THE USE AND SAVING OF ELECTRICITY HERE WITHIN THIS DOCUMENT WE WILL SAVE YOUR GOVERNMENT OR COMPANY THOUSANDS OF MISS SPENT FUNDS THE TIME FOR CHANGE IS HERE
CREATED BY MR KEITH PEARCE
New EU law starts phasing out of traditional light bulbs Peta Hodge 25th August 2009
The compulsory EU-wide phasing out of 100W and frosted incandescent light bulbs begins on September 1 and is expected to save the European Union one million tonnes of CO2 a year by 2020. The new legislation, agreed by EU Member States last December, follows a voluntary initiative to phase out incandescent, or old fashioned bulbs, which started in 2007 and has been supported by a number of UK energy suppliers and retailers. The new legislation will make it illegal for EU states to manufacture and import traditional light bulbs, but it does not require consumers or businesses to replace all their light bulbs immediately and retailers will be permitted to sell off existing stocks, which are expected to last around three to four more months. Energy efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use 80 per cent less energy than an old fashioned bulb, reducing annual energy bills by between £3 and £6 per lamp. Environment Minister Dan Norris welcomed the implementation of legislation that will enforce the switch to CFLs. “We can no longer rely on light bulbs which waste 95 per cent of their energy as heat. We are glad the EU has put this measure in place to stop the waste of energy and money from old fashioned high energy bulbs,” he said. Compliance with the new legislation will, for the time being, be overseen by Trading Standards, although the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is currently consulting on the possibility of establishing a new body to do this. “With new energy standards and energy labels coming in across the EU for white goods and other products, as well as the new rules on light bulbs, we are consulting on the best way to survey what comes in and out of the country and how to enforce the standards that the EU has set in law,” a Defra spokesperson said. Any individual found breaking the new rules and importing traditional 100W incandescent bulbs after September 1 faces a fine of £5,000, with potentially unlimited fines for breaches by large companies. But Defra does not expect such sanctions to be need. “We don’t expect people to be breaking the rules because of the profitability that will result from everybody switching to low energy light bulbs,” said a spokesperson. “There is no worth in selling a 20 pence light bulb for the risk of a £5,000 fine.” The Eco-design for Energy-using Products Framework Directive restricts the manufacture and import into the EU of 100W and frosted incandescent lamps from September 1, with a phase out of lamps of lower wattage by 2012.
Why LED Energy efficiency of light sources can be characterized in several different ways. Luminous efficacy indicates how much light the source provides per watt of electricity consumed. This is stated in lumens per watt (lm/W). Another measure of energy efficiency is the total watts a device consumes in providing the intended service. Both measures are important to consider. For example, an LED-based refrigerated display case light has lower lumens per watt compared to linear fluorescent systems, but uses about half the total watts to provide the necessary lighting. Lighting quality is a subjective term, but generally includes colour quality (including appearance, luminance levels (the amount of light the light source provides on a task or surface); photometric distribution of the light source in a fixture or luminaries; lifetime; ease of maintenance; and cost. This section is designed to provide useful information for energy efficiency program sponsors, utilities, government agencies, lighting fixture manufacturers, lighting designers, and others who are interested in energy-efficient lighting technology. The basic’s This section provides basic information on how LEDs work, and explores important technical issues (energy efficiency, colour quality, lifetime, thermal management) in greater detail. Applications Learn more about using LEDs for recessed down lighting, under cabinet, and portable desk/task lighting applications. Information on additional applications will be added to the site over time. Led measurement This section provides information about measurement protocols and test procedures that are currently being developed or revised to accommodate specific attributes of LEDs.
How LEDs Work
LEDs differ from traditional light sources in the way they produce light. In an incandescent lamp, a tungsten filament is heated by electric current until it glows or emits light. In a fluorescent lamp, an electric arc excites mercury atoms, which emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation. After striking the phosphor coating on the inside of glass tubes, the UV radiation is converted and emitted as visible light. An LED, in contrast, is a semiconductor diode. It consists of a chip of semiconducting material treated to create a structure called a p-n (positive-negative) junction. When connected to a power source, current flows from the p-side or anode to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Chargecarriers (electrons and electron holes) flow into the junction from electrodes. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon (light). The specific wavelength or colour emitted by the LED depends on the materials used to make the diode. Red LEDs are based on aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs). Blue LEDs are made from indium gallium nitride (InGaN) and green from aluminium gallium phosphate (AlGaP). "White" light is created by combining the light from red, green, and blue (RGB) LEDs or by coating a blue LED with yellow phosphor.
Defining LED Useful Life To provide an appropriate measure of useful life of an LED, a level of acceptable lumen depreciation must be chosen. At what point is the light level no longer meeting the needs of the application? The answer may differ depending on the application of the product. For a common application such as general lighting in an office environment, research has shown that the majority of occupants in a space will accept light level reductions of up to 30% with little notice, particularly if the reduction is gradual. Therefore a level of 70% of initial light level could be considered an appropriate threshold of useful life for general lighting. Based on this research, the Alliance for Solid State Illumination Systems and Technologies (ASSIST), a group led by the Lighting Research Centre (LRC), recommends defining useful life as the point at which light output has declined to 70% of initial lumens (abbreviated as L70) for general lighting and 50% (L50) for LEDs used for decorative purposes. For some applications, a level higher than 70% may be required.
