Technical Report

Technical Report Glasgow Reconnect Heritage & Wellbeing Centre

Geographical Location: Glasgow City Centre , Scotland Author & Student ID Number: Philip Win - 4236190 Convenor & Course: Dr Paolo Beccarelli / ET2

Contents Introduction

Section 3 - Materials & Construction

Location 4

Facade Bay Study 30

Local Climate 5

Typical Details 31

Wind Analysis 6

Formwork Construction Process 33

Site & Context 7

Materials 34

Building Type & Programme 9 General Arrangement Drawings 10

Reflection

Section 1 - Building Environment

References i

Building Performance 12

36

Ventilation 14 Heating & Cooling 15 Acoustic Insulation 16 Visual Comfort 18

Section 2 - Structure Structural Grid 22 Foundation 24 Basement Structure 25 Concrete Structure 26 Timber Structure 27

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Glasgow Reconnect 3

Introduction

Location The site is situated in Glasgow, Scotland. It is located towards the Southern perimeter of Glasgow City Centre, at the bottom of Buchanan Street (one of 3 main public & retail axis, the others being Sauchiehall Street and Argyle Street).

The site sits within St. Enoch District which comprises of retail spaces and a public square, and creates a path towards the derelict riverside area, known as the fear zone due to the high crime rate within the area.

Location Plan (not to scale)

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Introduction Local Climate The site is situated at the coordinates of 55°85’N 4°25’W. Glasgow is typically milder in temperature than most of Scotland, influenced by the Gulf stream. It possesses an Oceanic/Marine climate, typical of West coasts of higher middle latitudes of continents. This results in cool summers and cool (but not too cold) winters, with a narrow annual temperature range, with few extremes of temperature.

For the collection of the local climate data, we have used data collected from Glasgow Airport Weather station, situated at the coordinates of 55°87’N 4°43’W. The station is located 11km West of the site.

The data has been read using the ASHRAE Standard 55 and Current Handbook of Fundamentals Model. The Clothing Level has been set to a value of 1 and Metabolic Activity, to a value of 1.1. The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) has been used to measure comfort.

Temperature: Viewing the DBT at 50% humidity, we find that the local temperature falls well below the comfort levels required as calculated by the PMV. Only in the warmest days in the summer months will the temperature be regarded as comfortable.

Therefore a mechanical heating system will be required to assist in the heating of the building. A passive design is also paramount to reducing running costs due to the harsh climate.

Sky Cover: The annual sky cover of just under 80% confirms the marine climate of the Glasgow region. Even in the summer months, there is very little variation, resulting in cooler summers. This must be remembered when designing for the use of light. The site will sit under a consistant layer of cloud cover 80% of the year.

Illumination: The direct normal illumination for Glasgow ranges between 8 000 lux - 28 000 lux. An average reading of 15 000 lux.

This ranges from overcast daylight to light from blue sky. It will be key to get sufficient light into the building due to the weak overcast daylight, as a result of the excessive cloud cover.

Wind Velocity: The wind velocity averages between 3 - 9m/s. There is no real variation from this apart from the month of January, where the wind is slightly stronger at over 10m/s. Reading the Beaufort scale, this is classed as a light breeze, going up to a fresh breeze. The recorded high of 31m/s in the month of January equates to a Violant storm. Other highs recorded at around 18m/s equate to a gale. When designing for wind, we must design to account for these extremes.

Shading: The chart above illustrates that shading design is not really required due to the extreme cloud cover that exists. There are small periods of the year (72 hours) where shading may heat up the space, however if we look at the low annual temperature range, this sunlight will be welcome into the building. However, calculations will be required for design against glare.

Psychometric Chart: This chart shows that mechanical heating would provide comfort for 66% of the time throughout the year for internal spaces. Internal heat gains: 23%. Solar heat gains account for 10%(25% of daytime). Wind Protection accounts for 6%. The climate is classed as comfortable for only 2% of the time. We must use solar heating where possible to gain heat.

