NUS LANDSCAPE: GROW HEBBAL by NUS Department of Architecture

Grow Hebbal

A Community-Based Design Studio in Hebbal, Bangalore, India Envisioning Productive Urban Landscapes

Master of Landscape Architecture Programme Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 www.arch.nus.sg Editor Jessica Ann Diehl akijac@nus.edu.sg

ISBN: 978-981-11-9079-7 © Individual Contributors, 2018 As a studio product, which is not censored, this publication may contain mistakes or deficiencies. Editor and contributors do not warrant or assume any legal responsibility for the publication’s contents. All opinions expressed in the book are of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National University of Singapore.

Studio Tutor Jessica Ann Diehl Studio Team Nur Azilla Bte Nazli Gao Chenchen Wang Hanfeng Fan Lei Helen Kong Lingchang, Charlie Xu Linxin Yong Keng-Whye, Raymond Yao Haomu, Ryan Lam Si Yun Swan Kuan Wai Tuck Victor Liu Xiaolei, Carrie Xu Yuexin Wang Zhe, Zoe

introduction

Disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems (water, agriculture, flora and fauna) resulting from rapid urbanization have detrimental impacts on the health and wellbeing of urban citizens; particularly disadvantaged social groups. This studio developed an appreciation for design skills in landscape architecture within the city-scale context of Bangalore, one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in India. Greater Bangalore is the administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial, and knowledge capital of the state of Karnataka. It is currently the fifth largest metropolis in India with a population of about 7 million, with a population density that increased from 10,732 to 13,392 persons per sq. km between 2001 and 2011. Rapid urbanization pushes urban infrastructure to its limits and often causes increased social inequity, but there is also increasing pressure on rural landscapes to supply the city with resources and food. This studio focused on designing productive urban landscapes—multifunctional landscapes that grow food in the city. The site selected for the design intervention was a typical, unplanned formal settlement in Hebbal district. A residential and mixeduse neighborhood, Hebbal supports a diverse population in terms of income, education, and religion. The physical environment lacks adequate waste treatment, which has severely polluted the channelized canal that runs through the center of the neighborhood. Students travelled to the site early February to conduct fieldwork. Through a community-engaged process, new design strategies were developed that integrate productive landscapes into the built, ecological and social urban systems with the aim of envisioning better work, live, and play environments. The students considered interdisciplinary requirements from planning guidelines, architecture design, engineering limitations; and developed an understanding of existing natural land and urban systems. Through the project site, they faced complex urban design issues in order to derive innovative design solutions using principles of ecology and sustainability.

timeline Project Introduction 15 Jan

Site Analysis Pin-up 29 Jan

Precedent Pin-up 22 Jan Site Investigation Jan-Feb

Seminar 01 Urbanization

Seminar 02 Urban agriculture

Seminar 03 Community-based participatory design (CBPD)

Community Findings Pin-up 19 Feb

Concept Pin-Up 12 Mar

Site Visit 3-12 Feb

CBPD Workshop 29 Jan

Visioning & Goalsetting Workshop 19 Feb

Final Design Presentation 23 Apr

Table of Contents 1 9 21 35 41 51 61 65

Site Context Physical Conditions Ecology & Natural Environment Culture & Demography Landscape quality community engagement Synthesis proposals

Site context

Hebbal Bangalore

Bangalore

Hebbal

Physical Conditions

Bangalore land use Bangalore, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. The city contains two urban settlements--City and Cantonment--which had developed as independent entities that merged into a single urban centre in 1949. Bangalore is also known as the “Silicon Valley of India” because of its role as the nation’s leading information technology (IT) exporter. Though highly developed, Bangalore is mostly filled with residential and agricultural land use. However, these agricultural plots are concentrated at the outskirt of the city while the residential zones are situated evenly around the city. The “Old Petta,” the historic heart of the city, constitutes an essential centre for wholesale and retail activities. The northeastern part of the city forms the second commercial hub in the Cantonment area. The southeastern zone is planned as the IT hub, with residential housing and large public and private software and IT enterprises. Developments situated at the northsouth axis are households for families who engage in trade and business. The series of maps provided serves as an analysis of how different zoning areas--from Bangalore to Hebbal-alter according to scale. The seggregation of zoning analysis gives an understanding of how Hebbal as a district functions and contributes to the larger city context. This allows for evaluation of planning rational and issues that influence existing site assets and constraints.

road and transportation condition The road network in Bangalore has a star-like structure where all the major roads converge on the centre of the city. The absence of transverse roads and lack of public transportation leads to severe congestion in the city’s core. Conflict: The relatively small addition of road space compared with the intensive spatial expansion of the city. There are 11 main markets in Bangalore and most of them are within 30 minutes driving distance under normal traffic flow.

urbanisation history

District 7 land use Hebbal is located in District 7. The planning of District 7 has a relatively silimar percentage of residential, industrial, commercial, and transportation zones as compared to the zoning of Bangalore. However, there is a drastic increase in the percentage of public and semi-public development, with a steep drop in agricultural land use. This phenomenon signifies that District 7 is highly urbanised, serving as an essential political and institutional hub with little trace of rural activities. Hebbal is located in the southwestern zone of District 7, dedicated as a residential town and houses pharmaceutical and medical institutes. Furthermore, Hebbal flyover, the first highway that leads into Bangalore, influenced the development planning to cater to international corporations and automobile companies. Hebbal is also situated closely to Karnataka’s agricultural and poultry institutions that specialise in high-tech modified seeds, fisheries, and veterinary practices. Thus, with the high influx of educators, researchers, and business professionals, Hebbal is currently known as a residential stop for these professions.

hebbal land use

TRAnsportation number of vehicles

Mode of transportation

Bus stops are concentrated along the highway on the west edge of Hebbal. There are only 7 bus stops within Hebbal district, making it isolated.

Hebbal has fewer, but more frequent routes from east to west, whereas it has more routes with less frequency from north to south. This indicates that the bus services do not meet demand.

bus stops

bus routes

Hebbal is located near the Hebbal Flyover, which serves as the main route linking the city to the airport. It is positioned as a gateway between the city and the rural surrounding areas. Traffic jams are a common condition. The number of vehicles in Bangalore has increased steadily and is more than 3.128 million (1 lakh = 100,000). The most common mode of transportation is bus and two-wheelers. There has been a considerable rise in the number of two-wheelers, which constitute about 71% of registered motor vehicles.

trend in vehicular growth

Transportation map

Hebbal site

environmental pollution The pollution in Hebbal is mainly from domestic waste, not chemical pollution. There are five levels of pollution based on the size of the area. The pollution concentrates in certain locations with a high degree in and around the river. Pollution is also found along the secondary roads, with the least pollution found along the main roads; 30% of green spaces are polluted.

vehicles registered in bangalore

vehicular circulation Vehicular circulation is inefficient and has some problems: The main circulation route is incomplete and the secondary circulation is disconnected. There are many dead-end roads. These problems lead to high traffic congession, particularly at intersections between primary and secondary roads.

physical condition of zone 1 Zone 1 has an overall better physical condition than the other zones. However, it still has high contrasts in physical areas. One area might have a very good environmental condition: have tidy, clean, well-shaded streets with new buildings. Whereas, another area might have dense aging buildings, narrow roads, more trash and a polluted canal. Both areas have high and low income residents.

zone 1 map

3 - area in poor condition (slum)

2 - area in good condition

1 - main street 4 - area in poor condition (canal)

Food Types

Road width

Food sources are abundant, provided by cartwheel sellers, markets and eateries. These provide a wide range of foods catering to different dietary needs. However, they are situated mostly along the main roads, which affect traffic conditions by occupying the streetscape, pathways and conjunction points. There is a gap in food sources in the centre of this zone mainly due to poor road circulation, though a few cartwheel sellers transport their products through the alleys to increase their sales.

The road condition is related to the housing condition; the lower income areas tend to have narrower road width. Roads also tend to narrow closer to the canal. Road use and road dimensions are mismatched, resulting in conjestion.

