AC 5007 - Batch 5 - DOU JIANDE by NUS Department of Architecture

The Impact of Environmental Sustainability on the Future of Historic Waterfronts: A Case Study of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River

DOU JIANDE A0268464R

Dissertation submitted to Department of Architecture in Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION at the DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE Supervisor: Dr. Wong Yunn Chii November 2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all people who have provided their assistance throughout the entire process of writing this paper, which studies the impacts of environmental sustainability on the future development of the historic waterfront areas, particularly Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along Singapore River. Foremost, my heartfelt thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Wong Yunn Chii. Throughout the research and thesis writing process, your insightful feedback and constructive critique gave me a deeper understanding of this topic. Thank you for your patient guidance along the way. The city walks along the Singapore River you organized, showcasing its historical evolution, greatly enriched my understanding. Your expertise in environmental sustainability and historic preservation significantly broadened my perspective and enhanced my thesis. I am equally grateful to my professors, including Professor Ho Puay Peng, Professor Johannes Widodo, and Dr. Nikhil Joshi, for their guidance from the initial topic selection to the final presentation. Their valuable advice and feedback prompted deeper exploration and refinement of my thesis. Special thanks go to my classmate, Ms. Huang Yuyin, for her support during the on-site surveys and data collection at Clarke Quay and Boat Quay. Her professional insights and experience in tourism and heritage cultural management were crucial in deepening the research. Additionally, I am grateful to my interview participants: Professor Zhang Ye from the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore; Urban Planner Mr. Shao Yong from RSP's master planning department; and Dr. Zhao Xiuling, who focuses on urban planning and sustainability study in Singapore. Their willingness to share their expertise and experiences greatly enriched this study, i

offering a multifaceted view of the relationship between environmental sustainability and historic waterfronts. In summary, this thesis would not have been possible without the unwavering support, knowledge, and encouragement of these individuals. Their contributions have not only shaped my understanding but have also improved the quality of this research. I am hopeful that the findings of this study will contribute to the sustainable development and future preservation of historic waterfronts, guiding future urban development towards a positive direction. My sincerest appreciation goes to everyone involved in this research journey. Your support has been invaluable and will always be remembered.

(By Dou Jiande, Nov 2023)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract List Of Figures

i iii v vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.

1.2.

Research Background

1.1.1. Background of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay

1.1.2. Background of Theory

Purposes and Objectives of the Study

1.2.1. To Examine Past Achievements of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay

1.2.2. To Investigate Challenges and Opportunities of Environmental Sustainability

1.2.3. To Investigate Environmental Sustainability’s Impact on Future Historic Waterfronts.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.

2.2.

Historic Waterfronts and Their Cultural Significance

2.1.1. Historic Significance and Transformation of Singapore River

2.1.2. Prominent Waterfronts

Current Historic Waterfront and Environmental Sustainability

2.2.1. Review of Redevelopment Guidelines

2.2.2. Strategies for Environmental Sustainability

2.2.3. Impact Assessment Model of Environmental Sustainability

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

Research Design

3.1.1.

Planning and Design of the Study

3.1.2.

Selection Criteria for The Case Study

Data Collection Techniques

3.2.1.

Qualitive Interview and Field Observations

3.2.2.

Secondary Data Collection (Documentary Research)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

3.3.1. Qualitative Data Analysis

3.3.2.

Integration and Synthesis of Findings iii

CHAPTER 4: KEY FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 4.1.

Key Findings from Qualitative Interview

4.2.

Environmental Sustainability Practices Along the Singapore River

4.2.1. Current Analysis of Both Quays’ Sustainability Practices

4.2.2. The Achievements of Both Quays on Sustainability

4.2.3. Navigating Sustainability Tensions and Prospects for Historic Waterfront Districts

4.2.4. Comparative Analysis with Other Case Studies

4.3. Implications of Environmental Sustainability Practices on The Future of Historic Waterfronts

4.3.1. Impact On Architectural Heritage of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay

4.3.2. Impact On the Local Community and Tourism

CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 5.1.

Recap of the Research Findings

5.2.

Reflection on the Research Objectives and Questions

5.3.

Limitations of the Study and Potential Future Improvements

5.4.

Significance of the Study

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Transcript Interview with Mr. Zhang Ye Appendix 2: Transcript Interview with Mr. Shao Yong Appendix 3: Transcript Interview with Ms. Zhao Xiuling

51 51 56 61

(Word Counting: 9068 words)

ABSTRACT This research explores the complex connection between environmental sustainability and the evolution of historic waterfront and selects Boat Quay and Clarke Quay as the case study. In an era when environmental sustainability is a priority, this research investigates how sustainability initiatives and strategies are going to influence architectural, cultural, economic aspects of historic waterfront area. Through a comprehensive analysis using qualitative interview, field survey and literature review，this research reveals various impacts of environmental sustainability efforts on both historic waterfronts along Singapore river. Besides, the findings also reflect that though sustainability measures have positively enhanced ecological conservation and urban planning, they also create challenges for preserving historical integrity and local characters of these waterfront spaces. This research also reviewed current urban planning guideline and conservation guidelines, trying to review their requirements and strike the balance between modern sustainability demands and historic waterfront conservation. Through this further exploration, this research offers insights into the dynamic interaction of past and present in shaping future urban waterfronts. In conclusion, studying the impacts of environmental sustainability on historic waterfront areas is important for future urban planning strategy and initiatives implementation. With these implications taken into consideration, relevant stakeholders can make thoughtful choices and implement long-term strategies for preservation and development of historic waterfront.

Keywords: Environmental sustainability, Historic waterfront, impacts, urban planning, long-term strategies, conservation.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Singapore River Mouth of Year 1843. (source: Singapore’s Architectural Heritage,27) ................................................................................................................................. 1 Figure 2: Clarke Quay and Boat Quay linked by Coleman bridge (source: Chang, T. C., Recreating place, replacing memory: Creative destruction at the Singapore river). ............. 2 Figure 3: Old Singapore River without regeneration (source: Adapted from Kiang, H. C., & Chan, V., 2000). ............................................................................................................................ 3 Figure 4: The transformation of Singapore River. Left is before photo; right is after photo (Source: google picture).............................................................................................................. 7 Figure 5: 1979 Clarke Quay with garbage floating on polluted water, photo taken near Read Bridge (Source: Urban Redevelopment Authority)......................................................... 8 Figure 6: On top is 1992 Boat Quay waterfront under construction process. Below is new Boat Quay waterfront after construction (Source: Singapore Architecture, Singapore National Archive) ........................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 7: lighterage industry shaped traditional community form in 1982 (Source: Urban Redevelopment Authority) ....................................................................................................... 10 Figure 8: Early 1990s picture of Shanghai Suzhou Creek before environment cleaning (Source: Wang J.Y., 2010) ......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 9: Late 1990s picture of Shanghai Suzhou Creek after environment cleaning (Source: Wang J.Y., 2010) ......................................................................................................... 12 Figure 10: Restored warehouse with modern glass box....................................................... 13 Figure 11: Additional canopy at Clarke Quay (source: google picture). .............................. 14 Figure 12: Clarke Quay (right picture) waterfront steps have installed aluminium strip, while Boat Quay (left picture) not yet. .................................................................................... 14 Figure 13: Boat Quay waterfront driveway closed at nighttime on weekends. .................. 15 Figure 14: Content of 17 SDGs (source: United Nations website)........................................ 18 Figure 15: Bulky garbage sorting point(right) hidden at back of house, clean garbage bin(left) provided for waterfront pedestrians. ....................................................................... 29 Figure 16: Upgraded canopy to adapt to higher sustainability demands. (source: CapitaLand)................................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 17: Different concepts of waterfront greenery for Boat Quay(left) and Clarke Quay (right) ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 18: View of Boat Quay waterfront spatial characters. ............................................... 31 Figure 19: Adaptive use of three main zones considering historical context. (source: CapitaLand)................................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 20: Landscape view for Clarke Quay........................................................................... 33 vi

Figure 21: Additional landing stairs working instead of stone steps for both quays. ........ 35 Figure 22: Ongoing shophouse restoration works at Boat Quay ......................................... 36 Figure 23: Thames Vision 2050. (source: the Port of London Authority) ........................... 37 Figure 24: Historic district conservation plan-Boat Quay. (source: Urban Redevelopment Authority, Conservation Guideline). .......................................................................................... 39 Figure 25: Left is Boat Quay historic shophouses and waterfront picture before urban redevelopment, right is Boat Quay historic shophouses and waterfront after 1993 regeneration (source: Wang, l. Y.). ........................................................................................... 39 Figure 26: Inaccessible spaces near Coleman bridge suffer from weather. ........................ 40 Figure 27: Factors of Historic waterfront contributing to attractive tourism (source: Keyvanfar et. Al., 2018). ............................................................................................................ 42

Notes: The figures used in this research paper are produced by the author, if not indicated individually.

vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.

