Turner House

UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE MSc ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN 2015/16 SEM 1 EVALUATION OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT MODULE : UNDERSTANDING YOUR LIVING ENVIRONMENT

TURNER HOUSE LONDON SW1P 4DZ

DERAZ Noorihan ENOS Vaishali Marlene SAFARANI Lina DECEMBER 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

01

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

02

OBSERVATIONS METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS

OVERVIEW

03

CONTEXT URBAN TISSUE LONDON WEATHER DATA

FLAT AND MICROCLIMATE

08

OCCUPANCY OBSERVATIONS

OUTDOOR STUDIES

10

- TEMPERATURE + HUMIDITY - SOLAR STUDIES + SURFACES - WIND STUDIES - SOUND STUDIES - DAYLIGHT STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

21

-DAYLIGHT STUDIES

-COMFORT OF FLAT 1 -HOT VOLUMES + COLD VOLUMES -VENTILATION REGIME -SIMULATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

38

VENTILATION HEAT LOSS SOUND

CONCLUSION

46

APPENDICES

50

REFERENCES

54

To the tutors of the MSc Architecture and Environmental Design Course : Colin Gleeson, Nasser Golzari, Juan Vallejo and Zhenzhou Weng and the last but not the least the course director Rosa Schiano-Phan who have collectively guided, initiated and moulded our interests in the field.

To the opportunity of using Turner House as a project of study and for those responsible To our fellow collaborators for your hard work and patience To our classmates for taking this learning curve together.

01 I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express special thanks of gratitude:

OUTER AREA The building is flanked by a courtyard to the North-West, Herrick Street, a tree-lined, relatively quiet street to the North-East and Millbank Gardens to the South-East. The gardens are a vegetative buffer between Tate Britain and Turner House. Of primary relevance in context of the larger outer area is the study of– • Morphology – the solids and voids, road density and activity patterns, • Typology - Courtyard - its orientation and performance in bioclimatic design, • Vegetation - its type and impact on the outdoor and indoor microclimates, • Conservation area - its relevance, articulation and transposition to similar contexts in London.

TYPOLOGY

VEGETATION

CONSERVATION AREA

OPPORTUNITIES OF AREA

The interventions aim to address the problems highlighted and prioritise solutions that cater to seasonal variations and different occupancy patterns in the backdrop of a restrictive conservation area council guidelines by using evidence-based methodology to understand the bioclimatic impact of the larger outdoor area on the indoor area parameters. The key elements in the evaluation are establishing relationships between measurements taken on the spot and measurements taken over a span of three weeks and comparing them to the London climate conditions through variegated tools. The project provides an overview of solutions which are both short-term and long-term, and in addition, are energy-efficient. Speculations are based on simulations designed to understand the behaviour of the building through different seasons, varying occupancies and cultural backgrounds with the chief aim of achieving comfortability.

DERAZ Noor, 25, Saudi Arabia - Egyptian sees that the course and project has enhanced her abilities in noticing the details required for a healthier environment regarding an existing building or conceptual design. It taught her to think of energy consumption and designing accordingly in a different way.

ENOS Vaishali Marlene, 27, India views the discpline as one that will continously model future living and working environments where within tight frameworks like Turner House or new builds or surburban model or high rises.

SAFARINI Lina, 25, Canada – Jordanian feels that the evaluation of built environment course is an exciting inflection point as new concerns for sustainability and building performance come to the fore. The challenge was to incorporate these ideas into a new environmentally aware, responsive and efficient architecture, and this is something that I would very much like to contribute to.

This project starts with an introduction and a brief summary of the context, occupancy, observations, methodology and the issues of significance.

OCCUPIED FLAT

PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS

MAP OF AREA FEATURES

OVERVIEW

The overview provides an in-depth contextual understanding of location, history and urban tissue of the area as well as an illustrated and schematic configuration of the case study. The London weather data is understood in order to establish relationships with the case study. To complete the section, the lifestyle and the problems of the flat are introduced in an inside-to-outside approach.

OUTDOOR AND INDOOR STUDIES

The outdoor and indoor climate is presented as one continuous body of work. The residents’ observations, the students’ identification of different microclimates and their observations are contrasted with simulations and aimed at establishing connections between the indoors and outdoors.

The outdoor microclimate is studied to understand quantifiable parameters such as temperatures, humidity, illuminance and sound; their causative factors, implications on the indoors through seasonal variations and probable solutions. The indoor climate starts with an introduction of the comfort of the flat from the occupants’ point of view.

OCCUPIED FLAT

Flat 1, one among the 562 in the estate, is a one-bedroom flat located on the ground floor of the building and occupied by a couple in their late twenties. Its performance is strongly influenced by the occupants’ daily routine. The flat has exposed brick construction, with a system of wooden single-glazed and louvered shutters for the windows, and timber and tile floors devoid of insulation. The indoor studies present the following issues: •Ventilation, privacy, daylight and the conflict between them •Infiltration through fabric, bridges and ventilation •Transmission of sound through the construction

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

INDOOR AREA

STAIRWELL

SUMMARY I 02

This work is a response to the configurations of existing built and unbuilt environments viewed through evidence-based design evaluations to identify different microclimates, inhabitants’ behaviours and lifestyle. Turner House, together with Stubbs House constitutes one of the 17 Grade-II listed courtyard-based blocks of Millbank Estate – a social housing estate designed from 1897-1902 for the working class in South Westminster.

FLOOR PLAN 1 TURNER HOUSE

PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Furthermore, each problem is identified with measurements, considering the properties of the structure and addressed through simulations and a series of prioritised recommendations.

The questions explored are how the flat would respond to a change in occupancy, relative comfort levels and lifestyle. How would the conservation typology respond to unpredictable weather patterns which are increasingly extreme and out of season?

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the project considers the impact of the recommendations on the energy consumption of the flat, Turner House as a whole and its implementation in other Grade II listed buildings.

In retrospect, the project also aims to be a reflective point for design, research and refurbishment proposals of mitigated and adaptive built environments.

SOUTH-EAST FAÇADE

NORTH-WEST FAÇADE

SW1P 4DZ – CITY OF WESTMINSTER CENTRAL LONDON

Turner House is located in Millbank, Westminster, Central London and in a 2-mile radius from various landmarks including the Tate Britain Gallery, the River Thames, Chelsea School of Art, Millbank Academy and the Houses of Parliament. It is well-connected to the rest of the city by bus routes C10 and 88 through bus stops that are 5 minutes away on foot, and the Pimlico Underground Tube Station (South-West), which is 8 minutes away on foot.

The occupants’ choice of the area (in Millbank Estate) as their first home was carefully considered by prioritising location and connectivity, the environs and their character, the vegetation, security and privacy. The 60 flats in Turner House are inhabited by a cross-section of society, ranging from professionals and students to families with children and pets, residents who have lived here all their lives, tenants and visitors who bring a dynamic vibrancy to the area.

2015 TURNER HOUSE

1897-1902

1910 ORDINANCE SURVEY

The Millbank Estate is a series of redbrick blocks on wide, tree-lined streets, erected on the site of a prison with bricks reused from the prison. It was built in response to an outcry over the state of London’s slums and aimed to provide good, affordable dwellings.

1928 The Estate was largely spared in the 1928 floods which damaged part of the ground floor of the Tate Britain gallery when the Chelsea embankment collapsed.

1941

1941 BOMBINGS

HISTORY

Turner House was partially destroyed in the bombing with pictorial evidence that shows that Flat 1 was affected. 15 units were reduced to rubble and 25 people lost their lives. The block containing Flat 1 was subsequently rebuilt but bore a difference in organisation when compared to the other blocks in Turner House.

MILLBANK GARDENS MILLBANK SCHOOL

1 TURNER HOUSE

2015 Around half the flats in the estate are privately owned, creating a gentrified scenario and conflicts between owners, landlords and tenants. Real Estate prices are approximately around:

TATE BRITAIN

one-bedroom properties - sale - £450,000 three-bedroom flat - rent - £600/week one-bedroom flat - rent - £400/week BUCKINGHAM PALACE 25 MINS PARLIAMENT SQUARE 15 MINS VICTORIA TERMINUS I UNDERGROUND 15 MINS

TATE BRITAIN 2 MINS PIMLICO UNDERGROUND 7 MINS

LOCATION I CONTEXT

1 TURNER HOUSE

03 I OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW

CONTEXT I 04

AERIAL VIEW OF TYPOLOGY + VEGETATION

AERIAL VIEWS OF THE AREA

MORPHOLOGY The morphology of the area consists of blocks which are large in footprint and comprise offices and commercial buildings to the west and along the lines of movement. The residential blocks form an in-between layer and are narrow courtyard blocks, breaking down scale and creating secondary and private zones. To the east and along the river, the scale is increased with the large footprints of the Tate Britain gallery, institutions such as Chelsea School of Art and the Millbank School and the Millbank tower, which houses offices.

MASS VOID

MOVEMENT AND DENSITY The street pattern of the area is a combination of lines of movement with the primaries being Vauxhall Bridge Road, which is a part of London’s Inner Ring Road and Millbank, connecting to the Inner Ring Road at Euston Road. These lines either run: - parallel to the river spanning in the North-South direction – Millbank with secondaries; John Islip road, Herrick and Erasmus Streets; angular and spanning in the North-West – South-East direction – Vauxhall Bridge Road and its secondaries

HERRICK STREET– PARKING FOR RESIDENTS

The pedestrian movement pattern stems from Pimlico Underground station to the offices in North Westminster and through the Millbank estate. In the mornings and evenings, it is a common sight to see officegoers rushing past or school children. In addition, a large number of visitors gather in Millbank gardens on a busy day at Tate Britain, such as during weekends.

The density of the area is measured in terms of sound intensity (in decibels dB).

The Vauxhall Bridge road is the busiest and nosiest with vehicular traffic and cyclists all through the day. Millbank is 20 dB lower than Vauxhall Bridge Road and with decreasing levels of sound as one approaches John Islip Street and Erasmus Street.