Road width

Food density

This map shows the concentration of food types catering to different preferences (veg and non-veg); indicating variation in dietary needs. Areas with fewer fresh food markets have more restaruants. Although fresh fruits and vegetables are evenly distributed throughout the area, fresh meat is available only in one area (in the southwest portion of the map).

The road condition generally matches the community condition and road width. For narrow roads, the concrete pavement is usually not properly maintained. Some new roads are narrow but are paved in asphalt and so of better condition.

Road material

Ecology & Natural Environment

Water and Climate Macro Climate Many of today’s most pressing environmental problems—water and air pollution, biodiversity loss, invasive species spread, climate change— impact ecological systems at local to global scales. Understanding and addressing these problems thus requires perspectives that consider interactions between physical and biological processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Our team research in this area focuses on effects of human activities on ecosystem processes, native and exotic species distributions; maintaining habitat requirements and landscape connectivity for native species in human-dominated landscapes; influence of terrestrial

Water System ecosystems on water quality; and effects of multiple environmental India scale - Bangalore scale stressors (e.g., air pollution, climate change, fragmentation) on River basin of India ecosystem function. Our research in the areas of ecosystem and landscape ecology integrates approaches and tools would include field sampling, the use of GIS, relevant online sources, articles, agency reports and precedent projects. A primary objective of our research and investigation is to enhance the management of and provisioning of ecosystem services within a landscape & community based context.

Penner River Basin Ponnaiyer River Basin Bangalore Cauvery River Basin

Watershed of Greater Bangalore

SUBCATCHMENT HEBBAL

Water issues in valley scale

Watershed Catchment of Bangalore Urban Hebbal Valley

Flood affected areas with streams

Flood affected areas with impervious surfaces

Kormangala-Challaghatta Valley Vrishabhavathy Valley

Flood zone - red indicates more flooding

Flood affected areas with slopes 23

Water and Climate Water System

Water system and water condition in site scale 1- Water points for water samples 2- Drainage system and flow direction

upstream ---> downstream

3- Topography with 2 meters interval

LP LP HP

Water system Water movement: water sources / water usage / sewage water

Control Group

Drinkable Water

Canal

Urbanization and Landscape Change

Flora & Fauna AGRICULTURE CROPS SUGAR CROPS Extraction of sugar

A. Fruit Trees JACKFRUIT _ Artocarpus heterophyllus

Sugarcane

Tapioca MANGO _ Mangifera

BULB VEGES Main edible part of these vegetables is their bulb

Garlic

Onion

COCONUT _ Coco nucifera

SPICES substance used to flavour food Coriander

Cumin

B. Potted plants MONEY PLANT _ Epipremnum aureum

Fennel

CASH CROPS Produced for its commercial value Cardamom TUBERS & RHIZOMES Growing horizontal underground stem

INDIAN BORAGE _ Mexican Mint

Cashew

TULSI (Holy Basil) _ Ocimum tenuiflorum

Colocasia

Tumeric

Potato

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS _ Hibiscus / Rose / Jasmine /

CEREAL edible starchy seeds Barley (Jau)

Paddy (Dhan)

Wheat (Gehon)

COLE CROPS Various plants belonging to the Cruciferae ROOT VEGES grows under the ground

Cabbage

Carrots

FRUIT VEGES

Cauliflower

Radish

Ladyfinger (Bhendi) Eggplant (Brinjal

CUCURBITS Plant of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae)

Ash Gourd (Petha)

Chinese Cabbage

Sweet Potato

Capsicum

Pumpkin

Knol Khol

Chillies

Ridge Gourd

Tomato

Bottle Gourd

Cucumber

Snake Gourd

Musk Melon

Bitter Gourd

Pointed Gourd (Parwal)

Watermelon

Crop Calendar

Flora & Fauna

Ecology Quality Matric of Green Space

Legend

Rural to Urban Transect

typologies of Green space density

4 Nursery

5 Residential

10 Street Trees

Vacant Land

27 green spaces are selected strategically based on the amount of density of the green spaces in Hebbal. The green spaces represent a range of landscape typologies.

Types

Results

Institution: Archarya Institute of Health Science

Graveyard

11 Street Trees

Residential / Open Space

Residential + Commercial + Open Space

Street Trees

Vacant Land

School

Residential + Open Space

19 Residential + Street Trees

Street Trees

15 Street Trees

20 Street Trees

Street Trees

16 Street Trees

21 Street Trees

Street Trees

Residential + Street Trees

22 Street Trees

Street Trees

Commercial _ Car Garage

23 Street Trees

Culture & Demography

demographics

Population, density and Growth

Population density, 2011

The population grew from 1.6 million in 1971 to 4.1 million in 1991, and 9.6 milliom in 2011. Over the past decase, the city’s population has grown more than 40%. In-migration accounts for the majority of the population growth. The primary driver is work opportunities. (Source: Census of India).

Age and Sex Distribution

Population, 2011

Population Distribution by Age and Sex in Bangalore, 2011 Ratio of females per 1,000 males (2011): Bangalore: 916; Hebbal: 954

Population Growth in Bangalore, 1981-2001 36

The skewed sex ratio is a small indicator of the inequality in nutritional access for women and young girls. It is also impacted by in-migration of men for work and societal preference for male children.

Literacy and Education

Bangalore is known for its high quality education and high literacy rate of 88%, as compared to the state average of 67%.

age distribution (Bangalore), 2011

More than half the population in Bangalore is under the age of 30--and a quarter are in their 20s. This means Bangalore is a young city.

Poverty and Deprivation (2011) The per capita urban poverty line in Karnatake is INR 1,373. The 2011-2012 urban poverty rate was 21.9%. Affordable and safe food is crucial for people to survive on limited incomes.

Distribution of Workers by Age and Sex in Bangalore, 2011

religion Religious map of India, 1987

States denote significant minorities only.

The Indian Constitution confers religious freedom for individuals and prohibits religious discrimination. But, despite this, there have been enduring tensions--and occasional conflict--among religious communities.

Potential interaction among religious groups in Hebbal

conflict

Food intake & Hunger Global hunger Index

religious eating habbits

According to the Global Hunger Index released by the International Food Policy Research Institute, India’s hunger index ranks 15th in the world. The Global Hunger Index calculates hunger levels based on three factors: the number of malnurished people in the country, the proportion of underweight children, and child mortality.

Hindus do not eat beef. Muslims and high caste Hindus do not eat pork. Indian beef is cheaper than lamb, which tends to be the most expensive meat. Devout Hindus and Buddhists are vegetarians. Jains are very strict vegetarians; they do not eat eggs, but do drink milk and eat butter. About half of the Indian population is vegetarian.

Landscape Quality

Typical street life in Hebbal Zone 1: Intersections at Block 1-4 as observed by Carrie, Victor, and Helen Community Engagement

Zone 2: Blocks 2-13 as observed by Yuexin and Swan Neighborhood daily chores

Zone 3: blocks 3-5 as observed by chenchen and Hanfeng Residents’ life at the edge

Zone 4: blocks 3-4 as observed by linxin and lingchang Religious activities and daily routine

Zone 1: Blocks 5-10 as observed by azilla and raymond Livelihoods of urban slum residents

Zone 6: Blocks 5-9 as observed by Zoe and Raymond The environment and people

city scale aesthetic analysis bangalore landmarks

Bangalore Palace

Vidana Soudha

Most of bangalore’s landmarks are the heritages of the British’s colonization history, and now serve as museum or holding music concerts. Some of them are still used as goverment agency.This places provide space for gathering people and attract a lot of visitors.

Hebbal Lake Lumbini Gardens Sankey tank Ulsoor Lake Cubbon Park

MN Krishna Rao Park Karnataka High Court

Tipu Sultan’s Palace

The city’s gentle climate, broad streets, greenery and the presence of many public parks like Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park has earned the city the name of ‘India’s garden city’. St. Mark’s Cathedral

Bellandur Lake

bangalore parks & lakes Lalbagh Botanical Garden

Masjid-e-Khadria

bangalore cbd

There are three main religion brives in Bangalore, the Hinduism, which has the most population, the Islam and Christianity.