Research Background

1.1.1. Background of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay Along the Singapore River, Boat Quay and Clarke Quay are distinctive historical icons of the city. These regions have contributed significantly to Singapore's growth and development and are also rich in architectural and cultural history (Chang, 2005).

Figure 1: Singapore River Mouth of Year 1843. (source: Singapore’s Architectural Heritage,27)

Dating back to the 19th century (see figure 1), Boat Quay was one of Singapore's oldest riverside settlements. It used to be a bustling commercial area with a wide range of enterprises and industries which were important to the growth of the city. As Kiang (2000) stated, architecture of these historic waterfronts integrates colonial architectural features with local retail establishments, creating a unique architectural heritage for Singapore. Boat Quay and Clarke Quay are separated by a historic bridge called Coleman bridge (see figure 2), which was built in 1840. Both quays have rich history. For Boat Quay, it was once a thriving port and trade hub where cargo ships docked when 1

coming to Singapore. For Clarke Quay, while also located along the Singapore River, was known for its warehouses and commercial activities related to the storage of goods. Even not as a primary docking point for cargo ships, most of their activities were also related to Boat Quay. Today, both quays still display its colorful shopfronts and Chinese-style architectures (Kiang,2000).

Figure 2: Clarke Quay and Boat Quay linked by Coleman bridge (source: Chang, T. C., Recreating place, replacing memory: Creative destruction at the Singapore river).

However, as Singapore has quickly developed into a modern city, these historic waterfront areas face challenges from many aspects. Urban expansion and higher demands of environmental sustainability (Tortajada,2013) keep adding pressure on them, causing some people to doubt their ability to adapt to those new requirements. Whether places like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay can withstand the test of time depends on future research, especially given the current focus on environmental sustainability. Their preservation will require balancing modern demands with maintaining their heritage as previous centers of Singapore's shipping and commerce. In other words, long-term development in these areas depends on

finding a balance between environmental sustainability and heritage conservation, as well as on how to handle the opportunities and problems this presents (Tortajada,2013). In that case, advanced research to study how environmental sustainability may impact on historic waterfronts will provide basic theoretical knowledge.

1.1.2. Background of Theory In examining the impact of environmental sustainability on historic waterfronts, particularly through the lens of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River, it is essential to delve into several critical aspects. This research topic integrates diverse fields such as urban planning, historical conservation, environmental sustainability development.

Figure 3: Old Singapore River without regeneration (source: Adapted from Kiang, H. C., & Chan, V., 2000).

Boat Quay and Clarke Quay, pivotal in Singapore’s history, have transformed significantly over time (see figure 3). Originally functioning as key trading hubs in

colonial Singapore, these waterfronts have evolved into vibrant commercial and recreational spaces. This transformation raises questions about the balance between development and preservation, especially in the context of environmental sustainability. The concept of environmental sustainability, at its core, involves maintaining ecological balance while fulfilling current needs without affecting the possibility of future generations to meet their needs (Tortajada,2013). In urban landscapes, particularly historic waterfronts, this involves a nuanced approach to development that respects historical significance, conserves natural resources, and minimizes ecological impact. The increasing urgency of addressing global climate change and the depletion of natural resources brings environmental sustainability into sharp focus (UN-Habitat, 2020). This concept stresses the need for responsible resource utilization, biodiversity conservation, and minimizing environmental harm. Thus, delving into how environmental sustainability intersects with the management and development of historic waterfronts is critical for their future development. This research specifically delves into Boat Quay and Clarke Quay to examine how current environmental sustainability practices influence these historic waterfronts. It aims to uncover the challenges in bolstering sustainability in these waterfront areas, alongside identifying prospects for their continued development.

1.2.

Purposes and Objectives of the Study

1.2.1. To Examine Past Achievements of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay Boat Quay and Clarke Quay have transformed from polluted and neglected waterfronts to a thriving and revitalized hub hosting economic, cultural, and recreational activity (Joshi, April 2012). Evaluating past and present sustainability 4

achievements in both quays is key to assessing prospects, difficulties, and opportunities ahead. Besides, exploring these neighborhoods will illuminate the effectiveness of current sustainability initiatives and their implications for better preserving heritage sites and the surrounding environment. This will also help to provide references for policymakers, planners, and all other stakeholders involved in developing historic waterfront areas.

1.2.2. To Investigate Challenges and Chances of Environmental Sustainability On the one hand, this research aims to identify and assess the unique challenges faced in implementing environmental sustainability in historic waterfront areas, including exploring the tension between preservation and modernization, the impact of urban development on the natural ecosystem, and the challenges in maintaining the cultural and historical integrity when adapting to sustainability standards. On the other hand, this research will also explore the opportunities that sustainable practices offer for the future of historic waterfronts. This encompasses examining innovative approaches to sustainable urban planning, eco-friendly tourism, and community-involved development that respect and enhance the historical significance of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay.

1.2.3. To Investigate Environmental Sustainability's Impact on Future Historic Waterfronts The aim of this study is to comprehensively explore the multifaceted future of historic waterfronts, considering a diverse array of elements such as the influence of environmental sustainability on heritage conservation, community welfare, 5

tourism, water quality, and biodiversity etc. This research focuses on examining the intricate relationship between sustainability practices and the preservation of historic waterfronts, specifically Boat Quay and Clarke Quay. Through this investigation, the study intends to uncover valuable insights that can guide the sustainable development of such significant sites. The outcomes of this research are anticipated to offer actionable recommendations that will be beneficial in advancing the fields of historic waterfront preservation and environmental sustainability.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.

Historic Waterfronts and Their Cultural Significance

2.1.1. Historic Significance and Transformation of Singapore River The literature review will start from studying the transformation of the Singapore River, particularly Boat Quay and Clarke Quay (see figure 4). The process of transformation reflects a dynamic interaction of environmental sustainability concept, urban redevelopment, and historic waterfront conservation (Tortajada et. al., 2013). Besides, through the review of this transformation will allow us to learn more about impacts caused by environmental sustainability demands. In that case, this literature review compile insights from a range of sources to explore how these sustainable factors have shaped the development of waterfronts, and how they will continue to impact historic waterfront areas in the future.

Figure 4: The transformation of Singapore River. Left is before photo; right is after photo (Source: google picture)

For more than 160 years, the Singapore River was one of the most important carriers for the city-state's port trade, abundant of lighterage activities conducted every day by people from all over the world (Stephen Dobbs, 2002). However, with

the gradual transformation of economic pattern, those lighterage activities have to be transfer out of this central area and move to wester part. In 1983, those workers who were engaged in this river trade had to end their activities which marked the end of lighterage era (Stephen Dobbs, 2002). However, this economic transformation left everything in a mess, environmental issues like polluted water (see figure5) and dirty waterfronts makes people unable to see the future of this area. Government and other policy makers also realized this concern and that’s why they implemented relevant measures to solve environment issues.

Figure 5: 1979 Clarke Quay with garbage floating on polluted water, photo taken near Read Bridge (Source: Urban Redevelopment Authority)

One of the most important measures is the cleanup of the Singapore River, which including efforts to remove water pollution and enhance aquatic life. These measures represented a significant commitment to environmental sustainability

(Tortajada et. al., 2013). At that time, this initiative was not just an environmental sustainability endeavour, but also linked to the city-state's future economic and social development strategies.

Figure 6: On top is 1992 Boat Quay waterfront under construction process. Below is new Boat Quay waterfront after construction (Source: Singapore Architecture, Singapore National Archive)

However, due to the relentless push for urban renewal since 1970s, it was noticed that those historic waterfront structures and infrastructure had been influenced to some extent (see figure 6). The eventual relocation of traditional industries and the rapid transformation to meet environmental sustainability demands have impacted the historical and cultural values of these waterfront spaces (Chang et al., 2011). Considering this transformation prompted concerns about the

loss of Singapore's heritage and cultural identity, a shift in policy toward preserving historical and cultural elements has been observed after that. In that case, research to study those impacts in advance will be quite necessary. Obviously, the redevelopment of the Singapore River and its quays has proven to be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, these changes have brought economic growth and improved the environment standard. However, traditional communities and industries have been affected, such as the lighterage industry (see figure 7). In that case, it has caused significant social and economic challenges (Stephen Dobbs, 2002).

Figure 7: lighterage industry shaped traditional community form in 1982 (Source: Urban Redevelopment Authority)

Besides, this transformation has had a significant impact on the cultural and social landscape of the waterfront area (Chang et al., 2005). The benefits to the economy and the environment are undeniable, but they also raised concerns about

loss of social and cultural identity. The relocation of original communities altered the character of these historic sites. This has sparked debates about how to balance between preserving the historic waterfront and embracing higher modern requirement.

