AC 5007 - Batch 4 - Zhang Meng by NUS Department of Architecture

People's Perception of Adaptively Reused Buildings in Singapore： A Case Study of CHIJMES

ZHANG MENG A0254367X Supervisor: Dr. NIKHIL JOSHI

Dissertation submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION at the DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

2023

ABSTRACT

Adaptive reuse is an increasingly common approach to conserving heritage buildings by discovering new uses for them. When the heritage building is adaptively reused, the building and its impact on society are transformed. Whether their heritage values need to be reassessed is a question worth examining. This study proposes a methodology that examines people's perceptions of adaptively reused buildings and whether perception changes with time and the perceiver. The CHIJMES was selected as case studies. This paper uses social media data to analyze and summarize the heritage attributes and values perceived by locals and tourists. The non-parametric hypothesis test is used to determine if there were differences in people's perceptions across time. By analyzing social media data, this paper summarizes the eight heritage attributes perceived by locals and tourists when they visit CHIJMES. They are Monuments and Buildings, Building Elements, Interior Views, Landscape, Activity and Association, Gastronomy, History, and Economy. The study result indicates that there are significant differences in people's perceptions across time for Monuments and Buildings, Building Elements, Activity and Association, Gastronomy, History, and Economy. There are no significant differences in people's perceptions across time for Interior Views and Landscape. This study could provide insights for future heritage value reassessment work.

Key Words: Perception; Adaptive Reuse; Social Media; CHIJMES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My year at the National University of Singapore has brought me many life experiences. The year of research and practical experience has strengthened my resolve to conserve and develop urban heritage. Upon completing my dissertation, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have helped me.

I want to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Nikhil JOSHI, for your advice and assistance. Through multiple conversations and exchanges, you not only gave me insightful recommendations and direction, but you also assisted me in better comprehending and mastering the know-how and abilities related to my research topic. Additionally, I want to thank Professor WONG Yunn Chii for your advice on the dissertation's research questions, technique, and provision of research resources on CHIJMES. After the two presentations, many thanks to Professor Johannes WIDODO and Professor HO Puay Peng for your insightful comments. Your advice gave me the confidence to complete this dissertation effectively and continue this topic in my future studies.

Thanks to my MAArC classmates. I was inspired to write this dissertation through our conversations. You have greatly assisted me in my life and studies, and I want to thank you for being by my side when I was studying and living in Singapore. This will always be one of my fondest memories. I want to thank my parents, my family, and my boyfriend, Zhang Ke. I appreciate your continual company and help. You have provided the most significant support for me to continue my academic pursuits, and your concern and encouragement have given me the strength and determination to do so.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................... ii 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1

Lack of Public Awareness of the Heritage Value of Adaptively Reused Buildings .................................................................................. 1

1.1.2

The Importance of Inclusivity in Heritage Conservation ............................................ 2

1.1.3

New Opportunities for Digital Technology for Heritage Conservation ........................................................................................... 2

1.2 Research Statement .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1

Methods of Heritage Value Assessment ...................................................................... 4

1.3.2

The Users' Perceptions of Adaptive Reuse .................................................................. 5

1.3.3

Digital Technology in Perception ................................................................................ 6

1.4 Research Objectives and Significance ................................................................................ 7

Definition of Relevant Concepts and Case Study ............................................... 9 2.1 Definition of Relevant .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1

Adaptive Reuse............................................................................................................ 9

2.1.2

Heritage Value Assessment........................................................................................ 10 iii

2.1.3

Perception .................................................................................................................. 11

2.2 Case Study........................................................................................................................... 12

2.2.1

Introduction of CHIJMES ......................................................................................... 12

2.2.2

The History of CHIJMES .......................................................................................... 13

Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 16 3.1 General Framework ........................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Introduction of MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox ............................................................ 19 3.3 Data Collection and Pre-Processing.................................................................................. 20 3.4 Textual Analysis .................................................................................................................. 22 3.5 Non-parametric Hypothesis Test....................................................................................... 23

Analyses of Datasets and Discussion .................................................................. 25 4.1 Generated Word Features ................................................................................................. 25 4.2 Conclude Heritage Values and Attributes ........................................................................ 27 4.3 Differences in People's Perceptions Across Time............................................................. 30 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 33

Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 37

Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 40 Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 45 Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes ............................................... 45 Appendix 2: Non-parametric Hypothesis Testing Results ..................................................... 51 iv

1 Introduction

1.1 Research Background

1.1.1 Lack of Public Awareness of the Heritage Value of Adaptively Reused Buildings

Heritage adaptive reuse is becoming an increasingly popular approach in heritage conservation, which can be attributed in part to their economic, cultural, and social benefits communities (Plevoets and Van Cleempoel, 2012). However, the current lack of stakeholder participation in this approach has led to a reliance on individual experience in studying functional regeneration and a lack of public perception of heritage values (İslamoğlu, 2022). The values and attributes of heritage in the World Heritage Convention are widely used to interpret significance (UNESCO, 1972). The 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) highlights the need to promote stakeholder participation in using historic and cultural resources, as well as calls for the adopting of innovative tools and techniques to ensure public involvement in conferring cultural value to urban heritage, which inform decisions on conservation (Bai, 2021; UNESCO, 2011). Are the results of the current heritage adaptive use necessarily positive? Does the public understand heritage values? Are the results of conservation influencing the perceptions of locals and visitors? Does the public perception of heritage spaces match the transmission of heritage values? The answers to these questions will directly impact the practical implications of heritage conservation and, furthermore, how to pass on conservation achievements and draw conservation experience. 1

1.1.2 The Importance of Inclusivity in Heritage Conservation

Heritage inclusion research is a rapidly growing area of study that seeks to explore and promote the inclusion of diverse voices and perspectives in interpreting and preserving cultural heritage. This field of research is particularly important given the increasing diversity of societies around the world and the need to ensure that all members of these societies have an equal stake in the preservation and interpretation of their cultural heritage. Inclusion is key in implementing Singapore's New Urban Agenda and achieving its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 11 emphasizes the need to 'protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage' in order to 'make our cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable' (Turner, 2017). As highlighted in Agenda 21 (UNESCO, 1992), sustainable development cannot be achieved without the involvement of communities at different levels of intervention. Public perceptions and preferences are becoming increasingly important in this regard (Yung and Chan, 2013). This emergent phenomenon poses new requirements for the conservation and adaptive reuse of heritage buildings.

1.1.3 New Opportunities for Digital Technology for Heritage Conservation

These developments have emerged in tandem with a new urban science based on multi-source urban data and computer technology, which focuses on human perceptions in the context of data and employs a bottom-up ideology in terms of understanding cities (Ying et al., 2019). Digital technologies are promoting more inclusive approaches to cultural heritage. Digital technologies 2

offer new possibilities for engaging diverse stakeholders in the preservation and interpretation of their cultural heritage and for creating new and innovative forms of heritage interpretation. Social media data has been recognized by numerous scholars as a tool for studying public engagement practices in social settings (Falco and Kleinhans, 2019), thus enabling a variety of encounters and cross-dialogue between different stakeholders. Social media offers new approaches to cultural heritage research (Pickering et al., 2018). On the one hand, people achieve information dissemination through it, and collective memory and local identity are achieved online. On the other hand, this mode of communication expands people's interaction with cultural heritage, but this phenomenon has not yet been sufficiently studied and applied in the context of cultural heritage conservation.

