Transformation of coastal areas of Yauza river in Moscow / Part II

PART II

Transformation of coastal areas of Yauza river in Moscow

Supervisor: Prof. Laura Pogliani Student: Daria Pilipak

POlLITECNICO DI MILANO School of Architecture, Urban Planning, Construction Engineering Final Thesis Master degree in Architecture and Urban Design A.A. 2020 | 2021

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PART II Yauza is the second big river in russian capital. Historically it was developing parallelly with the Moscow river. Modern urban planning tendency gives a lot of attention to the «re-opening» of unique natural resources which suffered from the previous stage of industrialization.

Moscow river embankments in the city center already received their modernization and now Yauza is waiting its turn. Stretching from the large national reserve located in the north of the city and going straight to the heart of Moscow this water artery has the potential to become a green corridor that could connect existing green public spaces in the union chain and reinforce sustainable mobility in this part of the capital. Further development of territories along the Yauza river would not only positively affect the local districts but also could give the direction of implementation of soft mobility system on a city scale.

A new improvement strategy for the Yauza coastal areas might help enhancing the environmental footprint of Moscow and provide pleasant green spaces along the waterfront, and therefore, raise the quality of the existing urban environment.

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4

INDEX / PART II

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7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

CHAPTER VII / ANALISYS OF PROJECT AREA History of Yauza River Land Use Green apaces Infrastructural System and Mobility Network Key Point Qualities

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8.1 8.2 8.3

CHAPTER VIII / SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT Sociological research Analysis of social scenarios Conclusion for Sociological Survey CHAPTER IX / CONCEPT DESIGN

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CONCLUSION

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LIST OF FIGURES

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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LINKS

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9 21 25 29 37

41 47 51

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PART II

CHAPTER VII

Analysis of Project Area

7.1 History of the Yauza River 7.2 Land Use 7.3 Green Spaces 7.4 Infrastructural System and Mobility Network 7.5 Key Point Qualities

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7.1 Vysokiy bridge. Sadovaya 1901-1902

7.2 Yauza river in winter 1903-1905

7.3 Nikoloyamskaya embankment 1956 - 1957

7.4 Yauza River embankment.

Tamozhennyy bridge / 1971

VII ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA

7.1 History of the Yauza River The first mention of the Yauza refers to the chronicle of 1156. At this time the river had great importance not only for Moscow but also for many principalities located in the European part of modern Russia. In the 9th-11th centuries, the Yauza was part of the waterway from the southern regions to Vladimir. In the 12th century, the river remained one of the main water arteries for the city even though it lost its transport significance. At this time, people began to actively settle on Yauza’s banks. Particularly in this direction, Moscow developed faster: at first, rural settlements appeared, and then the city development followed this tendency. Some historians associate the fact that the length of the Russian capital from north to south is greater than from east to west with this pattern.

In the 17th century, the river again acquired essential national value: Peter I opened a factory, which worked for the needs of the Russian fleet. It was manufacturing the ship sails. Over time the number of industries along the waterfront of the Yauza increased. Factories did not concern about the ecological situation and dumped all waste directly into the river.

By the 1930s the Yauza has a neglected and unsightly appearance, which gave a reason for a decision to construct the granite embankments.

However, the quality of the water only got worse. Moscow in those years highly expanded, amount of people and industries raised in some times. Nevertheless, the Moscow authorities tried to improve the situation. The city’s sewerage system and the gradual removal of factories reduced the negative impact on Yauza. A park organized along the river in the Medvedkov area in the 1960s additionally contributed to the development of ecological status.

During its existence, Yauza has been «altered» more than once. For example, in the 1950s there was organized the straightening of the riverbed in the area of the modern Electrozavodsky bridge. In 1940 the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex was built. The construction was part of the Masterplan 1935 for the development of Moscow, which included the watering of the capital. In this case, the Yauza had to be turned into a wider artery.

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Historical maps of coastal areas along the Yauza river

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Urban development in selected periods

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Riverbed changes of Yauza river in selected periods

Legend:

Legend:

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Overlaying of development in selected periods Legend:

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Construction periods of coastal areas along the Yauza river

Pre-revolutionary period (before 1917)

Pre-war period (before 1941)

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Post-war period (before 1992)

Modern period (after 1992)

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Dating of the development of areas Legend:

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Urban Altitude Legend:

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Land use Legend:

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8 3

7

6

4

2

5

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VII ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA

7.2 Land Use «Industrialization» of territories along the Yauza river started in 17th century when Peter I opened a factory that was manufacturing the ship sails. Since this time tendency to locate industrial sites near the waterfront increased. In the modern period of Moscow development manufacturing enterprises are moving outside the city freeing space for new residential or office urban blocks. It is important to emphasize that there are some historic factories which should be saved from demolishing. Transformation of such places already started. For example huge factory in the north of the study area «Elektrozavod», which still functions. It received a new manufacturing block with ecological production and the historical buildings are waiting for restoration and implementation of wasteless technologies. Another example with a different approach is factory «Kristall». The historical industrial architecture was preserved by proposing a new cultural function.

