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES

This chapter discussed different passive strategies to be applied in two different potential prototypes in Bahrain featuring guidelines for a more sustainable living avoiding energy waste. Following are the main guidelines concluded from the previous assessed studies on Prototype A and B : 1.

2.

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Living under ground level reduces much of the annual energy waste, as earth creates a sheltering environment that isolates the high temperatures and solar radiations from structure. Specially that the soil temperature is very constant during the year and lower that the yearly mean temperature.

Adding louvers, meshes and top shadings reduces drastically of the heat gained from the direct solar exposure allowing sufficient daylight to get through at the sometime proving enough shading to the surrounding space.

Courtyards are very effective specially if they had waterbodies and vegetation, the improve the air quality and the cooling and built in a lower level than the 0.0 ground level.

Downdraught evaporative cooling is achievable and very effective because of the high difference between the dry bulb temperature and the wet temperature.

Seasonal spaces are effective depending on the materiality, function of the room, how much is covered in earth and how much is not.

Jacket facades are a massive contributor to the enhancement of the heat balance witching the buildings as they regulate the temperature and reduce the solar radiation acting as a buffer zone.

Vegetation enhance much of the air quality indoors and outdoor.

Orientation and minimum glazing on the south façade

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CONCLUSION: ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE The below graph represents the overall performance and it shows that the temperature has been reduces to 35°C during a typical day in the summer without openings. The second graph simulates the thermal performance in the unit with the addition of cooling load and openings showing that it has improved with a difference of 5ºC. 450000

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A generated graph from TAS building simulator to understand the thermal performance with the addition of cooling load and openings.

ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES AND SIMULATIONS 1.

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Jacket facades Day and night strategies

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JACKET FAร ADE CREATING A MICROCLIMATE The Double Skin Faรงade is based on the concept of exterior t i walls ll that th t respond d dynamically d i ll to t fluctuating fl t ti ambient conditions, and that can incorporate a range of integrated sun-shading, natural ventilation, and thermal insulation devices or strategies. In our region the boundary walls can be utilized for that matter.

The double skin concept can be either just an extra wall or skin or it can be distant from the inner wall creating a middle space that generates a microclimate, which is the climate of a small or restricted area, especially when it differs from the climate of the surrounding area. This area can act as a buffer zone or a transitional zone to the inner spaces regulating the temperatures going through to balance the heat. heat The main material suggested in this strategy is natural stone. It is one of the traditional and old materials available locally that can be brought from the gulf bay and also look appealing. This concept can improve the environmental performance reducing much of the direct solar radiation and heat gains while enhancing the social demand of privacy.

Creating a microclimate via a stone jacket, benefits in privacy and as a buffer. If built on a level lower than ground level. source: Author.

Using stone also enhances the insulation to the building thermally according to previously studied precedents and exciting examples from the traditional examples.

Another suggestion is developing a Mashrabya method to be placed on the roof of such zones or even as walls as it is beneficial for solar exposure, ventilation, and reducing temperatures.

Ventilation is essential and must be regulated to achieve the highest efficiency in keeping hot and dusty g the daytime, y and cooling g the thermal air out during mass at night by air movement thus using traditional screened windows is highly recommended.

The mashrabya house, Jerusalem, Palestine an example of creating a microclimate using the jacket faรงade method

97

JACKET FAÇADE CREATING A MICROCLIMATE SIMULATIONS Summer

Summer

Mid - season

Winter

Creating a microclimate. source: Author.

Tool: Sketch up Mashrabya y

Winter Stone Jacket faced

Bioclimatic section of a Jacket façade. source: Author.

Studying the effect of solar radiation after adding a second façade.

Tool: Rhion – Ladybug - source: Author.

98

DAY AND NIGHT STRATEGIES By accurately orienting the building & windows, adding thermal mass, analyzing sun angles to determine overhang sizes i and d locations, l ti and d adding ddi night i ht insulation; i l ti th use off the solar energy can greatly decrease the need for mechanical heating and cooling systems, thus greatly reducing energy costs.

By balancing room volume, south facing glass, and thermal mass, the sun's energy benefits are maximized without the use off mechanics h i for f more time ti th throughout h t the th year. There Th are three main methods to utilize passive solar heating: direct gain, trombe walls, or green house strategies that can be mixed subject on conditions. It may be necessary to combine passive solar with backup systems in order to achieve effective and flexible cooling at certain periods of the warm season. During the day the heat is reduced with fresh air entering the transitional space regulating within. within After that, with the proper placing of vents the amount of air circulating inside the inner space is controlled. During the night these vents can be closed to keep the cool air inside.