Herrick Street, which flanks Turner House is 35 dB lower that Vauxhall Bridge road and one of the most quiet streets. These measurements were compared with the London Noise Survey Report (2004) to determine that Turner House figured in the Westminster Quieter Areas with acceptable sound levels of a quiet residential area.

JOHN ISLIP ROAD – BUS ROUTE

VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

LONDON NOISE SURVEY PHASE 1 (2004)

NOISE LEVEL KEY (IN DECIBELS) VAUXHALL BRIDGE ROAD

82 dB

MILLBANK

67 dB

JOHN ISLIP ROAD

62 dB

ERASMUS STREET

55 dB

HERRICK STREET

51 dB

COURTYARD

42 dB

05 I URBAN TISSUE

ACTIVITY PATTERNS The area’s activity is played out in two different scenarios over the weekdays and weekends.

On weekdays, the courtyards and interstitial spaces come alive as a result of the institutions, schools, offices and gallery while during weekends, the residential courtyards and the green spaces become the centre of activity. There is a system of Erasmus Street and Herrick Street as primary walkways while the courtyards become secondary movement walkways

WEEKENDS

WEEKDAYS

ACTIVITY PATTERNS

THE SCHEME

KEY

Turner House consists of four blocks, in turn, with 15 apartments each. Each block comprises one, two and three bedroom apartments. The blocks are narrow in configuration and generally accessed from the courtyard through enclosed private secured staircases. The only exception is the 1st block, which the flat being studied is a part of, which is independently accessed like the other ground floor flats in the block. In contrast, the top floors are accessed through a secure semi-open stairwell, a probable result of rebuilding after the 1941 bombing.

MILLBANK ESTATE TURNER HOUSE 1 TURNER HOUSE

The configuration of Turner and Stubbs Houses enables an active courtyard, a collective space which the stairwells and kitchens look onto while the living areas and bedrooms overlook a semi-private pavement and road. While this narrow configuration would enable good daylight and ventilation into the flats it compromises privacy for flats on the ground floor, especially in their living areas and bedrooms.

CONSERVATION AREA PEDESTRIAN PATHWAYS COURTYARDS

The flat itself consists of a semi-open porch through which the front door opens.

The short hallway leads into the bedroom, living room, kitchen and bathroom.

The flat is approximately 56 sqm.

PLAN 16 M

9.5 M

14 M

9.5 M

48.2 M

16.5 M

3M

MILLBANK ACADEMY

SECTION

ERASMUS STREET

STUBBS HOUSE

COURTYARD

TURNER HOUSE

HERRICK STREET

MILLBANK GARDENS

JOHN ISLIP STREET

TATE BRITIAN

LONDON WEATHER DATA I 06

MONTHLY AVERAGE CLIMATE PARAMETERS

LONDON WEATHER DATA This section is an overview of the behaviour of the London weather and an understanding of the context 1 Turner House finds itself in.

The climate of London is temperate, with modest daily high temperatures during summer and winter lows that seldom fall below freezing. There are four distinct seasons, with out-of-season storms, icy spells, and even heatwaves. Rainfall is fairly regular, occurring throughout the year.

JANUARYCOLDEST WINTER MONTH - 7 °C

I WETTEST WINTER MONTH - 3.20 MM

JUNEHIGHEST GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION – 4.79 KW/m2 JULYHOTTEST SUMMER MONTH - 19 °C I DRIEST MONTH Spring in London can be quite unpredictable, with pleasant temperatures of 20°C during March and May infrequently giving way to chilly, damp and grey weather. The temperature continues during spring, with an average high temperature of 10°C greeting March, while this climbs to 17°C in May.

MONTHLY AVERAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Summer, too, can be in unpredictable in London, with weeks of either continuous rain or sun. However, the average maximum does stand at 22°C and sometimes it may climb to above 30°C. Between June and September the regular low-temperature stands at 13°C and whilst thunderstorms can be experienced.

Autumn arrives in London in mid-September and generally lasts until late November.

The temperature starts to cool throughout September, although the average temperature can fluctuate between 19-20°C in September with 19°C also possible in October.

Precipitation is vember, the

a regular feature temperature will

of

London autumns and barely reach double

by Nofigures.

Winter in London is very cold, and rainfall continues with the average temperature at around 5°C, with maximums averaging 7°C and minimums at 2°C. The orientation of Turner House and the sunpath diagram is plotted to give a brief overview of the seasonal variations in January, July and October (the month in which the spot measurements are taken).

DAILY AVERAGE HORIZONTAL RADIATION

07 I LONDON WEATHER DATA

London climate: The climate of London is temperate, with modest daily high temperatures during summer and winter lows that seldom fall below freezing. There are four distinct seasons, with out-of-season storms, icy spells, and even heatwaves. July is the hottest summer month, averaging 19°C and January is the coldest winter month, averaging 7°C. Between April and October, the temperature is usually warm and the days are long and frequently sunny. On average, the warmest month is August, Rainfall is fairly regular, occurring throughout the year. December is the wettest month while July is the driest month. Snow occurs sometimes in winter but rarely settles more than a few millimetres deep.

MONTH

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

mean max

C

o

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

9.61 10.11 11.86 14.80 18.38 21.61 22.94 23.13 20.22 16.39 12.50 10.13

mean average

C

o

7.51 7.50 8.98 11.53 14.89 17.91 19.64 19.71 16.97 13.70 10.24 7.76

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

WET BULB TEMPERATURE

mean min

mean max

mean average

mean min

C

%

%

%

5.69 5.15 6.29 8.18 11.18 13.64 15.99 16.28 13.94 11.27 8.18 5.64

89.55 84.29 82.29 83.27 84.29 83.97 81.55 83.23 85.67 86.48 87.30 88.65

74.73 69.85 66.42 63.42 63.72 62.95 61.88 64.97 68.18 71.75 73.75 73.31

60.87 55.04 50.74 45.70 46.52 45.90 45.77 48.71 51.37 57.48 60.03 57.77

o

AVBERAGE PRARMETERS OVER THE YEAR

mean max

C

o

6.85 6.68 7.67 9.96 12.78 15.36 16.44 17.22 14.93 12.23 9.36 7.22

mean average

C

o

5.43 5.05 6.03 7.99 10.92 13.49 14.90 15.39 13.36 10.81 7.88 5.58

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION

DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION

WIND SPEED

RAINFALL

mean min

daily average

daily average

average

cumulative

C

kW/m2

kW/m2

m/s

mm

3.92 3.25 4.34 5.89 8.86 11.33 12.95 13.42 11.47 9.32 6.26 3.92

0.67 1.26 2.25 3.51 4.62 4.79 4.69 4.20 2.89 1.73 0.87 0.52

0.43 0.86 1.49 2.03 2.49 2.96 2.56 2.38 1.68 1.09 0.54 0.41

3.20 2.90 2.98 2.50 2.69 2.30 2.49 2.19 2.20 2.50 2.50 2.70

49 47 37 44 58 34 50 55 40 74 80 59

o

COMFORT

max 90%

C

o

22.63 22.62 23.08 23.87 24.91 25.85 26.39 26.41 25.56 24.55 23.47 22.70

max 80%

C

o

23.63 23.62 24.08 24.87 25.91 26.85 27.39 27.41 26.56 25.55 24.47 23.70

neutral

C

o

20.13 20.12 20.58 21.37 22.41 23.35 23.89 23.91 23.06 22.05 20.97 20.20

min 80%

C

o

17.40 17.40 17.40 17.87 18.91 19.85 20.39 20.41 19.56 18.55 17.47 17.40

min 90%

C

o

18.40 18.40 18.40 18.87 19.91 20.85 21.39 21.41 20.56 19.55 18.47 18.40

TURNER HOUSE AND SUN PATH

K - male, 29, Indian V - female, 27, Indian K and V are the occupants in Flat 1 Turner House. K has lived in the UK for 3 years but originally is from the hot and humid coastal city of Chennai, a bustling metro in South India with temperatures ranging from 42 °C in summer to 21 °C in winter. V has lived in London for the last 2 years. She is originally from a city on the Deccan Plateau called Mysore in South India with temperatures ranging from 38 °C in summer to 11°C in winter.

K is a solicitor at a London firm. He wakes up early and is on a tight schedule on weekdays during work. The weekend is spent relaxing, cooking and catching up on tasks at home.

He feels hot-cold in the flat.

V is a MSc student. Her schedule often revolves around K’s. It is structured from Monday-Wednesday but is unpredictable the rest of the week. The weekend is spent working, cooking, cleaning and finally relaxing.

She generally feels colder than K in the flat.

K and V cook their own meals. Thus the kitchen is well-used during the mornings and evenings on all days of the week and for extended periods during the weekend. It is noted that when the occupants returned to an empty flat, it seemed cold and took a while to get comfortable to in the last few weeks of September. This is also because V took time to acclimatise to the temperatures upon arrival in London from Mysore

STAIRWELL

OCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

K’s mother became the third occupant in the flat in mid-October and K recuperated at home from an operation. These changes resulted in: -the flat being occupied almost all the time -the living room turned into a sleeping area during the nights -increase in the use of the kitchen, washing machine, tumble dryer and other appliances -a steady increase in the occupant gains and furniture This condition was comfortable for the occupants but it is noted that as the winter intensified, it was increasingly difficult to maintain good air quality in the flat as the occupants did not wish to lose heat to the 5 degree outdoors.

Another issue that the occupants have is the feel-cold disposition of one part of the house.

How would the flat have responded to a single occupant who did not cook in winter and in summer?

How would the flat have responded to a couple from a different culture with a different lifestyle in winter and summer?

K

WEEKEND

OCCUPIED FLAT

At the beginning of October, the flat had an occupancy of four people. The visitors felt comfortable in the flat. However, during the week the kitchen was minimally used.

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

CHANGE IN NUMBERS and USAGE

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

The illustrated drawing represents the movement pathways of K and V. The weekdays were fast-paced while the weekends became slow and relaxed.