Nowadays along the Yauza river, there are still plenty of industrial areas which are no longer working and abandoned. Those sites leave gaps in urban tissue thus splitting the coastal territories into unrelated parts.

The land use diagram is demonstrating the pattern of enlargement of urban blocks from the city center to the periphery. It could be noticed that on the south of the study area residential zones are divided into independent pieces while moving to the north a housing neighborhood forming large scale quarters.

One of the interesting features of Yauza is the presence of many hospital facilities along the embankment. The largest of them are situated close to the periphery which has less dynamic city activities and vast green zones. The most famous of them is Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N.N.Burdenko which was based in 1706.

Pictures: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

- figure 7.5 - figure 7.6 - figure 7.7 - figure 7.8 - figure 7.9 - figure 7.10 - figure 7.11 - figure 7.12

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Pictures of the study area

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7.5 Factory «Elektrozavod»

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7.7 Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N.N.Burdenko

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2

7.6 Factory «Kristall»

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7.8 Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex

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7.9 Palace of Culture of factory «Serp i Molot»

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7.11 Bauman Moscow State Technical University

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7.10 Bridge of the Third Transport Ring

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7.12 Rubtsovskaya embankment

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Land use of green spaces Legend:

1

2

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VII ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA

7.3 Green Spaces

1 2

The valley of the Yauza river stretches from the Moscow Ring Road to the city center. On its banks there are located many parks and green squares.

Lefortovo park is the biggest in the study area and one of the oldest parks in Moscow. Its surface is 46.8 ha. This green area is a historical and natural monument of architecture and landscape gardening. It was built at the beginning of the 18th century adjacent to the Catherine Palace. The cascade system of ponds, combined using a central axis and the decoration in the form of sculptures composition and dams make this place unique.

Another historical park is situated near manor «Usachev-Naydenov».

It was planned using regular and picturesque landscaping techniques, which were common in the tradition of gardening in the 18th century.

Park has an area of 8.2 ha. The distinguishing feature of this green area is that alleys were ending by garden pavilions, some of which still remain.

Coastal territories of Yauza own vast green spaces which have mainly chaotic organization and are not included in the soft mobility system.

Additionally close to the waterfront in some parts there are high and sharp hills. They make straight access to the embankment complicated.

Unique landscape features of Yauza on the one side have a negative impact on the permeability of surrounding urban fabric, but at the same time hiding the potential of extraordinary solutions for coastal territories connections.

- Lefortovo Park - «Usachev-Naydenov» Manor Park

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Public green spaces Legend:

Functions:

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Detailed categories of green spaces

Green space attached to residential areas Legend:

Green space attached to public buildings Legend:

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Selected infrastructural network Legend:

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VII ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA

7.4 Infrastructural System and Mobility Network Bike rent stations

Legend:

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Bridges of the Yauza river Legend:

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Existing infrastructure of public transport Legend:

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Existing tram routes

Legend:

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Catching area of public transport

Catching area of bus

Catching area of tram

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Catching area of metro

Catching area of all kinds of public transport

Legend:

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Negative qualities of the Yauza coastal areas

Marginal unsafe zones in the abandoned territories

Not functioning industrial sites

Large urban blocks with an undeveloped pedestrian system Lack of cultural activities and point of interest in the upper part of the study area Narrow embankments with priority to car road

Absence of bike route

Lack of bridges and connections between two banks of Yauza

Hight hills along the river

High embankments with no access to water

River pollution

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VII ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA

7.5 Key Point Qualities Positive qualities of the Yauza coastal areas

Existing vast public green areas at the south part of the study area

Rich historical heritage

Existing point of interest

Low hight buildings

Hight level of accessibility of public transport

Quiet streets

The unique landscape along the waterfront

Winding picturesque river bed

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PART II

CHAPTER VIII

Sociological Survey Report

8.1 Sociological research 8.2 Analysis of social scenarios 8.3 Conclusion for Sociological Survey

Sociologucal Survey Report made in 2020 by:

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Distribution of the survey according to the type of activities occurring in the territory

Distribution of the survey according to the frequency of visiting the territory

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Variety of answers in the «other» option

8.1 Sociological research VIII SOCIO. SURVEY REPORT

The sociological survey was produced by the architectural studio Wowhaus in 2020. The length of the study area is 9.5 km. The considered territory passes through eight districts of Moscow: Zamoskvorechye, Basmanny, Lefortovo, Sokolniki, Preobrazhenskoye, Bogorodskoye.