1.2 Research Statement

Heritage value assessment is complicated by the coexistence of different values in the determination of heritage significance. Therefore, a comprehensive and universally applicable set of value typologies is virtually impossible. For this reason, any attempt to assess heritage value must be as contextual as possible—the proposed alternative assessment must reliably identify value instead of applying pre-determined typologies. In particular, when the heritage building is adaptively reused, the building itself and its impact on society are transformed. Whether their heritage values need to be reassessed is a question worth examining. This paper uses two groups of people (i.e., residents and tourists), using data shared by Facebook users about their daily lives and visits to analyze and summarize their perceptions of heritage attributes and values of adaptively reused buildings. The 3

non-parametric hypothesis test is used to determine if there were differences in people's perceptions across time. Finally, the factors that influence people's perceptions and the effect of people's perceptions on the heritage value assessment are discussed.

1.3 Literature Review

1.3.1 Methods of Heritage Value Assessment

The Burra Charter recognizes that heritage conservation is a dynamic process of change management that should be undertaken through a value-based approach (ICOMOS, 2013). However, heritage is a dynamic process of change management. Consequently, heritage values are also changing. Therefore, heritage value assessment also needs to be in a dynamic assessment process. At the same time, heritage values vary widely because of the heterogeneity of people's perceptions and values and because of the heterogeneity of heritage itself. Different stakeholders' views and levels of involvement need to be considered in the heritage value assessment process. In this context, the greatest challenge lies in finding an appropriate method of heritage valuation. Conventionally, experts have identified several values through comprehensive considerations and studies of built heritage entities and then create typological sets. The first scholar to propose a system of heritage values was the Austrian researcher Riegel (1996), who grouped heritage value systems into two categories, the first being contemporary values, i.e., artistic, use, and innovation values, and the other being monumental values, i.e., historical, rare, commemorative and chronological values. Subsequently, relevant researchers and organizations have continued to refine and present a more rigorous and comprehensive view. The British scholar Feilden (1982) further divided them into three 4

categories: cultural value, use value, and emotional value. The eight primary values that Pereira Roders et al. (2007) define as a typology set are social, economic, political, historic, aesthetical, scientific, age, and ecological. Each primary value also involves some secondary values. In contrast to the expert way of understanding urban built heritage, the public perspective of built heritage is highly discretionary and not bound by a typological system. This phenomenon was discovered by Ginzarly et al. (2019). It uses 'viewpoint location-viewpoint scene-tag' data from photographs to find features of the landscape people perceive. Mason (2008) found that buildings and places have differing values amongst different stakeholders. So UNESCO's 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape states the importance of community involvement in attributing values to heritage by different stakeholders.

1.3.2 The Users' Perceptions of Adaptive Reuse

Changes in the heritage value of buildings after adaptive reuse are inevitable. How to maintain the heritage value of a building undergoing this type of change is one of the key issues surrounding adaptive reuse. The adaptation of heritage buildings requires insights into their identities and values (ICOMOS, 1994). The use of a value-based approach in the adaptive reuse design process is challenged by the wide range of values, their potential for change, and their occasionally contradictory nature, such as the contrast between contemporary and historical values (McClelland, 2018). Understanding and appreciating visitors' types and their perceptions, experiences, and behaviors are essential for better-managing destinations and identifying accurate heritage conservation strategies (Santa-cruz and López-Guzmán, 2017). Wassenberg, Goldenberg, and Soule 5

(2015) use in-person interviews and the MEC method to examine the connections that visitors make between locations in terms of their characteristics, effects, and values. They created hierarchical value maps (HVMs) by using a means-end content code list based on the application of the meansend theory to analyze participant responses (Klenosky, 2002; Jiang et al., 2015; Abascal, 2019). Existing research has mainly examined the behavior, preferences, and perceptions of people in adaptively reused buildings. However, there is a lack of research on changes in people's perceptions and preferences before and after adaptive reuse.

1.3.3 Digital Technology in Perception

Abdelmonem et al. (2014) recruited older residents of Tiong Bahru to capture on camera what was interesting and meaningful to them in the Tiong Bahru community. The photographs they took were then used to understand their perspectives on the changes in their communities. Azhari and Mohamed (2012) used semi-structured interviews, supplemented by photographed-supported interviews, to explore people's perceptions of historic building conservation. Social media has become widely popular in recent years, and various methods have been proposed to study people's preferences and perceptions based on data from Twitter, Flickr, Facebook, and Google Maps. A number of case studies examine the interrelationship between the built environment and people. For example, Girardin et al. (2009) use Flickr's digital footprints to measure the effectiveness of public events on visitor distribution and urban attractiveness. Stefanidis et al. (2013) track hotspots in various cities using location and temporal data from Twitter. It examines how they affect the emergence of new urban hotspots by connecting events and spaces. A number of case studies have 6

examined people's perceptions of the value of the landscape. Dunkel (2015) analyzed photo location and tagging data posted on Flickr for the study area and, in turn, visualized landscape perception. Van Zante et al. (2016) assessed location, text, and hashtag data from social media platforms to quantify the value of the landscape at a continental scale.

In summary, existing research is beginning to focus on public perceptions of adaptively reused buildings. At the same time, the application of new technologies and available data has to some extent, compensated for the shortcomings of traditional research methods. However, few studies have examined changes in people's perceptions of buildings undergoing adaptive reuse processes. For now, there is currently no single theoretical framework for understanding the effects of people's perceptions on heritage value assessment.

1.4 Research Objectives and Significance

Adaptive reuse is an important strategy for the conservation of heritage buildings. Due to the changes that have taken place after the adaptive reuse of the buildings, there is more room for research on whether their heritage value needs to be reassessed. From an inclusive perspective of heritage management, the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding adaptively reused buildings are becoming increasingly important. This study seeks to fill a gap in research on the changing perceptions of adaptively reused buildings and to develop a theoretical framework for understanding the effect of people's perceptions on heritage value assessment. Based on this, on the one hand, this study hopes to explore the attributes and values that they assign to adaptively reused 7

buildings from the public's perspective. On the other hand, it seeks differences in people's perceptions across time and to develop a theoretical framework of value perceptions from the heritage value assessment process. Such a framework helps to develop the right design strategies for heritage value assessment. Therefore, this study has both theoretical and practical implications for the development of heritage value assessment.

The practical significance of this study is that it will provide a new guide for heritage conservation and management practices. By understanding the public's attitudes and needs towards built heritage, we can better develop conservation and management strategies to better meet the needs of the public. At the same time, by understanding the feasibility and methods of adaptive reuse of buildings, we can better balance the needs of conservation and reuse to achieve the goal of sustainable development. The theoretical significance of this study is that it will provide a new framework for the perception of values in the field of heritage conservation and management. This framework will help us to understand the heritage value more comprehensively and accurately and provide a more systematic and integrated approach to assessing and conserving these values. Through such a framework, we can better understand public perceptions of and needs for built heritage, as well as better understand the cultural and historical significance of built heritage in order to better protect and manage them. Its outcomes will provide valuable guidance and insight to policymakers, architects, designers, developers, academics, and the public, contributing to better conservation and management of built heritage.