Glasgow Airport weather station location

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Introduction Wind Analysis The wind rose shows the prevailing wind generally coming from a South Westerly direction, however there is also a secondary wind which arrives from the an Easterly direction. January is the windiest month, with reduced wind velocity during the summer months. There is very little wind from the North.

The current site is blocked from the South Westerly prevailing winds by the neighbouring buildings, however the Easterly winds may impact the site, therefore sufficient design will be required to protect the building against possible winds up to a velocity of 17m/s

SOUTH WESTERLY PREVAILING WIND

EASTERLY PREVAILING WIND

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Introduction

Site & Context The site consists of an area of 2145m2. The site is flat and rectangular in shape, with dimensions of 60m x 35m. It is land locked on two sides by surrounding buildings. The main long elevation is North facing and faces out onto Howard street, predominantly used as a bus route and for vehicles from St Enoch car park. The short elevation is Eastward facing and faces out onto Dixon Street, a local road which continues the axis down from Buchanan street and St Enoch Square. The existing building on site was previously used by Air Lingus and is now derelict, with only the ground floor being used as a local charity shop. There are many derelict buildings around st Enoch square and the riverside, some of these being listed buildings. This area provides oppurtunities for high quality regeneration projects, upgrading the derelict riverside and connecting it to the deprived Southern bank.

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Introduction

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Introduction Building Type & Programme The following proposal addresses the client’s aspirations for providing spaces which act as a form of therapy, support, education and care for the people of Glasgow. A space which will help to link Buchanan street and St Enoch square to the derelict riverside area. The mixed-use scheme comprises of : - Welcoming and vibrant external courtyard entrance which creates a strong link with St. Enoch square.

- x4 Workshops providing a range of skills reconnecting the people of Glasgow with their heritage.

- x50 People Capacity: Temporary accomodation cabins with an outdoor garden space.

- Main multi purpose hall for presentations and ceremonies.

- Swimming pool and Gym/Active studio facilities educating the public for a healthier lifestyle.

- x10 Retail/Restaurant units: Extending the retail from St Enoch square.

- Therapy room for counselling sessions.

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Introduction General Arrangement Drawings

Ground Floor Plan (Not to Scale)

First Floor Plan (Not to Scale)

Second Floor Plan (Not to Scale)

Third Floor Plan (Not to Scale)

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Introduction General Arrangement Drawings

Fourth Floor Plan (Not to Scale)

Long Section (Not to Scale) | K14ET2 - Environment and Technology 2

Basement Floor Plan (Not to Scale)

Short Section (Not to Scale) Glasgow Reconnect 11

1. Building Environment Building Performance There are 2 main types of wall buildup within the design.

Wall Type 1 consists of an in-situ concrete buildup whilst Wall Type 2 consists of a timber structure buildup.

We will look at data for both wall types in order to determine the performance of these materials.

Wall Type 1: In-Situ Concrete The in-situ concrete external walls are 375mm thick. This is built up from the following materials: - Internal reinforced concrete wall of 200mm which will form the main load bearing structure.

- 100mm Phenolic Rigid Insulation - 75mm external reinforced concrete wall of 75mm Based on this material buildup, this wall is calculated to acheive a U-value of 0.20 W/m2K. This is calculated using Passive Design Assistant (PDA). The materials were built using the material builder tool. The graph to the right shows how the material performs within the Glasgow climate. The climate data is taken from an EPW file of Glasgow airport.

A condensation assessment has been performed on this material buildup using BuildDesk software. The programme calculates that no condensation is predicted throughout the year in Glasgow. Therefore a condensation membrane is not required within this material buildup.

Material performance graph provided by PDA.

External

Internal

U-value: 0.20 W/m2K Image showing material buildup

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Condensation Assessment provided by BuildDesk Philip Win | 4236190

1. Building Environment Wall Type 2: Timber The timber wall buildup consists of: - 20mm Precast concrete Internal lining - 100mm Phenolic Insulation - 89mm Studwork and insulation - 20mm Cavity - 80mm Timber sheating cladding Based on this material buildup, this wall is calculated to acheive a U-value of 0.16 W/m2K. Once again, this is calculated using the material builder within Passive Design Assistant (PDA).