2.1.2. Prominent Waterfronts Originally a bustling hub of national industries, Suzhou Creek in Shanghai has undergone significant transformations. Post-1949, the creek's vicinity saw an amalgamation of housing and industrial facilities (see figure 8), leading to a densely packed urban area. However, the lack of proper sewage treatment led to severe pollution issues, affecting the quality of life for residents (Wang J.Y.,2010).

Figure 8: Early 1990s picture of Shanghai Suzhou Creek before environment cleaning (Source: Wang J.Y., 2010)

As Wang (2010) stated, to counter environmental degradation and align with Shanghai's developmental goals, the 1990s and 2000s marked the beginning of the environment improvement scheme for Suzhou Creek. This ambitious project focused on cleaning the river and revitalizing the waterfront, including the construction of sewage pumping stations and the relocation of polluting industries. 11

Further, land along the river was leased (see figure 9) for funding this massive cleanup project, signifying a major shift in land management and urban planning.

Figure 9: Late 1990s picture of Shanghai Suzhou Creek after environment cleaning (Source: Wang J.Y., 2010)

The transformation of Moganshan District, part of the Suzhou Creek area, stands out as a significant case. What was once a busy industrial and shipping area was later earmarked for urban regeneration. This process entailed demolishing existing structures and relocating residents, though it faced resistance, leading to the preservation of some industrial buildings. The district's transformation was further influenced by the creative arts, with artists repurposing factory spaces into studios and galleries, contributing to its cultural renaissance (Wang J.Y.,2010). The urban planning strategies for Suzhou Creek involved adaptive policies by local authorities. The district's redevelopment was guided by various plans, including the Suzhou Creek Landscape Plan of 2002 and subsequent revisions in 2006. These plans laid out a vision for the creek's transformation into a multifunctional urban area, integrating commercial and business activities while preserving historical structures for creative industrial use. 12

In contrast, Singapore's Boat Quay and Clarke Quay have been redeveloped with a different focus. These historic trading centres have been transformed into vibrant commercial and cultural hotspots. The Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore took significant steps to ensure the preservation of historical structures like shophouses and warehouses, advocating for their adaptive reuse (see figure 10). For example, to enhance the vibrancy and attractiveness without losing historic values of Singapore River, the Business Improvement District (BID) programme has been piloted (URA, 2017). This approach not only maintained the historical integrity of these areas but also infused them with modern urban vibrancy.

Figure 10: Restored warehouse with modern glass box

In essence, the comparison between Suzhou Creek and Boat Quay, Clarke Quay offers valuable insights into varied urban waterfront redevelopment strategies. It highlights the importance of environmental conservation, cultural preservation, and adaptive urban planning in revitalizing historic waterfronts. Each case study underscores the critical role of government policies and community engagement in shaping the future of urban waterfronts, balancing the legacy of the past with the demands of the present and future.

2.2

Current Historic Waterfront and Environmental Sustainability

2.2.1. Review of Redevelopment Guidelines 13

Boat Quay and Clarke Quay's evolution along the Singapore River illustrates the intricate interplay between environmental sustainability and the revitalization of historic waterfronts. These areas have transitioned from centres of traditional commerce to contemporary urban locales, highlighting the complexities of urban renewal, environmental considerations, and the preservation of heritage. Accompanied with literature review, site observation noticed these waterfront spaces have introduced modern facilities (see figure 11) and enhanced the environmental state (see figure 12), like the reinforced waterfront steps. But it has also profoundly altered the social and cultural dynamics of the waterfront. Looking ahead, as demands for greater environmental sustainability rise, questions emerge about the potential adverse impacts on these preserved historic waterfronts.

Figure 11: Additional canopy at Clarke Quay (source: google picture).

Figure 12: Clarke Quay (right picture) waterfront steps have installed aluminium strip, while Boat Quay (left picture) not yet. 14

In literature review of the latest environmental sustainability requirements, it's evident that both Boat Quay and Clarke Quay still have room for improvement in several key areas. Despite significant contribution in urban redevelopment, there are specific aspects of environmental sustainability that these historic waterfronts have yet to fully complied, such as car-light environments, net-zero historical buildings, and noise pollution control. Firstly, the concept of a car-light environment, crucial in modern urban sustainability, appears to be underdeveloped in these areas. While the "Urban Design Guidelines"（URA, April 2017）emphasize pedestrian-friendly spaces, they do not explicitly advocate for a broader car-light strategy. This approach would encompass more comprehensive measures like expanded cycling paths, increased public transit access, and stricter limits on vehicular traffic, which are not currently detailed in the guidelines. As urban areas globally move towards reducing vehicular dependence, this is an area where Boat Quay and Clarke Quay could further evolve.

Figure 13: Boat Quay waterfront driveway closed at nighttime on weekends. Further to the discussion of car-light strategy, Boat Quay circular road was 15

proposed by URA to be closed every weekend from 6pm to 1am to achieve a car free environment (see figure 13). However, these temporary initiatives can only work during specific time slot, considering the elevated environmental sustainability demands, more permanent measures and strategies need to be implemented. The concept of net-zero historical buildings is another area where these waterfronts seem to lag. Achieving net-zero energy consumption in historical buildings is increasingly recognized as a vital aspect of urban sustainability (UNHabitat, 2020). However, the literature, including the "Urban Design Guidelines" (URA, April 2017), lacks specific strategies for retrofitting historical buildings at Boat Quay and Clarke Quay to meet net-zero energy standards. While the incorporation of landscaping and greenery is noted, more comprehensive measures are required to transform these historical structures into energy-efficient buildings. Lastly, noise pollution control, an essential factor in maintaining a quality urban environment, appears to be overlooked in the current redevelopment plans for these areas (Chang et al., 2005). The vibrant and dynamic nature of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay, as outlined in various redevelopment strategies, does not seem to consider the impact of noise pollution. This aspect of environmental sustainability is crucial, especially in densely populated urban areas known for leisure and entertainment, and it's an area that warrants more attention. However, there is a lack of literature that reviewing potential impacts these improvements will bring to historic waterfront. In other word, to remain historic and cultural values inherent in boat quay and Clarke quay, its necessary and important to review the connection between environmental sustainability and historic waterfront preservation.

2.2.2. Strategies for Environmental Sustainability The earlier transformation of Singapore River highlights the inverse relationship between river developmental and its environmental health. As a successful transformation of historic waterfront, the strategy not only take tangible, but also those intangible aspects into consideration. Generally, as Low C. L. (2008) mentioned, Singapore River redevelopment was guided by six strategic "pistons": (1). visionary leadership, (2). private-publicpeople sector synergies, (3). restoring water quality, (4). restoration of historic fabric, (5). encouraging mixed use, and (6). easy public access(Low, 2008). These strategies aimed to balance sustainability with urban renewal, and it is not limited to any quay or any district only. As Auger T. (2015) analysis in the book regarding Singapore River, all those quays are interconnected in their environmental, economic, and cultural aspects. Moreover, these quays also have impacts on the “mouth” of Singapore River, which was called “new Padang” (Auger, 2015). Thus, if any quay failed in environmental strategies, the impacts would include all other interconnected. The implementation of the six sustainability strategies at the Singapore River, particularly in historic areas like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay, has significant implications for the future of historic waterfronts. These impacts can be broadly categorized into environmental, social, cultural, and economic dimensions, this also inspired the research should not limited to environmental sustainability only, it is interconnected with other three aspects.

2.2.3. Impact Assessment Model of Environmental Sustainability In the studying of impacts of environmental sustainability, especially pertaining to historic waterfronts, existing analysis models have provided critical frameworks and guidelines. With these models or frameworks, stakeholders are able to analysis and strike balance between the need for conservation and the pursuit of sustainable development. Among these mentioned models, the most widely acceptable is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations, and also the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach by UNESCO.