The Yauza River is a connecting artery between the city center and the north-east of the capital. The zone of influence covers around 180.000 people who live, work or study there.

The survey was organized between August 26 - September 4 of 2020.

1450 questionnaires were collected: 1087 online (75%) and 363 (25%) offline.

The study aimed to identify the features and qualities of the territory, the social composition, archetypes, and scenarios of how local people spend their leisure time. Based on collected data, it is possible to make a conclusion about the strengths and weaknesses of the project area, about the daily urban habits of citizens, and which functions missing at the moment but might be relevant for site development.

The sociological research was carried out by methods of online and offline questionnaires, observation of social scenarios, and in-depth interviews. There were 15 conversations with residents, which helped to deeply immerse in the local context and problems, identify the nuances of a personal relationship to a place, analyze social connections and communication methods in the territory.

Distribution of the survey according to the age:

Distribution of the survey by sex:

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Existing scenarios by age group

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Comfort and visual appeal. General perception According to the study of the existing scenarios for the use of territories, some patterns were identified. It is worth mentioning that children most often interact with the project site on their way to study, while groups of 30-65 and 65+, use the same area on the way home. Young people most often ride a bike, and for them, the territory is a transit zone - to work / to university or home.

Elderly citizens also prefer to have walk in the considered territory, including with grandchildren. Similarly, walks are popular among children, a little less - among the residents 18-30 years old. Group 3065 also use the area for cycling and as a path to work/study.

The respondents were asked to rate some characteristics of the comfort and attractiveness of the territory on a scale from 1 to 5. According to these criteria, the state of the project area was assessed as satisfactory and unsatisfactory. The citizens rated the cleanliness of public spaces most highly (3 points out of 5) and considered the sound background the least favorable (less than 2 points out of 5).

Comfort, Attractiveness

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Problems existing on the territory

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In addition to the problems from the proposed list, the citizens noted other inconveniences. For example: incessant construction sites and car traffic that increase noise levels; lack of cycling infrastructure; poor quality of pedestrian paths; lack of pedestrian crossings; lack of bridges; the difficulties of movement of people with limited mobility, etc. The respondents are also concerned about the state of the river and the spaces along with it - they mention the mud and dirty river, the lack of garbage cans.

The area is seen by the citizens as an ideal place for water observation and solitude, as well as sports and cycling / scooter / rollerblading (with the opportunity of renting). As other potential scenarios on the territory, the respondents primarily indicated the possibility for a comfortable walk. Many people answered that they did not want to change their habits, and they were satisfied with the existing situation.

Distribution of answers to the question «What would you like to do on the territory?»

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Division into parts 64 persons / hour

28 persons / hour

43 persons / hour

40 persons / hour

41 persons / hour

42 persons / hour

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8.2 Analysis of social scenarios

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Main types of activity on the territory Legend:

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HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL WEALTH ARE HIDDEN Many respondents feel a contradiction: the existing historical architecture of Yauza is not visible, it is closed by garages, gas stations, and industrial zones. Despite the good attitude towards Yauza and its potentialities, the majority of citizens noted that the river embankments are dirty, dusty, lifeless, and inhospitable.

NOT A PART OF THE CITY It was also mentioned that Yauza is “nobody’s” territory, it is not connected to the urban tissue: “it exists, but it doesn’t seem to exist”, it is not part of the landscape, “Yauza is an embankment that cannot be used by a pedestrian” and “it is not clear what to do here».

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VIII SOCIO. SURVEY REPORT

8.3 Conclusion for Sociological Survey As follows from the analysis of each section of the study area, the overwhelming majority of visitors to the Yauza embankments are young people of 18-30 years old. The territory is used least by children and the elderly, which may indicate its closedness or inaccessibility for these population groups.

The most common scenarios for the activities on the project territory are cycling / scooter / skateboarding among all ages, walking, running, dog walking.

The area is rarely used as a point for calm rest and mainly serves as a transitway, which people pass almost without stopping, do not stay for a long time in one place. Perhaps this is because there are not enough places on the embankments that could work as an independent node of attraction, or with a feeling of insecurity of the territory, including due to the presence of representatives of marginal groups.

ALL GROUPS ARE READY FOR DIALOGUE In-depth interviews show the diversity of groups that are not indifferent to the fate of Yauza. Representatives of these groups are disposed of a constructive dialogue, ready to make suggestions and support the project.

YAUZA UNDERVALUED, HAS POTENTIAL The respondents consider the Yauza River to be very underestimated, its potential as an object of city-scale significance is very great.

PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS ARE SIMILAR Problems and proposals for all groups are largely the same. It means that it is possible to provide a list of measures to change the Yauza, which will not cause sharp conflicts among its users.

WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CREATING A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT The composition of the changes that the respondents consider necessary in the renovation of the Yauza goes far beyond the creation of a comfortable environment. In addition to such projects, it is fundamental to develop deeper plans for the transformation of the river.

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PART II

CHAPTER IX Concept Design

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Project area / City scale

Area of Moscow: Population of Moscow:

107.000 ha 12.6 mil. people (2020)

Project Area: 140 ha Population on Project Area: 180.000 people

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Project area / District scale

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Development Strategy

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Development Strategy The development of strategy started from the study of the historical value of urban blocks, their current state of space quality, spatial organization, and existing connections. The project area is extended 9.5 km from Moscow’s city center to the north of the capital, where is located the vast Sokol’niki Park which slightly merges with the National Reserve «Losinyy Ostrov». The main goal of the strategy is to emphasize existing urban tissue with historical significance and to unlock the potential of unique urban formation which is now in an abandoned condition. The priority was given to the restoration and maintenance of existing urban fabric with delicate implementation in the form of transformation and modification of blocks that have lost their relevance. Dismissed historical and industrial buildings received a new purpose in order to be preserved and to participate in the life of the city. The identified points of interest would serve as a catalyst for further district development and a reference point for creating new connections in the coastal areas of the Yauza River.

The organization of a continuous green corridor along the river was an essential agenda for Moscow’s development strategy. The intention was to connect existing public green areas in one eco-system by establishing new links, improving the quality of current green zones, and providing an extensive soft mobility system.

Legend: Urban tissues are defined by historical relevance, and should not be altered in any way.

Tissues are defined by opportunities to enhance and improve.

Urban tissues have the potential for transformation or modernization.

Tissues are confirmed satisfactorily and not to be altered.

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Historical tissue to maintain (1)

Restoration and improvement of urban spaces

Historical tissue to restore (2)

Restoration of urban spaces with new buildings construction

HISTORICAL URBAN TISSUE

RENOVATION URBAN TISSUE

Urban tissues are defined by historical relevance, and should not be altered in any way. All historical heritage objects and spatial organization are kept and maintained in their original form.

Tissues are defined by opportunities to enhance and improve. The spatial structure has poor connections inside of the block and with surrounding areas. The quality of urban space is identified on a low level.

1. The current quality of urban space is sufficient.

Blocks are keeping original functions.

Priority is giving to the maintenance of current spatial compositions, but it could be slightly changed and new buildings may be constructed if it is required. Urban space is renovated.

2.Urban space has a poor condition and requires restoration measures.

This type of block can have delicate interventions for improvements of soft mobility systems and permeability of urban tissues.

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Legend:

Demolition of abandoned buildings and new project

Transformation of existing buildings for new function

Existing urban block to confirm

TRANSFORMATION URBAN TISSUE

EXISTING URBAN TISSUE

Urban tissues have the potential for transformation or modernization. Block has disordered or poorly composed and connected space. Areas are abandoned or have low-quality architecture.

Tissues are confirmed satisfactorily and not to be altered. The current quality of urban space is identified on a sufficient level.

The functional layout is changing for of current city interests and considering the surrounding context. These areas could have a new project with different spatial compositions or modernization of existing historical buildings for new purposes. Urban space could be transformed accordingly to updated use.

New pedestrian paths and improvement of greenery system could be implemented.

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Masterplan Legend:

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Masterplan

NO LANDUSE CHANGES ACTIONS: Keep the function Renovate urban space Repair buildings

ACTIONS: Keep the function Renovate urban space Demolish petrol station HISTORICAL VALUE ACTIONS: Keep the function Renovate urban space Demolish abandoned builings Repair building Propose new project

ACTIONS: Keep the function Restorate urban space Restorate historical buildings Repair building ACTIONS: Change the function Transform urban space Restorate historical buildings

LANDUSE CHANGES ACTIONS: Change the function Transform urban space Repair and modify building according new use

ACTIONS: Change the function Transform urban space Restorate historical buildings Demolish abandoned builings Propose new project

ACTIONS: Change the function Transform urban space Demolish industrial builings Propose new project ACTIONS: with space with building

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Land use / Before Legend:

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Land use / After Moscow is a dynamic city with «fertile soil» for the creation of new start-ups and innovative collaborations. Along the Yauza River, there are successful examples of the transformation of former industrial zones into art or business clusters, such as «Artplay», «Vinzavod», factory «Kristall» and others. This trend still is highly relevant. It allows to preserve the heritage of historical industrial architecture and provide demanded functions to the citizens.

Historically, there has been a shortage of housing in this area due to industrialization. However, the coastal territories of the Yauza have many positive qualities for the creation of new residential blocks. It has predominantly low buildings, quiet streets, and many green public parks.