2 Definition of Relevant Concepts and Case Study

2.1 Definition of Relevant

2.1.1 Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings refers to the adaptation, restoration, alteration, or extension of historic buildings to new functions and uses while preserving their historical, cultural, and architectural values (Wong, 2016). Such reuse usually requires appropriate changes to the original building to adapt it to new needs while respecting and preserving the character and values of the original building. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is a sustainable approach to urban development that can effectively preserve historical and cultural heritage while promoting urban renewal and regeneration. By reusing historic buildings, the environmental and resource depletion of new buildings can be avoided, reducing the number of abandoned buildings and the occupation of urban land while creating new economic and social value. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings requires an integrated consideration of the building's historical, cultural, technical, and environmental aspects, together with extensive consultation and collaboration with relevant stakeholders, to ensure the viability and sustainability of the reuse process.

Cantacuzino (1989) discussed how the structural reliability of older buildings had served as the primary impetus for adaptive reuse. He noted that "because structure tends to outlive function, 9

buildings throughout history have been adapted to all sorts of new uses." He thought that the adaptation and conservation of existing buildings in an urban setting led to an increased sense of identity for communities. Consequently, it is most probable that the restoration or adaptive reuse approach will preserve most buildings with outstanding heritage value. In addition, environmental issues are also very important. Reusing old materials and embodied energy may seem to be good for the environment, but there are some disadvantages, such as the challenge of updating old structures to meet current environmental performance standards.

2.1.2 Heritage Value Assessment

The issue of value has been discussed in Western philosophy, with Nietzsche arguing that 'man is the creator of value,' Scherrer arguing that 'value can be divided into a hierarchy of levels', and Sartre proposing that 'value is the result of man's own choice.' In short, value is given by people. Therefore, the definition and interpretation of values are fundamental issues in heritage conservation. Values are not inherent in heritage but are conferred by individuals or groups. Values can be built and changed and are relative rather than absolute. It is, therefore, difficult to escape from the regional and contemporary nature of values, which may be assigned different levels at different times (Lennon and Mathew, 1996).

Heritage value assessment refers to the process of determining the cultural, historical, architectural, and/or social significance of a building, site, landscape, or object. The purpose of an assessment is to identify and understand the heritage values associated with particular places and to use this 10

information to guide decisions about conservation, management, and development (Taylor, 2004). This process usually involves desk research, field surveys, and expert consultations. It considers a range of factors, including age, historical associations, architectural style, cultural significance, and the scarcity of the site in question. The assessment results are then used to develop a heritage management plan and conservation strategies, as well as to make decisions on the future use and development of the site. In summary, a Heritage Value Assessment is an important tool to ensure that the heritage values of places are recognized, understood, and protected.

2.1.3 Perception

Perception refers to the way in which an individual or group interprets and organizes sensory information to make meaning of their world. It involves not only the physical process of receiving sensory information but also the interpretation and mental organization of that information. Perception can be influenced by a variety of factors, including previous experiences, expectations, attention, and emotions, as well as cultural and personal biases. In psychological terms, perception is considered to be a complex process that begins with the sensory stimulation of the environment, which is then transformed and interpreted (Coren, 2004). This cognitive process enables people to make sense of the world around them and to interact with their environment meaningfully.

Perception can also refer to how something is viewed or understood by the public, such as particular issues or events. In this sense, it refers to the collective interpretation and understanding of information, which can be influenced by a variety of factors, including media coverage, personal 11

experiences, and cultural beliefs. In the field of heritage conservation, perception has entered as a way to understand how people value and relate to heritage sites. The perception of a heritage site is not only influenced by its physical characteristics but also by the cultural, social, and historical meanings that people attach to it (Najd, et al., 2015)

2.2 Case Study

2.2.1 Introduction of CHIJMES

CHIJMES is a famous historical complex located in the heart of Singapore. The complex was originally built in the 19th century as a convent school for girls, and its name is an acronym for Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus Middle Education School (Kunashakaran, et al., 2014). CHIJMES has undergone various transformations over the years. The complex reflects Singapore's colonial legacy and the city-state's evolving cultural landscape. The conservation and transformation of CHIJMES into a commercial and entertainment hub have contributed to Singapore's economy and tourism industry. However, this transformation has also raised important questions about how to conserve and interpret heritage sites in a way that is inclusive and respectful of diverse perspectives.

In the 1980s, the school moved to a new location, and the complex was redeveloped into a commercial and entertainment complex with restaurants, bars, galleries, and a wedding venue. CHIJMES includes a chapel, Caldwell House, several smaller buildings, several courtyards, and gardens. One of the most prominent buildings is the Chapel, located in the center of the complex. It is an early Gothic-style building, now known as CHIJMES Hall. It is a popular venue for weddings 12

and musical concerts, and visitors can enjoy the high ceilings and stained-glass windows within the chapel. The other buildings in CHIJMES now serve as various high-end restaurants and stores (CHIJMES, 2023).

There has been growing interested in conserving and interpreting heritage sites inclusively and respectfully from diverse perspectives in recent years. This includes ensuring that the histories and contributions of marginalized groups are represented in the interpretation of heritage sites. In addition, it is essential to consider how colonialism and other forms of oppression have shaped Singapore's history and cultural identity. Therefore, as Singapore continues to evolve, heritage sites such as CHIJMES should be conserved and interpreted inclusively and respectfully from diverse perspectives.

Figure 1: Current status of CHIJMES (Source: Author)

2.2.2 The History of CHIJMES

The complex was established in 1852 by French missionary Father Jean-Marie Beurel, who was invited to Singapore by the colonial government to provide education to the local population. In addition to the main school building, the complex also includes the Caldwell House, which was

built in 1840 and is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Singapore. The house was originally owned by a Scottish merchant named Alexander Caldwell, who was one of the pioneers of Singapore's early commercial trade. In 1855, Caldwell House was converted into an orphanage, where it remains today as the Gate of Hope, a window for abandoned infants. The orphanage was a microcosm of the social upheaval of the colonial period when economic development lagged, strict colonial rule, and social resource constraints. Most of these abandoned infants were women, and it was thanks to these children, it later became the oldest Catholic school for girls in Singapore. The school offered education to both Catholic and non-Catholic girls. It quickly became one of the most prestigious educational institutions in Singapore and played a crucial role in the spread of Catholicism during the colonial period. Another important building, the Gothic Chapel, was designed by Father Charles Benedict Nain, a French missionary. It was completed between 1902 and 1903. In 1903, the school was renamed the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus. Over the years, the CHIJ convent school underwent several expansions to accommodate the growing number of students (Kunashakaran, et al., 2014). The CHIJMES complex offers a glimpse into Singapore's education history during the colonial period. The Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus Middle Education School was one of the first schools for girls in Singapore and played a significant role in educating young women in the city-state.