Figure 14: Content of 17 SDGs (source: United Nations website)

The model of SDGs offers a series of quite broad objectives (see figure 14) which including addressing social, economic, and environmental sustainability issues (United Nations, 2015). They play very important role in guiding the sustainable development of historic waterfronts like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay, which in the long term contributes to resilience and viability of these historic waterfronts. Moreover, rather than only limited to the consideration of

environmental sustainability, the SDGs is more comprehensive and allows for a multifaceted approach to study sustainability by balancing necessary of various aspects. Besides, by applying the model the SDGs to the research object, which is Boat Quay and Clarke Quay, the research can assess those impacts from environmental sustainability in a larger view, which can ensure the holistic development of these historic waterfronts. The other model, which is the HUL developed by UNESCO, focus on a more integrated conservation and management strategy for historic urban areas like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay. It suggested that the cultural values and historical values of these places must be understood first, then after that any promoted sustainable development strategies need to align with their historical significances (UNESCO, 2012). Different from the SDGs, HUL is particularly relevant in maintaining the authenticity and integrity of historic waterfronts. Through assessing historic waterfronts based on the HUL, the research can not only identify challenges and opportunities of sustainability measures, but also can ensure those development measures will not conflict with their inherent heritage value. Both SDGs and HUL have their own advantages in providing valuable insights, however, both models also have their inherent limitations. Firstly, for impact assessment models that developed based on these frameworks, they will always rely too much on assumptions (Sophia & William, 2016). Different from data-based model, these models may not always capture the complex realities of actual situations. Besides, another disadvantage of both models also arises because of above-mentioned assumptions. If stakeholder hold different perspectives, the final assessment will lead to conflicting interpretations of which is a positive impact, which is negative impact. Therefore, it's important for model users to critically analyse and adapt these 19

models according to specific context and challenges of each historic waterfronts. These specific characters will always involve considering factors like cultural significance, community engagement, and local regulatory frameworks (Sophia & William, 2016). Additionally, the application of these models like the SDGs and HUL will always need to be in a careful and nuanced approach. In other word, the findings from impact assessments should only be used as guidelines and references for decision-making, rather than directly used as final conclusions. Thus, policymakers must recognize these models' limitations, and take the unique characteristics of studying waterfronts into assessment. In this way, final development decisions can be more considerate in the context of specific waterfront, which is beneficial for the long-term environmental sustainability and cultural preservation. Through different impact assessment model studying and other literature reviews, it is obvious that existing sustainability models like the SDGs and HUL, all can provide comprehensive strategies for integrating environmental sustainability in the preservation and development of historic waterfronts. However, apart from selection of model, a carful and context-sensitive approach will be equally important. By taking into consideration of the unique challenges and characteristics of each site, these models can significantly contribute to preserving and enhancing the cultural and historical value of waterfronts like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay, while promoting sustainable development for future generations.

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1.

Research Design

3.1.1. Planning and Design of the research Specifically focus on Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River, the planning and design of this research intend to use a comprehensive approach to investigate the impacts of current environmental sustainability on the future of historic waterfronts. The study aims to analyse the potential impacts that environmental sustainability will bring to future historic waterfronts, and also propose response strategies for managing the impacts. This study will start with extensive literature reviews to deeply understand the historic and cultural significance for both quays. This will help to establish a foundation for grasping specific importance within the historic preservation field. Furthermore, the research explores environmental sustainability's relevance to historic waterfronts and current related initiatives, along with integrating sustainability's successes, challenges, and previous empirical findings. Afterwards, qualitative interviews and field observations will occur before conducting secondary data collection to gather comprehensive information and methodically analyze it. In summary, systematically and holistically investigating sustainability's impact on historic waterfronts guides the research design. Case study selection, data collection techniques, and analysis methods support exploring the interaction of sustainability and preservation to offer response strategies for managing effects. Adopting qualitative methodologies intends to deliver valuable insights on harmonizing historic and ecological waterfront conservation. 21

3.1.2. Selection Criteria for the Case Study Boat Quay and Clarke Quay were chosen along Singapore's River for several reasons: Firstly, as iconic historic Singaporean waterfronts, they hold tremendous cultural and historical significance. They embody the city's rich maritime heritage and pivotal role as a trading hub over past decades. Secondly, both quays have recently undergone extensive urban revitalization centered on sustainability, exemplifying its impact on historic waterfronts. Efforts made include conserving Boat Quay's historic shophouses, enhancing public spaces along the river, and implementing various green practices. Thirdly, studying their environmental sustainability provides insight into the broader Singapore River ecosystem and surroundings, which has transformed from polluted to vibrant and clean for recreation. Additionally, comparing Boat Quay, famed for its conserved shophouse district, and entertainment-focused Clarke Quay enables deeper analysis of diverse sustainability opportunities and challenges facing different waterfront area types. Overall, Boat Quay and Clarke Quay should provide a comprehensive, representative lens into sustainability's effect on historic waterfronts, especially along Singapore's River. The case study findings will build understanding of the relationship between environmental sustainability and historic preservation, informing potential impacts that that need to take into consideration in future waterfront management and development strategies.

3.2.

Data Collection Techniques

3.2.1. Qualitative Interview and Field Observations For this study, a qualitative research approach was employed, primarily 22

through in-depth interviews and observational methods, to explore the influence of environmental sustainability on the future of historic waterfronts. The research involved conducting detailed interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders, encompassing urban planners, experts in heritage conservation, professionals in the field of environmental sustainability, and community members residing in the area. These discussions were aimed at gathering varied viewpoints and experiences related to the interplay between environmental sustainability and the preservation of historic waterfronts. Additionally, the interviews sought to capture these stakeholders' insights and projections for the future development of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay. Supplementing the interviews, extensive observations at both quays systematically documented those sites' physical attributes, happenings, and conditions. Researchers spent multiple hours daily at the waterfronts watching interactions amongst visitors, locals, and nature, recording detailed descriptive field notes, including occurrences, reflections, and behaviors. Together interviews and observations allowed an invaluable insight to explore the intricate interplay of sustainability, preservation, and historic waterfront development. This primary data offered intimate, individual perspectives to deepen understanding and inform subsequent study analysis and suggestions. Overall, collecting personal experiences and narratives helped uncover on-the-ground realities regarding the research topic's complex dynamics.

3.2.2. Document research (Secondary Data Collection) The secondary sources can help to contextualize environmental sustainability's impacts on historic sites. collecting pertinent secondary data crucially supplements this research by offering insights into Boat Quay and Clarke 23

Quay's historic waterfront settings. Various sources and methods to obtain this information will be outlined. Key government agencies, like URA and Nparks provide documentation on Singapore River developments and policies around sustainability and preservation. These records deliver relevant rules, guidelines, and background. Additionally,

academic

literature

offers

theoretical

grounding,

methodologies and case studies that support this study's goals. This includes conceptual frameworks addressing integrating sustainability with historic spaces. Furthermore, historical accounts, photographs, maps, and archives shed light on Boat Quay and Clarke Quay's evolution, underscoring their cultural heritage significance. They chronicle these districts' transformation over time. Online databases and platforms facilitate accessing relevant disciplinespanning studies on environmental sustainability and historic waterfronts. These provide multidimensional topical perspectives. Overall, comprehensive secondary data gathering via varied sources afforded crucial context about the sites' current sustainability alongside their historical narratives. This establishes a baseline for evaluating research findings and observations. Blending information on preservation guidelines, theoretical bases, case precedent and past evolution enriches analysis.

3.3.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

3.3.1. Qualitative Data Analysis The qualitative interview and observation data will undergo thematic analysis to derive relevant insights. This includes compiling all feedback and identifying key themes and sub-themes related to the research questions. The goal is to elucidate meaningful patterns regarding the relationship between 24

sustainability and preservation at Boat Quay and Clarke Quay. Since both quays have distinct traits, comparing findings across the sites will be important. This contrastive analysis can highlight varied difficulties and advantages around implementing sustainability across different waterfront area types. It also aims to surface location-specific takeaways alongside general conclusions on balancing preservation with environmental responsibility when managing historic urban waterfront neighborhoods. Ultimately, distinguishing the nuanced sustainability issues for Boat Quay versus Clarke Quay intends to provide a well-rounded perspective on the research topic.

3.3.2. Integration and Synthesis of Findings The integration stage will synthesize key insights from primary interviews, observations, and secondary source analysis into a unified narrative. This consolidated perspective addressing the research aims will interweave different data strands into a cohesive whole to illustrate environmental sustainability's effect on historic waterfronts. Taking this integrative, holistic approach crucially ensures that the study's conclusions are comprehensive, rigorous and backed by multiplied sources of evidence. By blending firsthand qualitative data with details from literature and documents, the results can reinforce each other to support rich, credible findings. This process of connecting complementary primary and secondary inputs lets the analysis form a consistent, convincing account of sustainability's role in preserving historic urban waterfront areas like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay.

CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 4.1.

