Diagnostic Imaging

Page 75

66 ANATOMY FOR DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

the cerebellar veins drain to the nearby dural sinuses as follows: • The superior and posterior parts to the straight and transverse sinuses; and • The inferior aspect to the inferior petrosal, sigmoid and occipital sinuses. Radiological features of the cerebellum CT and MRI On axial CT and MR sections taken through the pons (see Fig 2. 3a), the cerebellum is seen to be separated from the pons by the fourth ventricle and connected to the pons on each side of this by the middle cerebellar peduncles. At this level the cerebellum is bounded anteriorly by the petrous temporal bones. On higher slices (see Fig. 2. 3b) the cerebellum is separated from the temporal and occipital lobes anterolaterally the tentorial margins. Close to its bony attachment the tentorium can be easily seen on contrast-enhanced studies owing to the contained superior petrosal sinus. The superior vermis can be seen between the occipital lobes on sections through the thalamus. The normal flocculus enhances more than the rest of the cerebellum and should not be mistaken for a more anteriorly located acoustic neuroma. Fissures separating lobes of the cerebellum can be seen on sagittal MRI (see Fig. 2. 16). VENTRICLES, CISTERNS, CSF PRODUCTION AND FLOW VENTRICLES (Figs 2. 17-2. 19) These are fluid-filled spaces within the brain related to the development of the nervous system as a tubular structure with a central canal.

Fig. 2. 17 The ventricular system.

Two lateral ventricles represent expansion of the most anterior part of the ventricular system into each cerebral hemisphere. The third ventricle, the aqueduct and the fourth ventricle are midline in position and are continuous with the central canal of the cord. The ventricular system is also continuous with the subarachnoid space around the brain via foramina in the fourth ventricle. Approximately 25 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills these spaces in an adult. The ventricles are lined with ependyma, which is invaginated by plexuses of blood vessels called the choroid plexus. These vessels produce the cerebrospinal fluid. The lateral ventricles (see Fig. 2. 17) There is a lateral ventricle within each cerebral hemisphere. Each is C-shaped, with the limbs of the C facing anteriorly and a variably developed posterior extension from its midpoint. Each is described as having a frontal (anterior) horn, a body (atrium), a temporal (inferior) horn and an occipital (posterior) horn. An interventricular foramen (of Monro) at the junction of the anterior horn and the body connects each lateral ventricle with the third ventricle. Frontal (anterior) horn This extends into the frontal lobe. Its roof and anterior extremity are formed by the corpus callosum, its rostrum and genu, and fibres radiating from these, the tapetum. The head of the caudate nucleus makes a prominent impression in the floor and lateral wall of the anterior horn. The medial wall is formed by the septum pellucidum. There is no choroid plexus in the anterior horn. Body This is within the parietal lobe. As with the anterior horn, the roof and lateral wall of the body of the ventricle are


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Articles inside

Radiology of the breast

3min
pages 319-321

The arteries

7min
pages 311-313

Lymphatic drainage

1min
pages 317-318

The veins

2min
pages 314-315

The bones

15min
pages 282-288

The joints

43min
pages 289-307

The muscles

4min
pages 308-310

The joints

37min
pages 263-276

The female reproductive tract

13min
pages 245-250

The male reproductive organs

16min
pages 238-244

The veins

3min
pages 280-281

Cross-sectional anatomy

8min
pages 251-255

The muscles

4min
pages 277-278

The bones

12min
pages 256-262

The arteries

1min
page 279

The sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal

5min
pages 230-232

The male urethra

4min
page 237

The bony pelvis, muscles and ligaments

3min
pages 224-225

Cross-sectional anatomy of the upper abdomen

8min
pages 216-223

The pelvic floor

7min
pages 226-229

Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves of the pelvis

7min
pages 233-235

The lower urinary tract

3min
page 236

The peritoneal spaces of the abdomen

14min
pages 211-215

Spleen

6min
pages 194-195

Portal venous system

2min
pages 196-197

The kidneys

17min
pages 198-202

The adrenal glands

8min
pages 205-206

Veins of the posterior abdominal wall

5min
pages 209-210

The ureter

5min
pages 203-204

The inferior vena cava

4min
page 208

The abdominal aorta

1min
page 207

Pancreas

10min
pages 190-193

Biliary system

12min
pages 185-189

Liver

17min
pages 179-184

Small intestine

2min
page 171

Duodenum

6min
pages 168-170

Large intestine

10min
pages 174-178

lleocaecal valve

4min
page 172

Stomach

9min
pages 163-167

Appendix

2min
page 173

Anterior abdominal wall

4min
pages 160-162

The mediastinum on the chest radiograph

4min
pages 152-153

Cross-sectional anatomy

6min
pages 154-159

Important nerves of the mediastinum

1min
page 151

The oesophagus

8min
pages 145-147

The azygos system

2min
pages 149-150

The great vessels

9min
pages 142-144

The trachea and bronchi

5min
pages 125-126

The heart

13min
pages 134-141

The pleura

2min
pages 123-124

The mediastinal divisions

3min
page 133

The lungs

13min
pages 127-132

The diaphragm

5min
pages 120-122

The thoracic cage

8min
pages 116-119

Relevant MRI anatomy - dorsolumbar spine

11min
pages 110-115

Relevant MRI anatomy - cervical spine

7min
pages 107-109

Intervertebral discs

2min
page 102

Ligaments of the vertebral column

4min
page 101

Blood supply of the spinal cord

6min
pages 105-106

Spinal meninges

2min
page 104

Vertebral column

12min
pages 94-99

Joints of the vertebral column

2min
page 100

Venous drainage of the brain

8min
pages 89-93

Meninges

4min
page 81

Ventricles, cisterns, CSF production and flow ventricles

19min
pages 75-80

Cerebellum

3min
pages 73-74

Brainstem

7min
pages 70-72

Thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

4min
pages 66-67

White matter of the hemispheres

7min
pages 62-65

The neck vessels

19min
pages 48-57

Pituitary gland

2min
page 68

Limbic lobe

2min
page 69

The thyroid and parathyroid glands

5min
pages 45-47

The larynx

8min
pages 42-44

The orbital contents

10min
pages 30-33

The oral cavity and salivary glands

6min
pages 26-29

The nasopharynx and related spaces

9min
pages 39-41

The ear

5min
pages 34-36

The mandible and teeth

7min
pages 22-25

The pharynx and related spaces

4min
pages 37-38

The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

6min
pages 20-21

The skull and facial bones

23min
pages 10-19
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