Figure 2: Pictures of CHIJMES in 1990 (Left), 1991-1996 (Middle), and 2011 (Right) (Source: https://chijmes.com.sg/history/)

The school was officially moved out in 1983 due to economic development and the need to increase land values in the city center area. It was relocated to a new campus in Toa Payoh. In 1985-1987, the building and assembly hall of the convent primary and secondary school was demolished to make way for the headquarters of MRT. In 1990 the government announced the sale of CHIJMES to the commercial market (Kong, 2011). The Caldwell House and Chapel were also declared a National Monument that year. The entire complex was declared a conservation area with high restoration standards and strict guidelines for use. After a five-year restoration and renovation, the site was transformed from a sacred religious school site to the recreational place it is known as in 1996. In 2011, The takeover of CHIJMES by PRE 8 Investments Pte Ltd could signal a change in direction for CHIJMES. CHIMES is once again the host, this time to the public, offering a range of contemporary events in a space forever filled with a rich heritage and a proud legacy (CHIJMES, 2023). CHIJMES is a typical example of adaptive reuse, and it is an early example of adaptive reuse in Singapore.

3 Materials and Methods

3.1 General Framework

The framework of adaptive reuse perception measurement techniques proposed in this study aims to understand how people perceive and value the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings over time. The framework consists of four main components: data collection and pre-processing, text analysis, exploration of differences in perceptions over time, and discussion of the results.

In the first part, data collection and pre-processing, the study used a MATLAB acquisition program to collect open internet data on social media platforms. The program collects text data, time, location, and author information from posts. The posts are then filtered based on the above information to pick out the posts needed for this study. Finally, the MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox was used to clean and pre-process the text data to avoid excess noise interfering with the text analysis results.

In the second part of the framework, textual analysis is carried out using the MATLAB text analysis toolbox in three steps. The first step is to split the text into words to facilitate analysis. The second step is to perform word frequency statistics to obtain each word's number and proportion of occurrences. Finally, the words are categorized and then grouped into different heritage attributes to obtain perceptions and values related to the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings.

The framework's third and final part explores perceptions' differences over time. The study used non-parametric hypothesis testing to investigate whether people's perceptions of adaptive reuse change over time. By analyzing changes in perceptions of adaptive reuse over time, the study aims to provide insights into adaptive reuse strategies' effectiveness and inform future conservation efforts.

Finally, this study collected people's perceptions and comments about CHIJMES in newspapers and other media before the advent of online social media. The changes in people's perceptions are analyzed in light of the evolution of CHIJMES since 1996. This is followed by a discussion of the factors that influence people's perceptions and the effect of people's perceptions on the heritage value assessment.

Figure 3 The Procedural Roadmap of the Methodology (Source: Author)

3.2 Introduction of MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox

MATLAB is a powerful programming language and environment for numerical calculations, data analysis, and visualization. Among other things, the Text Analysis Toolbox is a useful plug-in for MATLAB that provides tools and functions for working with text data. The toolbox is designed for users to extract meaningful insights from text data, such as social media posts, customer reviews, and research articles (Luo, et al., 2021)

One of the critical features of the Text Analytics Toolkit is the ability to perform Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. NLP is a field of study that focuses on the interaction between computers and human language. Using the Text Analysis Toolbox, users can perform various NLP tasks such as text pre-processing, tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and sentiment analysis. These tasks help the user to clean and convert raw text data into a structured format for further analysis using MATLAB. In addition, the Text Analysis Toolbox offers several functions for text feature extraction. These functions help users to identify and extract relevant features such as keywords, named entities, and semantic concepts from text data. Users can use these features for further analysis, such as text classification or clustering. In addition, the Text Analysis Toolbox contains several text visualization features such as word clouds, frequency maps, and sentiment maps. These visualizations help users spot patterns and trends in their data quickly and effectively communicate their findings to others.

The MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox supports the processing of large-scale text data and can handle tens of millions of text data, making it suitable for big data analysis. In this study, social media data needed to be collected, and then the data was pre-processed. The text data is then segmented into 19

words, and the words are then classified. All of these features are available in the MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox. In this study, all the steps of data collection, pre-processing, and textual analysis can be completed using MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox. Therefore, the MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox was selected as the tool for text analysis in this study.

3.3 Data Collection and Pre-Processing

CHIJMES has undergone several renovations over the years. In 1996, it was renewed and opened to the public, and in 2011, it was renewed again. This provides an interesting opportunity to compare people's perceptions of the building before and after these renovations. To collect data on people's perceptions of CHIJMES, this study uses Facebook, one of the earliest social media platforms. Facebook was first published in 2004 and has since become one of the most popular social media platforms globally. It has the advantages of large data size, fast update time, and reliable data content (Papacharissi, 2009). It has information on many domestic and international attractions and data on visitor reviews. We can find some evaluation data from earlier years that reflect the most realistic perceptions of people's experiences.

To collect data from Facebook, the study uses the MATLAB acquisition program to obtain all posts related to CHIJMES. These include a total of 4 data items: author ID, address, text, and time, which can be grouped into three types: author information, temporal data, and text data. A total of 11,475 posts from 2004-2022 were obtained for this study. To filter out irrelevant posts, this study selected to include only posts from individual users who have visited CHIJMES based on user information. 20

The information on the user's nationality shows that visitors include locals and tourists. Posts are then manually checked to ensure they are all relevant to a visit to CHIJMES. The final number of posts filtered out was 2,986. The study then divided the text data into two periods for analysis based on temporal information. The first period includes 545 posts from 2004 to 2011 before the 2011 renovation, and the second period includes 2,441 posts from 2012 to 2022 after the renovation.

The final filtered text data of 2986 posts are likely to be large. And because the original format of the text data of the posts is not uniform and may contain a lot of noise. These can have a negative impact on statistical analysis. For example, text data can contain the following: Variations in case, for example, "new" and "New", Words which add noise, for example, stop words such as "the" and "of", Punctuation and special characters, and HTML and XML tags (MathWorks, 2023). This study used MATLAB Text Analytics Toolbox to clean texts. These word clouds illustrate the raw text data and the cleaned text data.

Figure 4 Word clouds of raw text data and cleaned text data for 2004-2011 (Source: Author)

Figure 5 Word clouds of raw text data and cleaned text data for 2012-2022 (Source: Author)

3.4 Textual Analysis

The text analysis process in this study is crucial for understanding the perceptions of CHIJMES before and after the renovations. This study used the MATLAB Text Analysis Toolbox for text analysis, which has three steps. The first step is splitting. This step is to break the text data in the post into individual words. The perceived heritage attributes and values can be more concisely and inferred from the meaning of words than from the text. Next, the split words were filtered to remove meaningless prepositions and words representing locations, such as CHIJMES and Singapore. Since this paper is studying CHIJMES in Singapore, these two words are bound to appear in most of the text, but they have no real significance to the content of the study. The second step is to perform word frequency statistics to obtain each word's number and proportion of occurrences. As the total number of posts and words differed between the two periods, it was necessary to calculate the percentage of each word for subsequent comparisons to be meaningful. This ensures that the 22

analysis considers the differences in the size of the datasets. The next step is to classify the words according to their meanings and then group them as different heritage attributes. To achieve this, the study trained a model using MATLAB to classify the words according to their meaning. The model classification was then manually checked, and any words not properly classified were reclassified. Once the words were classified, they were grouped into different heritage attributes. This was a crucial step in the analysis as it helped to identify the dominant heritage attributes associated with CHIJMES. The study identified the key themes associated with CHIJMES before and after the renovations by grouping the words into heritage attributes.