U-value: 0.16 W/m2K

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1. Building Environment

HVAC System - Proposed Layout. tbc by services engineer. (Map not to scale)

Ventilation A hybrid ventilation strategy will be adopted due to the nature of the programme. Spaces such as retail, gym and workshop spaces will require ventilation and thermal comfort to be closely monitored. Therefore natural ventialtion alone is not enough.

PM2.5 is a standard adopted by the European Union, limiting any particulates in air to 25 Âľg/m3. To acheive this in the design of the workshop space, ventilation ducts will be placed at each shipmaking station keeping these spaces well ventilated and free from a buildup of these harmful nanoparticles.

PM2.5: If we view the workshop space, extra care is required to extract the airborne particulate matter and nanoparticles which are produced from the ship making process.

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1. Building Environment Heating & Cooling Due to the mild climate of Glasgow, a mechanical means of heating is required to create comfortable internal spaces.

A heat recovery ventilation system (HRV) will be used as part of the HVAC system. The diagram to the left illustrates the proposed layout for the HVAC ductwork. The ductwork will run along the ceiling. A services zone has been designed in so that the services do not impede users. The service ducts will run vertically between levels at proposed service riser locations.

The heat recovery ventilation system will use the energy from the exhaust warm air of the gym and swimming pool areas. This energy will be collected from the air and used to heat fresh incoming external air. This recycling process will reduce energy on the HVAC system.

The input and output systems will be placed within a rooftop services area, free from polluting air at pedestrian levels.

Diagram of HRV System, provided by Imperial Group

Input and Output Ventilation units are to be placed at high level rooftop

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HVAC Duct system allows for comfort to be controlled from one point of source.

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1. Building Environment Acoustics The design consists of large areas of exposed insitu concrete walls, both on the interior and exterior faces of the building. To counteract this, acoustic insulation will be provided in the form of the formwork cladding system which has been designed. Through acoustics calculations, formwork will be permanently left in place to provide acoustic insulation. These bespoke panels will consist of an extra layer of acoustic boarding which has been specified and installed during the off-site manufacturing process.

We will look at the worst case scenario: the gym area, where the walls and ceiling are cast in-situ. The floor is finished in conrete screed.

We expect a very poor reverberation time calculation for this space due to the concrete core structure.

Acoustic Insulation - Absorption coefficient of 0.9.

Image provided by VINCO Cross Section - Acoustic Insulation of permanent formwork cladding

We will be using Sabine’s equation (above) to determine the Reverberation time for the gym space. The volume of this space is calculated to be 2120m3 Floor Ceiling Wall Glazing Total Absorption

Area (m2) Absorption Co-efficient (at 500 Hz) 335 6.7 335 6.7 530 10.6 100 18 42

Material Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Ordinary Glazing (0.18)

The information above calculates effective/average Area (m2) Absorptionfrequency, Co-efficient (at 500to Hz) beMaterial absorption rate at 500Hz a total of 42.

Floor Ceiling Wall Glazing Acoustic Insulation Total Absorption

235 235 280 100 450

V=2120m3 0.161 x V 0.161 x 2120 = 341.32 T = 341.32/42 T = 8.12s

4.7 4.7 5.6 18 405 420

Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Ordinary Glazing (0.18) Ordinary Glazing (0.9)

An acceptable reverberation time is around 0.8s. This result informs us that having a bare concrete interior would result in a very poor acoustic space with a reverberation time which is x10 times worst than the accepted parameters.