STAIRWELL

OCCUPANCY I 08

OCCUPANCY

V

WEEKDAYS

09 I OBSERVATIONS

VENTILATION PATH HEAT EXCHANGES EDGES HEAT SOURCE TROMBE WALL VENT OCCUPIED FLAT GARDEN

INSIDE-OUTSIDE

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

TREE LINED PAVEMENT

The exterior faces of the flat overlook the courtyard on the North-West (kitchen and bathroom) and the tree-lined pavement to the South-East (living room and bedroom).

The other two interior walls are flanked by adjacent flats – one occupied two-bedroom flat to the South-West bordering the living room and an unoccupied one bedroom flat to the North-East shared with the bedroom. The significant other shared surface with the bathroom is the cold volume of the semi-open staircase. A garbage chute/duct borders the kitchen.

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

DUCT ENTRANCE

PROBLEMS IN 1 TURNER HOUSE

FLAT 4

The outdoor microclimate consists of four major transitory zones which affect the flat’s parameters - the courtyard, the semi-open porch, the tree-lined pavement and the garden.

FLAT 1

Together, the adjacencies in the indoor and the zones in the outdoor contribute in the creation of microclimates which will be studied in the next section.

Before proceeding, this is a brief overview of the problematic of Flat 1 , Turner House:

ENTRANCE PORCH COURTYARD

OUTDOOR MICROCLIMATE FACTORS

-Ventilation, privacy, daylight and the conflict between them -Infiltration through fabric, bridges and ventilation -Transmission of sound through the construction

OUTDOOR - AIR TEMPERATURE I 10

OUTDOOR RESIDENTS’ OBSERVATION The residents of Turner House feel that the courtyard is warmer than the rest of the surroundings which is comfortable in winter but feels extremely hot in summer.

DEDUCTION This observation from the residents was tested against the spot measurements on a sunny and a cloudy day in October and it was noted that: -The courtyard is obstructed because of its disposition and orientation -The courtyard receives less % of direct solar radiation and this too approximately only for an hour in the afternoon in October.

-The courtyard also has maximum wind velocity when compared to surroundings on a windy day in October.

Despite having the aforementioned conditions, the courtyard measured 3-4 degrees higher than the local weather station. (Source – wunderground – Pimlico weather data)

TOOLS Thermal cameras were employed to understand the temperature of the built and unbuilt surfaces and the heat losses. The pictorial evidence and surface temperatures indicate that the boiler flues (26 in number) at different heights in the 1st block of Turner House are blowing out hot air, 4 degrees higher than the air temperature, into the courtyard at regular intervals. This is the exhaust flue when the kitchens and bathrooms of the flats have turned on the running water or heaters.

SPECULATIONS:

The combination of solar radiation, shadow, wind velocity and hot air from the boiler flues creates a system with a comfortable condition on a typical non-windy day in the courtyard from October-December.

1 .

How would the courtyard behave on a day in June with the following conditions?

Air temperature from the weather station - 27 °C, wind velocity – 0 m/sec When the global solar radiation is the highest, the temperatures could be much hotter than the actual air temperatures in the courtyard.

Air temperature from the weather station - 27 °C, wind velocity – 2.5 m/sec When the weather is the hottest, solar radiation is high and there is wind velocity, the courtyard could be cooler. However, the London Weather Data suggests that there is a wind velocity in the area for less than 10% of the 31 days.

AIR TEMPERATURE

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C

2.

How would the courtyard behave on a day in January with the following conditions?

Air temperature from the weather station - 8 °C, wind velocity – 0 m/sec When the global solar radiation is the lowest, the temperatures could be 3 degrees higher than the weather station referencing from the spot and data logger measurements.

Air temperature from the weather station - 8 °C, wind velocity – 3.2 m/sec When the global solar radiation is the lowest, the temperatures could feel uncomfortably cold because of the high wind velocities.

NORTH-WEST FACADE

NORTH-WEST FACADE

BOLIER FLUES FROM KITCHENS

THERMAL CAMERA

COURTYARD

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C

11 I OUTDOOR - HUMIDITY

HUMIDITY

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C In parallel, relative humidity measurements indicate an increase in humidity near the facades of the building facing the courtyard as a result of the kitchens and bathrooms facing the courtyard. In general, the humidity also increased near the tree cover along the pavement and the garden. Humidity in general decreased on a sunny day and increased on a cloudy day.

SOUTH-EAST FACADE

SOUTH-EAST FACADE

AUTUMN

WINTER

KEY PLAN

OUTDOOR - SHADOW + SOLAR RADIATION I 12

SHADOW 9:00

SIMULATIONS TO SUPPORT SPECULATIONS Therefore, the next avenue of exploration are simulations run during three times of the day in October, the day the measurements were taken; January (winter) and June (summer) to support the speculations:

SHADOW 13:00

Shadow studies – sun positions and shaded surfaces Solar radiation - amount of cumulative direct, indirect and diffuse solar radiation on the incident surfaces Global Solar radiation – amount of horizontal solar radiation incident on the surfaces in plan Solar Ray – the direct of radiation and the multiple reflections it undertakes Wind Studies – the impact on wind on a typical on-windy day and on a windy day.

SHADOW ANALYSIS In October the courtyard is obstructed by Turner House till 13:00 hours and receives indirect radiation. After 13:00 hours, a narrow path of direct radiation can be traced on the surface till the evening. The shadow pattern is diagonal, moving from West to North on Stubbs House as the day progresses.

In January, the courtyard is shaded for the longest time in the year with barely any direct radiation. Stubbs House, however, reflects indirect radiation onto the surface of the courtyard and onto the vertical surface of Turner House.

SHADOW 16:00

HOURLY SHADOW ANALYSIS - LADYBUG

OCTOBER 16

JANUARY 16

JUNE 16

JANUARY

JUNE

In June however, direct solar radiation is observed on the plan by 11:00 hours and till the late hours of the evening. This change in condition could have an effect on the surface and air temperature of the courtyard.

DAILY AVERAGE SOLAR RADIATION - LADYBUG

OCTOBER

KEY PLAN

SOLAR RADIATION In October, the South-East façade as a whole receives filtered solar radiation because of the tree cover (16-18 metres in height with an average span of 5-6 metres in plan) of Herrick Street and Millbank Gardens. The South - East facade of the flat in particular and windows receive filtered daylight. The North-West façade overlooking the courtyard receives only indirect radiation.

In January, the amount of incident solar radiation on the South-East façade is lesser by 20 KWh/m2 from October but it is almost uninterrupted because the majority of the trees are deciduous barring the one that is outside the bedroom of the flat. The amount of solar radiation on the North-West façade is approximately 10 KWh/m2 when compared to the 25 KWh/m2 from October.

NORTHWEST FACADE

However, in June, the South-East façade receives four times the amount of solar radiation than in January and is both indirect and direct. The North-West façade also receives 6.5 times the solar radiation in January. It also receives some amount of direct solar radiation on the façade in the evening as a result of its form and orientation.

MONTHLY CUMULATIVE SOLAR RADIATION - LADYBUG

DAILY AVERAGE SOLAR RADIATION - LADYBUG

OCTOBER

JANUARY

JUNE

13 I OUTDOOR - SOLAR RADIAITON

SOUTHEAST FACADE

OUTDOOR - SOLAR RAY I 14

SOLAR RAY 9:00

SOLAR RAY The buildings and the direct, diffuse and reflected

courtyard receive a mixture of solar radiation throughout the year. SOLAR RAY 13:00

In October, the South-East façade receives filtered rays at angles of between 8:00 and 13:00 hours respectively which penetrate into the living and bedrooms. The North-West façade overlooking the courtyard receives multiple reflected rays till 16:00 hours. After 16:00 hours, these rays are direct at an angle of which could explain the solar gains in the higher floor of Turner House.

In January, the light is even more horizontal and penetrates into the living and bedroom areas and slowly receedes as the day progresses. The North-West receives minimum solar radiation.

In June when there are longer solar hours in a day, the South-East rececives radiation at a sharper angle than the winter for approximately 3 hours in the morning. In the evenings, the North-West facade receives some form of solar radiation as well as copius amount os indirect radiation. SOLAR RAY 16:00 A study of the relative reflectance of the brick wall, white paint on the walls of the fifth floor, white painted timber frames of the windows and glass to understand multiple reflectance in the context of width and height of the courtyard proved that the relative percentages are SHADOW ANALYSIS poor, except for white paint.

LADYBUG

OCTOBER 16

Diffuse radiation

JANUARY 16

Sky dome

Direct solar

JUNE 16 MATERIAL

REFLECTANCE

ROOF

0.14

BRICK

0.25

WOOD

0.38

GLASS

0.2

WHITE PAINT 0.8

Ground reflected

Reflected

SOLAR GEOMETRY - REFLECTANCES

COURTYARD - 9:00

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

VEGETATION

0.25

PAVING

0.3

STUBBS HOUSE - DIRECT + REFLECTED - 16:00

SURFACE TEMPERATURES The solar studies are compared to surface temperatures and pictures taken with the thermal camera.

The are

floor surface temperatures in a narrow range of

in the courtyard on a cloudy day 11-13 degrees with no fluctuations:

11 °C in the gardens and the mouth of the courtyard (as it is more exposed) 12-13 °C in the courtyard, pavement and the road.

The thermal camera images on a sunny day from 16:30 to 17:30 are in a broader range of 16 to 8 for the courtyard exhibiting heat losses from the fabric and vents from the warmer Turner House façade to the colder outside. In addition, some of the warmer boiler flues are evident. The image also indicates the colder volume of the semi-open stairwell which is one of the primary causes of het loss in 1 Turner House.

On the other hand the South-East façade has warmer temperatures, a result of the solar radiation that is incident on the surface and is absorbed by it. The Millbank gardens have a lower temperature because of the high vegetative cover.

For a detailed study of the exterior facades of the flat (South-East and North-West) and how they measure on a sunny day, refer to the appendix.