3.5 Non-parametric Hypothesis Test

The non-parametric hypothesis testing used in this study is a crucial tool for determining whether there is a significant difference between the perceptions of CHIJMES before and after the renovations. The percentage of the total number of words in each heritage attribute provides a basic comparison of the differences between the two periods. However, it's impossible to conclude whether these differences are significant, so a test of the significance of the differences is required. The data in this study are two independent samples and follow a non-normal distribution of continuous type variables. Therefore, the double-independent sample test in the non-parametric hypothesis test was chosen for this study to test the significance of differences. The doubleindependent samples test is a statistical method used to determine whether two independent samples come from the same overall distribution (Nachar, 2008). This testing process involves analyzing the differences between descriptive statistics, such as the mean, median, dispersion trend, and skewness 23

of two independent samples.

This study used SPSS software to conduct the significance of differences test. And the MannWhitney U test from the double-independent sample test was selected as a non-parametric test. The Mann-Whitney U test achieves inference primarily through the analysis of mean rank (Nachar, 2008). The test involves first combining two samples and arranging them in ascending order to obtain the rank of each data. Then, the rank of each sample is averaged to calculate the format N1 in which the average rank of the first sample is better than each rank of the second sample, and the number of N2 in which each rank of the second sample is better than each rank of the first sample. If the difference between the average rank and N1 and N2 is too large, the two samples are considered to be from different overall distributions, and the differences are significant. The MannWhitney U test is a reliable statistical method that can provide valuable insights into the differences between two independent samples.

4 Analyses of Datasets and Discussion

4.1 Generated Word Features

The text was analyzed by splitting it into individual words and performing word frequency statistics over two distinct periods, 2004-2011 and 2012-2022. After splitting and filtering the words, the analysis revealed a total of 116 words between 2004 and 2011, with a combined count of 209 occurrences. In contrast, between 2012 and 2022, a total of 287 words were identified, with a total count of 8644 occurrences. The most frequent word during the first period was "architecture," which accounted for 20% of all occurrences. The next most frequent word was " Chijmes Hall," accounting for 3.83% of occurrences. This suggests that during that time, buildings in CHIJMES, such as Chijmes Hall, were a particularly significant topic of discussion or interest among the texts analyzed. As can be seen in Figure 7, the majority of words are around 0.5%.

Figure 6 Word cloud in 2004-2011 (Left) and 2012-2022 (Right) (Source: Author)

Moving forward to the second period, the most frequently occurring word was "travel," which accounted for 2.27% of all occurrences. This could suggest that the texts analyzed were focused more on travel-related topics during this period. The next most frequent word was "church," accounting for 2.23% of occurrences, suggesting that religion may have been a significant topic of discussion during this time. As seen in Figure 8, most words in the second period are between 0 and 0.5%.

Figure 7 Trend in the percentage of part words in 2004-2011 (Source: Author)

Figure 8 Trend in the percentage of part words in 2004-2011 (Source: Author)

4.2 Conclude Heritage Values and Attributes

This study draws on heritage attributes summarized by UNESCO and a number of scholars (Veldpaus, 2015; Ginzarly, et al., 2019; Veldpaus and Roders, 2014; UNESCO, 2020). The above words are then classified and then grouped into eight heritage attributes. They are tangible attributes: Monuments and Buildings, Building Elements, Interior Views and Landscape, and intangible attributes: Activity and Association, Gastronomy, History, and Economy.

Figure 9 Classification model of words (Source: Author)

The analysis shows a significant shift in the themes and topics discussed between the two periods. Between 2004 and 2011, Monuments and Buildings was the most commonly discussed topic, accounting for 24.4% of words. This theme included specific locations such as Chijmes Hall, as well as more general building-related words like "building" itself. Building Elements, which included words like "floor" and "glass," accounted for 7.18% of words, and Interior Views accounted for 1.91%, with words like "door" and "chapel" being typical. Landscape accounted for 27

only 0.48% of words, with words like "turf" being the most common. Activity and Association was the most significant theme, accounting for 45.5% of words. This theme included words like "club" and likely referred to various social activities and events. Gastronomy accounted for 11.01% of words and included words like "cafe," "drink," and "restaurant." History accounted for 9.57% of words, with words like "children" and "convent" being typical. Surprisingly, there was no mention of the word "economy" during this period.

However, between 2012 and 2022, there was a noticeable shift in the themes and topics discussed. Monuments and Buildings accounted for only 9.94% of words, with more specific terms like "heritage building" and "Chijmes Hall" being common. Building Elements accounted for 4.91% of words, with words like "dome," "gothic," and "facade" being typical. Interior Views accounted for 1.93% of words, with words like "collection" and "theatre" being typical. Landscape accounted for only 0.29% of words, with words like "garden" being the most common. Activity and Association remained the most significant theme, accounting for 49.62% of words, but there was a noticeable shift in the specific words used, with "travel" and "photo" being typical. Gastronomy accounted for 14.96% of words, with words like "dinner," "food," and "dining" being common. History accounted for 15.56% of words, an increase over the previous one. Words like "convent," "holy," and "Jesus" are typical. Economy accounted for 2.80% of words, with words like "developer" and "business" being common.

Figure 10 The percentage of words grouped into each attribute (Source: Author)

As can be seen in Figure 10, the proportion of Monuments and Buildings, and Building Elements is higher in the 2004-2011 period than in the 2012-2022 period. It shows that in the first period, there was more concern about buildings. The proportions of the other heritage attributes are all lower for the first period than for the second period. In particular, the second period has a much higher proportion of people concerned with history of CHIJMES than the first. Activity and Association was the most talked about topic in both periods. Interior Views and Landscape have received less attention in both periods. These findings suggest that there was a shift in the topics of interest between the two periods, with a move away from building-related themes and towards more social and cultural topics. Additionally, the emergence of the word "economy" in the second period suggests a beginning focus on economic issues during that time.

4.3 Differences in People's Perceptions Across Time

The original hypothesis of the non-parametric test for the two independent samples, H0, is that there is no significant difference between the two independent groups. When Sig is less than 0.05, the original hypothesis is rejected, and therefore the difference is significant. Otherwise, the difference is not significant. When Sig is less than 0.01, the difference is highly significant. The results of the non-parametric hypothesis test lead to the following conclusions.

Table 1 The results of perception difference

Attributes

Sig.

Difference

Monuments and Buildings

0.000<0.01

Highly Significant

Building Elements

0.000<0.01

Highly Significant

Interior Views

0.095>0.05

Not Significant

Landscape

0.667>0.05

Not Significant

Activity and Association

0.000<0.01

Highly Significant

Gastronomy

0.000<0.01

Highly Significant

History

0.007<0.01

Highly Significant

Economy

0.000<0.01

Highly Significant

In Monuments and Buildings, the Sig is 0.000, and it is less than 0.01. So there is a highly significant difference in people's perception of Monuments and Buildings between the two periods. More Monuments and Buildings were perceived in the 2004-2011 period than in the 2012-2022 period. In Building Elements, the Sig is 0.000, which is less than 0.01, so there is a highly significant 30

difference in people's perceptions of Building Elements between the two periods. More Building Elements were perceived in the 2004-2011 period than in the 2012-2022 period. This may be due to the declaration of Caldwell House and the CHIJMES Hall as a national monument in 1990. The official authorities, newspapers, and media began to publicize CHIJMES. When CHIJMES was opened to the public in 1996, more and more people began to take notice of the complex. People showed more interest in the buildings that were named national monuments. Also, because there were relatively few historic buildings open to the public at the time, people had a greater sense of novelty about historic buildings.