Plan - Gym area (Not to Scale) 16 | Technical Report

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Floor Ceiling Wall Glazing Total Absorption

Area (m2) Absorption Co-efficient (at 500 Hz) 335 6.7 335 6.7 530 10.6 100 18 42

Material Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Ordinary Glazing (0.18)

Floor Ceiling Wall Glazing Acoustic Insulation Total Absorption

Area (m2) Absorption Co-efficient (at 500 Hz) 235 4.7 235 4.7 280 5.6 100 18 450 405 420

Material Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Concrete Poured (0.02) Ordinary Glazing (0.18) Ordinary Glazing (0.9)

In order to acheive an acceptable acoustic space, we will recalculate the absorption co-efficient with the addition of acoustic insulation. This insulation comes in the form of wood cladding. The cladding has a co-efficient of 0.9.

The calculation above shows the addition of the acoustic insulation which would cover 1/3 of the floor and ceiling spaces as well as 1/2 of the interior walls.

V=2120m3 0.161 x V 0.161 x 2120 = 341.32 T = 341.32/420 T = 0.8s An acceptable acoustic performance level is acheived by the introduction of this cladding. In terms of Architectural design intent, the play on pattern between formwork and exposed concrete can be designed within these acoustic parameters.

Formwork panels specified to act as Acoustic insulation must cover 50% of the wall area in order to acheive an internal reverberation time of 0.8s

Vibration Control: Another issue is the vibration caused by the gym area which is on the first floor. The ground floor level contains retail units, therefore actions must be taken to restrict the acoustic vibration through the concrete floors.

We will be adding an extra layer of insulation on top of the structural concrete floor to restrict this vibration. TVS RESi Foam is a low cost, under screed acoustic insulation which is Part E Compliant. The material is a cross-linked, closed cell polyolefin foam which reduces the transmission of impact sound through in-situ concrete floors. The foam is 8mm thick and is a rigid material.

Images showing the TVS Resi Foam which is placed on top of the structural concrete. Image provided by Total Vibration Solutions | K14ET2 - Environment and Technology 2

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1. Building Environment Visual Comfort In the design of the main workshop area, we have to evaluate the natural lighting which is received via the ceiling skylight strip and frosted glass panels. We must determine whether this light alone is sufficient for daytime work.

Left: Internal Surface Drawing of workshop space Below: External image of workshop area

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1. Building Environment

Daylight Autonomy Simulation - Internal Image showing spaces just under the required 50% threshold

Daylight Autonomy Simulation - Plan Image showing spaces just under the required 50% threshold

Internal Image showing effectiveness of lighting openings

Visual Comfort Having run a daylight autonomy simulation on DIVA, the simulation report confirms to us that only 13% of the floor area would receive 500lux (UK Standard) of light, 50% of the time.

However, if we view each square metre of space in the images above, we learn that the lighting is not far off the requirements. The lighting reaches 500 lux around 30%40% of the time. Furthermore, the mean daylight factor of 3.2% is acceptable.

To get the daylight autonomy up to the acceptable standard, further skylighting or glazing would be required. | K14ET2 - Environment and Technology 2

However this must be factored in against building performance as well as glare.

An updated simulation explores the addition of extra north facing skylighting. With this updated calculation, 78% of the floor area would receive 500lux (UK Standard) of light, 50% of the time.

Internal Image showing effectiveness of lighting openings with the addition of extra rooflights Glasgow Reconnect 19

2. Structure

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2. Structure

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2. Structure 2.1 Structural Grid

The structural pattern is a result of a form which has been derived out of an Architectural mass modelling excercise.

Fig.1 illustrates how the building is split into 3 to allow for a central square, creating a linkage and continuation of the main square. Horizontally the building grid is split at points to allow for access from Howard street

Fig.1. Structural grid derived from mass modelling

Horizontally the grid ranges from GL1 - GL12. The grids are spaced apart 6m c/c, except for the walkways which span 4.25m c/c.

Vertically, the grid ranges from GL(A) - GL(G). These are centred at 6m, with the central square being spaced at 5.5m c/c.