Key Findings from Qualitative interview The revitalization of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River

exemplifies the intricate balance between preserving historical significance and fostering environmental sustainability. Insights from Professor Zhang Ye, Mr. Shao Yong, and Ms. Zhao Xiuling, who bring a wealth of knowledge in urban planning and architecture, provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges and solutions in this domain. Through analysis of data collected from independent interviews with them (see attached appendix 1, appendix 2, and appendix 3), five main aspects have been identified after coding the interview. The first theme is related to historical evolution and urban transformation. Professor Zhang Ye and Mr. Shao Yong both emphasize the historical evolution of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay from centers of trade and shipping to vibrant dining and entertainment districts. This transformation, as highlighted by Ms. Zhao Xiuling, reflects Singapore's broader historical narrative and the shift in the city-state's focus from commercial to leisure spaces, intertwining the history with its modern identity. The second one is strategies for environmental sustainability. Professor Zhang discusses the integration of the waterfronts with Singapore's urban green network, highlighting their cultural significance. Ms. Zhao brings attention to design innovations like Clarke Quay's umbrella-like structures, which enhance comfort while preserving the area's ambiance. Mr. Shao Yong adds that the structural changes at Clarke Quay offer protection against adverse weather, contributing to its evolution into a tourist hotspot. The third one is regarding balancing preservation and modern sustainability. 26

As noticed that, all three experts agree on the importance of balancing historic preservation with environmental sustainability. Professor Zhang notes the complexity of this relationship, considering different standards and measures. Ms. Zhao views sustainability as preserving the essence of spaces, and Mr. Shao Yong believes that these goals are complementary, necessitating innovative approaches to harmonize them. The fourth aspect is related to community engagement. Professor Zhang Ye underscores the significance of community participation in urban regeneration, which brings fresh ideas and vitality to these projects. Besides, Ms. Zhao Xiuling adds that sustainable urban planning must consider both physical spaces and human activities, which can advocate for an interdisciplinary approach. The fifth aspect is adapting to challenges and opportunities. The challenges and opportunities in environmental planning for historic waterfronts are multifaceted. Professor Zhang highlights the impact of technology in adapting business models. Ms. Zhao emphasizes adaptability in integrating technology with historic spaces. In the interview, Mr. Shao Yong points out that the introduction of sustainable development measures and eco-awareness programs can serve as opportunities to enhance environmental consciousness. The sixth aspect is policy recommendations and urban planning. After qualitative analysis of interviewee’s answers, it is noticed that all three interviewees offer valuable advice for urban planners and policymakers. But their key point maybe different, Professor Zhang Ye emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks and pedestrian system design. While Ms. Zhao Xiuling advocates for a vision of “a city in nature,” which can contribute to the comprehensive understanding of environment sustainability. Besides, Mr. Shao Yong suggests that, by incorporating green initiatives and eco-friendly materials in refurbishing 27

historical buildings along waterfront areas, future waterfront can achieve a balance between industrial growth and environmental sustainability. Through the interviews with Professor Zhang Ye, Ms. Zhao Xiuling, and Mr. Shao Yong, a rich foundation for understanding the complexities of managing the sustainability of historic waterfront has been provided for future research and analysis. All three interviewees’ perspectives highlight the need for a holistic approach that considers environmental, historical, and social dimensions together. This, to some extent, avoids some possible limitations of this research and ensures the comprehensiveness of the research aspects. Moreover, the holistic approach is crucial for creating urban waterfront spaces that respect historical heritage while can also adapt to modern environmental sustainability requirements. As Singapore continues to evolve, these advanced insights will offer valuable guidance for urban planners, policymakers, and heritage experts in creating sustainable, livable, and culturally rich urban environments.

4.2.

Environmental Sustainability Practices Along the Singapore River

4.2.1. Current Analysis of Both Quays’ Sustainability Practices During past years, Boat Quay and Clarke Quay have taken substantial steps to boost sustainability. As observed, a key and common initiative for both quays are deploying ecofriendly interventions to shrink environmental footprints (URA, 2017), like recycling programs and waste management systems (see figure 15). These series of initiatives and strategies aim to minimize negative waste impacts to historic waterfronts, which contribute to the overall efforts of improving environmental sustainability.

Figure 15: Bulky garbage sorting point(right) hidden at back of house, clean garbage bin(left) provided for waterfront pedestrians.

Additionally, energy efficiency and emissions reductions are priorities, with initiatives like energy-saving lighting, solar panels, and other renewable infrastructure (see figure 16) installed to cut consumption and reliance on nongreen energy sources.

Figure 16: Upgraded canopy to adapt to higher sustainability demands. (source: CapitaLand)

Water conservation is also critical, with the Singapore River being a vital 29

resource. Water-saving fixtures and responsible usage promotion among businesses and visitors help address scarcity and reduce consumption (Lim W.,2010). These choices protect ecosystems and supply. Biodiversity efforts like habitat restoration, native plantings, and riverside green spaces also enhance local flora and fauna presence (see figure 17).

Figure 17: Different concepts of waterfront greenery for Boat Quay(left) and Clarke Quay (right)

Positively, such measures display proactive environmental stewardship. However, challenges persist, like needing continuous monitoring and assessment of efficiency and potential improvement.

Figure 18: View of Boat Quay waterfront spatial characters.

However, by comparing waterfront landscape design concepts, Boat Quay obviously has more effective spatial usage while also can comply with environmental sustainability requirements. The extension part of the shophouse (see figure 18), exactly called open restaurant area, has contributed to the economic development by introducing river view to table. But this achievement also means that the original waterfront river line has been inaccessible for other tourists. In that case, both quay’s sustainability progress is admirable but incomplete, with further commitment required to seize persistent opportunities and resolve difficulties. Ongoing evaluation and diverse stakeholder participation will be instrumental as these historic districts continue pursuing ecological responsibility.

4.2.2. The Achievements of Both Quays on Sustainability This exploration delves into the specific measures, initiatives, and strategies 31

implemented in Boat Quay and Clarke Quay that align with environmental sustainability goals, considering their historical and cultural significance along the Singapore River. The earlier transition not only contributes to economic growth, but also has necessitated a thoughtful approach to ensure that these developments are sustainable and do not compromise the ecological or historical integrity of the areas.

Figure 19: Adaptive use of three main zones considering historical context. (source: CapitaLand) One of the key achievements in these regions has been the integration of sustainable urban planning and architectural designs that respect both the environment and the historical context (see figure 19). Efforts have been made to refurbish old buildings rather than demolishing them, using environmentally friendly materials and technologies that reduce the carbon footprint (URA, 2017). This approach has not only helped in preserving the historical essence of these waterfronts but also in promoting sustainable construction practices. Another significant aspect is the management of natural resources, 32

particularly water. Given their location along the Singapore River, Boat Quay and Clarke Quay have implemented measures to maintain water quality and river health. This includes initiatives to reduce water pollution and manage waste effectively, ensuring that the river continues to be a thriving ecosystem and an attractive feature for locals and tourists (Keyvanfar,2018).

Figure 20: Landscape view for Clarke Quay

As mentioned in physical practices analysis, for both quays, landscaping and green space management (see figure 20) has also demonstrated a commitment to environmental sustainability (Low, 2008). The integration of green spaces, urban gardens, and eco-friendly public spaces has been a key feature in these quays. These areas not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also contribute to biodiversity, help in temperature regulation, and improve air quality. Energy efficiency has been another focus area, with the implementation of 33

energy-saving lighting and climate control systems in buildings and public areas. The use of renewable energy sources, like solar panels, has also been explored to reduce the dependence on non-renewable energy and lower greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of socio-economic sustainability, both Boat Quay and Clarke Quay have endeavored to strike a balance between tourist attraction and local community needs (Chang 2005). Efforts have been made to ensure that the development of these areas benefits local businesses and respects their cultural heritage, creating an inclusive environment that values the history and contributions of local communities. Furthermore, these waterfronts have become models for climate change resilience. Recognizing the threat posed by rising sea levels and increased flooding, various adaptation and mitigation strategies have been implemented. This includes constructing barriers and employing smart urban designs to minimize the impact of flooding and other climate-related risks. In conclusion, both quays have made noteworthy strides in environmental sustainability. Their journey from historical trading ports to modern, eco-friendly urban spaces exemplifies how historic waterfronts can evolve while maintaining a strong commitment to sustainability (Keyvanfar, 2018). This research not only highlights their achievements but also offers insights and lessons for other historic waterfronts globally, underscoring the importance of integrating environmental sustainability into urban development, especially in culturally and historically significant areas.

4.2.3. Navigating Sustainability Tensions and Prospects for Historic Waterfront Districts 34

Iconic historic waterfront neighborhoods like Singapore's Boat Quay and Clarke Quay must balance historic preservation with modern environmental sustainability, which is a complex, high stakes undertaking filled with obstacles and potential. In that case, these historic waterfronts may not be able to implement as many strategies as new reclaimed areas. However, through comprehensive analysis of specific challenges and opportunities that environmental sustainability will bring to this space, potential impacts can be foreseen and evaluated in advance. For both quays, the environmental sustainability pressures come from urbanization and commercial development, heightened by the influx of tourists and ongoing development, pose a significant challenge to preserving cultural identity and the integrity of heritage sites (Oh S.Y.L, 2014). Finding a balance between accommodating the flow of visitors and businesses and preventing excessive commercialization and the intrusion of inauthentic elements, is a complex and demanding task. Additionally, the escalating threat of sea level rise and flooding due to climate change also poses a serious risk to aged infrastructure. There is an urgent yet intricate need for adaptation strategies to safeguard waterfront areas (see figure 21).