St. Mary's Basilica ISKCON Temple

Jamia Masjid Kote Venkataramana Temple

bangalore temples

Dodda Ganesha Temple

Kempfort Shiva Temple

Bull Temple

Shree Surya Narayan Swamy Temple

UB City is the biggest luxury commercial property project in Bangalore, India.Centrally located in the CBD (Central Business District), on the corner of Kasturba road and Vittal Mallya Road, it is just 1.8 km away from M.G. Road / Brigade road junction. 44

UB City

green space

Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan

Died in 1799

Overlapped of locations of material and natural resources indicates a phenomenon that these places mostly locate in the green space. This means that green spaces need to support not only ecological function but also social activities; green space should be multi-functional.

148 years

Wodeyars and British East India

Indian independence in August, 1947

hindu temples

78.87%

Halasuru Someshwara Temple, It is the oldest temple in the city and dates back to the Chola period. Irrespective of when the initial consecration took place, art historian George Michell believes there were major additions or modifications during the late Vijayanagara Empire period, during the rule of Hiriya Kempe Gowda II.

Water body Green space

Hebbal

Site

islamic mosques

13.90%

Masjid-e-Khadriya is made using Islamic architecture with geometric patterns and surrounded by gardens with fountains. One can see pointed arches and onion shaped domes with a grand arch in the opening gate of this masjid. This grand arch is rectangular in shape and adorned with calligraphy. On All 4 sides at the end of the masjid are high minars. Beautiful landscaping has been done on broad pathways that start from the grand arch leading up to the complex.

M.N. Krishna Rao Park

Vivekananda park Sri Ramachandrapura Math

Looking back to the bangalore's history, the British influence is apparent in Bangalore's city scape. The geometric radial street patten reflects the typical characteristic of England garden. Religion plays a prominant role in India’s culture context, and also contributes to the current unique urban pattern: The temple or the garden will locate in the center of the district, and the road will be spread out in radial pattern, and usully park and temple are combined with each other. As a result, the temples which are the symbol of religion become part of street scape that people can see it from all the district.

christian churches

5.61%

The church of St. Mary’s at Blackpally became a parish and was elevated to the status of minor basilica in 1973 through an order by Pope Paul VI (The church was the sixth church in India to be elevated to this status). Stained glass windows and multiple columns with a rich Corinthian capital support the stately arches of the Church.

Eidgah & Masjid

Streetscape spatial analysis zone 4: 1st Main Road (Market Street)

zone 5: 6th main road (residential street)

Streetscape spatial analysis zone 4: 14th Cross Road (Mixed Street)

Building Height Analysis

Community Engagement

open space open space evaluation

open space

Urban agriculture preference by age and religion This figure shows that people from different age groups that practice different religions have different preferences for urban agriculture. We found that Hindus had more of a preference for agricultural work, while Muslims had more of a preference for farm-grow for family or farmgrow to sell. Older respondents also prefered farmgrow for family or farm-grow to sell.

driveability & walkability Driveability is a measure of trasit accessibility, calculated as the distrance to the closest stop on each route, analyzing route frequency and type. Walkability is a measure of walking routes to destinations such as grocery stores, schools, parks, restaurants and retail. Research done by the Clean Air Initiative in Asia shows that Bangalore is among the top 4 cities where roads and pavements are not fit for pedestrians. Bangalore ranks second among 15 Asian cities on the Walkability Index, scoring poorly at 46/100.

driveability factors

design quality indicators (DQI) survey

walkability factors

DQI Survey findings

OBSERVATION OF ACTIVITIES Observation questions

sequence of activities by zone

distribution of measurment indictors

daily activities in hebbal

Community Survey In total, 114 questionnaires were completed across the six zones. Results were that people usually shop for food 1-3 times per day. Most people do not have their own garden or any potted plants. Half of participants prefer to go to natural places on hot days. And the preferred way to grow food in the city was in a community garden. Although there were some common issues, there were differences among the six zones. In Zone 1, the most common issue voiced was about the drinking water shortage and air pollution. In Zone 3, the most common concern was lack of open space and issues with drinking water. In Zone 4, the biggest concern was the accummulation of trash (this zone was adjacent to the canal, where trash concentrated).

Community Survey FINDINGS

Neighborhood issue by zone

Synthesis

visioning workshop Culture & Demography 1. Hebbal developed from small villages and there are still strong social bonds and a strong community atmosphere. 2. Many vacant and underutilized spaces; potential to fill gap in lack of public gathering spaces. 3. Schools lack facilities including places for children to play safely; children play in the street.

ecology & natural environment 1. Rapid urbanization has led to severe flooding and water, soil and air pollution 2. Informal development patterns create unhygienic environment and may spread disease. 3. Inadequate water supply for consumption, severely polluted waterways, and inadequate or non-existence sewage treatment.

Landscape quality

Physical conditions

1. Streetscape is of poor quality due to lack of maintenance, poor 1. Informal and illegal construction combined with insufficient infrastructure, and inadequate vegetation; but there are many amenities, services and infrastructure pedestrians and a lot of social activity. 2. Public transportation gap: no bus or metro service 2. Lack of green space to break up hard surfaces of low-density 3. Informal and irregular food stores/sellers residential buildings 3. Building height to street width create a sense of enclosure that could have a negative effect on the pedestrian experience. 62

environmental condition

Vancant Lots

Typical Street

Polluted Canal

dwelling diversity

cultural diversity

Informal Dwellings

Proposals

food for hebbal

A Framework for a Resilient Hebbal

Self-Sufficiency Analysis

Rapid Growth

The growing population in Banglore as a city that provides a better prospect of life is putting pressure on the rural area. The increasing amount of food to feed the increasing population demands for a greater area of land for food productions.

Food Wastage Banglore is one of the biggest food producer for the world but according to a study by Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), they are currently not producing enough for their own citizens, making them vulnerable in terms of self-sufficiency.

Consumption Analysis Producing food for 9,641 residents living in 59.3 acres, equivalent of Hebbal requiring a land of 70 times more which spreads out to a 21.5 mile radius.

Household Income Analysis The rapid population growth is expected to increase significantly in the coming years as the city provides more job opportunities. This effectively impacts the rural area with the increase demand of food and land for production. The far distance between the food production and consumers further enhance the vulnerability of food security for the fellow residents. In order to aim towards a self-reliant city in Hebbal, we need be innovative in stitching productive landscapes in this built environment. The project propose to provide a framework that connects the rural and urban land while integrating existing programs with productive landscape in order to achieve a sustainable food production and consumption for the future.

Site Survey Results

Food Shed

Typical Indian Diet

nur azilla bte nazli

The goal is to maximise the yields and quality of the crops produced. The selection of plants is based on several factors including popular consumption, high market value as well as the capability to grow in the different urban agricultural method such as hydroponics. The food shed map shows area where there are food concentration. Hebbal currently has a good food network along the perimeters of the site. It was noted that the food cart sellers have routes that they took while roving around the site.

Food System improper use

exposed on cart

FOOD CART

air polution

GROCERRY STORE

contamination

Methodology

traffic jam air polution food wastage WHOLESALE MARKET

Based on the selected vegetables, their yield in pounds per 10ft of a row and the distance between row for vegetables to grow in Banglore, the average yield per 100 square feet of the vegetables is calculated. With the conversion of 1 pound equivalent to 16 ounces, which is approximately 2 cups, the average of 968 cups per100 square feet is calculated. There are 43,560 square feet in one acre, therefore it is possible that in each acre for vegetable farming would potentially produce 421660.8 cups each year. If each person in Hebbal consumes the daily recommended 3 cups of vegetables by Indian Council of Medical Research, it is calculated each person needs 1095 cups in a year. If each person needs 0.44 acres to sustain a 2300 calories diet, it is calculated that in order to reach 100% self-sufficieny in Hebbal, a total of 4242.04 acres is needed.