HUMIDITY

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

COURTYARD, TURNER AND STUBBS HOUSE

THERMAL CAMERA

NORTH-WEST FACADE

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C

SOUTH-EAST FACADE PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C

TREE-LINED PAVEMENT - HERRICK STREET

15 I OUTDOOR - SURFACE TEMPERATURE

KEY PLAN

OUTDOOR - WIND STUDIES I 16

WIND VELOCITY Residents feel that high wind velocity on a windy/cold day causes discomfort, especially to the elderly.

As established earlier, the combination of solar radiation, wind velocity and hot air from the boiler flues creates a system with a comfortable condition on a typical non-windy day in the courtyard from October-December.

To wind velocity is measured in two scenarios – a typical non-windy day and a windy day.

The courtyard has the maximum wind velocity on a typical day while the surrounding area has the minimum wind velocity. The prevailing wind direction is the South-West. During this time, the indoors measured a zero wind velocity of 0m/s except for the kitchen with 0.4m/sec.

Simultaneously, a simulation in Wind Rose and the London weather data indicates that the wind direction is consistent for the entire year and that December is the windiest month in the year. The only exception is April where the prevailing direction is the South-East.

In this month, the wind velocity in the living and bedrooms will be higher than the Kitchen and bathroom which is a good reversal considering the ventilation regime in the flat.

WIND VELOCITY

WIND ROSE - JANUARY

WIND ROSE - APRIL

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C

WIND ROSE - JULY

WIND ROSE - OCTOBER - SOUTH-WEST PREVALENT

To further the speculations established with the courtyard condition, simulations were run to predict the wind flow in the courtyard. This establishes a wind tunnel at the entrance of the courtyard from Erasmus Street. The wind then hits against the angled façade of Turner House which acts as a barrier before it proceeds further.

In terms of the indoors, the prevailing wind direction is through the kitchen which has a negative pressure when compared to the other exposed surface of the flat.

WIND VELOCITY

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION IN FLAT - NORTH-WEST

KEY PLAN

17 I OUTDOOR - WIND STUDIES

On a windy day in December, the wind velocity increased by two-fold.

The difference between the wind velocities on both days is constant.

OUTDOOR - WIND STUDIES I 18

3

In order to understand how the wind behaves and to speculate on the behaviour of form with respect to bioclimatic factors, simulations were run for different configurations of the courtyard:

1 CURRENT CONFIGURATION OF TURNER HOUSE

1. The existing shape of the Turner House building creates a tunnel towards the NE direction therefore, the courtyard has the higher wind velocity compared to the surroundings.

2.

When the shape of Turner House’s inclined facade is futher inclined this causes the edge to be still affected by higher wind velocity while the inclined portion protects the parallel edges of the building.

4

3.

Duplicating the shape in different directions, creates a semi closed courtyard, which might increase the air velocity on the edges.

4.

The additional increase in the building volume on the west facade acts as a wind barrier to the east facade.

5.

The extra detached element behaves as a wind breaker/barrier to the west façade. Therefore, it decreases the air velocity in the courtyard.

5

6.

The u shape building creates a minor air turbulence which might improve the ventilation and the air temperature in the courtyard. Therefore, it creates a pleasant atmosphere for the residence.

2 TOOL - FLOW DESIGN

6 DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS AND THEIR WIND FLOW

19 I OUTDOOR - SOUND

VINCENT WARD LOCATION LONDON NOISE SURVEY PHASE 1 (2004) - VINCENT WARD

SOUND

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C In measuring the density, it has already been established that the area is located in one of Westminster’s quiet residential areas. The sound levels measured in Vincent Ward, which Turner House is a part of shows the similar conditions within the ward in the residential areas. However, it is important to note that the survey was conducted in 2007 and since then there has been a slight increase in sound levels as per the spot measurements.

However, these are measured at a particular time and not over a long period. Another important aspect to be taken into considerations is that Turner House is an old construction and floor-floor sound transmission is one of the concerns.

OUTDOOR - DAYLIGHT I 20

KEY PLAN The courtyard has obstructed illuminance and the illuminance along the tree lined pavement is lesser than the courtyard.

The courtyard approximately measures 2000 lux on an overcast day in October which is 50 % against the maximum skylight factor of 4833 lux.

ILLUMINANCE - OCTOBER DIVA FOR RHINO

ILLUMINANCE

23 OCTOBER 2015 – 13:30-15:30

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 12 °C I AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE OCTOBER : 15 °C

DAYLIGHT FACTOR There are two scenarios to consider: (i) OPEN SHUTTERS: When the shutters are open the flat gets a fair amount of daylight in the living room and the bedroom. However, the bathroom, kitchen and hallway still need artificial light. (ii) CLOSED SHUTTERS: When shutters are closed the flat gets a very low percentage of daylight and artificial light is needed in the entire flat in order for the occupants to carry out their daily activities.

From the different simulations, spot measurements and observations it has been concluded that:

DAYLIGHT FACTOR WITH WINDOW SHUTTERS OPEN

DAYLIGHT FACTOR -

DIVA FOR RHINO

COURTYARD –

50% OF THE AVAILABLE DAYLIGHT FACTOR ON AN OVERCAST CAST DAY

There are four windows in the house, which are single glazed. Two windows on the SouthEast façade have trees which obstruct the solar radiation especially in the bedroom. On the North-East façade, the windows receive minimal solar radiations resulting in the bathroom especially being dark from an early hour during the day. All the windows have louvered shutters and they affect the amount of solar radiation that enters the house.

The first scenario: shutters open: When the shutters are open the day light factor is a maximum of 6% total for the house and goes up to maximum 17% by the windows. The kitchen and the bathroom receive a maximum of 3% of the daylight factor resulting in the occupant needing artificial light from early hours especially in the winter.

The second scenario: shutters closed : the maximum daylight percentage is 4%, making it very dark and requires artificial light.

LIVING ROOM

PICTURES

BEDROOM

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

KITCHEN PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C

BATHROOM

21 I INDOOR - DAYLIGHT

Occupants feel the need to regulate the balance between privacy, ventilation and daylight needs in the flat.

INDOOR - DAYLIGHT I 22

SECTION A

B

SECTION C

C

A C A B

SECTION B

KEY PLAN

STAIRWELL

OCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

ILLUMINANCE 16 OCTOBER 2015

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

23 I INDOOR - DAYLIGHT

9:00-10:30

13:00-14:30 PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C I HUMIDITY : 72%

DAYLIGHT FACTOR WITH WINDOW SHUTTERS CLOSED DIVA FOR RHINO

The occupant’s observation is that there are two volumes - a hot and a cold volume.

The ocuupant’s hot-cold observation based primarily on the principles of convection, conduction and radiation arose from the use of appliances, lighting and most importantly gains from the occupant’s themselves.

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

The hot volume consists of the living room and kitchen while the cold volume consists of bedroom and bathroom. The hot volume reads a higher temperature as it has a running kitchen, and the neighbour’s occupied flat contributes in the increase of the shared surface (wall) temperature through conductivity.

On the other hand the cold volume is exposed to external surfaces in the form of the porch to the bathroom, an adjacent unoccupied cold flat and a stairwell in addition to poor finishing, which all contribute to heat loss.

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

INDOOR - OCCUPANTS PERSPECTIVE I 24

Occupants feel that certain rooms are hot and that certain rooms are cold in the flat.

OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2015 PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C I HUMIDITY : 72%

FEELS COLD

BEDROOM

BATH ROOM

OCCUPANTS OBSERVATIONS IN OCTOBER

LIVING ROOM

FEELS NEUTRAL --- HOT

KITCHEN

25 I INDOOR - OCCUPANTS PERSPECTIVE

STAIRWELL

BATHROOM

HALLWAY

KITCHEN B

C

SECTION A A C A

BATHROOM SECTION B

BEDROOM

B

The data loggers were placed in three different locations on in the hot volume (Living room) one in the cold volume (Bedroom) and one in the porch (outdoors) to demonstrate the temperature variations between these two volumes.

OCCUPIED FLAT

The data logger showed that the temperature and humidity of the porch is consistent with the Pimlico weather station parameters.

The bedroom is lower than the porch by 2C – 3C because it is unoccupied during the day and surrounded by unoccupied volumes.

OCCUPIED FLAT UNOCCUPIED FLAT

KEY PLAN

STAIRWELL

16 OCTOBER 2015 9:00-10:30 PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C I HUMIDITY : 72%

OCCUPIED FLAT

WALL SURFACE TEMPERATURE UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

However the living room is 5C higher than the bedroom because of occupant gains, appliances and lighting throughout the day.

STAIRWELL

INDOOR - SURFACE TEMPERATURES I 26

Occupants feel that certain rooms are hot and that certain rooms are cold in the flat.