Figure 21: Additional landing stairs working instead of stone steps for both quays.

Moreover, seamlessly integrating green building practices with conserved 35

historic architecture can generate conflicts, requiring solutions that allow sustainability upgrades while retaining structural and design integrity. However, opportunities exist too. Celebrating these districts' cultural history can promote sustainable tourism and custodianship. Showcasing unique heritage also boosts preservation awareness. Innovative adaptive reuse of historic shophouses (see figure 22) or warehouses also dually activate sites while honoring legacy structures. Examples include transforming former warehouses into eateries or performance venues.

Figure 22: Ongoing shophouse restoration works at Boat Quay

Besides, community participation also ensures locality-rooted character preservation, which has currently started to put into practice, the organization Singapore River One (SRO) is a good commence for that (URA, 2017). Collaboration between agencies, enterprises, experts, and residents can tailor sustainability policies to distinct needs for each area. Overall, furthering environmental sustainability in historic waterfront districts is multifaceted. It compels balancing urban growth with safeguarding tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Whilst challenging, emphasizing these neighborhoods’ legacies and community values alongside green innovation helps 36

secure their futures. Cooperation amongst invested parties remains vital to positively transform these sites.

4.2.4. Comparative Analysis with Other Case Studies Comparing sustainability approaches at Boat Quay and Clarke Quay versus other historic waterfront revitalization cases worldwide spotlights potential Singapore River improvements. Examining global precedents allows assessment of current local strategies and illumination of impactful practices worth adopting. The San Antonio River Walk (Claire W., 2020). in Texas reshaped their previously neglected waterway into a vibrant economic and cultural hub through enhancements like solar lighting, rainwater harvesting and native plants. This exemplifies holistic sustainability elevating environmental, social, and economic health. Lessons could inform augmenting Boat Quay and Clarke Quay's vitality. London's Thames River also transitioned into a recreational sustainability showcase after industrial decline via historical building restorations, water quality and biodiversity improvements and sustainable mobility infrastructure boosts (The Port of London Authority, 2023). Currently the PLA is studying long time opportunities by 2050 (see figure 23). Such multifaceted renewals offer models for further greening the Singapore River area.

Figure 23: Thames Vision 2050. (source: the Port of London Authority)

Ultimately, benchmarking global case studies reveals possibilities for the Singapore River precincts by highlighting scalable innovations from elevating sustainability across metrics beyond environmental impact, including cultural heritage and livability. Comparing and applying impactful, holistic best practices helps guide continuous enhancements.

4.3.

Implications of Environmental Sustainability Practices on the Future of

Historic Waterfronts 4.3.1. Impact on the Architectural Heritage of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay As iconic historic Singapore River waterfronts, Boat Quay and Clarke Quay possess invaluable architectural heritage that encapsulates the nation’s cultural identity. However, current sustainability initiatives also impact the built fabric (see figure 25) . Firstly, preserving the historic shophouses, warehouses and landmarks remains imperative through restoration and conservation, as these enduring structures directly symbolize Singapore’s past. Yet introducing modern green infrastructure can potentially undermine integrity if improperly balanced with preservation (Keyvanfar, 2018). For instance, retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency may require altering original architectural designs. Careful consideration is needed when modifying heritage buildings to avoid dissolving their authenticity.

Figure 24: Historic district conservation plan-Boat Quay. (source: Urban Redevelopment Authority, Conservation Guideline).

Figure 25: Left is Boat Quay historic shophouses and waterfront picture before urban redevelopment, right is Boat Quay historic shophouses and waterfront after 1993 regeneration (source: Wang, l. Y.).

Secondly, new sustainable construction methods and materials can support ecological goals but contradict the historical urban landscape if incongruous with

existing patterns, scale, and craftsmanship. Locally sourced or recycled building supplies may lower the waterfronts’ carbon footprints. However, contemporary forms that deviate from traditional aesthetics could erode the harmonious effect. Design choices should not only align with but also complement established stylistic schemes. Additionally, climate change-intensified extreme weather now threatens these older, sometimes more vulnerable structures, the Coleman bridge is one of these objects (see figure 26). Implementing resilience measures such as flood barriers, drainage improvements, or durable yet sensitive material replacements is becoming vital.

Figure 26: Inaccessible spaces near Coleman bridge suffer from weather.

In essence, pursuing sustainability along Singapore’s riverfront places architectural preservation in some jeopardy. Achieving both priorities relies on thoughtful strategy balancing ingenuity with heritage continuity through a nuanced 40

green and adaptive model valuing cultural identity as environmentalism. Compromise and care for these unique historic neighborhoods’ fabric and stories can support their revival.

4.3.2. Impact on the Local Community and Tourism The impact of present sustainability efforts on the local populace and visitor economies surrounding Boat Quay and Clarke Quay merits attention given the areas’ deep ties to Singaporean identity. As iconic historic districts, balancing heritage continuity with environmental progress directly shapes cultural and economic outcomes. Enacting sensitive sustainability policies enables preserving tangible heritage assets that anchor community pride and memory like the distinctive shophouse rows (Kiang, 2000). Maintaining authentic character through ecoconscious renewal sustains cultural touchstones strengthening locality affiliation. Adaptive reuse marrying conservation and sustainability also respectfully activates community spaces for creative enterprise and heritage showcasing. Additionally, green initiatives like pollution mitigation, nature restoration and biodiversity enhancements increase eco-conscious recreation options. These improve inhabitability and wellbeing for residents by uplifting aesthetics and livability alongside historical identity. They also attest to proactive environmental custodianship. For tourism, Environmental sustainability plays a crucial role in enhancing the unique appeal of waterfronts for tourism. At the same time, it enriches the overall experience of visitors. The integration of a dynamic nightlife scene with heritage-rich streetscapes makes these districts more appealing and considerate. Maintaining the unique character of these areas is particularly effective, as heritage 41

enthusiasts and environmentally conscious tourists are emerging as key market segments (Keyvanfar et. Al., 2018). Developing with an emphasis on environmental sustainability not only boosts competitive standing but also communicates values that align with evolving preferences, appealing to a wider range of demographics. Economic gains may also arise as sustainability schemes increase area investment viability and appeal. If communities concurrently feel culturally anchored, they may back policies strengthening community integrity through sustaining heritage assets entwinement with neighborhood life. This enables the transmitting of knowledge across generations. As Keyvanfar (2018) stated, when we assess the factors of tourism attractions, we will always consider environmental factors with other social, cultural, and economical factors, as their interaction and impacts to each other, all contribute to a successful historic waterfront (see figure 27).

Figure 27: Factors of Historic waterfront contributing to attractive tourism (source: Keyvanfar et. Al., 2018). In essence, synchronization of sustainability with historic urban identity makes cultural sustainability exemplars at both quays. Sensitive alignment of ecological responsibility with heritage and community service can positively

transform these locales through ethical growth, as Prof Zhang Ye (2023) also explained in a research interview. Obviously, fusing past richness with future fitness, studying the impacts of environmental sustainability on future waterfronts will also need to take other social, economic, and cultural factors into consideration.

CHAPTER 5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 5.1.

Recap of the Research Findings This research explored the impacts of environmental sustainability on famed

historic districts continuity by scrutinizing Singapore's Boat Quay and Clarke Quay as emblematic case studies. Several conclusions emerged on reconciling heritage preservation with environmental sustainability based on comprehensive literature reviews, field analyses and qualitative interviews. Foremost, interdependency links between conserving historic waterfronts and advancing sustainability requirements have been identified. Environmental sustainability can be enhanced through regulating waterfront car-light environment and reducing embodied carbon in the whole life of restored structures. However, analysis also uncovers ongoing tensions between development pressures and preservation needs, alongside environmental sustainability solutions potentially conflicting with economic and cultural aspects. Hence achieving truly sustainable historic waterfront districts not only needs to understand their interactive relationships, but also needs joint efforts from both public and private stakeholders. Fundamentally, the research has uncovered the impacts of environmental sustainability on different aspects of future historic waterfronts. It provides practical direction for policymakers and theorists in the future development of historic waterfront.

5.2.