The balanced combination of office and residential functions with commerce activities on the ground floors and extended sost mobility systems could reduce transport load, increase the quality of ecology and improve the economic situation. This organization would set the vector of development in the direction of the «Zero Kilometer Theory» -«live where you work, work where you live».

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Urban units division / Before Legend:

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Soft mobility system / After Legend:

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Green spaces system Legend:

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Distribution of green areas Legend:

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7.13

2

7.14

3

7.15

4

7.16

Area I

The aim of the project is to provide a strategy for the development of the coastal area along the Yauza river. Approaches and principles were identified after an in-depth analysis of the main problems, challenges, and opportunities of the considered area. Within the conceptual design project, two sections characterized by high hills facing the waterfront were chosen to demonstrate the potential of further development. The difference in height of urban landscapes is one of the reasons why Yauza has a poor connection with surrounding urban tissue and it is not «actively included» in the city’s life.

Both areas have abundant greenery which, however, was previously not involved in a soft mobility system. The conceptual design project is intended to change this state. In this way, existing natural characteristics could fully reveal their potential with a new transit function or calm recreation.

Existing state

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Axonometry I

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1

7.17

2

7.18

3

7.19

4

7.20

Area II

The continuity of the green chain unifying public spaces improves the pedestrian connections and the quality of urban blocks. Soft mobility links contribute to the permeability of coastal areas and facilitate access to the Yauza river. The additional lower tier of embankment brings back to the district its access to the water artery, which was lost during the granite banks construction back in the 1930s.

Further out, the conceptual design project provided a straight path from the hills by creating a new panoramic deck and, thereby, opening new visual perspectives on the surrounding historical architecture.

Priority was given to safeguard historical buildings, giving them a new function. The transformation of surrounding industrial sites was made in accordance with the urban context and needs.

Existing state

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Axonometry II

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Conclusion Moscow has natural resources which in some cases are not used in their full potential. For many years the Yauza river was polluted by surrounding industries and neglected as a recreation facility.

Blocked by high granite embarkments and poorly connected by a small number of bridges this water artery turned into an element of separation. However, flowing from the north suburbs through large national reserve «Losinyy Ostrov» straight to the city center the Yauza has all qualities to be transformed into a continuous green corridor. Moreover, it could join the «Super Park Yauza», which is set to be created by 2023. The park would connect urban green zones with the rural landscape and create a vast soft mobility system.

The aim of this project was to provide a scenario for the development of coastal territories and embankments on the Yauza river. From the analysis of the existing green spaces context, it became clear that the transformation of this water resource would bring not only local improvement but could also benefit the green system of the city. The research of different projects which were already implemented on the Moscow river and analysis of the international practice of embankment modification helped to identify appropriate approaches and methods for further works on the urban strategy.

Areas along the Yauza river have rich historical heritage, that is why the priority of the project was to preserve and restore the existing urban fabric. Dismisssed industrial sites and areas in poor conditions were given a new meaning and function through the project.

The decision to apply a particular function was made considering the surrounding context.

It was essential to provide new connections and organize the existing complicated landscape to improve the permeability of the considered territory. Large urban blocks were divided by new pedestrian paths and new bridges connected the two sides of the river, while the hills along the waterfront were given a straight access to the river thanks to a descent system.

Existing green public spaces were linked by linears greenary along the Yauza coasts. The natural landscape was included into the organization of transit pedestrian flows and the creation of new green recreational areas. Finally, the improvement of the soft mobility system contributed to the creation of a continuous green chain.