16 OCTOBER 2015 9:00-10:30

FLOOR SURFACE TEMPERATURE PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C

I HUMIDITY : 72%

FOG

EMPTY ROOM FOR 16 HOURS A DAY

INTERNAL GAINS

PORCH

DATA LOGGERS IN PORCH, LIVING AND BEDROOMS

BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM

BEDROOM

21 - 24 OCTOBER 2015

KEY TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY DEW POINT

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C I HUMIDITY : 72%

PIMLICO WEATHER DATA

21 - 24 OCTOBER 2015

DATA LOGGER POSITION

27 I DATA LOGGERS

LIVING ROOM

PORCH

INDOOR - COLD VOLUMES I 28

THERMAL CAMERA

AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C

BATHROOM

BEDROOM

AIR TEMP. 21 °

AIR TEMP. 19 °

MEAN RADIANT TEMP. 20 °

MEAN RADIANT TEMP. 18 °

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 68%

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 60%

HEATING OFF

HEATING OFF

COOLING NONE

COOLING NONE

MECHANICAL VENTILATION NO

MECHANICAL VENTILATION NONE

SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE

SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE

89% - SINGLE GLAZED + LOUVERS 23% GLAZING RATIO

89% - SINGLE GLAZED + LOUVERS 21% GLAZING RATIO

VENTILATION

VENTILATION

2 SLIDING SASH SHUTTERS 40% OPEN

3 SLIDING SASH SHUTTERS 25% OPEN

U VALUES (W/MK)

U VALUES (W/MK)

WALL – 2.4 WINDOW – 4.8 DOOR – 1.4 FLOOR – 1.2

WALL – 2.4 WINDOW – 4.8 DOOR – 1.4 FLOOR – 1.2

APPLIANCES 0 W/SQM

APPLIANCES 2 W/SQM

LIGHTING 10 W/SQM

LIGHTING 10 W/SQM

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

BEDROOM HEAT GAIN 2KW HEAT LOSS 4KW

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00 01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

BATHROOM

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00 01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00 01 01 NOVEMBER NOVEMBER 2015 2015 – – 16:30-17:00 16:30-17:00

HEAT GAIN 0.3KW HEAT LOSS 2KW

THERMAL CAMERA

AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

VENTILATION PATH HEAT EXCHANGES EDGES HEAT SOURCE TROMBE WALL VENT

AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

LIVING ROOM

LIVING ROOM

HEAT GAIN 3KW

AIR TEMP. 21 °

AIR TEMP. 21 °

MEAN RADIANT TEMP. 20 °

MEAN RADIANT TEMP. 20 °

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 60%

RELATIVE HUMIDITY 68%

HEATING OFF

HEATING OFF

COOLING NONE

COOLING NONE

MECHANICAL VENTILATION NONE

MECHANICAL VENTILATION YES – SELF CIRCULATING EXHAUST FAN

SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE

SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE

89% - SINGLE GLAZED + LOUVERS 19% GLAZING RATIO

89% - SINGLE GLAZED + LOUVERS 21% GLAZING RATIO

VENTILATION

VENTILATION

4 SLIDING SASH SHUTTERS 25% OPEN

2 SLIDING SASH SHUTTERS 40% OPEN

U VALUES (W/MK)

U VALUES (W/MK)

WALL – 2.4 WINDOW – 4.8 DOOR – 1.4 FLOOR – 1.2

WALL – 2.4 WINDOW – 4.8 DOOR – 1.4 FLOOR – 1.2

KITCHEN

APPLIANCES 6 W/SQM

APPLIANCES 35 W/SQM

HEAT GAIN 5KW

LIGHTING 12 W/SQM

LIGHTING 10 W/SQM

HEAT LOSS 5KW OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

THERMAL CAMERA

AIR TEMPERATURE : 16 °C PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C

01 NOVEMBER 2015 – 16:30-17:00

HEAT LOSS 2KW

KITCHEN

29 I INDOOR - HOT VOLUMES

THERMAL CAMERA

INDOOR - VENTILATION REGIME I 30

OCCUPIED FLAT

Occupants feel the need to regulate the tween privacy, ventilation and daylight needs

balance in the

beflat.

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

SCENARIO 1 When the windows are OPEN, there is cross ventilation. However, it is difficult for the occupants to continuously maintain this condition because the flat is on the ground floor and privacy and security is a concern.

STAIRWELL

SCENARIO 1 - WINDOWS OPEN - SUMMER OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

KEY PLAN

SCENARIO 2

STAIRWELL

When the windows are CLOSED except for the kitchen and bathroom windows, there is limited cross ventilation – air quality is low and air changes per hour is poor. It is difficult to keep the windows open during winter due to heat loss.

SCENARIO 1 - WINDOWS CLOSED - WINTER

OCCUPIED FLAT

LIVING ROOM WINDOW

0.6 Surface Absorptance (0-1): Construction Data: 0.2 U-Value (W/m²·K): Location Data: Ext. Surf.

Transmittance (W/m²·K) 4.0 Glazing: Latitude (decimal degrees): 51.5 Solar 0.6 September Month:Transmittance Factor (0-1): Shading 20 Hour: Proportion (%): 12 Buoyancy driven Buoyancy + Wind driven Prevailing mean outdoor Wall 14 temperature (°C): Surface Absorptance (0-1): (m/s): 0.6 Meteorological Wind Speed 0.5 2.4 U-Value (W/m²·K): Terrain data: 5 Ext. Surf.

Transmittance (W/m²·K): 3.5 Inlet (surface) Azimuth: N Roof

KITCHEN WINDOW

Surface Absorptance (0-1): U-Value (W/m²·K):Data: Construction Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K) Glazing:

0.6 0.2 4.0

Solar Transmittance Factor (0-1): Shading Proportion (%):

0.7 20

Buoyancy driven Buoyancy + Wind driven Wall

Surface Absorptance (0-1): U-Value (W/m²·K): Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K):

0.6 1.1 3.5

Roof Surface Absorptance (0-1): U-Value (W/m²·K): Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K) BEDROOM WINDOW

Buoyancy + Wind driven driven

0.6 0.2 4.0

Number of people:

1

Effective

Airflow Rate Cell - Volume (m³): 42 38 Equipment gains (W/m²): (m²) (m) (m³/s) Outdoor temperature (°C): 15 Lighting gains (W/m²): 10 B B+W Indoor temperature (°C) 20 Total internal gains (W/m²): 56.12 Inlet 1: 0.4 1.5 0.02 Natural ventilation strategy: 0.03 AND CHARACTERISTICS To - Ti (°C): WINDOW TYPES, CONDITIONS 5 Total Solar Gains (W/m²) Outlet 1: 0.4 2 0.02 0.03 Single sided ventilation Cell 1: 10.33 LIVING ROOM Total heat generated (kW) Cell 1: DIMENSIONS - 5 X 4 M 0.62 WINDOW - 2.6 X 1.45 M 4 SLIDING SASH SINGLE GALZED WINDOWS

Apertures Data: Cell - Heat4Gains: LOUVERED INSIDE OPENING WINDOWS Building Data: Number of people: 2 Effective Cell Floor area (m²): 4.64 20% OPEN occupant gains (W/m²): 10.86 Area Cell - Volume (m³): 13.91 19% WINDOW - FLOOR RATIO Equipment gains (W/m²): 6 (m²) Outdoor temperature (°C): 18 SUFFICIENT VENTILATION WHEN ALL SHUTTERS OPEN Lighting gains (W/m²): 10 -gains UNFAVOURABLE FOR WINTER Indoorinternal temperature (°C) 20 Total (W/m²): 26.86 Inlet 1: 0.17 To Ti (°C): 2 Total Solar Gains (W/m²) Outlet 1: 0.17 KITCHEN Cell 1: 165.04 Total heat generated (kW) DIMENSIONS - 4 X 2.34 M Cell 1: 2.69 WINDOW - 1.35 X 1.45 M

Cell - Heat Gains:

1.5 2

Apertures Data:

25% OPEN Number of people: 1 Effective 19% WINDOW FLOOR RATIO occupant gains (W/m²): 16.39 Area - INSUFFICIENT ALL SHUTTERS OPEN 0 Equipment gains (W/m²): VENTILATION WHEN (m²) POOR EXHUAST AND AIR QUALITY Lighting gains (W/m²): 10 Total internal gains (W/m²): 26.39 Inlet 1: 0.07 BEDROOM Total Solar Gains (W/m²) Outlet 1: 0.07 17.71 Cell 1: DIMENSIONS - 4.2 X 3.18 M Total heat generated (kW) WINDOW - 1.95 X 1.45 M Cell 1: 0.2 3 SLIDING SASH SINGLE GALZED WINDOWS 3 LOUVERED INSIDE OPENING WINDOWS 16% OPEN 21% WINDOW - FLOOR RATIO - SUFFICIENT VENTILATION WHEN ALL SHUTTERS OPEN - UNFAVOURABLE FOR WINTER

DIMENSIONS - 2.6 X 1.75 M WINDOW - 0.7 X 1.45 M 1 WINDOW - HALF TOP HUNG, HALF FIXED 2 LOUVERED INSIDE OPENING WINDOWS 5% OPEN 23% WINDOW - FLOOR RATIO - INSUFFICIENT VENTILATION + NO EXHUAST FAN

Buoyancy + Wind driven

Height Zn (m)

2 SLIDING SASH SINGLE GALZED WINDOWS 2 LOUVERED INSIDE OPENING WINDOWS

BATHROOM

BATHROOM WINDOW

Height

Cell - Floor area (m²):for the Early14 Calculation Buildings. occupant gainsTool (W/m²): 8.12Design Stage ofArea Zn

Height Zn (m) 1.5 2

31 I INDOOR - VENTILATION REGIME

Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K) 4.0 Glazing: Latitude (decimal degrees): Steady-State 52 A Natural Ventilation Month: September Solar Transmittance Factor (0-1): 0.7 Hour: Proportion (%): 12 Shading 20 Buoyancy driven Prevailing mean outdoor Wall Project Data: temperature (°C): 15 0.2 Meteorological Wind Speed (m/s): 0.6 Surface Absorptance (0-1):turner house Project Name: Terrain U-Value (W/m²·K): 1.11 Version:data: bathroom N Inlet (surface) Azimuth: Ext. Surf. Transmittance (W/m²·K): 3.5 Date: 2015-12-02 Consultant: Consultant Roof

Airflow Rate (m³/s) B B+W 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Airflow Rate (m³/s) B B+W 0 0 0 0

INDOOR - HUMIDITY I 32 Occupants feel that the heat and humidity from the kitchen has an impact on the thermal comfort of the living.

HOUSE USEAGE OVERVIEW

16 OCTOBER 2015 - 9:00-10:30 - AFTER COOKING

HUMIDITY

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 14 °C I HUMIDITY : 72%

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

There is also some heat loss through vents in the bedroom placed for ventilation purposes. These vents exchange hot air from the inside with cold air from the outside causing the room temperature to reduce, thereby reducing the air temperature in the bedroom and necessitating the use of heaters in the bedroom.