The grid has been setup to allow for a practical span range of 6m as illustrated in Fig.2. At some locations two-way spanning will be adopted, at some locations only oneway spanning will be possible. The only location with a longer span is the swimming pool area, where a span of 12m is required. This will be possible with one way joists or concrete beams as illustrated in Fig. 2.

Fig.2 also confirms that one way and two way concrete slabs are possible with a span range of 6m. It also confirms that timber beams will be more than feasible with a 6m span range.

Fig.2. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive practical spanning ranges for the design above.

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2. Structure

Fig.3. Floor Span Directions

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2. Structure 2.2 Foundation

The subsurface soil on the site consists of Alluvium deposits. These consist of clay, silt, sand and gravel. This type of plain is within a flood zone and is periodically flooded by the River, therefore deep, stable foundations are recommended. The building also consists of 5 storeys, therefore a deep foundation is required to carry the large loading requirements.

A bored pile foundation system called the Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) will be used due to the congested Urban location of the site, reducing the amount of noise and vibration.

CFA consists of using insitu concrete. Firstly a bored pile machine drills into the ground. . Once the hole is drilled, concrete is poured into the hole. Lastly, reinforcement cages are lowered into the wet concrete. This technique may take longer than using precast piles, however it is very much quieter than drilling in precast piles. Noise reduction will have to take precedence over time due to the central location of the site.

The piles are capped with a shallow ground beam which ties the piles together to form a single structural system that can be used as a base to build from.

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Fig.1. Image provided by Junttan Pile Specialists

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2. Structure 2.3 Basement Structure

The site is located within a flood plain. For this reason, extra measures are taken to prevent water ingress into the basement area.

The detail in fig. 2 shows a 500mm retaining wall sealed in a waterproof membrane. A drainage cavity exists to capture any possible water ingress throughout the building life.

An inner lining of blockwork is laid on top of a concrete upstand.

Fig.2. Basement Section

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2. Structure 2.4 Concrete Structure

Fig.1. Illustrates sandwich concrete.

In Situ concrete will be used on this project. Due to the Architectural design of producing exposed concrete on both internal and external faces, a sandwich panel will be used, containing a centred 50mm insulation tied in place using a non conductive thermal tie. The walls will provide an overall thickness of 300mm.

The floors and ceilings will also be constructed using in situ concrete. Fig.2 determines that a 2 way flat plate of a thickness of 200mm will be sufficient for a 6m span.

However, for the swimming pool area which spans 12m, we will require 500mm x 150mm post tensioned beams as determined in fig. 3. Beams are preffered over joists on this occasion due to the preferred Architectural design of the exposed soffit.

Fig.2. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive structural thicknesses for insitu concrete floor

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Fig.3. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive structural thicknesses for insitu concrete floor over swimming pool Philip Win | 4236190

2. Structure 2.5 Timber Structure

Model 1 - Exploring the ship making process. Ribs sit on top of the keel to form the structure for the body.

Model 1 - Flipping the model. The keel acting as a central beam with ribs holding it up.

Model 2 - Ribs can be triangulated to create a stronger and more attractive structure.

The concept for the timber structures comes from the ship building process of laying the keel. This is seen as a significant moment in the shipmaking process.

The design of the structure intended to celebrate this laying of the keel. The main structure consists of 2 beams which are held up by a series of horizontal ribs. The design of the structure is intended to provide a spaces which reconnect and celebrate the art of shipmaking.

Model 3 - Two central keels, set 500mm apart to allow a strip of central light into the building, celebrating the keel. The 2 Keel’s are held up by a series of triangulated timber ribs at a span of every 6m.

Developmental sketches working on the structural design of the central keel and the ribs which hold the 2 keel’s up. | K14ET2 - Environment and Technology 2

Concept inspired partly by Yountville Town Center, California, USA by Siegel + Strain Architects Glasgow Reconnect 27

2. Structure Timber Structure Sizing: Glue-Laminated beams will be used for the main Keel Beams as each of these beams are 35m in length. The beams will be supported by ribs at 6m intervals, therefore, Fig.1 states that the beam requires the minimum dimensions of 310mm x 77mm. However, because of the length of the beams and for the Architectural effect of highlighting the keel, a larger dimension of 500mm x 150mm will be used.