The current food system sees an extensive food mile in Hebbal. Most of their grocerries are bought from food cart sellers or stores that purchased their goods from a distant bigger wholesale market. The foods are exposed to air polution, especially during massive traffic jam Banglore is known for. This affects the quality of food the residents of Hebbal consume.

Based on the calculation the areas that are provided for production are recorded based on the number of cups produced in an acre. 67

food for hebbal Vision

1. Increase land dedicated to food production through a continuous productive landscape 2. Promote community health and engagement 3. Increase food access to high-quality food to residents in all communities 4. Strengthen community identity

Strategies

The strategies focuses in 4 phases. The first phase cleans up the existing physical condition of the vacant lands. The second phase introduces the studio’s efforts in productive landscape of their chosen sites. The third phase transforms all the exsiting vacant land into the different productive landscape, according to the spatial matrix. The last phase bridges out towards the rural landscape and tapping onto vacant lands out of Hebbal.

PHASE 2 PHASE 3 STREET GREENING

Spatial Matrix

Upon laying over Banglore Masterplan 2015, the areas are selected based on several consideration such as their current function, if it is vacant, and its location by the lake that connects from Hebbal to Kalkere Lake. In Phase 4, Hebbal will be able to achieve 80% self sufficiency before the next available land that has agricultural activities happening existingly.

growing with food System analysis

Population density 2011

Decreasing green

Issue: children have no place to play Open space analysis Issue: Water shortage Vegetative layer is sparse, water drains quickly.

The nearest farm market is 6 miles away from the site. Outside of school, spaces children can explore on their own have been shrinking over the last few generations.

Gao Chen chen

Sun shade analysis

Legend Site boundary Students circulation Pedestrian circulation Vehicular circulation Students gathering space Gate/Building Entrance Sun hour analysis

0-1h 1-2h 2-3h 3-4h 4-5h 5-6h 6-7h 7-8h

growing with food Strategy1 Multiple functional patterns: Masterplan

Solar power

Productive green roof Reserve for fire use

Compost

Outdoor classroom Entrance

Farm tool house

Soil with farm waste

Wash space

Chicken coop

Raised pond

Children observation space Table for herb making

Herb garden

Tree house

Climbing slope

Perspective

Design Strategy 2: rain water collection and management

Monthly rainfall: Highest is in September: 493.7mm (23days) Lowest is in January: 0.7mm (2days)

Design strategy 3: companion planting (permaculture principle)

Tree layer Bamboo & shrub layer Herbaceous layer

THEIRS

Social bonding community garden in diverse community

Female demand In Bangalore 73% land used for residents survive, work and commute, comparing to 14% land used for parking and open space. Bangalore,India 1km

The Hebbal female is busy with family in daily life: morning, noon, and evening. The location of a community garden should be close to shops, be accessible to schools, and home. It should be safe and easy to reach.

Site selection

Female demand in Hebbal

Legend-

Vacant area Vacant area besides river

Hebbal,Bangalore Site,Hebbal

School Daily routine Shops

50m

10m

Strategies

1. Create femaile-centered social bonding community garden

2. Self-sustainable, environmentally-friendly, multi-functional farming spaces.

- Defensible spaces - Multi-functional spaces to provide communal opportunities

- Food forest - Harvesting rain water to irrigate Government - NGO Composting to Community be Committee Community Residents Panel as fertilizer Residents used Students

Government NGO Committee Panel ......

Strategy 1

Students ...... Visitors

- Public/Private space

- Visibility mapping

Wang Zhe zoe

3. Establish a co-construction and sharing operational sustainable system.

Government NGO Committee Panel ......

Visitors

Community Residents Students Visitors

Hebbal residents farm, a Committee Panel formed by residents manages, and Hebbal residents benefit. (Non-government institution, Local Club, Female NGO

- Multi-functional space 14 13

PRIVATE

RECREATIONAL SPACE

SEMI-PRIVATE

SEMI-PUBLIC

HIGH VISIBILITY

COMMUNAL SPACE

SEMI-PUBLIC

FARMING SPACE TRANSITION

SEMI-PRIVATE PRIVATE

PUBLIC

COMMUNAL SPACE

20M

- Terrace

20M

- Circulation

20M

- Water catchment 6

GOING DOWN +1.50 +1.50

+2.00 +1.50

+1.00 +0.50 0.00

0.00

GOING DOWN +2.50

-0.70

+1.50

Boardwalk-release transportation pressure

GOING DOWN

+1.70

+2.50

+1.50

GOING DOWN Ramp- for trasportation need

+2.00

+1.00

GOING UP

0.00

Ramp- for trasportation need

+0.50

-0.70 -0.60

GOING UP

0.00

20M

Strategy 2 - Rain water harvesting system - Multi-functional softscape

- Irrigation and composting system

2 1

Sharing slots

DRIP IRRIGATION

Hedge

COMPOSTING PILE

Individual slots Rainwater harvesting system

20M

1.Sitting area 2.Entrance square 3.Entrance ramp 4.Bioswale 5.Transportation ramp

6.Sunken square 7.Working pergola 8.Children playground 9.Sunken sandpit 10.Fitness field

11.Terraced garden 12.Resting space 13.Pray space 14.Steps 15.Food forest

16.Centeral square 17.Individual slots 18.Waterfront platform 19.Node of boardwalk 20.Boardwalk

Hebbal,Bangalore

0 5m

THEIRS

Strategies 2 & 3

Values

Multi-functional farming patterns

Planting calendar & events

sections

Senarios

PRIVATE

SEMI-PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC

Create space Workshop

SEMI-PUBLIC

TRANSITION

SEMI-PRIVATE PRIVATE

Volunteer

come

for

PUBLIC

20M

Handcraft party

Kids' sandpit

- Buffer - Public street

- Public space

for all kinds of people groups

rain water garden and ramp

- Semi-public space welcome to female - Semi-public space and kids communal & productive

- Semi-private space with private space inside

- Buffer - Boardwalk

communal & productive

Sequent spaces from the entrance to the inside Terraced garden-＄ DRIP IRRIGATION

COMPOSTING PILE

20M

- Public street

Buffer-

rain water garden

-Filter

-Drip irrigation

-Sunken Square

retention rain water

- Semi-private space with private space inside communal & productive function

-Sunken Tank

detention rain water

Rain water harvesting system in terraces

- Semi-public space Creating and social space

over 134%

2009

20KM

4.1 million

1992

Raising: a productive community showcase in typical indian residential area 8.5 million 2009

11KM

Food system research

Residential: 33.25%

7KM

Food chain

23KM

Yeshwanthpour Market APMC Yard-Mahalaksmipuram

Site community condition

Rural farmland

KR Puram Vegetable Market

KR Market

Gandhi Bazaar

Yeshwanthpour Market

First distribution

Ulsoor Market

Dohnson Market Kalasipalya Market

20KM

Legend

2009

Rural farmland

Urban area

8.5 million

Rurral area

11KM

2009

Second distribution

Farmland

We need to eat and buy food, Eatery and Market are important to us.