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List of figures 1.1 - 1.2_ [image] LiveJournal (2014) Flight over Zamoskvorechye / https://varlamov.ru/1034566.html?rfrom=zyalt 2.1_ [image] Photosight (2016) Yauza / https://photosight.ru/photos/6404854/ 2.2 - 2.4_ [image] Stroi.Mos (2020) A section of the Yauza River floodplain in Mytishchi / https://stroi.mos.ru/gallery/2526 3.1 Bring public life to the waterfront [image] Gehl Architects (2013) Moscow - Towards a great city for people. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Genplan Moscow 3.2_ [image] Mos.ru (2020) Reconstruction of the embankments of the Moscow River / https://www.mos.ru/news/item/44015073/ 3.3_ [image] Mskagency (2017) View of the Yakimanskaya embankment / https://www.mskagency.ru/photobank/262093 3.4 - 3.7 Recommendations for green areas [image] Strelka KB (2019) The Standard, Catalog 3 - Principle architectural and planning solutions. Moscow, Russia 3.8 - 3.9 Recommendations for green areas [image] Strelka KB (2019) The Standard, Book 1 - A code of principles for the complex development of urban areas. Moscow, Russia 4.1 - 4.4 Inviolable reserve of vegetation [image] Magazine: Project Russia (2010) #57 «Capital». Moscow, Russia: A-Fond 4.5_ [image] Mos.ru (2020) Lungs of Moscow: the story of the «Green Belt» / https://www.mos.ru/news/item/76847073/ 4.6_ [image] LiveJournal (2015) Skhodnenskaya Bowl / https://dzotblog.livejournal.com/ 4.7_ [image] LiveJournal (2013) Top view: Moscow is high / https://alkrylov.ru/362704.html?rfrom=alkrylov 4.8_ [image] Gazeta.ru (2018) Zaryadye Park / https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2018/12/18/12098881.shtml 4.9_ [image] FotoPrizer (2019) Museum-Reserve «Kolomenskoye» / https://www.fotoprizer.ru/foto-gallery/one-foto/188980/?q=462&nf=188980 4.10_ [image] Archdaily (2018) Nike Box MSK / KOSMOS architects + Strelka KB / https://www.archdaily.com/898620/nike-box-msk-kosmos-architects-plus-strelkakb?ad_medium=gallery 4.11_ [image] Estate (2013) Krymskaya Embankment / https://estatemag.io/elementor-122469/ 5.1_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2016) View from the Babegorodskaya dam / https://pastvu.com/p/529975 5.2_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2020) Flood / https://pastvu.com/p/1097230 5.3_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2009) Water station of the Central House of the Red Army / https://pastvu.com/p/7114

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5.4_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2020) View of the river from Neskuchny Sad / https://pastvu.com/p/1077719 5.5_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2012) Swimming pool on the Moskva River / https://pastvu.com/p/1210094 5.6_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2019) Krymskaya embankment / https://pastvu.com/p/886282 5.7_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2009) Beach near Gorky Park / https://pastvu.com/p/11587 5.8, 5.10_ [image] Mos.ru (2019) Zaryadye Park / https://www.mos.ru/city/projects/zaryadye/ 5.9_ [image] Archdaily (2017) Zaryadye Park / Diller Scofidio + Renfro / https://www.archdaily.com/883201/zaryadye-park-diller-scofidio-plus-renfro 5.11_ [image] DailyAfisha (2017) What does Zaryadye Park look like/ https://daily.afisha.ru/cities/6777-kak-vyglyadit-i-chto-oznachaet-park-zaryade-dlyamoskvy-i-rossii/?utm_source=afishatg&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=tekst-dnyavmeste-s-arhitektorom-dariey 5.12_ [image] FotoLoad (2020) Embankment next to Zaryadye Park / https://fotoload.ru/foto/544858/1920x1080/ 5.13_ [image] Photosight (2020) Floating Bridge / https://photosight.ru/photos/7000483/ 5.14_ [image] Archi.ru (2017) Floating Bridge in Zaryadye Park / https://archi.ru/projects/russia/16512/paryaschii-most-v-parke-zaryade 5.15, 5.18_ [image] V-A-C (2017) GES-2 / https://v-a-c.org/ru/ges-2 5.16_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2011) City Central Tram Power Station / https://pastvu.com/p/55399 5.17_ [image] Photo by Anton Ageev (2020) GES-2 / 5.19, 5.22_ [image] Landezine (2013) The Krymskaya Embankment / http://landezine.com/index.php/2013/12/the-krymskaya-embankment-by-wowhaus/ 5.20, 5.25_ [image] Plast-Trade (2020) Vernissage on the Krymskaya embankment / https://plast-trade.ru/portflio/object/vernisazh-na-krymskoj-naberezhnoj 5.21_ [image] Wowhaus (2013) Krymskaya embankment / https://en.wowhaus.ru/urbanistics/crimea-quay.html 5.23_ [image] Photosight (2015) Dry Fountain on the Krymskaya embankment / https://photosight.ru/photos/5983767/ 5.24_ [image] Regnum (2020) Recreation area in Muzeon / https://regnum.ru/pictures/3024722/10.html