(Thermal camera images)

OCCUPIED FLAT

There is considerable heat loss through various structural entitiesthermal bridges from bad flooring, corners and skirting especially in the bathroom; fabric losses in hallway and bathroom external walls; two external walls exposed to the porch; and one wall exposed to a cold volume, the stairwell.

STAIRWELL

First problem: Heat loss

STAIRWELL

The main problems that occur in the flat are:

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

The kitchen is used daily for cooking at least twice a day using Indian spices. Heaters are never on except an hour a night starting from November for three months at the most.

The washing machine/dryer and other kitchen appliances are used at least once daily.

16 OCTOBER 2015 - 13:00-14:30 - FOOD HEATED

There is no ventilation when the windows are closed.

The air and food odours from cooking stay and circulate inside the flat. Whilst there is good cross-ventilation in the flat when all the windows are open carrying stale air and food odours outside the flat thanks to the wind direction, such crossventilation is difficult to achieve during winter when it is too cold to keep all windows open.

Cooking also affects the amount of humidity in the house, and the measurements show how the humidity is higher after cooking than before. Good ventilation is therefore essential to ensure comfort within the flat, especially after cooking.

Another problem with opening all the windows is privacy given that the flat is on the ground floor of Turner House. The adjustable shutters sometimes help in striking a tenuous balance between proper ventilation and privacy for the occupants, but this is not a failsafe solution.

SECTION C

Third problem: Acoustics There are high acoustic transmissions between the flat and the flats above especially at night when it is quiet outside. Sounds of people coming back to their residences, appliances being used or furniture such as tables and chairs being moved around presumably for late mealtimes are commonly heard by the occupants of the flat.

OCCUPIED FLAT

STAIRWELL

OCCUPIED FLAT

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

C

01 OCTOBER 2015 – 16:00-17:30 – NO COOKING

C KEY PLAN

33 I INDOOR - HUMIDITY

Second problem: Ventilation

PASSIVE DESIGN ASSISTANT I 34

PASSIVE DESIGN ASSISTANT - PDA LIVING ROOM 1. Treated as one volume since they behave together as one unit and the prevailing wind direction transfers air from the kitchen to the living.

2. Internal gains of the living room increase with the increase of solar radiation as the seasons change from autumn to winter to summer.

3. The heat from the room is transfered through the surface and ventilation. Therefore, it decreases the surface temperature in the space. Heat transfer through the prevailing wind is acceptable in the summer but not in the winter because it will be too cold.

BEDROOM It is considered a cold volume but solar gains around 1Kw usually occur within the afternoon hours. Thus, it decreases the surface temperature because heat from the indoors flows outside due to temperature difference. According to the CBE thermal comfort tool we have concluded that our recommendations enhance the comfort range required.

LIVING ROOM + KITCHEN

FEELS NEUTTRAL

BATHROOM It is a cold volume and there are NO appliance or solar gains due to the orientaion, the shutters closed for privacy reasons. Since the window is top hung with no extract, this has a negative effect on ventilation and air quality in the bathroom. Therefore, strategies for ventilation and internal gains need to be addressed.

OCTOBER

35 I PASSIVE DESIGN ASSISTAN

FEELS COLD

FEBRUARY

FEELS HOT

JULY

PASSIVE DESIGN ASSISTANT I 36

FEELS COLD

OCTOBER - BEDROOM

FEELS COLD

FEBRUARY - BEDROOM

FEELS NEUTRAL -HOT JULY - BEDROOM

37 I PDA

FEELS COLD

OCTOBER - BATHROOM

FEELS COLD

FEBRUARY - BATHROOM

FEELS NEUTRAL -HOT JULY - BATHROOM

RECOMMENDATION - OVERVIEW I 38

Recommendations are prioritised based on tackling heat loss problems first and ventilation deficiencies which are the more prominent issue that will affect the occupants in different seasons. These are prioritised based on cost, affordability and energy efficiency.

Best suggestion: The study recommends a change to the flooring, the addition of thermal and moisture flooring sheets to reduce thermal bridges and heat loss and the subsequent addition of under-floor water heating systems with a final finish of a layer of tiles or wood depending on the room of the flat. It is also recommended that a Heat Sava smart extract fan could be added in the living room, bedroom and kitchen to enhance the air quality and reduce humidity. In addition, it is proposed that a cold adhesive be added on the ceiling of the bedroom or in all rooms (if applicable) to enhance sound insulation and prevent acoustic transmissions.

Advantages 1. Long-term, durable solutions 2. Better indoor environment for the occupants 3. Thermal and acoustic comfort 4. Humidity reduction especially after cooking 5. Appropriate ventilation in various seasons Disadvantages 1. Complex insulation required for under-floor wet heating system 2. Expensive labour and kits

Disadvantages 1. Short-term solution 2. Heat loss through bridges and fabric not prevented 3. The usage of radiators will remain 4. Higher electricity bills Alternative suggestion 3: It is suggested that sound insulation be applied to ceilings and indoor windows, reducing the noise coming from upper floors and the outside surroundings and also reducing the amount of heat loss to a certain extent.

Advantages 1. Reduction in acoustic transmission 2. Affordable Disadvantages

Occupants feel that heat, humidity (hot volumes) and heat loss (cold volumes) has an impact on the thermal comfort of the flat PROBLEM -HUMIDITY IN THE KITCHEN -DAMPNESS IN STORAGE IN THE LIVING -POOR VENTILATION IN BATHROOM -POOR AIR QUALITY IN THE FLAT LONG TERM SOLUTION -CONTINUOUS EXTRACT FAN FOR KITCHEN AND LIVING -EXTRACT FOR BATHROOM

1. Short-term solution 2. Not effective for all seasons 3. Ventilation and heat loss problems still exist 4. According to occupant K after a long day of work it is too much effort setting up the indoor windows and remove them later in the morning rush.

5. Proper ventilation diminished – unless usage limited to one side of the window.

Alternative suggestion 1: It is suggested that a Heat Sava smart extract fan for fresh air and humidity reduction as well as the avoidance of heat loss be considered. In addition, wall thermal & moisture insulation could also be considered in order to avoid heat losses through bridges and fabric. A combination of these two interventions would help in solving the two main problems of heat loss and insufficient ventilation.

Advantages 1. Long-term solution 2. Better indoor environment for the occupants 3. Humidity reduction Disadvantages 1. Not effective for all seasons (for instance, in winters the windows are likely to be opened and the heaters will therefore need to be switched on) 2. Expensive labour for changing floors 3. Acoustics problem not solved Alternative suggestion 2: It is suggested that the Heat Sava smart extract fan be installed along with sound insulation applied to the ceilings.

Advantages 1. Acoustics problem solved 2. Heat loss through ventilation prevented 3. Better ventilation 4. Humidity reduction 5. Affordable

PLAN

Advantages -Improves indoor air quality, reduces humidity, condensation and mould -Intelligent -Saves energy costs – local -Reduces CO2 emissions – energy efficient -Quiet running 22 dB(A) on background trickle rate – constant air quality -Fits neatly into nearly any wall depth and orientation SUMMER -Stops warm air entering the room on warmer days WINTER -Frost protection to prevent the cell from damage during the winter PROCESS -Air extraction from kitchen through tubular heat exchange cell.

-Cycling of air around barrel -Heat from extracted air retained in cell -Simultaneously, fresh air from outside is supplied through the tubes.

- Up to 75% of the heat from the extracted air collected before returning it into the room

HEAT AND HUMIDITY EXCHANGER IN KITCHEN

DETAILS AND MECHANISM

Aerodri - BATHROOM Advantages -High performance with incredibly quiet running -Improves indoor air quality and controls humidity levels -Low energy consumption doe to 1.5Watts -5 speed settings -Intelligent controls to keep condensation and mould at bay -Can be installed in wall, ceiling and panel installation.

EXTRACT FAN

DETAILS

39 I RECOMMENDATION - AIR QUALITY

heatSava - KITCHEN, LIVING + BEDROOM COMBINED

RECOMMENDATION - HEAT LOSS I 40

Cold volume : Heat loss through thermal bridges

OCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

PROBLEM

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

-FLOORS HAVE GAPS LONG TERM SOLUTION

STAIRWELL

-THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROOFING HEAT LOSSES THROUGH BRIDGES HEAT LOSS GAPS

OCCUPIED FLAT

OCCUPIED FLAT

PROBLEM

UNOCCUPIED FLAT

-POORLY FINISHED SKIRTING AND EDGES.LIVING ROOM HAS A STORAGE ROOM THAT HAS A MOISTURE LEAKAGE

STAIRWELL

SHORT TERM SOLUTION -THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROOFING

HEAT LOSSES THROUGH EDGES

Thermal & moisture proofing insulation materials applied after changing flooring type.

Disadvantages: high application cost hard application time consuming Single component thin-Layer of Polyurethane Flooring Systems or Mariseal system applied directly on top of the tiles. The liquid dries and turns into a membrane. 0.3mm thick

THERMAL & MOISTURE PROOFING INSULATION MATERIALS

TILES

UNDERGROUND

THERMAL INSULATION WATER PROOFING MEMBRANE

SINGLE COMPONENT THIN-LAYER OF POLYURETHANE FLOORING SYSTEMS Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Breathable

High product price compared to damaged area Cheaper than removing tiles

Simple application Resistant to water, heat and frost.

Stops the creation of dust Maintains its mechanical properties over a wide temperature span

41 I RECOMMENDATION -HEAT LOSS

THERMAL & MOISTURE PROOFING INSULATION MATERIALS

SINGLE COMPONENT THIN-LAYER OF POLYURETHANE FLOORING SYSTEMS

INJECTED MATERIALS The ideal solution for this type of situation an existing building would be (injected materials) by injecting resins that enhance the thermal and water proofing qualities of floors or walls in that space.

Grace injection materials / Maris Polymer Advantages: Simple application Affordable cost High quality Concerning the liquid leakage in the storage room, the other option would be building another wall that will contain caltite admixtures that is hydrophobic material and doesn’t allow any water in.