Site

Residential: 33.25%

Urban consumer

Green space

Public

Central market

7KM

We don’t have skill, We need to live here and get a job for food

Yeshwanthpour Market APMC Yard-Mahalaksmipuram

KR Puram Vegetable Market

Rural farmland

Low-income

Malleswaram Market Russel Market KR Market

First distribution

Ulsoor Market

Legend

7.2KM

Existing Entrance

Community

Gandhi Bazaar

Yeshwanthpour Market

Commercial Road

We don’t have open space, We need some public space

Dohnson Market Kalasipalya Market

Shadow analysis

Site Environmental condition Rural farmland

Urban area

Second distribution

Rurral area

Food security Increased

1992

4.1 million

2009

8.5 million

Residential: 33.25% Common Street Pattern

Urban consumer

Site

over 134%

2009

Natural surface flow

Farmland

Rooftop Tank(1500L:3person/day) Green space

Bangalore Street Pattern now

Hebbal Street Pattern Common Street Pattern

Bangalore Street Pattern now

Central market

Hebbal Street Pattern Common Street Pattern

Bangalore Street Pattern Kitchen now Toilet

Laundry

Hebbal Street Pattern

Concept Flow

Rural farmland

50% Cannal

First distribution

(Carry garbage)

50% Surface runoff

Rural farmland

Common Street Pattern

Second distribution

Borewell

Common street pattern

Bangalore Street Pattern now

Bangalore street pattern -Now

Hebbal Street Pattern

Hebbal street pattern -Now

Hebbal street pattern -Stage one

Hebbal Street Pattern Hebbal Street Pattern eet Pattern Common Street Pattern Bangalore Street Pattern Bangalore Street Pattern Bangalore Street Pattern Bangalore Street Pattern Hebbal Street Pattern Hebbal Street Pattern now now -future -future -Stage2 -Stage1

tral market

4.1 million

1992

7.2KM

al area

en space

over 134%

Russel Market

an area

mland

Increased

1992

Malleswaram Market

Urban consumer

Hebbal Street Pattern Hebbal street pattern -Stage2 -Stage two

Hebbal Street Pattern Bangalore Streetpattern Pattern Bangalore street -Stage1 -future -Future

Hebbal Street Pattern -Stage2

Hebbal Street Pattern -Stage1

kong lingchang

Strategy1: Create gateway to meet different groups’ demands

Master Plan

Subsurface flow surface flow

Commercial Market Complex

Underground tank Retention basin Green Pot

Community Free Market

mplex

Community Plaza Trailing Farmland Traditional Farmland Green House Raised Bed Plaza Private Flat Public Entrance Community Entrance

Private Entrance

a-a Section

10M

30M

Strategy 2: Water management-Grey water reuse/Rain water collection

Strategy 3: Provide growing structure Rain water collection through gutterway from green house roof

Green house

Raised bed combined with compost

Surface rain water runoff

Green wall irrigation by rain water collected from surface runoff of roof

Roof green house

Grey water collection from shower and laundry for irrigation

Green wall made by plastic bottel

Roof raised bed container

Open farmland with structure support

Grey water collection from hand tap to flush the toilet.

Balcony green house Grey water collection from kitchen for irrigation

Open farmland with mulching

Indoor trailing and container

Housing Prototype

Apartment

Vegetation shop Apartment Eatery

Green house

Eatery

Vegetation shop Apartment

Restaurant

Market

Perspective A

Perspective B

he(r)bbal pockets Empowering Rural People for Primary Healthcare

Objectives Current Situation The delivery of basic needs such as healthcare services are still developing in small scale despite there being an emphasis on healthcare provision in Hebbal. Similar to developed regions in Bangalore, healthcare services are important and the lack of affordable healthcare resources and medical services among the residents in Hebbal is still an ongoing issue. The current air and water pollution in Hebbal cause health hazards and lead to many residents developing early onset of respiratory problems, dermatological-related problems and other common allergies issues.

To develop - Adopting medicinal To advance - Collaborating with

herbs as a starting point to promote the importance of health, it is also an opportunity for productive landscape in Hebbal.

To empower - Engaging senior

citizens who had the experience in farming and introducing women to the workforce and contribute to the operation of this sustainable herbs project.

modern medicine can also serve the Hebbal community and raises awareness on the importance of health

To self-sustain - Setting up

communal garden at potential open spaces in the community

Site Issues & Problems

Lam Si Yun Swan 30 pocket spaces for development

Opportunities in social outcome: (1) Improved health status (2) Women livelihood opportunity (3) Revival The priority in providing a holistic of Ayurvedic medicine (4) Exposure for medical school students (5) Encourage community engagement healthcare service for all ages is crucial because it is the most fundamental of (6) Promote social cohesion human survival and also vital for successful nation building.

master plan

Proximity Analysis

The goal of Ayurvedic medicine is to help people live long, healthy and balanced lives without the need for prescription drugs, complicated surgeries or suffering of painful conditions. This traditional approach has been practised by Hebbal locals for many years, relying on home-grown medicinal herbs to prevent minor ailments. 84

building & site Analysis

future vision Acknowledging the importance of medicinal herbs is crucial in providing access to affordable medication for Hebbal residents. Residents believe strongly in Ayurveda, a medicine system with historical roots, and it is currently an alternative medicine being used in some illnesses with modern medicine. As the knowledge of traditional medicine has its worth in recuperation and healing, there is a possibility to expand this to tackle some of the harder to deal with diseases, such as their top illnesses - lung cancer and respiratory related diseases.

Perspective examples

site plan examples

Impression of raised bed agriculture at pocket space 85

Active rainwater daily street activities: no open space & poor spatial experience

city condition Drainage system

site Analysis Public garden with fence; closed at night Shop Hindu temple Public open space Private open space Residential Water flow

Women collect water, laundry, socialising in the street. Artful rainwater

Street amenity

Pocket parks Coconut tree Shade tree Wall Existing sidewalk Existing drainage Broken drainage Broken side walk

Cartwheeler selling food and children playing

Site selection

Road width Horizontal diversity

Vertical diversity

Public open space as a dump site, primate open space

Heavy rain & Sidewalk drainage system Softscape Quality

Hardscape Quality

Pedestrian Quality

Sidewalk Quality

- A residential street with high using frequency - Based on design quality surveys, a site with high softscape quality and low sidewalk quality 86

Religious diversity

Liu xiaolei carrie

Strategy 1 artful rainwater: capture rainwater for reuse Rain water calculation Peak daily rainfall

Existing infrastructure

Artful rain water Potential site

Rainwater Detention Function zone

Attraction &inStreet amen-

Aesthetics and interaction

Entrance connection

There is impermeable and inefficient drainage under the sidewalk.

and 87

Permeable pavement with grass

Irrigation

Active rainwater

Strategy 2: Street amenity

Vertical green

Pergola

Strategy 3: Pocket park as a system

Recycled material street furniture

Drainage system

Recreation Exhibition Children play

Master Plan 1:250

Plant guideline

Perspective

Roadside water treatment Vertical green Contemporary pool Pergola Child play amenity Gateway Sculpture

Pop-up Green

Improving social cohesion by encouraging interactions in alleys

Urban agriculture as a social glue

Road type in Hebbal

Bangalore

2030 Urban footprint

Typical section of alleys in Hebbal

City master plan

Hebbal

Hebbal: unplanned community

Built-up

Greenspace

Farmland

Pop-up: a duplicable & adaptable approach in Hebbal

Collaboration network and sustainable food production cycle

2004

Top issues from Hebbal community survey

Fragile infrastructure and insufficient public facilities:

Urban agriculture acts as a catalyst to improve social cohesion and foster community organization in facing with the need of physical environmental implementations. The pop-up canteen function as a social enterprise to bring external resources to the local community. At the same time, the sustainable values of traditional lifestyles are retained by minimizing the input and output of the urban system.

Lack of playground

Waste treatment

Water supply

Water pollution

Yao Haomu

Master plan

Detail Compost and herb growing pot Bamboo shelter

New buildings

Soil body

Climber plants for the entrance

Compost

Bamboo or recycled material Attached with buildings

Gabian foundation Entrance

Frame structure for container gardening

Container gardening

Raised bed combined with street furniture

Street Furniture

Planting palette

Mavinakayi Chitranna

Murraya koenigii

Sorekai palya

Masala Dosa

Kundapura Koli Saaru

Brassica juncea Ferula communis Coriandrum sativum

Rain garden after canteen has been removed

Veg lollipop

Cuminum cyminum

Allium sativum

Allium cepa

Solanum tuberosum

Capsicum annuum

Curcuma longa

Zingiber officinale

Piper nigrum

Solanum lycopersicum

Daucus carota

Vigna mungo

Cicer arietinum

Pisum sativum

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Container as moveable pop-up canteen

EDIBLE STREET - food security design in street scale EXISTING CONDITIONS

CONCEPT

Land Degredation

Inefficient Transportation

Edible street food system

India’s grain production areas are relatively concentrated, but in the remote rural areas, there is still no connection between railways and highways. Obesity Monsoon

Transportation

Wind erosion

Drought

Malnutrition

Population

Salt encrustation

SITE SELECTION

Water erosion

DQI is a road evaluation system to assess hardscape, softscape, sidewalk, pedestrian and social quality. Of 60 roads analysed, only 14 had a positive score.