Day and night striges

Correspondingly, another way that helps is using greenery as buffer zones from the heat and direct radiation. Trees and plants in the surrounding context can have a massive effect on the microclimate and tying down sand and dust and enhances evaporative cooling happening within them and controls air movement.

When constructing underground or having a courtyard that also helps the day and night strategies. it shows the following guidelines to adapt: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Greenery as buffer zones

Vents and shutters that open and close according to the time of the day and season of the year.

The angle of the walls The depth of the courtyards The width of the transitional space The amount and type yp of g greenery y Day and night striges when having a courtyard

69

SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS AND RENEWABLE OPPORTUNITIES

70

RENEWABLE OPPORTUNITY 1.

“In Bahrain, most residences are air conditioned.

The air-conditioning electricity use is at least 50% of total annual residential use. use The contribution of residential AC to the peak power consumption is even more significant, approaching 80% of residential peak power demand. Air-conditioning electricity use in the commercial sector is also significant, about 45% of the annual use and over 60% of peak power demand”

https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1996/data/papers/SS96 p // g/ /p g/ / /p p / _Panel1_Paper02.pdf p p

RENEWABLES that can be placed on top of the houses as a part of the roof or on the glass skylights that can be designed to enhance the daylight penetration of the houses while adding value and energy to the house Electric p power consumption p ((kWh/capita) p ) in Bahrain was reported approximately at 19,000 kWh annually. By installing solar panels that can be as windows, or on top of roofs or integrated in the design it will be producing up to 4-5% of the total house energy added to that the 15% reduction (5 – 7 C◦) by going underground partly as previously explained with a central courtyard. all these factors complement each other. Especially in the hot season. These prototypes will be connected to the government network with a Net Metering System that allows individuals and establishments to install and use solar energy in their homes or facilities safely, thus saving substantially on monthly utility bills.

2. Another suggestion i that is i not yet as common in i the region is Thermo-Floor under floor cooling system.

These systems eliminate drafts, air pollution and dust circulation. Unlike air conditioning an under floor cooling system will actually reduce the radiant temperature of the room rather than just blowing cold air, this gives the air a better quality.

Bahrain/Electricity consumption per capita

The Ministry of Electricity and Water provides the data in Table 1 for the cost of electricity generation

Translucent PV panels for windows

Underfloor cooling

71

DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SOLUTIONS

Layout of suggested water system suitable for prototype A and B The water storing tank / rain collector is in the ground to keep the water cool.

72

DESIGN APPLICABILITY The relationship between the guidelines concluded and the social acceptance, enhancements, approaches and opportunities in construction and materiality.

73

APPLICABILITY - SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE THEORY Defining applicability can be the ability to utilize certain things particular situations. In the current context the applicability of the guidelines concluded depend on the social acceptance, cost, the urban layer and the role of active contributions. contributions In the study done by Adil A. Al-Mumin in Suitability of sunken courtyards in the desert climate of Kuwait he states that the concept of buildings totally underground is very rare. The negative perceptions towards living underground such as the dull and gloomy environment and the fear of drainage problems have discouraged the public from implementing such a concept. In addition, there was no reason to do so since land was plenty, energy cost was cheap, and no information of the savings potential was offered.

The total underground spaces such as basements have been common for storage purposes only and not for living. Partial integration to earth started to become acceptable since mid 1980’s. Prices have been rising dramatically because of the rise in oil prices and land banking. Therefore, more than one family are now starting to live together in one house and the need for extra spaces in the same purchased land is becoming popular. With the current building code that limits the built area to three floors (ground, first, and second floor) owners are starting to look favourably into having extra spaces in the sunken floors which are not counted in the code regulations g but yet to be introduced in the new building g code.

The negative perception towards sunken floors started to disappear with evidences of successful designs found in several local residences. Specially after having them designed in a modern vernacular concept, that encouraged the people to pursuit this idea while improving the privacy THE ROLE OF ACTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS CAN BE SUMMARIZED IN THE FOLLOWING: •SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES to promote and teach such strategies and show the splendour of the Arabic and traditional vernacular architecture. That doesn’t only include residential but also campuses sustainability. This same method can be applied for all different dwellings and buildings.

•The government and the local municipality role can be by modifying the building laws and regulations by including such strategies which is happening at the moment.