INJECTED MATERIALS

Disadvantages: High cost No enough space in storage for a new wall

RECOMMENDATION - HEAT LOSS I 42

Cold volume : Heat loss through FABRIC and thermal bridges

15

10

11

11

10

15

13

ELECTRIC UNDER FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM

6

PROBLEM

5

5

5

5

6 6

-FLOOR IS GENERALLY COLD: UNDER FLOOR HEATING SPECIALLY NEEDED IN THE BATHROOM FOR MASSIVE HEAT LOSS LONG TERM SOLUTION -UNDER FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM

21 NOVEMBER 2015 – 9:00-9:30

WET UNDER FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM

PIMLICO AIR TEMPERATURE : 7 °C

BATHROOM SURFACE TEMPERATURE

METHOD OF HEATING COMPARISION CARBON FILM UNDER FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM

HEAT FROM UNDERFLOOR HEATING CONDUCTION EXTRACTION

UNDER FLOOR HEATING APPLICATION - BATHROOM

TILES SCREED PIPE WORK RAIL CLIP FIXING INSULATION SOLID FLOOR

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Cost effective heating solution – long term Reduces moisture content and level of dust mites A deceptively simple system Heats area quickly No cold spots Tailored intelligent temperature control

All kits require a separate room control thermostat.

Limited materials can be placed on top.

Complex to install and labor intensive

WATER OR ELECTRIC? In the context of Turner House, evaluation were done to understand which underfloor heating system could be more practical. Electric floor heating is more practical for a smaller area while water underfloor heating would be more viable for a larger floor area. Water under floor system would also use the current system of energy use which is gas and allow for cheaper bills and is more of a long term strategy. Therefore, the two choices and their pros and cons are listed to be reviewed by the owner of the flat.

ELECTRIC UNDER FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM PLAN

43 I RECOMMENDATION - HEAT LOSS

WATER UNDER FLOOR HEATING

RECOMMENDATION - SOUND I 44

Sound Transmission

SOUND TRANSMISSION IN THE HOUSE FROM THE APARTMENT ABOVE AND WINDOW FACING THE ROAD

PROBLEM -NOISE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE FLOORS AND THROUGH THE WINDOWS IN THE NIGHT IS A PROBLEM LONG TERM SOLUTION -SOUNDPROOFING

21 NOVEMBER 2015 – 23:00-23:30

SOUND LEVELS IN THE BEDROOM

WINDOW FACING THE SOUTH-WEST FACADE

REFER TO PG. 46 - 47 1. LIVING ROOM

The HeatSava intelligent extract fan that adjusts the air temperature, regulates the humidity in the air and improves air quality in general. According to the CBE thermal comfort tool, the conclsions are that the recommendations enhance the comfort range required.

SOUND-KONTORL SELF-ADHESIVE ACOUSTIC MEMBRANE

2. BEDROOM IKOUSTIC SOUNDPROOFING APPLIED IN TURNER HOUSE Advantages:

Disadvantages:

· Meets Green Star requirement High cost for the bedroom only, but if a long · Simple, self-adhesive, rapid installation term solution it is affordable process · Prevents reflective cracking · Economical, suitable for interior and exterior use · Is an integral acoustic/waterproofing barrier · Laminates to the substrate completely

Advantages:

Application:

Affordable Suitable for New Builds, House Conversions, Refurbishments and Material Change of Use Ribbed construction for maximum vibration absorption 43mm x 5/10mm and are in 900mm lengths.

Ideal for timber joists Recycled: made from 5/10mm recycled rubber

Recycled rubber-crumb strip for pin, staple, screw, nail or adhesive fix at base perimeters of stud partitions or linings prior to their installation

The HeatSava intelligent extract fan that adjusts the air parameters.

3. BATHROOM The Aerodri intelligent extract fan that adjusts air temp, improves the air quality and provides the required number of air changes per hour. In addition, under floor thermal and moisture proofing materials are applied with underfloor heating. This combination is expected to enhance the comfort level in the bathroom.

According to the CBE thermal comfort tool we have concluded that our recom 4. KITCHEN The kitchen could also benefit from the technology of the heatSava extractor. In addition, the hob exhaust fan has to be replaced to remove the heat and smell from the kitchen While using the passive design tool, occupancies, lighting and small power values were changed to understand the effect on internal gains on the flat. In addition, a layer of insulation is added to the interiors as well as the indow windows are assumed to be used during winter to provide extra insulation.

Indow Windows Thermal and acoustic insulation Inserts of acyclic glazing SUMMER – heat WINTER – cold drafts 50% noise reduction

INDOW WINDOW APPLICATION

As the Westminster council guidelines does not allow double glazed windows, exfiltration through the windows cannot be avoided. However, the existing louvered window can be enhanced to create an intelligent system that could respond to various seasons

45 I RECOMMENDATION

AFTER APPLING THE RECOMMENDATIONS ON PDA:

RECOMMENDATION - HEAT LOSS I 00

FEELS NEUTTRAL

FEBRUARY - LIVING + KITCHEN - AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

FEELS NEUTTRAL

JULY - LIVING + KITCHEN - AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

FEELS NEUTTRAL

FEBRUARY - BEDROOM- AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

47 I PDA

Bathrrom Rec

AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

FEELS NEUTTRAL

JULY - BEDROOM - AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

FEELS NEUTTRAL

FEBRUARY - BATHROOM - AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

FEELS NEUTTRAL

JULY - BATHROOM - AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION I 48

In terms of the COURTYARD which is a shared spaces for the residents of the estate, interventions such a portable vegetative partitions can behave in various ways. On a windy day, they can function as wind breakers, reduce the temperature of the courtyard in summer by evaporative cooling and also enhance the aesthetic of the courtyard. This could encourage interaction between resident and foster a collaborative environment.

According to the BIOCLIMATIC FACTORS and the current occupants’ lifestyle, there is a variation in performance that can cause thermal discomfort in different seasons. In the current state, the flat produces tolerable indoor conditions.

In SUMMER, windows and shutters can be adjusted with the intention of losing heat and increasing the air changes per hour but cannot function as the same system in winter. After the recommendations, there will be an intelligent system of ventilation in the flat, which will cater to the changing LONDON WEATHER PATTERNS.

Through investigations of problems, suitable prioritised recommendations which adhere to the Westminster COUNCIL’S STRICT GUIDELINES, such as thermal insulation, under floor heating and intelligent extract fans were found to enhance the general performance of the flat. The combination of the solutions, simulations and methodology used for the project can be applied and scaled up to the 60 FLATS in Turner House which could potentially have similar issues. Thus a balanced can be achieve between the heat gains of 22882 KW/year and losses of 8102 KW/year (Refer to Energy Index calculations).

In the context of rapid CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASING MIGRATION into London, the council can review the performance of one such flat and allow flexibility in their guidelines which would help to minimise massive energy consumption and take into consideration individual and family BACKGROUNDS, BEHAVIOUR, CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE. Incentives can be provided for original residents of such estates to upgrade their household energy cycles, appliances and energy saving renovations so that they can address the gap between the landlord held expensive rentals and their own.

The project can be used as a STARTING POINT and a reference for further research into typologies, behaviour and bioclimatic factors, whether it is a new build, a post occupancy analysis or a restoration project.

STRATEGIES IN THE COURTYARD -VEGETATIVE

HOT VOLUMES :

PROBLEM – WINTER - HEAT LOSSES THROUGH FABRIC, THERMAL BRIDHES AND VENTILATION SUMMER – NEUTRAL

PROBLEM – WINTER - VENTILATION AND HUMIDITY PROBLEM – SUMMER – HEAT GAINS

HEAT LOSS BEFORE RECOMMENDATIONS BEDROOM

BATHROOM

HEAT LOSS BEFORE RECOMMENDATIONS

HEAT LOSS AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS

GROUND FLOOR ROOFS WALLS WINDOWS DOOR

1.2 1.2 2.4 4.8 2.6

GROUND FLOOR ROOFS WALLS WINDOWS DOOR

0.45 0.8 2.4 2.2 2.6

HEAT LOSS HEAT GAIN

4 KW 2 KW

HEAT LOSS

3 KW

HEAT LOSS BEFORE RECOMMENDATIONS GROUND FLOOR ROOFS WALLS WINDOWS DOOR HEAT LOSS HEAT GAIN

2 KW 0.3 KW

CALCULATION RESULTS Overall building heat loss coefficient [W/K] Annual heat loss [kWh] Total internal gains [kWh] Total net solar gains [kWh] Total annual heat gains [kWh] Gains-to-loss ratio (GLR) Auxiliary heating fraction (AHF) Continuous heating [kWh] Intermittent heating [kWh]

GROUND FLOOR ROOFS WALLS WINDOWS DOOR

0.45 1.2 0.7 2.2 2.6

HEAT LOSS

1 KW

Number of hours above 27°C [h]

Extract fan WILL REGULATE: • AIR QUALITY, • HEAT EXCHANGE

per m2

8102.13 498242 228823 118849 347672 0.698 0.443 220545 187463

3.67

949

1.2 1.2 2.4 4.8 2.6

HEAT LOSS HEAT GAINS

5 KW 3 kW

KITCHEN

GROUND FLOOR ROOFS WALLS WINDOWS DOOR

1.2 1.2 2.4 4.8 2.6

HEAT LOSS HEAT GAIN

2 KW 5 KW

heat sava WILL REGULATE: • AIR QUALITY, • HEAT EXCHANGE • MOSITURE CONTENT AND CONDENSATION • HUMIDITY

HOW DOES THE FLAT RESPOND IN SUMMER?

Total

63177 36.0

GROUND FLOOR ROOFS WALLS WINDOWS DOOR

HEAT LOSS BEFORE RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS – WHICH ELEMENTS REDUCE HEAT LOSSES IN WINTER?