Climate Change The dry season and the monson are completely separate, and the extension of extreme climate, which is not conductive to crop growth.

Growing Population Concentration of cereal production

Growth of Bangalore

Population in millions

SITE ANALYSIS: FOOD SECURITY

Hardscape Quality

Market distance

Pedestrian Quality

Softwalk Quality

Sidewalk Quality

social Quality

Proportion of gross cropped area(%)

Hebbal supports 9.4% of the state’s total population and 27% of the total urban pop.

Two commercial streets are adjacent to the north and east sides of the site. Main entrance

OPEN SPACE

Open space 11.5% open spcae

Water system

Pollution Legend Pollution Degree HIGH

Open spaec Pollution point

Residential area

Building height

Main entrance

By the late 2000s cereal production was clearly

GREEN SPACE

Green space

Legend

Legend Building Hoght/m 3m 6m 9m 12m

Flow direction Topography

16.8% Green Space

LAND USE

Most of the two roads are residential areas. The total length is 280m, with 11.5% open space Mosque School Commercail area and 16.8% green space.

xu yuexin STRATEGY 1: CREATE MULTIFUNCTIONAL EDIBLE LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN

Street detail

i Planting Area：Integrate planting space with building

ii Resting Area： Integrate planting space with facilities

iii Activity Area： Integrate planting space with infrastructure

iv Ecological Area： Integrate ecological structure with street infrastructure North entrance

Assembly area

Street experience area

STRATEGY 2: CREATE STABLE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE YEAR AROUND

Plant Monthly Lighting Reqirements

Sun Track and Building Shade

Type / Month

Strong

VEGETABLE

Bottle grourd Okra Radish Mar-8m

Sep-8m

Dec-8m

Weak

Potato Carrot Radish Green chilli

Mar-12noon

Sep-12noon

Dec-12noon

Chickpeas Garlic Tomato Onion

Mar-6pm

Sep-6pm

Green Bean

Dec-6pm

Eggplant

Planting Collocations in Different Seasons Dry season

Spring season

Monson

Winter season

HIGH

MAINTENANCE

LOW

6 96

Water Irrigatin System

The roof collects rainwater and transports it through the grass swale, multifuctional green space will temporarily store rainwater, and sand filters underground will purity the water for re-irrigation. In monsoon, when there is a lot of rainwater, the grass swale and multi-functional green space will transport water to the detention pond in the center and discharge it into the canal after treatment.

STRATEGY 3: BUILDING A STREET COMMUNITY WITH SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION

Entrance with tasting box

Multifunctional open space

Intensive planting area

Planting display area

12 Educational Activities

Intensive planting area

Communication area

Green house

Sharing market

Recreation area

Planting education area

Roof garden

Night theatre

PERSPECTIVE

ANTIDOTE - Remediating Neglected Lands A possible therapy, a curative and also a preventive solution for food and human health systems To develop a sustainable agricultural method of growing food for consumption and medicinal purposes with a combination of ecological understanding and indigenous knowledge. To bring people together for an exchange of ideas & practices that ensure sustainability and well-being for their community and people.

Strategies 1

Develop government and school policies and practices that help food production and agriculture that could benefit the community, city and nation.

Strategically select vegetables for harvest with high nutritional value to battle against diseases, sickness, and to prevent illness.

Reduce food miles when food has to travel from its point of origin to its point of destination; implementation of a Farmers’

Masterplan

AGRICULTURE RESEARCH: Educational Orientation | Research | Demostration - Educating the next generation of students (batch after batch) in food and agricultural systems. Creating, sharing and implementing new knowledge, new technologies, new products and new ways to organise, learn or cooperate FARM TO SCHOOL NETWORK: Learning | Enriching | Production - Enrich the connection of communities to fresh, healthy food and local food producers by changing food purchasing and education practices at schools and early care and education sites. Empower children and families to make informed food choices while strengthening the local economy.

Concept Inject Antidotes into potential spaces along the longitudinal spine of the streetscape

FARMERS’ MARKET: Consumption | Play | Interaction | Marketing - A greater control over economics, consumers can enjoy the atmosphere and experience of farmers’ markets and they get fresh, healthy and nutritional crops. Food travels fewer “food miles” and has less packaging. Serving as vibrant focal point for community building, information exchange, health/nutrition education, a venue for community economic development. MEDITATION & YOGA HOUSE: Reflection | Introspection | Healing - Strengthen the mind body connection, and improve overall fitness and well-being. Provide an emotional boost through deep relaxation that can be done anywhere. Improved health means users can participate in more physical activities and just feel better in the things they do daily. COMMUNITY HERB GARDEN: Remedies | Boost Health | Tradition - Public and pedestrian spaces where people can easily learn more about the traditional uses of plants. The gardens can be used for teaching events and plant walks, and are a physical extension of the Farm to School network to offer engaging learning opportunities for the urban community

City-Scale Study

Open | Green Spaces | Food Study

A study on educational institutions vision and mission for the school and students. Large emphasis on education where educational billboards and poster are scattered along the streetscape. Looking in the future of nuturing, grooming and educating the young and for the future generations

Yong Keng-Whye, Raymond

Community Engagement

The existing site holds 3 residential houses with potential spaces to transform it into a productive landscape. Located right beside educational insitutions, it provides a perfect platform for agriculture research and development for students and the communities in exchange and transfer of knowledge and ideas. VACANT LAND 2

Existing Conditions The empty polluted lands in Hebbal are considered “dying,” or even “dead,” due to improper waste disposal which has been affecting health problems and a spread of diseases in the district. It is crucial to tackle healthcare in the community because private health care is expensive, often unregulated and variable in quality. Besides being unreliable for the illiterate, it is also unaffordable by low income communities. To control the spread of diseases and reduce the growing rates of mortality due to lack of adequate health facilities, special attention needs to be given to health care in Hebbal. The selected site lies near Acharya Institute of Health Sciences. With two vacant and five potential land areas that appear suitable for an agriculture system intervention to serves for consumption and medicinal value to the community.

Lies beside the selected site which provides a potential gateway entrance for visitors in the site. It also serves as parking space for motor vechicles

VACANT LAND 5

Acharya Institute Of Health Sciences Nursing School, 1997. Vision: To provide relevant education consistent with the changing world by integrating the best faculties and infrastructure to enable students to stand the test of time and be of utmost benefit to society.

VACANT LAND 6

VACANT LAND 4 VACANT LAND 7

Acharya College of Nursing: “We are committed for improvement of standards of nursing education, to meet the needs of today’s students and tomorrow’s employees.”

Crop Selection | Water System | Programs Crop Selection: Selective and companion planting are being implemented to improve the nutritional value of specific vegetables and herbs. Very delicate placement of plants (especially vegetables and herbs) will gain mutual benefit enhancing the quality and efficency of crops growth Water System: With the site located at low point, we could channel rainwater from existing commercial and residential rooftops onto the site and into the water tank for storage and supply. Programs: The agricultural spaces welcomes the community and students to come together for exchange of farming knowledge and to apply what they have learned in these spaces. Getting the community more invovled would increase the sense of ownership where residents are aware that these spaces are valuable to them

100

Food Market & Miles There are 4 major markets where food cart vendors purchase products--one more than 5 km; a high number in food miles. By introducing a Farmers’ Market food miles could be reduced by 80%.