In Interior Views, the Sig is 0.095, which is greater than 0.05, so there is no significant difference in people's perception of Interior Views between the two periods. In Landscape, the Sig is 0.667, which is greater than 0.05, so there is no significant difference in people's perception of Landscape between the two periods. This suggests that people's perceptions of Interior Scenery and Landscape have remained relatively constant over time. There has been little change in concern for interior and exterior landscaping, probably because the 2011 renovation program did not include many alterations to interiors and exterior landscaping.

In Activity and Association, the Sig is 0.000, which is less than 0.01. Therefore, people's perceptions of Activity and Association are highly different between the two periods. Less Activity and Association were perceived in the 2004-2011 period than in the 2012-2022 period. In Gastronomy, the Sig is 0.000, which is less than 0.01, so there is a highly significant difference in people's perceptions of Gastronomy between the two periods. Less Gastronomy was perceived in the 200431

2011 period than in the 2012-2022 period. This is probably due to the increasing variety of events held at CHIJMES. In addition to the concerts and weddings that are often held at CHIJMES HALL, there are also events, exhibitions, and workshops that are held in the garden, such as light shows. At the same time, the range of food and drink available at CHIJMES has also become more varied. With this renewal, CHIJMES has 114,290 square feet of rental space, an increase of approximately 43% (The Straits Times, 2013).

In History, the Sig is 0.007, which is less than 0.01, so there is a highly significant difference in people's perceptions of History between the two periods. Less History was perceived in the 20042011 period than in the 2012-2022 period. In the last ten years, more people have become interested and aware of the history of CHIJMES. This is probably because this renewal has focused more on the impact of the intangible aspects of CHIJMES. The renovated CHIJMES has a heritage trail about the introduction of history, and people are starting to take an interest in the history of CHIJMES. The group that purchased CHIJMES in 2011 began to focus on the historical nature of CHIJMES during this renovation. Tenants were also selected in line with the renovation concept. In Economy, the Sig is 0.000, which is less than 0.01, so there is a highly significant difference between people's perceptions of the Economy over the two periods. There were no posts on economic topics between 2004-2011, which could also be due to the lower number of posts in this period and the lower chance of topics coming up. Between 2012-2022 there was some interest in the economic returns of CHIJMES and some talk about the developers of CHIJMES. The non-parametric hypothesis test results demonstrate that there have been significant changes in people's perceptions of certain categories over time while other categories have remained relatively constant. 32

4.4 Discussion

Based on some newspaper news from 1996-2011, this study has found some reports of conflict at CHIJMES, which was declared demolished in 1983, and only a part of the school will be kept. The convent was demolished in 1984, sparking a wave of protest from alumni and the public, claiming it was a loss to the national heritage and collective memory. Heritage represents the social and historical foundations of Singapore. It condenses the aesthetic, historical, social, spiritual, and symbolic virtues that support Singaporeans' shared sense of identity. The URA responded: "We will preserve the tranquility and ambiance of the old downtown center site." Despite the measures taken by the URA, it is clear that the economic return of CHIJMES takes precedence over its socio-cultural value. The conservation of CHIJMES as a heritage will be heavily influenced by the power of the urban development dynamic and the primacy of commerce. The tension between conservation and development in CHIJMES is marked by a push to make conservation economically attractive to property owners (Kunashakaran, et al., 2014). The Straits Times (1990) published a sketch of a CHIJ alumnus that reiterated the fear and tension between these two aspects. A number of surveys between 1996 and 2011 showed that many visitors, vendors, and service staff reacted negatively when asked about their knowledge of the history of CHIJMES. Much of what visitors know about the history of CHIJMES come from guidebooks and tourist websites (Board, 2005).

According to the results of this study, the most discussed topic among visitors in both periods was Activity and Association. After CHIJMES was opened to the public as an entertainment venue in 33

1996, it was the events held at CHIJMES that attracted people to modern society. For visitors to CHIJMES, the impact of the entertainment far outweighs the church's role as a landmark. The drive to attract tourists has led to a misplaced emphasis on recreational values and exacerbated the damaging effects on conservation processes (Henderson, 2010). Although CHIJMES HALL no longer functions as a church, there is still a strong link between the building and its former use as a place of worship. The fact that it no longer has a worship function may affect the perception of the building. The renovation plan in 2011 was designed to respect the history of CHIJMES by adapting the type of tenants and activities at CHIJMES. It is hoped that the cultural memory of the complex will be preserved and thus the tangible and intangible cultural heritage associated with CHIJMES. However, the current use of CHIJMES does not always correspond to its historical significance. The physical façade of CHIJMES provides few clues to its use and identity as an entertainment center. The conversation about the building thus becomes less frequent among visitors. The efforts to promote the history of CHIJMES in the renovation program seem to have worked. The establishment of the CHIJMES heritage trail and the historical information boards about the building have brought the history of CHIJMES to the attention of more visitors.

An analysis of people's comments on CHIJMES in previous newspapers and Facebook comments in this paper reveals that people's perceptions of heritage are shaped by various factors, including their cultural background, education, media, tourism, and government policies. For instance, cultural background influences people's perceptions of heritage. Different ethnic, linguistic, or religious groups may have different perspectives on what constitutes heritage. This can lead to conflicts over preserving, interpreting, or using heritage resources. For example, in some countries, 34

archaeological sites are considered national treasures and protected by law. In others, they may be viewed as obstacles to economic development and are destroyed to make way for construction projects. Education and awareness also play a significant role in shaping people's perceptions of heritage. Educated and informed individuals are more likely to recognize the historical, social, and cultural significance of heritage resources and appreciate their value. In contrast, individuals with limited education or exposure to heritage may not fully appreciate or understand the value of heritage resources. This can lead to neglect, destruction, or misuse of heritage resources. Media and popular culture are other significant factors shaping people's perceptions of heritage. Movies, television shows, and other forms of media often depict heritage resources in a particular way that can influence how people view them. For example, a series of presentations on the official CHIJMES account on social media will attract people to follow CHIJMES-related information. Tourism is another important factor that influences people's perceptions of heritage. Tourist visits can bring economic benefits to local communities. But the overcrowding, commercialization, and environmental degradation generated by tourism can lead to visitors potentially having a superficial or romantic view of heritage, not fully understanding its complexity and nuances. Government policies and regulations can also shape people's perceptions of heritage. Heritage conservation laws, for example, can signal the importance and value of heritage resources to the public. Conversely, such laws' absence or weak enforcement can lead to neglect or destruction of heritage resources. Moreover, government policies can promote certain narratives or interpretations of heritage that may be contested or exclusionary.