Other beams will require a minimum dimension of 300mm x 100mm for a span of 4.25m as illustrated in Fig.2. Beams will require a minimum dimension of 500mm x 150mm for a span of 12m.

The ribs which hold up the keel beams are essentially structural arches which connect at the central keel.

Therefore, Fig.3. highlights that the required dimensions for these ribs are 350mm x 70mm. However, after deliberating with the structural engineer, a figure of 400mm x 150mm is deemed to provide a much more rigid structure.

Lastly, Fig.4 provides dimensions for the timber studwork of 38mm x 89mm.

Fig.1. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive structural thicknesses for Glue Laminated Beams

Fig.3. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive structural thicknesses for Timber Arches

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Fig.2. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive structural thicknesses for timber beams

Fig.2. Architect’s Studio Companion used to derive structural thicknesses for timber studwork.

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2. Structure

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3. Materials & Construction

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Facade Bay Study 1:25 @ A1

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3. Materials & Construction

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Typical Details 1:5 (Detail 04)

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3. Materials & Construction Typical Details 1:5 (Detail 05)

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3. Materials & Construction Formwork Construction Process

Image provided by, Carpentry for vocational schools

The design intent for the concrete making process was to provide a formwork system which could be reused as a cladding system. The concrete would provide a timber cut finish, which would relate to the timber cladding. This would provide the building with a tectonic language, providing glimpses of the construction process.

1 Assembly - Each panel would be tied in place using Bronze ties which

2 Support - Support braces are connected onto the nibs which come as part

3 Joint - The modular panels are connected from bottom right to top left

4 Concrete Pour

5 Post Pour - Once the concrete is set, the formwork can be removed by

6 Timber Cladding - The back face of the formwork would become

screw into a threaded central thermal tie from both ends. The ties are connected within a conical cap which prevents concrete from entering the connection.

of the bespoke formwork system

We analysed a typical formwork system as shown above and decided on a prefabricated formwork system which would come to site in modular panels. These panels would be connected using tongue and groove joints.

The quality of these panels would be high, as the panels would be reused as cladding. The sheating panels would be made from European Larch timber and the stud and wale frames would be from Scottish oak. The outer ties would be coated in Bronze to create a high class finish. The front face of the panels would provide the concrete finish whilst the back of the panels would provide the cladding finish. Some formwork panels would be left in place whilst others would be removed and reused as cladding.

using tongue and grooved joints.

This prefabricated bespoke product would cost higher than typical formwork systems, however because of it’s usage as cladding after casting, additional costs on timber would be greatly reduced, which would go a long way on balancing out the higher costs on this product.

unscrewing the bronze ties. | K14ET2 - Environment and Technology 2

the finished timber building facade. The bronze ties would be screwed into a threaded head which is connected to the timber studwork.

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3. Materials & Construction Materials In-Situ Concrete The design intent requires a difference in concrete mix between a harder and stronger front North facade, in contrast to a smoother and lighter rear South facing facade.

To acheive this, a fly ash cement will partially replace standard cement. This cement is produced using the ash from the combustion process of coal. It produces a darker looking concrete. This together with a higher conrete mix will provide a darker and rougher concrete finish.

The rear facade will have a lower aggregate mix, with cement which is partially replaced with Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS). This slag is produced during the production process of Iron. GGBS will provide a paler looking concrete which would appear lighter with the addition of South facing sunlight.

Left: North facade, adopting a rougher and darker concrete mix Below: South facade, adopting a smoother and lighter concrete mix Bottom right: London Aquatics centre with a lighter concrete mix with the use of GGBS cement replacement.

CASE STUDY GGBS and carbon cements GGBS and FAFA lowlow carbon cements

Far right: Angel Building, London, uses a darker concrete mix with the addition of fly ash cement replacement.