Farmers’ Market

Vision

101

Yoga House

Modular landscape - Adaptable Infrastructure for Community Engagement in Delivering Open Space Issues Analysis

Site Selection

Interfaces Analysis

Strategy 1. Adaptive: Fully utilize and adapt to different residential street interfaces with modular landscapes. 2. Autonomy: Engage residents into community micro-updating to meet diiferent requirements with low-cost (recycled) materials and low-tech construction. 3. Multifuncitonal: Create spaces for greenery and social activities using differnent combinations of modular landscape components. 4. Minimum interference: Use portable systems to meet th e goal of micro intervention and micro update based on current conditions. 102

Masterplan

Module 1: For street spaces

Site Reorganizing before Design

Module 2: For building frontage

Module 3: Building gap open space

103

Module 4: For street end spaces

XU Linxin

Module 5: For irregular plots along canals

Integration of Adaptable Infrastructure System and Street Interfaces

Multifunctional Modular Component

Greenhouse modular component

104

multifunction & flexibility of modular components Basic planting units can be formed into recreational terraces

Rainwater collection structure can be transformed into recreational climbing structures

Perspective

105

Shelter structures can be transformed into a celebrating space for festivals

HABITAT 22 Design for 22% of the residents living in infromal settlments in Bangalore

URBANIZATION OF BANGALORE Rapid development of IT industry, biotechnology and educational institutions [6] created enormous opportunities for employments and massive influx of migrants seeking better livelihoods. The urban space has sprawled rapidly from 69 km2 in 1949 to 741 km2 in 2007 [10]. Overwhelming urbanization also resulted in insufficiency of public housing, transportation system, basic infrastructure, and compromised environmental qualities. The is city struggling to keep up with the drastically increasing needs from the demographic and economic booms.

Project Statement During the rapid urbanization of Bangalore in the passed decades, the lack of plannning and investment in the development of public infrastructure, housing and transportation system, health and education services also resulted in social issues. One key issue is the consistently increasing urban informal habtitants, socioeconomic disparities and resulted in marginalization of the disadvantaged groups (inclusively native villages engulfed by urbanization, poor immigrants coming in search for employment [11]) These informal settlments are always established under compromised conditions of hazards of environmental pollutions, no or few sanitation facilities, and insecured food supply. The objective of this design is to address the key factors of informal settlement - “Informality, Scarcity, Temporality”, and to create a system to enable the informal dwellers to better utilize the limited resource, tackle the challenges and resolve some social and livelihood issue. Leveraging on the ecosystem service of productive landscape to extend the opportunities for the urban poor.

Figure: Land Use of Bangalore

CONDITIONS OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENT Besides low structural quality and insecure tenure, informal settlements’ lack of basic infrastructure (water and sanitation), location near pollution sources, malnutrition and health risk are all severe issues for the informal dwellers.

Figure: Job oportunities created with the development of IT industry (yellow dots). Areas deficient of health and education services are highlighted in red. Edited from Source [10], Figure: Slum population distribution in [12]. Bangalore city, consistently growing with an average rate of 27.4%. Source [10].

Lack of Infrastructure

Close of Pollutions

Pollutions Lack of Infrastructure

Malnutrition & Health Risks

Figure: Sprawling urban area in Bangalore. 1970-2003. Source [15]. References: [6] http://www.ced.org.in/docs/inecc/member_reports/ VA-rep-urban-marginalised.pdf; [10] H.S. Sudhira. Bangalore City Profile; [12] Metropolitan City, PPT; [14] D. Gopal & H. Nagendra. (2014). Vegetation in Bangalore’s Slums: Boosting Livelihoods, Well-Being and Social Capital. Sustainability, ISSN 2071-1050.;[15] B. Lefevre. (2009). Long-term energy consumptions of urban transportation: A prospective simulation of “transport-land uses” policies in Bangalore; [16] O. B. Adegun. Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem

These informal settlements are usually interspersed among the middle class neighborhood for whom the dwellers work to gain income. The biggest slum site in Figure at left Figure: Map of locations of informal settlements in is chosen for chosen site of Hebbal, and map of pollution locations. design.

106

fan lei helen

VEGETATION IN BANGALORE’S SLUMS

HOW ABOUT THE PEOPLE?

Ecosystem Services also have unique and important value for the urban poor. In a research conducted in 44 slums in Bangalore cities, the findings indicate enthusiam among informal settlers for growing various types of vegetation, particulary in the cultural and religious context of India.

The unprecedented urban expansion and population growth had resulted in fundamental Tribulations of informal dwellers changes in the dynamics structuring urban space. The social disparity and marginalization of the foreign and disadvantaged further brings difficulties for the poor to survive.

Illustration source from: ASSAR, India

Figure: 44 slums site chosen for the survey of vegetation usage. Source [14]

Diagram: the most common tree species used in Bangalore’s slums and their ecosystem services. Information source [14], image sources: Internet.

Figure: the Routes of Waste Pickers in Hebbal. Source: ASSAR.

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN HEBBAL The chosen site of informal settlement in Hebbal represents many typical characters of this type of urban habitat. On one side, it is bordered by the main waterway flowing through Hebbal (which is severely polluted), on the other side, it is also near the main commercial road. There is a big waste collection and recyling area at the chosen site. Shops and Eateries

Diagram: Shrub & herbaceous plant species used are mainly medicinal, culinary and ornamental plants. Source [14]

OBESRVATION IN HEBBAL INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

Residential Buildings

Figure: Plants used for grey water treatment in slum. Source [16].

Figure:: Plants grown in recycled plastic and clay containers in urban slum. In spite of financial limitations, innovative ways of gardeing are used. Source [14]

107

STRATEGY 1: PLANNING FOR INFORMALITY Respect and leverage on the set-up of neighborhoods that develop organically and spontaneously in Bangalore and Hebbal, while tackling the basic needs of the marginalized. Rooftop planters

Rooftop Trellis for Climbers

Rooftop planters

Home Garden

Housing design typologies catering for different household sizes, allowing various integration of productive greenery The spatial arrangement of housing units is strategized to create hierachies of Green spaces and Ownerships, for an empowering context for community engagement

SEMI-PRIVATE FRONT YARD GARDEN COMMUNITY GARDEN

PRIVATE HOME GARDEN Wastewater Garden for retention and treatment of polluted water from the waterway bodering the site

Polluted Waterway Bio-swale System for the collection of surface runoffs

Composting Cabinets

Elevated planting bed to protect the crop from polluted soil

Underground Grey Water Recycling Pipeline

PHASED PLAN FOR INFORMALITY PHASE 1 - TAKING ROOTS

PHASE 2 - GROWTH

CONDITION: Settlers newly established on site, no jobs, no savings, language barriers

CONDITION: Established water and sanitation facilities; The first batch of settlers are able to established with certain social cohesiveness

CHALLENGES: Food source, water supply, nearby pollution sources OBJECTIVES: Treatment sources, empowering community

CHALLENGES: The population and demography in the informal settlement is unstable

of pollution context for

OBJECTIVES: Social inclusion among the informal settlers themselves; Enable the newcomers to adapt easier and become contributors in short period

OUTCOMES: 12 Housing Units (integrated with Productive Landscape) + Wastewater Gardens + Toilets and Septic Treatment + Greywater Recycling system + Bioswale + Community Kitchen

OUTCOMES: Workshop + Nursery + Transformation of bordering streetscape

108

PHASE 3 - REACHING OUT

CONDITION: Comparatively more stable community condition + Capacity to grow food for domestic supply CHALLENGES: Tenure security OBJECTIVES: Better collective social and economic resilience + improve social capital, capacity to benefit the nearby community of urbanites OUTCOMES: More productive landscape + Commercial Zone (Market, Nursery, Eateries, Commercial Plaza) + Buffer for regional food security

STRATEGY 2: GROWING FROM SCARCITY

STRATEGY 3: SUSTAINING TEMPORALITY

The three features as the central focal point are: Community Kitchen, Farming Workshop, and Wastewater Commercial Zone is designated to be the frontage of the informal settlement, including eateries, an open Garden (for grey water recycling). The adjacent Central Plaza is built on top of a water tank, for treated market and commercial nurseries for selling young plants, compost, and other farming productions for income. Besides edible crops, ornamental and religious plants would also be produced for sales. water and rain water storage. Water, most limiting and valuable resource, is the key factor to strategize growth from scarcity. The water treatment system is integrated into the landscape and community space, serving as green and blue infrastructure as a Low Cost Solution.