•THE INVESTOR’S ROLE can be by enhancing the acceptance of such elements in the society as appearance and social class are essential. When a certain attitude is adopted from certain groups of people l it is i developed d l d into i t a social i l trend. t d The social pattern in our region has a very main feature which is social gatherings. Wither it is family or friends it is very common to have weekly and monthly gatherings. That chains the idea of people choosing where to spend time with the need of change. That makes the ideas if seasonal spaces and microclimatic transitional spaces very applicable as they enhance the desired ecstatic component. Implementing all these strategies in the city grid should be done in a way where it helps the environmental performance on an urban scale as well as a small scale, scale which is not only affected by the physical and functional aspect, aspect but also by the social and the cultural factors and the traditions in the region.

74

•GRID DIAGONAL TO EAST-WEST AXIS: The grid pattern maximizes radiation throughout its straight streets, but by orienting the grid pattern diagonally to the east-west axis, the sun exposure and shade is better distributed on the streets; such a grid still supports the dynamic movement of air.

•NARROW, ZIGZAGGING ALLEYS: Winding or zigzagging narrow alleys receive minimum radiation, reduce the effect of stormy winds, establish shaded spaces throughout the day which provide a cool and comfortable microclimate and also stay relatively warm during cold nights and in winter.

Grid diagonal to east-west axis

Zigzagging alleys

Blocked streets

•STREET ORIENTATION AND HOUSING PATTERNS: They are significant to plan. Straight and parallel streets open the city to wind ventilation. Storm effects can be reduced by blocking streets.

Buildings should be clustered to reduce exposed surfaces.

This summarises the applicability guidelines while looking into the relationship between the guidelines concluded and the social acceptance, acceptance enhancements, approaches, opportunities and discomforts IMPROVING THE RELATIONSHIP WITH OUTDOORS Enhancing the connection to the surrounding via improving ecstatic features

Ground level

Underground

75

PROPOSED APPROACH TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES

Educational sector

Design Thinkers

Public participation and social responsibility

Public perception and community services

Sustainability teaching and research

Conferences Seminars Workshops

Minimize negative impacts of operations Pollution prevention Energy efficacy

Role of active contributions: Building regulations land banking Generating a trend

Resource conservation

Courses and curriculum of sustainability, health, safety and d civilised i ili d settlements ttl t

Environmental improvement Waste reduction Recycling

Public lectures and awareness

Green buildings and transportation

Community projects S i l justice Social j ti

Research development

Equity and care of handicap

- Renewable energy - Environmental protection - Climate change

76

APPLICABILITY - MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION The traditional architecture is similar in many respects in the Gulf states. The main traditional material used was natural stones collected from the gulf bay. Before the oil discovery; selling natural stone on the costal areas for construction proposes was a big business. According to an interview done with Ahmed Al-Shammari, (age:72) says; back in the day all investors used to take walks along the coast in Bahrain to look for the best sellers and there was a big competition. He says that living in houses that were fully built from stones was very insulated, the heat never bothered them and if it gets too warm they splash water on the floor of the central courtyard that existed in almost every house in that region.

In the beginning of the 1960 1960’ss after the oil discovery the direction towards concrete was massive. It was a trend. Other than that it was easy to make and cheaper to transport and use. Suggesting natural stone today might not be the best solution as extracting too much of it might cause damage to the gulf bay correspondingly, erosion possibilities.

An explanation of the relationship between the labour, cost, material and transportation.

There is a construction booming happening in the Kingdom of Bahrain these days and the neighbouring country Saudi Arabia is one of the biggest sources of fine construction sand. But It is hard to get to in the desert areas, like Ar Rub al Khali and is expensive to transport to concrete companies, which mix it with gravel and other materials to make the high grade concrete desired for building projects. The Middle East construction industry is further delayed by a shortage of sand, Saudi Arabia has banned the export of sand and gravel because it hasn’t got enough in locations convenient for exports.

Ecox (recycled cement

Carbon concrete

Running out of sand is an issue with many pats of the world not just Saudi Arabia as the world uses 44 billion tons of sand a year in construction and it is running out.

With the increase of the construction sites and increase of others that are being demolished to be replaced. The possibility of using recycled cement and concrete arises specially that being environmental for companies and investors these days is part of the image. Thus, the suggested main material for constructing the previous suggested solutions is recycling the concrete and other materials from old sites such as for example E-cox (Recycled cement) which is recycled concrete surfaces material. There are many types of environmental concrete such as carbon concrete, precast concrete walls to suck up CO2 from air. For building underground the martial has to have high thermal mass and strength to handle the pressure of earth sheltering.

