Pinaiwanan a Tjinuvucekadanan a Pinatjatjukuda a Kakialjavaanan a Vecik
௨ ᇟ Ύ ٫ Б قϩ ᜪ ຒ ༼ Ћ н! A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Tjuvecekadan Dialect
ᎄҸᐇ
ླྀང੧ (Sakenge Maljangeljang) ጓ
ࡀܿᑜࡹ۬!
ق Ƞ ௨ ᇟ Ύ ٫ Б قϩ ᜪ ຒ ༼ Ћ н ȡ (Pinaiwanan a Tjinuvucekadanan a Pinatjatjukuda a Kakialjavaanan a vecik) ਥᏵࢂޑ жΎ٫БޑقαॣǴࢂ۸ჴև၀Бقᇟॣຒ༼ՅޑբǶ ҁЋнޑϣϷጓᒠБԄࢂஒ௨ᇟऊ 1800 ঁ୷ᘵຒ༼ϩࣁȨԾฅ ᆶӦȩǵȨނȩǵȨނȩǵȨΓᆶΓሞᜢ߯ȩǵȨيᡏǵᏔ۔ ᆶ੯ੰȩǵȨਔ໔ȩǵȨБӛᆶӦӜȩǵȨΓᆀжຒȩǵȨᅪୢຒȩǵ ȨኧӷȩǵȨᚑՅȩǵȨғࢲᆶڀᡏӜຒȩǵȨᆒઓᆶܜຝӜຒȩǵ ȨຒȩǵȨຒȩǵȨୋຒᆶೱௗຒȩǵȨᔕᖂຒȩǵȨΎ٫த ҔӜȩ൳ঁεǴঁεύ߄ޑϣԖύЎǵᛥଭᙯቪǵ୯ሞॣ ǴаϷमЎޑຏǴΒޣёբࣁ௲ػᏢಞϐҔǴԶࡕΒ߾ޣёග ٮᏢೌ (Ѐࢂځ୯ሞᏢ )ޣБय़زࣴޑǶ ҁԛຒ༼ፓᆶጓᒠӧцԆϐ໔ֹԋǴόֹऍϷᒱᇤϐೀӧ܌ᜤ խǴࣰ᠐ૈޣόսࡰ҅Ƕ
ጓ ޣ2016 ԃ 12 Д
! ! ! 1I
I
ጓޣᙁϟ! ! !!!ᎄҸᐇ! !!!Ѡ݅ΓǶ! !!!ч٧εᏢύЎسᇟقᏢറγǶ! !!!Ьाࣴزሦୱ;!БقᏢǵޗᇟقᏢǵॣسᏢǶ! !!!Ьाࣴزᇟ!;ق௨ᇟǵѲၭᇟǵߓऍᇟǵᎹഩᇟǵ ࠄڒᇟǵၽᇟǵᖻቺլᇟǵੀᇟǵ߉ᇟǵᅈᇟǵᒴդᇟǵເྕլᇟǵᆢ րᅟᇟǵᆾђᇟǵၲᄠᅟᇟǶ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ླྀང੧!)Sakenge Maljangeljang*! ғ ܭ1959 ԃΎ٫ǶࡾВໂԴΎ٫ҡ݈ࡂᆫပ ЎϯᏤំှᇥǴပεᏢख़ຎပ౼ሺঅ Ƕ!