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5.26 - 5.29, 5.31_ [image] Wowhaus (2011) Olive Beach / https://wowhaus.ru/urbanistics/gorky-beach.html 5.30_ [image] SMI24 (2019) Recreation areas near water / https://smi24.news/v-stolichnyh-parkah-otkrylis-plyazhi-i-bassejny/ 5.32_ [image] Ginza Project (2011) Olive Beach / https://www.cosmo.ru/lifestyle/events/olivkovyy-plyazh-v-parke-gorkogo/ 5.33_ [image] Fotokto (2017) Golden Automn / http://fotokto.ru/photo/view/4802269.html 5.34_ [image] Sputniknews (2016) Vorobyovy Hills / https://sputniknews.com/ russia/201605241040176098-moscow-beach-people-cant-swim/ 5.35 - 5.36_ [image] Wowhaus (2013) Vorobievskaya embankment / https://wowhaus.ru/urbanistics/v-quay.html 5.37 - 5.38_ [image] ProjectRussia (2013) Improvement of Vorobyevskaya Embankment in Moscow / https://prorus.ru/projects/blagoustrojstvo-vorobevskoj-naberezhnoj/ 6.1_ [image] Anastasis (2014) Reconstruction of the Seine River in Paris, APUR / https://anastasis.me/archives/2014/08/24/4426?lang=ru 6.2_ [image] GQ (2013) Paris Plages / https://www.gq.ru/travels/turisty-i-zhiteli-parizha-smogut-kupatsya-v-sene 6.3_ [image] Paris tourist office (2018) Parc Rives de Seine / https://de.parisinfo.com/wasansehen-in-paris/nachhaltigen-tourismus-in-paris/der-neue-uferpark-rives-de-seine 6.4_ [image] Paris (2020) Paris Plages sur les Rives de Seine / https://quefaire.paris.fr/27681/paris-plages-sur-les-rives-de-seine 6.5_ [image] Architectural Digest (2017) Paris’s First Public Pools on the Seine / https:// www.architecturaldigest.com/story/paris-first-public-pools-on-seine-are-major-success 6.6_ [image] StrelkaMag (2017) The top 5 waterfront public spaces / https://strelkamag.com/en/article/top-5-embankment 6.7_ [image] The Village (2012) Foreign experience: Urban projects underground / https:// www.the-village.ru/city/infrastructure/118080-inostrannyy-opyt?comment_id=18972029 6.8 - 6.9_ [image] Archdaily (2015) Madrid Río Wins Harvard’s Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design / https://www.archdaily.com/776943/madrid-rio-wins-harvardsveronica-rudge-green-prize-in-urban-design?ad_medium=gallery 6.10 - 6.11_ [image] West8 (2015) Madrid Río / https://www.west8.com/projects/madrid_rio/ 6.12_ [image] Shutterstock (2018) Cheonggyecheon Stream Park / https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/cheonggyecheon-stream-park-crowdsunset-time-1470355898 6.13_ [image] SmartCitiesWorld (2020) Seoul / https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/opinions/ smart-cities-reports/smartcitiesworld-city-profile--seoul

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6.14, 6.16_ [image] Inhabitat (2014) Cheonggyecheon River / https://inhabitat.com/howthe-cheonggyecheon-river-urban-design-restored-the-green-heart-of-seoul/ 6.15_ [image] Cheonggyecheon (2014) The Heart of Soeul / http://cheonggyecheonrestora tionproject.blogspot.com/p/design-devlopment.html 7.1_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2016) Vysokiy bridge. Sadovaya / https://pastvu.com/p/524469 7.2_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2017) Moscow in winter. Yauza river / https://pastvu.com/p/626950 7.3_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2010) Nikoloyamskaya embankment / https://pastvu.com/p/25568 7.4_ [image] Retro Views of Mankid’s Habitat (2021) Yauza River embankment / https://pastvu.com/p/1268201 7.5_ [image] LiveJournal (2019) A fortress named Electrozavod / https://warsh.livejournal.com/9878955.html 7.6_ [image] Archi.ru (2015) «Crystal» in anticipation of changes / https://archi.ru/russia/65262/kristall-v-ozhidanii 7.7_ [image] mos.ru (2019) Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N.N.Burdenko / https://www.mos.ru/news/item/66168073/ 7.8_ [image] LiveJournal (2019) Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex / https://dmitrydulin.livejournal.com/ 7.9_ [image] Kartarf (2012) Palace of Culture of factory «Serp i Molot» / https://kartarf. ru/dostoprimechatelnosti/186905-dvorec-kultury-zavoda-serp-i-molot-1929-1933-ggarhitektor-i 7.10_ [image] Fotokto (2018) Yauza / http://fotokto.ru/photo/view/5485412.html 7.11_ [image] Photosight (2009) Bauman Moscow State Technical University / https://photosight.ru/photos/3425251/ 7.12_ [image] Photosight (2014) Rubtsovskaya embankment / https://photosight.ru/photos/5637758/ 7.13 - 7.20_ [image] Yandex (2021) Street panorama / https://yandex.ru/maps/geo/moskva/ 53000094/?ll=37.618469%2C55.738514&utm_source=main_stripe_big&z=12.79