Based on the study's results, it can be seen that, in some respects, people's perceptions change with 35

the adaptive reuse process. It is, therefore, necessary to reassess heritage values after the adaptive reuse of buildings. At the same time, the involvement of different stakeholders is needed in the assessment process, with particular attention to public perceptions and preferences. However, the effect of people's perceptions on heritage value assessment is not always positive. It can lead to conflicts, destruction, or misinterpretation of heritage resources. For example, political or economic interests can influence people's perceptions of heritage, leading to the selective preservation or destruction of heritage resources. Similarly, people's perceptions of heritage can be shaped by nationalist or exclusionary narratives, leading to the erasure or marginalization of certain groups or histories. On the other hand, people's perceptions of heritage can also be a positive force for heritage conservation and management. For example, when local communities are engaged in the decisionmaking process regarding heritage resources, their perceptions and values can be incorporated into the assessment and management of heritage. Additionally, when people's perceptions of heritage are informed by education and awareness, they can appreciate the significance and value of heritage resources and contribute to their preservation and promotion. People's perceptions of heritage play a crucial role in heritage value assessment. Heritage values are subjective and context-specific, and various factors, including cultural background, education and awareness, media, and popular culture, can shape them.

5 Conclusion

This study emphasizes how crucial it is to consider how people view adaptively reused buildings when determining their heritage values. According to the study results, people's perceptions of most heritage attributes have changed significantly over time. This suggests that opinions about heritage can change over time and are not fixed. This finding has implications for the work of reassessing heritage values and emphasizes the need to re-examine the heritage values of adaptively reused buildings regularly. A novel strategy that can offer important insights for future heritage conservation and management is using social media data to analyze perceptions of heritage buildings. A sizable dataset that can be used to analyze people's perceptions over time can be found in social media data. Furthermore, the social media information can present in-the-moment feedback on how adaptive reuse affects a building's heritage values. This approach can be used in conjunction with traditional methods of heritage value assessment, such as expert assessments and community consultations. However, some buildings have fewer data on social media, especially those that are not open to the public. In comparison, there is more data on the buildings at some famous tourist attractions. Therefore, buildings need to be screened and compared before using social media data, and a pre-survey is necessary for this.

This study analyses people's perceptions of adaptive reuse buildings through social media data and has clear research value. However, some areas of this study could be adapted and considered in 37

future research. For example, this study only analyzed the posts' textual content. Facebook also offered extra information, like images and post comments, that might provide more details about the content of the posts that users uploaded. Additionally, demographic information about the users, such as their age, gender, level of education, and employment status, was not included in the data analysis. To link research data to that of the original population under study and highlight population bias and representation, future research should enhance methodological comparisons and develop new methods that consider the demographic characteristics of social media users (Ruths and Pfeffer, 2014). It is also possible to distinguish between different stakeholders and to compare the differences in perceptions of different stakeholders. These perception differences can provide a multifaceted perspective on heritage value assessment and facilitate inclusive heritage management. Furthermore, users of Facebook or any other social media platform are not necessarily representative of society as a whole, and the findings of social media data analysis may not always agree with popular perceptions of society. Instead, they offer the viewpoint of a single city stakeholder out of many. The results of additional survey methods, such as on-site questionnaires, workshops, and interviews, should therefore be added to the findings. The outcomes of these various investigations could be similar or dissimilar, leading to more nuanced interpretations of how the user interacts with the heritage.

In conclusion, the study's findings demonstrate that using social media for heritage conservation can provide knowledge about everyday interactions with historic buildings and adaptive reuse that is not otherwise available by experts. Therefore, combining traditional survey methods with those that rely on social media is conducive to achieving inclusiveness in the field of cultural heritage. The 38

main challenge is offering an integrated strategy that combines the results of various approaches to support specific applications and guide decision-making.

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Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes

2004-2011 Monuments and Buildings architecture chijmes hall building Total Building Elements floor baroque slim pore renovated square centre classic line belgian crafted stained glass windows Total Interior Views indoor inside chapel Total Landscape turf Total Activity and Association night venue event girls club guys tonite customs wednesday price everyone world map anyone shopping playing playground

Percentage 0.200956938 0.038277512 0.004784689 0.244019139 Percentage 0.009569378 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.071770335 Percentage 0.009569378 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.019138756 Percentage 0.004784689 0.004784689 Percentage 0.019138756 0.014354067 0.014354067 0.014354067 0.014354067 0.014354067 0.014354067 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378

somebody party man rocks monday restoran jazz show event details performances folks orientation wednesdays ladies couple sponsored parties organised complex clubbing meeting family attendants supervise globetrotters sundays light performing tonight mulutny boss partying nights singing resident vocalist concerts weddings restaurants shops bars clubs shots bride groom wedding memunculkan berdiri Total

0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.454545455 45

Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes

Gastronomy cafe drinking dining drink restaurant drinks solplaygroundcafe grill booze pub bar spinardch salad dinner Total History students children awesome evolution student formerly girl school convent holy infant jesus war disitu pope restoration renamed Total Economy Total

Percentage 0.019138756 0.014354067 0.014354067 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.110047847 Percentage 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.009569378 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.004784689 0.09569378 Percentage 0

Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes

2012-2022 Monuments and Buildings Percentage building 0.017006016 chijmes hall 0.016890329 architecture 0.016196205 hall 0.011105969 chijmes church 0.005090236 sgarchitecture 0.004627487 architecture photography 0.004164739 chijmes_hall 0.00370199 singapore architecture 0.003239241 buildings 0.003123554 architects 0.002660805 chijmes architecture 0.002313744 architecture lovers 0.002313744 heritage building 0.001619621 architectural 0.001503933 heritage buildings 0.001272559 national heritage 0.001272559 national monument 0.001272559 Total 0.099375289 Building Elements Percentage dome 0.004858862 gothic 0.004280426 style 0.004280426 wall 0.002776492 design 0.002545118 restored 0.002313744 glass 0.001735308 built 0.001735308 iconic 0.001735308 facade 0.001735308 structure 0.001735308 decor 0.001503933 modern 0.001503933 spiral staircase 0.001503933 domes 0.001503933 dome dining 0.001503933 doorstep 0.001388246 storey 0.001388246 classic 0.001388246 designed 0.001388246 bridge 0.001272559 spiral 0.001272559 staircase 0.001272559 windows 0.001272559 square 0.001156872 Total 0.049051365

Interior Views chapel collection theatre inter change interior chijmes chapel Total Landscape landscape garden Total Activity and Association travel photography explore singapore visit singapore travel photography singapore travel wedding singapore trip night photo christmas photo of the day weekend chijmes wedding crazy rich asians travel blogger discover singapore singapore photography trip travelling light night photography film sunday travel singapore traveling entertainment pre wedding venue visit traveler explore sg photo grapher singapore tourism

Percentage 0.007751041 0.003586303 0.002776492 0.002429431 0.001503933 0.001272559 0.019319759 Percentage 0.001619621 0.001272559 0.00289218 Percentage 0.022674688 0.020476631 0.02012957 0.020013882 0.016196205 0.016080518 0.015964831 0.014807959 0.013882462 0.013188339 0.009139287 0.00821379 0.00740398 0.007288292 0.007056918 0.006594169 0.006247108 0.006015733 0.005784359 0.00532161 0.005205923 0.005090236 0.005090236 0.004974549 0.004743174 0.004743174 0.004627487 0.004627487 0.004164739 0.004049051 0.004049051 0.004049051 0.00370199 0.003586303 47

Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes

sg wedding sg weddings holiday lunch bride photos mall weekend vibes travel blog evening birthday newyearseve mobile photography food photography photoshoot sgphotography show instaphoto traveller singapore travels retail vacation sgtravel lights ceremony civiccultural art weddingsg couple photography lovers selfie travelwithsgb family photography family photographer sg family photographer sg family photography music chef weddings singapore wedding shopping nightout travelasia groom christmas2020 photogram movie tourist teph travel diary

0.003586303 0.003470615 0.003470615 0.003239241 0.003239241 0.003007867 0.003007867 0.003007867 0.003007867 0.00289218 0.00289218 0.00289218 0.002776492 0.002776492 0.002776492 0.002660805 0.002660805 0.002660805 0.002545118 0.002429431 0.002429431 0.002429431 0.002429431 0.002429431 0.002429431 0.002313744 0.002198056 0.002198056 0.002198056 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.001966682 0.001966682 0.001966682 0.001966682 0.001850995 0.001850995 0.001850995 0.001850995 0.001850995 0.001735308 0.001735308 0.001735308 0.001735308

function nightview lawn travel life sg brides marriage gown photospot singapore photographer singapore discovers wedding place visit_singapore festival sgcafe travelphoto memories festive lighting journey city photography travel diaries sgphotographer bedroom picture travelholic blue hour photography photo shooting day view singapore photograph chijmes by night picture of the day celebration tourism wedding photography christmas décor singapore chijmes photo visited tour bride story wedding gown singapore tourism board pictures photographers malls wedding day healthylifechoices visual singapore chijmes photoshoot sgtravel

0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 48

Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes

travel girl wedding dress happy weekend sightseeing Total Gastronomy dinner dining singapore food food restaurant restaurants food porn sg food foodie matcha sg foodies cafe coffee bar bars beer drink food stagram instafood sushi singapore foodie sg foodie brunch food blogger food gasm seafood cocktails tea mexican food latte drinks eat newubin seafood singapore culinary sg food diary meal singapore dining desserts sg food porn cafes dinner date dessert wines

0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.001156872 0.496182323 Percentage 0.011221657 0.008907913 0.008560851 0.008445164 0.007751041 0.006941231 0.005668672 0.004743174 0.004627487 0.0045118 0.003817677 0.003817677 0.00370199 0.003470615 0.002776492 0.002660805 0.002545118 0.002429431 0.002313744 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.001966682 0.001850995 0.001735308 0.001735308 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001619621 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001503933 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001388246 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559 0.001272559

rice 0.001156872 foodies of instagram 0.001156872 singapore eats 0.001156872 pork 0.001156872 yakiniku 0.001156872 sashimi 0.001156872 ice 0.001156872 sg food lover 0.001156872 michelin 0.001156872 nutrimeal 0.001156872 Total 0.149583526 History Percentage convent 0.018857011 school 0.007866728 holy 0.007751041 jesus 0.007635354 infant 0.007519667 sanctuary 0.006594169 house 0.006247108 residences 0.006247108 old 0.005205923 catholic 0.005090236 historic 0.004396113 heritage 0.004396113 convent of the holy infant 0.003933364 jesus cathedral 0.003586303 caldwell 0.003354928 history 0.003123554 19th 0.002660805 century 0.002660805 education 0.002545118 standrews cathedral sg 0.002313744 historical 0.002198056 standrews cathedral 0.001966682 houses 0.001850995 armenian church 0.001735308 sekolah 0.001619621 orphanage 0.001619621 1841 0.001503933 catholicconvent 0.001388246 singaporechurch 0.001388246 church 0.022327626 hubby 0.001272559 past 0.001272559 colonial 0.001156872 jessnalism 0.001156872 thelordgentleman 0.001156872 Total 0.15559926 49

Appendix 1: Words and Percentages for Heritage Attributes

Economy integrated development integrated developments developer richardmeier partners shimizu corporation perennial holdings downtown core planning support small business support small businesses support local artists business Total

Percentage 0.002429431 0.002429431 0.003470615 0.002313744 0.002313744 0.002313744 0.002313744 0.002313744 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.002082369 0.001850995 0.027996298

Appendix 2: Non-parametric Hypothesis Testing Results

Monuments and Buildings

Interior Views

Building Elements

Landscape

Appendix 2: Non-parametric Hypothesis Testing Results

Activity and Association

History

Gastronomy

Economy

People's Perception of Adaptively Reused Buildings in Singapore A Case Study of CHIJMES

：

By MENG ZHANG

WORD COUNT

8838

TIME SUBMITTED

23-APR-2023 11:15PM

PAPER ID

99007683

1 1

2 2

3 3

6 6

People's Perception of Adaptively Reused Buildings in Singapore A Case Study of CHIJMES

：

ORIGINALITY REPORT

SIMILARITY INDEX

PRIMARY SOURCES

Dan Chen, Ji Li. "Process-led value elicitation within 72 words — built heritage management: a systematic literature review between 2010 and 2020", Journal of Architectural Conservation, 2021

Crossref

Yuan Li, Long Zhao, Jingxiong Huang, Andrew Law. 49 words — "Research frameworks, methodologies, and assessment methods concerning the adaptive reuse of architectural heritage: a review", Built Heritage, 2021

Crossref

uk.mathworks.com

projekter.aau.dk

chijmes.com.sg

www.iiste.org

www.medrxiv.org

Internet

37 words —

< 1%

36 words —

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< 1%

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www.straitstimes.com

www.mdpi.com

Wadie Ahmed Mokbel Ghalib, Almoliki 22 words — Mohammed Mansoor, Sajan Chimmikuttanda Ponnappa. "Environmental Factors that Inﬂuence the Geography of Yemen Leading to Dust and Sand Storms - A Case Study", Journal of Environmental Geography, 2021

Internet

< 1%

Crossref

www.researchgate.net

www.getty.edu

Wendy L. Martinez. "Back to Our Future: Text Analytics Insights", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 2021

Internet

18 words —

< 1%

17 words —

< 1%

14 words —

< 1%

Crossref

Shabnam Yazdani Mehr. "Analysis of 19th and 12 words — 20th Century Conservation Key Theories in Relation to Contemporary Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Buildings", Heritage, 2019

< 1%

Crossref

text.123docz.net

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Internet

12 words —

< 1%

12 words —

< 1%

Cameron Mackie, David Nash, Dean Boyce, 11 words — Matthew Wright, Kirsten Dyer. "Characterisation of a Whirling Arm Erosion Test Rig", 2018 Asian Conference on Energy, Power and Transportation Electriﬁcation (ACEPT), 2018

< 1%

Crossref

Deghati Najd, Meysam, Nor Atiah Ismail, Suhardi 10 words — Maulan, Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunos, and Mahsa Dabbagh Niya. "Visual preference dimensions of historic urban areas: Thedeterminants for urban heritage conservation", Habitat International, 2015.

< 1%

Crossref

www.fao.org

roar.uel.ac.uk

www.tdx.cat

Internet

EXCLUDE QUOTES

10 words —

< 1%

9 words —

< 1%

8 words —

< 1%

OFF

EXCLUDE SOURCES

OFF

EXCLUDE BIBLIOGRAPHY OFF

EXCLUDE MATCHES

OFF