Excess gains [kWh] Peak temperature [°C ]

heat sava WILL REGULATE: • AIR QUALITY, • HEAT EXCHANGE • HUMIDITY

LIVING ROOM

HEAT LOSS AFTER RECOMMENDATIONS 1.2 1.2 2.4 4.8 2.6

49 I CONCLUSION

COLD VOLUMES :

100.0 85.0

CO2 [kg]

CO2 [kg/m2]

59862 50883

27.15 23.08

APPENDIX I 50 INDOOR SURFACE TEMPERATURE PLANS

INDOOR SOUND PLANS

51 I APPENDIX

OUTDOOR AVERAGE SPOT MEASURMENTS WINDOWS

APPENDIX I 52

THERMAL CAMERA IMAGES

SURFACE MATERIALS

MODEL

ILLUMINANCE COMPARISION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT TIMES IN ONE DAY

53 I APPENDIX

OUTDOOR SPOT MEASURMENTS

REFERENCES I 54

1. BUILDINGSERVICESINDEX.CO.UK U-values, the Building Regulations & underfloor heating In-text: (Buildingservicesindex.co.uk) Bibliography: Buildingservicesindex.co.uk,. ‘U-Values, The Building Regulations & Underfloor Heating’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

10. GREENWOOD.CO.UK Greenwood | Low Energy Bathroom Fan, Heat Recovery System, Whole House Ventilation In-text: (Greenwood.co.uk) Bibliography: Greenwood.co.uk,. ‘Greenwood | Low Energy Bathroom Fan, Heat Recovery System, Whole House Ventilation’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

19.

LTD, N. Underfloor heating | Nu-Heat underfloor heating and renewables In-text: (Ltd) Bibliography: Ltd, Nu-Heat. ‘Underfloor Heating | Nu-Heat Underfloor Heating And Renewables’. Nu-heat.co.uk. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

2. COMFORT.CBE.BERKELEY.EDU CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55 In-text: (Comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu) Bibliography: Comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu,. ‘CBE Thermal Comfort Tool For ASHRAE-55’. N.p., 2015.

11. GRACE.COM Injection Materials In-text: (Grace.com) Bibliography: Grace.com,. ‘Injection Materials’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

20.

LTD, N. UFH cost and performance - Nu-Heat - Underfloor heating and renewables In-text: (Ltd) Bibliography: Ltd, Nu-Heat. ‘UFH Cost And Performance - Nu-Heat - Underfloor Heating And Renewables’.Nu-heat.co.uk. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

3. CSE.ORG.UK Underfloor heating | Centre for Sustainable EnergY In-text: (Cse.org.uk) Bibliography: Cse.org.uk,. ‘Underfloor Heating | Centre For Sustainable Energy’.

N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

4.

EXTRACT FANS In-text: (Extract fans) Bibliography: Extract fans,. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 5.

ELECTRIC UNDERFLOOR HEATING underfloor heating help, for DIY and Trade In-text: (Electric Underfloor Heating) Bibliography: Electric Underfloor Heating,. ‘Underfloor Heating Help, For DIY And Trade’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 6.

ENERGY, O. Pros and cons of underfloor heating | OVO Energy In-text: (Energy) Bibliography: Energy, OVO. ‘Pros And Cons Of Underfloor Heating | OVO Energy’. Ovoenergy.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

7. ENVIROVENT heatSava | Single Room Heat Recovery System (SRHR) In-text: (Envirovent) Bibliography: Envirovent,. ‘Heatsava | Single Room Heat Recovery System (SRHR)’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 8. FANTRONIX.COM Recommended air change rates for your fan, room, house or office - Fantronix Limited In-text: (Fantronix.com) Bibliography: Fantronix.com,. ‘Recommended Air Change Rates For Your Fan, Room, House Or Office - Fantronix Limited’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 9. GRACE.COM Grace Construction Products - Specialty Construction Chemicals & Structural Building Materials In-text: (Grace.com) Bibliography: Grace.com,. ‘Grace Construction Products - Specialty Construction Chemicals & Structural Building Materials’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

12.

HOMEBUILDING & RENOVATING Underfloor Heating Costs - Equipment, Installation and Running - Homebuilding & Renovating In-text: (Homebuilding & Renovating) Bibliography: Homebuilding & Renovating,. ‘Underfloor Heating Costs - Equipment, Installation And Running - Homebuilding & Renovating’. N.p., 2014. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

21. MARISPOLYMERS.COM Joint Sealants | Maris Polymers Polyurethane Waterproofing Systems In-text: (Marispolymers.com) Bibliography: Marispolymers.com,. ‘Joint Sealants | Maris Polymers Polyurethane Waterproofing Systems’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

13. IKOUSTIC.CO.UK Isolation Strip 43mm 5/10mm x 43mm x 900mm In-text: (Ikoustic.co.uk) Bibliography: Ikoustic.co.uk,. ‘Isolation Strip 43Mm 5/10Mm X 43Mm X 900Mm’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

22.

14. INDOWWINDOWS.COM Indow Window Inserts | Interior Storm Windows | Insulation In-text: (Indowwindows.com) Bibliography: Indowwindows.com,. ‘Indow Window Inserts | Interior Storm Windows | Insulation’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

24.

ROBBENS SYSTEM In-text: (Robbens Systems) Bibliography: Robbens Systems,. ‘Robbens Systems’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

15. INSULATIONEXPRESS.CO.UK IsoRubber Base 6mm Resilient Layer | Insulation | Acoustic Insulation | | Insulation Express In-text: (Insulationexpress.co.uk) Bibliography: Insulationexpress.co.uk,. ‘Isorubber Base 6Mm Resilient Layer | Insulation | Acoustic Insulation | | Insulation Express’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 16.

JCW ACOUSTIC SUPPLIE Ceiling Soundproofing In-text: (JCW Acoustic Supplies) Bibliography: JCW Acoustic Supplies,. ‘Ceiling Soundproofing’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

17.

KITCHENS, U. UBS Whitworth In-text: (Kitchens) Bibliography: Kitchens, UBS. ‘UBS Whitworth’. Ubswhitworth.co.uk. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

18.

KIT, U. UFHK1 - Single Zone Underfloor Heating Kit In-text: (Kit) Bibliography: Kit, UFHK1. ‘UFHK1 - Single Zone Underfloor Heating Kit’. The Underfloor Superstore. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

Millbank state conservation area,. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

23. PILKINGTON.COM In-text: (Pilkington.com) Bibliography: Pilkington.com,. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

25. RADIANTFLOORHEATING.COM.AU Running Costs - Radiant Floor Heating In-text: (Radiantfloorheating.com.au) Bibliography: Radiantfloorheating.com.au,. ‘Running Costs - Radiant Floor Heating’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 26.

SYSTEM, S. Silva Joisted System | Timber Floor Heating | Warmup In-text: (System) Bibliography: System, Silva. ‘Silva Joisted System | Timber Floor Heating | Warmup’.

Warmup.co.uk. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 27. THERMOGROUPUK.COM Electric Underfloor Heating Running Costs In-text: (Thermogroupuk.com) Bibliography: Thermogroupuk.com,. ‘Electric Underfloor Heating Running Costs’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

28.

TURNER HOUSE BUILDING GUIDE In-text: (‘Turner House Building Guide’) Bibliography: ‘Turner House Building Guide’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 29. TLC-DIRECT.CO.UK In-text: (Tlc-direct.co.uk) Bibliography: Tlc-direct.co.uk,. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

40. WORDTRAVELS.COM Word Travels - Travel Guide. Destination guides for the world traveller In-text: (Wordtravels.com) Bibliography: Wordtravels.com,. ‘Word Travels - Travel Guide. Destination Guides For The World Traveller’. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

31. UHEAT.CO.UK Shop Online - Electric Underfloor Heating - Underfloor Heating Mats – uHeat In-text: (Uheat.co.uk) Bibliography: Uheat.co.uk,. ‘Shop Online - Electric Underfloor Heating - Underfloor Heating Mats - Uheat’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015

41.

Worldweatheronline.com,. “London, United Kingdom Weather Averages | Monthly Average High And Low Temperature | Average Precipitation And Rainfall Days | World Weather Online”. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

32. USWITCH Underfloor Heating Pros & Cons – What are the Costs Involved?

In-text: (uSwitch) Bibliography: uSwitch,. ‘Underfloor Heating Pros & Cons – What Are The Costs Involved?’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 33.

U-VALUES OF ELEMENTS In-text: (U-Values of Elements) Bibliography: U-Values of Elements,. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

34.

UNDER FLOOR HEATING SYSTEM In-text: (Under floor heating system) Bibliography: Under floor heating system,. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

35. VALUES In-text: (‘Values’) Bibliography: ‘Values’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015 36.

UNDERFLOOR HEATING In-text: (Underfloor heating) Bibliography: Underfloor heating,. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

37. WIKIPEDIA Pimlico In-text: (Wikipedia) Bibliography: Wikipedia,. ‘Pimlico’. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

38. WEATHER-AND-CLIMATE.COM Weather and Climate: London, United Kingdom, average monthly , Rainfall (millimeter), Sunshine, Temperatures (celsius), Sunshine, Humidity, Wind Speed In-text: (Weather-and-climate.com) Bibliography: Weather-and-climate.com,. ‘Weather And Climate: London, United Kingdom, Average Monthly , Rainfall (Millimeter), Sunshine, Temperatures (Celsius), Sunshine, Humidity, Wind Speed’. N.p., 2015. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

39.

WHICH? CONVERSATION Underfloor heating vs central heating radiators - the pros and cons In-text: (Which? Conversation) Bibliography: Which? Conversation,. ‘Underfloor Heating Vs Central Heating Radiators The Pros And Cons’. N.p., 2013. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

42.

Wunderground.com,. “Weather Forecast & Reports - Long Range & Local | Wunderground | Weather Underground”. N.p., 2015. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

55 I REFERENCES

30. UKPOWER.CO.UK What is the average gas & electricity bill? | Average energy bill – UKPower.co.uk In-text: (Ukpower.co.uk) Bibliography: Ukpower.co.uk,. ‘What Is The Average Gas & Electricity Bill? | Average Energy Bill – Ukpower.Co.Uk’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015