Reflection on the Research Objectives and Questions The primary objective of this research was to explore the influence of

contemporary environmental sustainability practices on the future of historic waterfronts, with a particular focus on Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River. Through a joint method of qualitative review, field survey, document research, objectives of the study have been achieved, and the questions posed at the outset have been thoroughly answered, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Firstly, the research has successfully examined the transformation of these quays, highlighting their journey from neglected areas to vibrant centers. The study effectively evaluates their sustainability progress, shedding light on future challenges and opportunities, and providing valuable insights for policymakers and planners. Secondly, the research has adeptly identified the challenges in implementing sustainability in historic waterfronts and explored the potential opportunities. It has balanced the aspects of preservation with modernization, offering innovative approaches for sustainable urban planning and community involvement. Thirdly, the research has comprehensively explored how environmental sustainability will shape the future of historic waterfronts, with a focus on Boat Quay and Clarke Quay. It has provided a nuanced understanding of the relationship between sustainability practices and historic preservation, offering actionable recommendations for sustainable development.

5.3

Limitations of the Study and Potential Future Improvements This research focusses more on impacts of environmental sustainability

along Singapore River, especially Boat Quay and Clarke Quay. Various inherent constraints have been noticed including its research method and case selection. Identifying these constraints will allow future studies to cover the shortage. Primarily, concentrating on just Boat Quay and Clarke Quay cannot encapsulate the complete range of challenges and opportunities that global historic waterfronts and port zones facing now. Idiosyncratic factors like architectural styles, community identities and climate risks will be different for San Antonio, London, or other waterfronts with unique contexts (Winesett, 2020). Compared with other cases can hence uncover further generalized or location specific insights. In that case, the universality of this research and its findings still need to enhance to provide better reference for policymakers and other stakeholders. Additionally, even though adopting the comprehensive research method with qualitative interviews, surveys and literature reviews has contributed to the understanding of research topics, it is less persuasive without data driven. This leaves gaps for future to integrate data driven method into the research. That part can be fused with cultural ethnography, data science projection and numerical model analysis. With a mixture of qualitative sentiment with quantitative patterns, the research can be more complete and more persuasive. Furthermore, this research concentrates more on the nexus of environmental sustainability and historic conservation while the other factors like urban growth strains, tourism overcrowding, and funding constraints are not equally evaluated. Adopting multi-disciplinary lenses including design, culture and policy aspects will provide comprehensive understanding of impacts on historic waterfronts. 46

5.4

Significance of the Study This research reveals that environmental sustainability will bring impacts to

future historic waterfronts in many ways, including their local community, tourist industry and also their inherent heritage values. Basically, waterfronts like Boat Quay and Clarke Quay with historical and cultural values must be preserved and developed in order to remain their heritage values for future generations. By analysing current sustainability measures, this research reveals both challenges and opportunities in enhancing future sustainability strategies. The study enhances theoretical understanding in the fields of environmental sustainability, historic preservation, and urban development, specifically in the context of historic waterfronts. It achieves this by examining sustainable practices, guidelines for preserving environmental and cultural heritage, and the role of community involvement. The research successfully meets its goals, highlighting the impact of environmental sustainability on historic waterfront areas. It offers practical guidance and applications for the sustainable management and development of historic waterfronts, urging policymakers and stakeholders to support sustainable historical preservation. Future research is suggested to explore different historic waterfronts and additional aspects of sustainability, furthering the goals of historic preservation and environmental sustainability.

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APPENDICES Appendix-1 Interviewee: Prof. Zhang Ye Description: Professor Zhang Ye is currently an associate professor in the Department of Architecture at the National University of Singapore. Renowned for his profound and unique insights, he possesses extensive expertise in urban planning and sustainability. Date: 23 Oct 2023 Location: SDE4, National University of Singapore Original Language: Chinese Interviewer: Dou Jiande (Author) (Q):

Can you briefly talk about the historical development of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River?

(Zhang): The Singapore River has indeed undergone significant transformation. In the 1980s, it served as a prominent landmark and a hub for trade and transport. However, over time, these trade activities diminished, leading to environmental degradation, including river pollution. The historic shophouses along the river were also not well-preserved, repurposed as warehouses or for other uses. Subsequently, the Singapore government, aiming to boost the economy here, initiated river cleanup efforts. Then, they designed a leisure and entertainment precinct along the waterfront, primarily intended for tourism development.

(Q):

For both historic waterfront areas, what are the major strategies/measurements that have been implemented to meet environmental sustainability demands?

(Zhang): Sustainability within the environment is a multifaceted topic, based on the specific focal points addressed. From a landscaping perspective, both banks of the Singapore River have been designed a highly pleasant promenade system, seamlessly integrated with the urban green network. Moreover, it embodies a cultural element—cultural identity. The place represents historical memories for individuals who have inhabited these spaces, showcased historical epochs, and witnessed the influx of new developmental projects.

(Q):

Do you think the conserved historic waterfronts meet the performative standard of current environmental sustainability?

(Zhang): The issue of standards is actually a complex topic where some are included, while others may not be. For instance, energy consumption, carbon emissions, and solar energy usage have certain standards and requirements. Is your electricity consumption within a specific range, meeting the current government standards? Additionally, we need to consider the reasons behind these standards. Why are these standards established? Where do they originate from? In cases where standards are not met, what measures are taken, and what impacts do these measures have? All of these factors will affect the assessment of these measures. There are certain standards in Singapore. For example, the use of solar

energy in the National University of Singapore, with the use of solar panels. Then what are the advantages and disadvantages? You can also consider the feedback from the students, and then think about what the standard means, what it takes to achieve it, and how much it costs.

(Q):

In your opinion, did these implemented measures cause any impacts to the historic waterfront environment? Are these impacts positive or negative?

(Zhang): Regarding these two docks, reducing car usage by the pedestrian environment is an indisputable point. However, for example, the weekend road closures, what exactly do they mean? Is it primarily about reducing energy consumption or only serving more as an educational measure? Furthermore, after closures, there is an increase in foot traffic, allowing for many other activities. These changes and their impacts are worth discussing.

(Q):

For quays, how can the goals of environmental sustainability align with the goals of historic waterfront preservation? What are the connections between them? Any conflicts?

(Zhang): I think this issue needs to consider the stakeholders. For example, noise in the desert may not be considered pollution. Similarly, in the case of these two docks, because restaurants and bars generate significant noise, who is the target audience? The production of such noise might benefit some individuals; businesses could make more profit, and visitors might have a better experience. Who might be adversely

affected? For instance, in Robertson Quay, there might be considerable controversy, especially as property prices and residential expectations are high in that area. This involves balancing the interests of both parties. However, at Boat Quay, for the office-going crowd, they might not be around in the evenings or may close their windows, so they may not be significantly impacted. Currently, there are also few residents in the vicinity, so the noise might not have a substantial effect. In summary, to address specific conflict issues, we need to set discussions in specific groups.

(Q):

How do you think the incorporation of community participation and sustainable practices in the historic waterfront preservation? What specific initiatives or approaches would you suggest ensuring a balance between community participation, sustainable development, and the historic waterfront preservation?

(Zhang): Yes, community participation is crucial when undertaking urban regeneration projects. It's not about simply presenting a plan to them but actively engaging them in the planning process, and continuously updating it. Often, their involvement brings fresh ideas, injecting new vitality into the project.

(Q):

For both quays along Singapore river, are there any unique environmental challenges or opportunities?

(Zhang): I think the issue of environmental sustainability should be elevated to a higher level. Local residents might face challenges in adapting their

business models, especially with the emergence of information technology. It might not just be a traditional process; with the introduction of artificial intelligence, what kind of turning point will it bring?

(Q):

Finally, any advice would you offer to policymakers, urban planners who are working to enhance the environmental sustainability of both historic waterfronts?

(Zhang): I think it's crucial to consider the policy framework in the research. This includes the concept of business improvement district, encompassing issues such as industrial clustering effects and geographical advantages. And as for the management of shophouses, whether governmental or private, also should not be overlooked. Within a commercial context, the pedestrian system design effectively reduces car dependency, and the conversion of shophouses into commercial spaces also contributes positively to the environment.

Elements

green

pathways,

pedestrian-friendly

environments, and riverfront management are all underpinned by a commercial context.

(Noted: all interviews were conducted verbally, and transcribed later)

Appendix-2 Interviewee: Mr. Shao Yong Description: Mr. Saho Yong, currently holding the position of Associate Director in the RSP Master Planning Department, is recognized for his in-depth understanding and knowledge of Singapore's urban planning. His expertise in this field is widely acknowledged and respected. Date: 22 Oct 2023 Location: RSP office Original Language: Chinese Interviewer: Dou Jiande (Author) (Q):

Can you briefly talk about the historical development of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River?

(Shao): Boat Quay and Clarke Quay are historic areas along the Singapore River. Boat Quay, established in the early 19th century, became the center of Singapore's trade and shipping. Clarke Quay, developed into a commercial hub with warehouses and trade activities. With the decline of river-based trade, both areas have transformed into popular dining and entertainment districts, maintaining some historic elements while adapting to modern urban needs.

(Q):

For both historic waterfront areas, what are the major strategies/measurements that have been implemented to meet environmental sustainability demands?