PROJECT: Byron Street - Glasgow

STONE DESCRIPTION:

A Permian Sandstone from the Locharbriggs Quarry in Dumfries, Scotland, one of the oldest and largest and actively worked red sandstone q Scotland. Quarried since the 18th century, this pink to red medium grained sandstone is widely used across Scotland and England for walling and contemporary cladding and masonry styles. Extensive reserves are readily available.

The impressive list of reference sites for Locharbriggs red sandstone dates back to the 1700’s and includes sites across Scotland and England landmark buildings in Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Aquatics Centre, London Aquatics Centre,Angel Building, Angel Building, London Zaha Hadid Architects / ARUP /AKT Zaha Hadid Architects / ARUPAHMMAHMM /AKT

Locharbriggs Sandstone A local red sandstone which comes from Locharbriggs quarry, located in Dumfries, Scotland. (Roughly 70 miles away from Glasgow). The sandstone has been quarried at Locharbriggs since the 18th Century and was a frequently used building material throughout the civic boom of the industrial revolution. Many of these buildings remain intact in present day Glasgow.

The stone is used for facade cladding throughout the design, providing a local material with local History and heritage.

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GGBS is pale/white GGBS is pale/white PROJECT SUMMARY:

Fly Ash dark grey grey FlyisAsh is dark (30% inGovan diving A new affordable housing project at Greater andboards) Glasgow Harbour, Whiteinch. (34%) Using(34%) natural sandstone cladding materials to enhance (30% in diving boards)

quality and character external space.

Left: Sandstone Cladding usedofinthe current design.

100mm Ashlar cladding to front facade. 50mm Sandstone Skirting to rear facade.

THE BUILD SOLUTION:

Below: Byron street, Glasgow. High use of sandstone throughout theresidential City of Glasgow.

These apartments needed to be striking in appearance in order to attract residents; they also needed to meet the latest legislation

These residential apartments needed to be striking in appearance in order to attract residents; they also needed to meet the latest legislation includes the buildings durability - with all construction materials contributing to the buildings overall thermal performance.

Bottom right: Sandstone, stone texture with a fiery red colour

Using Locharbriggs red sandstone 100 mm cladding on the outer façade, designers have establish sound relationships between the old buildi new development project, placing a unique stamp on this residential property in terms of character and style.

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3. Materials & Construction Materials Scottish Oak Timber Scottish oak is a locally produced material which was predominantly used as a traditional ship building material during the industrial revolution.

Left: Use of Scottish hardwood in the design of the structural and internal cladding of the main mixed use space.

Below: Example of oak structure texture.

It is a naturally durable material due to its natural production of tannic acids, a powerful chemical which reproduces skin and which provides resistance towards decay. This material is ideal for use outdoors as maintenance on the wood is not required.

The material is a hard and decorative wood. it is a darker coloured wood compared to European larch. The material will mainly be used as a structural wood, giving a hierarchy between the oak and European larch, which will be used as a cladding material.

European Larch Timber Larch is a locally produced material which possesses a warm, reddish brown/terracotta colour. This provides a consistent material palette with the colour being similar to the red sandstone which is used elsewhere on the building facade.

Left: European larch is used for the cladding of the rear facade, providing a lighter contrast to the sandstone front facade.

Bottom right: Example of European larch cladding.

The 2 materials provide a visual contrast, yet at the same time an association in colour palette. The material will be used as cladding, most significantly being used as the permanent formwork which will double up as the cladding for the ship building workshop.

Larch, just like Scottish Oak, is a strong and durable local material which is popular for it’s outdoor usage.

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Reflection Environment & Technology has been a very useful and important module for me this year. The simulations which we have been taught have allowed us to apply our theoretical knowledge to analyse and test our designs against environmental factors.