The glazing is a main issue in Bahrain, Using a lot of it causes big energy waste because of higher cooling demand. With that being said with the proper orientation and using translucent PV panels which are transparent solar cells that could turn everyday products such as windows and electronic devices into power generators. This material can drastically improve the energy conservation in Bahrain. The translucent PV glass enhances the privacy as well as they could be designed in different colours.

The top shadings of an underground structure can be done with several recycled materials from the region. Using palm tree fronds in a compact modern way, bamboo, light weight concrete panels or using modern day architectural meshes that come in verity of materials enhancing the shade and shadow, creating appealing floor patterns and minimizing solar exposure.

N t Natural l stone t

San d STRUCTURE U VALUES W/m²

Cost

Concrete

Stone

Sand

Concrete structure

Stone structure

Material

Average – low

High

Aver age – low

Internal Concrete + plaster covering = .6

500mm stone wall =1.60W/ m²

Transport

Average – low

High

High

Labour

Average – low

High

High

Exportin g

Average – low

High

High – aver age

External concrete + brick covering =1 External concrete and marble covering =.8

U values of materials and cost

77

Lisa Herchong, in her book â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thermal Delight in Architectureâ&#x20AC;?, states the attributes of thermal energy in buildings are built on four main elements: necessity, delight, affection and sacredness.

Necessity refers to lifestyle and thermal needs, specifically the perception of comfort physically, spatially and in daily life.

Delight refers to recreation and how thermal sensations and psychological reference shape our behaviour.

Affection relates to thermal interactions with the physical architectural environment, how some features play a role in this and allow occupants to incorporate them in their daily routine.

Sacredness refers to the importance placed by an individual on specific features within their home, with which they y make a p personal connection.

These four elements are key to reshaping architectural choices and creating energy-efficient solutions in Bahrain.

Based on the research conducted for this paper, it is proposed that traditional, traditional environmentally-friendly environmentally friendly techniques are revived.

Meanwhile, the harsh climate of Bahrain makes it an ideal location for earth-integrated buildings, which have improved thermal performance thanks to the constant ground temperature profile.

Thiss in itself se will reduce educe e energy e gy waste as e a and d improve po e efficiency. However, when implemented in line with other strategies proposed - such as downdraught cooling, wind catchers, open or enclosed courtyards and jacket facades - the benefits are even greater. Ventilation and cooling are improved and solar radiation is drastically reduced. It is possible ibl to t achieve hi allll off this thi and d still till maintain i t i the th privacy and luxury of homes, a key social requirement.

CONCLUSION DELIGHT

NECESSITY

AFFECTION

SACREDNESS

78

REFERENCES

79

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APPENDICES

81

A survey has been assessed and answered by approximately 150 people in order to understand the demands and social impact on the choice of architecture in Bahrain and AlKhobar and the following are the main findings obtained: 1.

2.

3.

PRIVACY IS ESSENTIAL Complete DEPENDENCE SUPPLIES LACK OF KNOWLEDGE

ON

King Fahad causeway, present day

MECHANICAL

King Fahad causeway in 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

40%

Daylight during the day

40%

AC usage all day

Architectural visual comfort

10%

Findings summ mary

37.29%

not knowledgeable about Environmental techniques

15.25%

not interested in Environmental techniques

90%

Dependence cooling

120% 60%

on

mechanical

Electricity bill between low and moderate

60%

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Lime stone Mud Desert plants Palm trees fronds Natural sea stones

Area 250msq - 350msq

55%

Postmodern Architecture

68%

Private residence (Villa)

96%

AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF OIL Materials

Privacy

Owned houses

60%

TRADITIONAL BUILDING

1.

2.

3.

Concrete Steel Glass

Elements 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Courtyards Wind towers Narrow roads and plans l Vegetation Water bodies

1.

2.

3 3.

Mechanical cooling and heating Artificial light all day L t off Glazing Lots Gl i

Interaction with Nature

82

The impact of concrete on the environment

Winter

Mid season Mid-season

Sheltered with earth Global solar radiation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ladybug plug in - Source: author.

Sheltered with earth with top louvers

On Ground level

Day and night strategy http://www.deepgreenarchitecture.com

Mid – Season – with louvers

Mid – Season – No louvers or top shading

Winter – with louvers

Winter – No louvers or top shading

Surface analysis showing the differences between the sheltered structure with and without the top shading Source: author. Tool: TAS

90