(Shao): As said, these two areas have a very important role in the history and

urban development of Singapore, especially the Clarke Quay. Initially, Clarke Quay functioned as the primary dock warehouse and cargo storage site. In the urban regeneration projects, it added both passive and active facilities, and partially enclosed the original neighbourhood. Its design offers protection against adverse weather conditions, serving as a shelter against wind and rain and effectively moderating the internal temperature. Gradually, it has evolved into a prominent tourist hotspot in Singapore.

(Q):

Do you think the conserved historic waterfronts meet the performative standard of current environmental sustainability?

(Shao):

Actually, I think fits nicely with today's environmental sustainability standards, primarily in three aspects. Firstly, it effectively oversees urban expansion, safeguarding the neighbouring cityscape and mitigating any detrimental effects on the cherished historic waterfront locale. Secondly, it improves the initial functions by combining commercial interests with structural enhancements, safeguarding the entire waterfront while enhancing the city's overall aesthetic appeal. Thirdly, it brings about a notable environmental transformation, attracting more people and infusing the area with a livelier atmosphere.

(Q):

In your opinion, did these implemented measures cause any impacts to the historic waterfront environment? Are these impacts positive or negative?

(Shao): Of course, in general, the situation appears quite positive. Every aspect

has its positives and negatives, yet considering Singapore's historical waterfront context, their approach to planning and executing actions seems notably proactive. They've managed to reduce pollution, clean up the Singapore River, and maintain the historical integrity of these areas. The renovations and preservation efforts have undoubtedly enhanced the appeal of these areas. They attract more people and also boost economic activity.

(Q):

For quays, how can the goals of environmental sustainability align with the goals of historic waterfront preservation? What are the connections between them? Any conflicts?

(Shao): In the long run, the goals of environmental sustainability align with conservation

objectives.

Environmental

sustainability

and

the

conservation of historical waterfronts complement and synergize each other. Changes in the environment will inevitably impact waterfront preservation, including whether environmental sustainability can be achieved during the preservation process? How to retrofit historic structures with contemporary green features without compromising their authenticity? These challenges and contradictions need consideration. Balancing these goals often involves careful planning and innovative approaches to harmonize preservation and sustainability.

(Q):

In the long time, any further sustainability measures are recommended? If integrated into their future development, any potential impacts?

(Shao):

Sure, in urban regeneration, we need to introduce ecological and conservation concepts, incorporating the principles of the three Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) into future development. It's about keeping up with the existing methods while creating this closed-loop system where both ecological and industrial growth can work together. So, it's like balancing the need for development with eco-friendly practices to make sure we're not just growing industrially but also being mindful of our environmental impact. It's all about achieving that balance for a sustainable future.

(Q):

For both quays along Singapore river, are there any unique environmental challenges or opportunities?

(Shao): Certainly! The activities of people and commercial development tend to cause some environmental adjustments. However, the introduction of sustainable

development

measures

also

presents

numerous

opportunities. For instance, by introducing nature-friendly tourism or initiating eco-awareness programs, we can also attract more people, and enhance environmental consciousness among the public. Moreover, when we use recycled materials in projects aimed at reviving these historic areas, we're essentially blending environmental preservation with modern practices, creating a fantastic model for sustainable development.

(Q):

Finally, any advice would you offer to policymakers, urban planners who are working to enhance the environmental sustainability of

both historic waterfronts? (Shao): In simple terms, it's about continuing to bolster environmental sustainability and preserve historic sites. Imagine incorporating green initiatives that harness renewable energy sources or employing ecofriendly materials in the refurbishment of historical buildings. It's all about

finding

that

delicate

balance—welcoming

commercial

advancements while respecting the rich historical essence. The goal is to create a harmonious blend, where progress seamlessly intertwines with preservation, resulting in a thriving environment that respects its past while embracing the future.

(Noted: all interviews were conducted verbally, and transcribed later)

Appendix-3 Interviewee: Ms. Zhao Xiuling Description: Ms. Zhao Xiuling, who was a visiting scholar at the National University of Singapore, has spent many years working in planning and architectural field. She is currently dedicated to research in planning and architecture specific to Singapore. Date: 22 Oct 2023 Location: NUS University Town Original Language: Chinese Interviewer: Dou Jiande (Author) (Q):

Can you briefly talk about the historical development of Boat Quay and Clarke Quay along the Singapore River?

(Zhao):

These two docks were initially developed along the Singapore River to meet commercial needs. Over time, with the economy and business expansion, and Singapore's land reclamation efforts, these docks evolved from commercial hubs into spaces for leisure and entertainment. The areas surrounding the docks transitioned from warehousing and transportation to dining and entertainment spaces. Through Singapore's decade-long initiative in cleaning and revitalizing the Singapore River during its early nation-building phase, and subsequent deeper integration and efforts in creating comfortable and inviting spaces, this area has become a significant site, akin to Singapore's 'mother river', embodying the historical development of Singapore.

(Q):

For both historic waterfront areas, what are the major strategies/measurements that have been implemented to meet environmental sustainability demands?

(Zhao):

I have a personal experience with the eco-conscious enhancements at Clarke Quay around 2007, right after its significant renovation. Given Singapore's perpetually warm and rainy climate, the redesign incorporated umbrella-like structures complemented by numerous air vents on their supporting pillars. This thoughtful addition effectively provided shade and a refreshing breeze, ensuring a comfortable outdoor environment throughout the day. It ingeniously retained the original ambiance while resolving outdoor comfort issues. Especially in the evenings, the riverside ambiance, coupled with delectable dining options and breathtaking sunsets, made it an exceptionally pleasant experience. It's no surprise that this revamped space gained immense popularity.

(Q):

Do you think the conserved historic waterfronts meet the performative standard of current environmental sustainability?

(Zhao): Indeed, preserving architecture along the riverbanks adds an endless charm, invoking memories of Singapore River's historical significance. Revitalizing and regenerating these preserved structures enhance these spaces to better align with the lifestyle and needs of modern-day individuals. Sustainability extends beyond energy conservation; it encompasses preserving the essence of spaces and continuing their historical narratives. This is akin to the adaptation of organisms to their environment. When architectural

elements within urban spaces display adaptive flexibility with changing times, it signifies the vitality of that space, imbuing it with a certain life force, hence contributing to its sustainability.

(Q):

In your opinion, did these implemented measures cause any impacts to the historic waterfront environment? Are these impacts positive or negative?

(Zhao):

When Singapore redevelops these historic areas, to a certain extent, it does preserve the memories of history. However, compromises in space for many new technologies are unavoidable. In my view, as long as the essential characteristics of the space are retained and the historical memory of these places continues, the goal is achieved. Our generation has keenly felt experienced the rapid pace of technological development. Sometimes, we just need these historical spaces to offer us a sense of serene, and that's enough. The fusion of technology and historical spaces is necessary; it's not about positive or negative, but about adaptability. Sometimes, we, as individuals within these spaces, are part of that adaptability.

(Q):

For both quays, how can the goals of environmental sustainability align with the goals of historic waterfront preservation? What are the connections between them? Any conflicts?

(Zhao):

The sustainability of the environment and the preservation of riverfront historical significance are not contradictory but rather complementary. One involves the physicality of space, the other concerns the quality of the environment. Only when both are achieved will people willingly linger in

such spaces, thereby infusing historical areas with vitality.

(Q):

In the long time, any further sustainability measures are recommended? If integrated into their future development, any potential impacts?

(Zhao): In the long run, any living space requires two primary factors: physical space and people. Sustainable strategies addressing both the physical space and human activities are crucial. Architects or planners often focus heavily on spatial aspects, yet that alone is insufficient. Vibrant spaces aren't just about aesthetics; they rely on inherent allure, demanding exploration of greater potential and diverse perspectives. Interdisciplinary integration is essential to shape genuinely dynamic spaces, representing true sustainability.

(Q):

For both quays along Singapore river, are there any unique environmental challenges or opportunities?

(Zhao):

From a spatial perspective, both quays and the surrounding buildings have their unique characteristics. Presently, these two quays also exhibit different environmental styles: one tranquil, the other bustling; one spacious, the other clustered. Personally, I believe planning more greenery could transform them back from initial commercial docks into a more natural setting.

(Q):

Finally, any advice would you offer to policymakers, urban planners who are working to enhance the environmental sustainability of both historic waterfronts?

(Zhao):

Singapore is moving towards a vision of “a city in nature”, which is the optimal way to reconnect with the natural environment. As these two docks have fulfilled their original purposes, transforming them into more inviting spaces aligned with nature becomes pivotal. Integrating the unique historical areas and architecture around them, this waterfront space will bridge the Marina Bay and the inner-city zones, serving as a unifying element within the entire district.

(Noted: all interviews were conducted verbally, and transcribed later)