Future Collaboration of Stakeholders: Government (BBMP), NGO and Ground-Up Organisations, School, Hebbal Community

SYSTEM Estimated domestic water consumption: 500L per day / 4ppl family Total residents designed for: 145ppl Total water consumption: 545m3/month 50% of grey recycling: 272m3/month

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

RECREATION PAVILION

Water Truck Parking Space

CENTRAL PLAZA

Compost Bins

WORKSHOP

Planting Beds

Bio-swale System for the collection of surface runoffs

Wastewater Garden 2 Secondary Treatment for Grey Water

Wastewater Garden 1 Primary Retention for Grey Water

Water Storage Tank Treated grey water & harvested rainwater

109

The proposal is not intended to come up with a solid design solution for informal settlement, but to strategize a system to enable the informal habitatants to better utilize limited resources, tackle challenges and resolve social and economic issues to a degree. Subsequently, it can improve resilience and engage them as contributors for social developments.

Transcendence

Social Boundaries

Project Overview Source : Revised Master Plan 2015, Bangalore Development Authority

Bangalore, is currently the third most populous megacity and the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India, housing numerous education and research institutes. With the high influx of immigrants mixed with existing locals, this amplifies tension regarding social stratification, contrasting community interest and religious beliefs. These phenomena have shaped individual ideologies to be rigid, exclusive, and inattentive to surrounding communal groups and their respective concerns. Thus, the lack of understanding and indulgence has led to complications within the complex relationship of physical, social and psychological realms in India. Transcendence is a community-centric design movement that builds social capital using landscape as a medium to go beyond physical, social and psychological boundaries from individuals to society level.

Social Group in Relation to Water System

Religious Unrest India is ranked 3rd in the world for Social Hostility Index. In spite of the conference for religious freedom for individuals, there have been enduring tensions and occasional conflicts among religous communities, especially Hindus and Muslims. Source : Pew Reserch Data, 2015 Library of Congress 2005

Bangalore and District 7 Zoning Ratio District 7 is a residential zone without agriculatural activities.

Source : NUS MLA Wang Zhe, 2018

Traffic and Road Conditions

Immigration and Local Tension

Psychological Boundaries Caste System Sources: Uttar Pradesh Pre-Election Tracker Survey, the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS); Development and Governance Trump Caste Identities in Uttar Pradesh; Reuters By Jin Wu, Simon Scarr, Weiyi Cai. Research and text by Douglas Busvine | REUTERS GRAPHICS

Distance of Food Source : Composition of Population Transportation Growth in Bangalore, 1981-2001 Source: Census of india

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Though poor water quality is present throughout india, the impact varies among different social classes due to individual capabilities and resources.

Evaluation of Hebbal’s Boundaries Physical Boundaries

Social and Psychological Boundaries Survey Reponse on Selected Zone

Kuan Wai Tuck Victor Problems raised by Residents

Food Types, Availability and Concentration

Zone 1 is selected because of its high complexity of issues and citizen’s preference that serves as the microcosm of Hebbal

Evaluation of Zone 1’s Boundaries

Physical, Social and Psychological Complication There is a concentration of food types catering to different preferences and food eateries, there are also gaps in food choices and availability.

Productive Landscape Preference

Pollution Degree and Road Condition

The main source of pollution in Hebbal is from domestic garbage. Pollution points concentrate near the river and major, congested roads. With poor waste management, 30% green space is polluted.

Community

111

Inclusiveness/Exclusiveness of Public Space

Master Plan

Transcending Social Boundaries

Program and Zoning

Proposed Zoning

Strategies: 1. Transcending Physical Boundaries 2. Transcending Social Boundaries 3. Transcending Psychological Boundaries

Design Tactics 1. Communal / Inclusive Activities 2. Exclusive / Productive Activities 3. Transcending Landscape and Gateway

Use of design elements to create spaces for growth of both indiviuality and community without causing disturbance to the current quality of spatial environment.

Proposed Planting Calander

Perishability and Profitable Crops

With the proposed planting palette, farming activities can be carried out throughout the year, utilising space to its fullest capacity.

Landscape Strategies

Landscape Typologies and Plant Palette

Bioswale and Rain Garden

Productive 112

Urban Farming

Transcending Physical Boundaries Landscape Functionality

Productive Lanscape Solution

Transcending Psychological Boundaries Stormvwater Management

Design Tactics 10 Year Vision Circulation & Space Management Reconfigure and improve existing food production and waste management chain to minimise wastage and maximise productivity. These design strategies serve to breakdown physical, social and psychological barriers that hinder the growth of the urban settlement.

Waste, Composting and Agriculture Flow

Design Process Model Design strategies and tactics adopted are created to be applicable for other zones of Hebbal, or other residential towns in Banglore

Source: Jospeh, 2002

Main Perspective

The project serve to develope a better understanding in agriculture, waste Sectional Perspective management and composition and build ownership of their living environment while transcending differences between social groups to increase community cohesion.

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Canal Revitalizition

Creating new confluence of nature and society

Site Analysis

Channel width: 6-10m Channel height: 3m

The water problem is a serious issue in Hebbal district. People lack clean water for daily use and drink while the only one canal in Hebbal is polluted and covered by garbage. In addition, people in Hebbal do not have enough public space for them to do activities and children can only play on the street. The aim of this project is to transform the original canal into a vitality and vigorous public space for people to do activities with cleaner water.

Background Analysis Watershed of Greater Bangalore

Stream

Religion distribution in India

Topography

Religion distribution in Hebbal

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Community survey Analysis

Strategy 1 At the macro scale, the polluted water will influence the larger water system in India. Therefore, controlling the pollution source and treating it close to the source is best. Water pollution sources on site: (1) 50% of sewage will be discharged into canal through drainage due to pipeline leakage (dry season) (2) People throw garbage into the canal (all seasons) (3) Garbage flows into the canal by rain (rainy season) The water problem is a serious issue in Hebbal district. People lack clean water for daily use and drink while the one canal in Hebbal is seriously polluted and covered by garbage, emitting a terrible odor.

Open the canal and clear up the garbage. Create transition zones to collect the polluted water and use constructed wetlands to purify it. Adding a water tank and widening the canal can reduce the water level 0.3 m during the rainy season.

Water storage capacity: 1000m3

Can treat polluted water in dry season Treated water can be used for irragation.

Strategy 2 Modify the canal edge and create a variety of spaces for people to use both in the monsoon and dry season.

In addition, many residents mentioned lack of public space. Children can only play in the streets. Adults can only hang out on the street or chat with others in front of the houses.

Strategy 3

Establish a new pedestrian walking system and create open space by using religious elements to improve connection across communities. Mosque: house of worship + front porch + cloister

This chart shows that drinking water shortage is the most important community issue. Water pollution and lack of public space ranked 5th and 6th, they are important issues as traffic jam and air pollution, which ranked 4th and 2nd, are mainly caused by poor infrastructures. The water pollution and garbage problem are issues that are mainly put forward by people in the zones which are nearest to the canal.

Wang Hanfeng

Hindu temple: niche + cloister + front porch

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Section

Canal Revitalizition Master Plan

Entrances and new walking system

Water flow direction and underground water tank

Main gathering point and public activity space

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Node Perspective & Section Part I: Filtration

Part III: Interaction

Part II: Purification

Part IV: Utilisation

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Credits

Guest critics, Lecturers, & Consultants: Cho Im Sik, National University of Singapore Kenya Endo, Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl Hwang Yun Hye, National University of Singapore Sharan Sudhindra, 100 Resilient Cities Tan Puay Yok, National University of Singapore Mel Yip, Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl A special thanks to the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS): Aditi Surie, Charrlotte Adelina, Amogh Arakali, and Neha Sami And to our knowledgable English-Kanada translators David & Sumitra Bodapati who made it possible for us to engage the residents of Hebbal. Finally, a very special acknowledgement to the residents of Hebbal, we were truly inspired by your community.

NUS LANDSCAPE: GROW HEBBAL

Articles inside

Physical Conditions

Site Context