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Bibliography and Links Gehl Architects (2013) Moscow - Towards a great city for people / Institute of Genplan Moscow, Moscow Jan Gehl (2010) Cities for people / Island Press, Washington Strelka KB (2019) The Standard, Catalog 3 - Principle architectural and planning solutions / Moscow Strelka KB (2019) The Standard, Book 1 - A code of principles for the complex development of urban areas / Moscow Magazine: Project Russia (2010) # 57 « Capital » / A-Fond, Moscow Magazine: Project Russia (2012) # 62 «2 0 Years After » / A-Fond, Moscow Magazine: Project Russia (2015) # 75 « Embankments » / A-Fond, Moscow Magazine: Project Russia (2018) # 87 « Public Space s» / A-Fond, Moscow Magazine: Urbanistica #161 (2018) INU Edizioni GBU «Main architectural and planning department Moskomarkhitektury» (2018) Improvement and Renovation. Approaches and problems / A-Print, Moscow Chernyshev S. (1937) General plan for the reconstruction of Moscow and questions of the planning of cities in the USSR / Vses. Acad. Architecture, Moscow Gorlov V.N. (2012) Woodland park protective belt: origin and development / HSE, Moscow Links: Law of the City of Moscow dated May 5, 2010 No. 17 «On the General Plan of the City of Moscow» / https://www.mos.ru/mka/function/dlia-spetcialistov/dokumentyterritorialnogo-planirovaniia/ Moscow Government (2014) Moscow development program / https://dszn.ru/uploads/editor/65/b5/M2025.pdf Stroi.Mos (2020) Park “Yauza”/ https://stroi.mos.ru/articles/moskvu-i-oblast-soiedinitpark-iauza-marafonskii-marshrut-dlinoi-42-km Mos.ru (2020) Lungs of Moscow: the story of the «Green Belt / https://www.mos.ru/news/item/76847073/ Mos.ru (2015) The program «My street» / https://www.mos.ru/city/projects/mystreet/ ScienceDaily (2019) Two hours a week is key dose of nature for health and wellbeing / https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190613095227.htm Archi.ru (2014) 250 years of history of the Moscow River embankments / https://archi.ru/russia/58605/reka-cherez-veka Yauza embankments (2020) Sociological Survey Report / https://rekayauza.ru/

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Archi.ru (2013) Zaryadye Park by Diller Scofidio + Renfro: Project in Detail / https://archi.ru/russia/51824/proekt-parka-zaryade-v-detalyakh TPU “Reserve” (2017) Moskvoretskaya embankment in Zaryadye park / https://www.reserve.ru/naberezhnaya-v-parke-zaryade.html Archi.ru (2018) Interview: APEX: GES-2 / https://archi.ru/russia/79010/apeks-ges-2-ne-muzei-a-progressivnyi-centrvozvraschayuschii-nas-k-ideyam-romanticheskogo-futurizma V-A-C (2017) GES-2 / https://v-a-c.org/ru/ges-2 Landezine (2013) The Krymskaya Embankment / http://landezine.com/index.php/2013/12/the-krymskaya-embankment-by-wowhaus/ Wowhaus (2013) Krymskaya embankment / https://en.wowhaus.ru/urbanistics/crimea-quay.html DailyAfisha (2013) Krymskaya embankment after reconstruction / https://daily.afisha.ru/archive/gorod/archive/krimskaja-naberezhnaja-posle-rekonstrukcii/ Wowhaus (2011) Olive Beach / https://wowhaus.ru/urbanistics/gorky-beach.html Wowhaus (2013) Vorobievskaya embankment / https://wowhaus.ru/urbanistics/v-quay.html Project Russia (2013) Improvement of Vorobyevskaya Embankment in Moscow / https://prorus.ru/projects/blagoustrojstvo-vorobevskoj-naberezhnoj/ Anastasis (2014) Reconstruction of the Seine River in Paris, APUR / https://anastasis.me/archives/2014/08/24/4426?lang=ru Archdaily (2017) Paris Opens Its First-Ever Public Swimming Pools / https://www.archdaily.com/877727/paris-opens-its-first-ever-public-swimming-pools Archdaily (2015) Madrid Río Wins Harvard’s Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design https://www.archdaily.com/776943/madrid-rio-wins-harvards-veronica-rudge-greenprize-in-urban-design?ad_medium=gallery West8 (2015) Madrid Río / https://www.west8.com/projects/madrid_rio/ Landscapes (2019) Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project / http://thinkingaboutlandscape. blogspot.com/2011/08/cheonggyecheon-restoration-project.html Inhabitat (2014) Cheonggyecheon River / https://inhabitat.com/how-the-cheonggyecheonriver-urban-design-restored-the-green-heart-of-seoul/

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Maps used: OpenStreetMap / https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/55.75649/37.67016 Yandex.map / https://yandex.ru/maps/geo/moskva/ 2Gis / https://2gis.ru/moscow Retromap / http://retromap.ru/ How old is this house / https://how-old-is-this.house/moscow?city=msk Public Cadastral Map of the Russian Federation / https://rosreestrmap.ru Moscow government open data portal / https://data.mos.ru/ Specially protected natural areas / http://www.dpioos.ru/eco/ru/oopt

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