Comparing LEDs to Traditional Light Sources Energy efficiency proponents are accustomed to comparing light sources on the basis of luminous efficacy. To compare LED sources to CFLs, for example, the most basic analysis should compare lamp-ballast efficacy to LED driver efficacy in lumens per watt. Data sheets for white LEDs from the leading manufacturers will generally provide "typical" luminous flux in lumens, test current (mA), forward voltage (V), and junction temperature (Tj), usually 25 degrees Celsius. To calculate lm/W, divide lumens by current time’s voltage. As an example, assume a device with typical flux of 45 lumens, operated at 350 mA and voltage of 3.42 V. The luminous efficacy of the LED source would be: 45 lumens/ (.35 amps x 3.42 volts) = 38 lm/W To include typical driver losses, multiply this figure by 85%, resulting in 32 lm/W. Because LED light output is sensitive to temperature, some manufacturers recommend de-rating luminous flux by 10% to account for thermal effects. In this example, accounting for this thermal factor would result in a system efficacy of approximately 29 lm/W. However, actual thermal performance depends on heat sink and fixture design, so this is only a very rough approximation. Accurate measurement can only be accomplished at the luminaries’ level.
Colour Temperature The colour temperature is a measurement that is used to define the colour of a light source. This is also used to indicate the 'whiteness' or 'warmness' of a light source. Smarter light LEDs are available in many levels of Kelvin colour temperature. The descriptions used in this site for colour temperature conform to the following: |Warm light: |2500-3500 Kelvin: typical incandescent light bulb |Cool light: |3500-4500 Kelvin: typical retail space 'white' florescent lighting |Pure light: |4500-5500 Kelvin: used for high colour definition |Noon sunlight: |5500-6000 Kelvin: normal daylight at mid day on a mid-summer day The following table offers a broader example of the types of colour temperature: |1900 Kelvin |Candle light or sunlight at sunrise or sunset |27K - 2700 Kelvin |Often used as accent lighting to blend in with fluorescent 2700K applications. |3K - 3200 Kelvin |Used as a primary light source for retail applications. |3700 Kelvin |Coated lamps. Used where a "softer" metal halide light source is desired. |4000 Kelvin: |Used in general lighting; factories: parking lots, warehouses |5K - 5500 Kelvin |Daylight lamps: horticulture, aquariums, high colour definition. |5600 Kelvin |Nominal sunlight (mid day during mid summer) |6000 Kelvin |Starts to get a blue tint like some automotive headlights
Tipo de lámpara
ACTUAL
ENECO SOL
Fluorescente
led
Cantidad
0.13
1
Potencia (Vatios)
36
12
Coste Electricidad (kwh)
Potencia balasto (vatios)
12
0
Uso Diario (horas)
12
6,000
50,000
Dias de uso/año
261
Precio Eq. y Balasto (€)
0
0
Precio lámpara (€)
4
48.4
Coste reposición (€)
3
3
Vida Útil
Años de vida lámpara led
16.0
Incremento de Inversión (€)
44.40
Ahorro anual en reposición (€)
3.65
EMISION DE CO2 LAMP.
CANTIDAD Fluorescente
669.60
LAMP. LED
167.40
EVITAMOS EMITIR CO2:
502.20
POTENCIA CONSUMIDA SISTEMA ACTUAL (KWH)
2,400.00
POTENCIA CONSUMIDA SISTEMA ENECO SOL (KWH)
600.00
Coste Energía Anual
19.54
4.89
14.66
Coste Reposición Lámparas
2.09
0.00
2.09
Coste Mano de Obra
1.57
0.00
1.57
Coste Total
23.20
4.89
18.31
Luminous Efficacy Energy efficiency of light sources is typically measured in lumens per watt (lm/W), meaning the amount of light produced for each watt of electricity consumed by the light source. This is known as luminous efficacy. DOE's longterm research and development goal calls for white-light LEDs producing 160 lm/W in cost-effective, market-ready systems by 2025. In the meantime, how does the luminous efficacy of today's white LEDs compare to traditional light sources? Currently, the most efficacious white LEDs can perform similarly to fluorescent lamps. However, there are several important caveats, as explained below. Colour Quality The most efficacious LEDs have very high correlated colour temperatures (CCTs), often above 5000K, producing a "cold" bluish light. However, warm white LEDs (2600K to 3500K) have improved significantly, now approaching the efficacy of CFLs. In addition to warmer appearance, LED colour rendering is also improving: leading warm white LEDs are now available with colour rendering index (CRI) of 80, equivalent to CFLs. Driver Losses Fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) light sources cannot function without a ballast, which provides a starting voltage and limits electrical current to the lamp. LEDs also require supplementary electronics, usually called drivers. The driver converts line power to the appropriate voltage (typically between 2 and 4 volts DC for high-brightness LEDs) and current (generally 200-1000 milliamps or mA), and may also include dimming and/or colour correction controls. Currently available LED drivers are typically about 85% efficient. So LED efficacy should be discounted by 15% to account for the driver. For a rough comparison, the range of luminous efficacies for traditional and LED sources, including ballast and driver losses as applicable, are shown below.
The biggest problem that we have engaged to date is how does a government or company afford to change all their lighting? Our company has put together a system were the buyer can become eco friendly by 2012 with no more expenditure.
At the moment your company is spending xxxxx euro a month on the lighting electric invoice plus paying out every six months for new bulbs which is already budgeted within your day to day running accounts. . Once our led lights are fitted your electric invoice will decrease by at least 50% plus the led bulb will last FIVE years plus. The money saved once the bulbs are fitted would simply pay for the unique financing package we are able to offer. All cost’s will take between 2-2.5 years to clear but as you can see if you are saving 50% of the electric invoice this will not effect your normal running budget. Once you are eco friendly there is also a tax advantage with carbon credits. All other companies within the led light industry are not offering this type of business finance support. The factory produces a fully tested European Union approved product with the supply contracted to secure our orders. Thank you for taking the time to read our proposal Best regards,
Mr Keith Pearce
CONTACT KEITH@OPIMUS.NET TELEPHONE +34690056145