Testing especially the acoustics and lighting of my design and learning how they performed allowed me to amend my design and take it to a level where it is integrated. I was surprised to find an extremely high Reverberation time of 8 seconds for my concrete core. This helped me to realise how easy it is to design spaces which do not work. It is important to analyse spaces before they are built as post construction amendments can be very costly. I particularly enjoy using DIVA to mould a lighting design which is diserable both aesthetically and from a visual comfort point of view.

As a designer, it is assuring to be able to test designs out using simulation software. It allows the designer to be more confident about their design, knowing that the spaces designed will be both visually pleasing and comfortable to inhabit.

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Digital Mockup One uncertain aspect of my design was the amount of lighting the building would get. Especially the workshop space which had an 800mm strip of overhead glazing and a few panels of frosted glass. I was unsure if these openings would provide sufficient light within the overcast climate of Glasgow.

The digital mockup of the workshop space allowed me to explore the lighting within the space. The mockups were modelled in 3DS Max and imported into Rhino, where daylight Autonomy calculations were performed using the DIVA plugin. This calculation would inform me whether this space receives sufficient lighting. This calculation would also provide me with a mean daylight factor for the space.

UK requirements ask us to provide a minimum of 500 lux for 50% of the time. We learnt that the space provided a figure of just under this requirement at round 30%-40%, however it did provide us with an acceptable mean daylight factor of over 2%.

We adjusted the digital mockup to give it extra North facing glazing, This extra glazing provided us with a daylight autonomy result of over 50%.

The 2 images below show the 2 design options. This process allowed me to critique my design, analysing the pros and cons of each option, analysing it against how it would affect other building performance criterias such as thermal comfort and ventilation.

This digital mockup was very useful as it allowed me to test any unknowns of my design before it is constructed. It is a very useful tool to have at this early design stage.

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i. Reference List - Acoustical Surfaces. 2016: Sound Absorption Coefficients. [online] Available at: http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/acoustic_IOI/101_13.htm Accessed 14 Jan. 2016 - Altomonte, S. 2014: Workshop 01 - Climate analysis and Psychrometry K14ET1 [Online via Moodle] Available at: http://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=1294895 Accessed on: 10/01/2016 - Altomonte, S. 2014: Workshop 02 - Thermal Behaviour of Buildings K14ET1 [Online via Moodle] Available at: http://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=1294895 Accessed on: 10/01/2016 - Altomonte, S. 2014: Workshop 05 - Sunlight and Daylight K14ET1 [Online via Moodle] Available at: http://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=1294895 Accessed on: 10/01/2016 - Educate-sustainability.eu. 2016: Controlling the Internal Soundfield - Reverberation Time | www.educate-sustainability.eu. [online] Available at: https://www.educate-sustainability.eu/kb/content/controlling-internalsoundfield-reverberation-time Accessed 14 Jan. 2016 - Estates. 2015: Sustainable Research Building Ground Floor Plan [Online] University of Nottingham. Available from: Accessed 10th December, 2015 - Jones, B. 2013: Workshop 03 - Natural Ventilation Design K14ET1 [Online via Moodle] Available at: http://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=1294895 Accessed on: 10/01/2016 - Pricemyers.com. 2016: Price & Myers. [online] Available at: http://www.pricemyers.com/structures/projects/sustainable-research-building-university-of-nottingham Accessed 14 Jan. 2016 - Rutherford, P & Wilson, R. 2014: Workshop 04 - Comfort and Building Strategies K14ET1 [Online via Moodle] Available at: http://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=1294895 Accessed on: 10/01/2016 - Wilson, R. 2013: Workshop 07 - Acoustics K14ET1 [Online via Moodle] Available at: http://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=1294895 Accessed on: 10/01/2016

Software: - Climate Consultant. 2016: Los Angeles: UCLA Energy Design Tools Group - Comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu, 2016: CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55. [online] Available at: http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/ Accessed 14 Jan. 2016 - DIVA. 2015: Seattle: McNeel - Passive Design Assistant. 2012: London: ARUP - Photosphere. 2014: Albany, CA: Anyhere Software - Revit. 2015: San Rafael: Autodesk

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