! ! ! ! ! II 2
II
௨ᇟΎ٫Бقᙁϟ! ᶨˣ㌺䀋婆䘬㕡妨ġ ᶫἛ㕡妨(Tjuvecekadan)Ⱄ㕤㌺䀋婆ˬ⋿悐㕡妨≃慴✳˭ˤˬ⋿ 悐㕡妨˭ˬ⊿悐㕡妨˭䘬ᷣ天ⶖ䔘⛐㕤 tj dj 䘬嬨枛炻⇵侭嬨䁢 䠔柶⠆㒎枛[ʨ][ʥ]炻侴⼴侭嬨䁢䠔柶⠆枛[c][ɟ]炻ㆾ㗗滺漎⠆枛[t] [d]ˤˬ⋿悐㕡妨˭㚱ᶱᾳᷣ天䘬栆✳炻ᶨᾳ㗗ˬἮ佑✳˭炻ᶨᾳ 㗗ˬ≃慴✳˭炻⎎⢾怬㚱ˬ⎌㦻✳˭ˤᶫἛ㕡妨⛐㌺䀋婆䔞ᷕ䘬⛘ỵ 䈡㬲炻⚈䁢娚㕡妨㗗㚱㌺䀋婆㕡妨ᷕ∝㕘䦳⹎㚨檀䘬ᶨᾳˤᶳ朊⎗ ẍ㭼庫ᶫἛ㕡妨冯℞Ṿ⸦ᾳ㌺䀋婆䘬㕡妨:
ᶫἛ (⋿)
≃慴 (⋿)
Ἦ佑 (⋿)
⎌㦻 (⋿)
⣏䣦 (⊿)
柕
quu
quɣu
ʕuɭu
quɭu
ʔuɭu
㧡㝅
iʦʰiŋ
χiʦiŋ
riʦʰiŋ
riʦʰiŋ
riʦʰiŋ
⣏
kura
kuraɣ
ʔudʐaɭ
kudʐaɭ
kuɖaɭ
⎗ẍ䚳↢炻冯ᶫἛ㚨䁢㍍役䘬㗗≃慴㕡妨炻≃慴䘬庇柶㽩㒎枛 ɣ ẍ⍲⮷冴㒎枛 χ 㬋⤥㗗ᶫἛ僓句䘬ℑᾳ枛ˤ⚈㬌⎗ẍ婒ᶫἛ㗗ˬ≃ 慴✳˭㕡妨冒䃞婆枛㺼嬲䘬ᶨᾳ䳸㝄ˤ
III 3
III
ḴˣᶫἛ㕡妨䘬枛䲣ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ᶫἛ㕡妨䘬庼枛枛䲣⤪ᶳ堐䣢Ļġ 暁⒯ ⠆ 枛
p
⒯滺
b
㒎 枛
v
滺漎
t
d
s
z
䠔柶
庇柶
ɡ
k
⮷冴
┱
q (ʁ)
(h)
⠆
ʦʰ
㒎 枛 滣 枛
m
ʨ ʥ ŋ
n
怲 枛
ʎ
栓 枛 役 枛
r w
j
┱㒎枛 h ⎒↢䎦⛐㖍婆ῇ娆ᷕ炻Ⱄ㕤⢾Ἦ婆䘬枛ỵ炻ἳ⤪ˬ⯷㜙˭ [hitu]ˣˬ柕ⶦ˭[huruski]䫱ˤ ⮷冴㽩㒎枛 ʁ 㗗ᶨᾳ⻙⊾㍍役僓句䘬枛炻⛐⎋婆ᷕṵ傥倥⇘⽖⻙ 䘬㐑㒎炻᷎ᶼ⼙枧⃫枛䘬䘤枛炻ἳ⤪ˬ㧡㝅˭䘬⮎晃䘤枛㗗[ʁiʦʰiŋ]炻 Ữ忁栆娆⛐㛔ㇳℲᷕᶨ⼳ᶵ堐䣢忁ᾳ⌛⮯僓句䘬枛炻侴姀䁢/iʦʰiŋ/ˤ 冯℞Ṿ㕡妨䚠㭼炻ᶫἛ䘬庼枛枛䲣⮹Ḯℑᾳ枛炻℞ᷕ℞Ṿ㕡妨䘬 r (⮵ㅱ≃慴䘬 χ)ẍ⍲ ɭ (⮵ㅱ≃慴䘬 ɣ)悥↢䎦僓句䘬䎦尉炻侴℞Ṿ㕡妨 䘬 dʐ / ɖ (⮵ㅱ≃慴䘬 r) ⇯⮵ㅱᶫἛ䘬 r炻ẍ堐朊ᶲ䚳 r 晾䃞ṵ䁢枛 䲣ᷕ䘬ᶨᾳ枛炻Ữ⮎晃ᶲ㗗Ⱄ㕤≃慴✳㕡妨䘬ℙ⎴∝㕘炻冯℞Ṿ㕡妨 IV 4
IV
䘬 r ᷎㰺㚱⮵ㅱ斄Ὢˤ ᶫἛ㕡妨䘬╖⃫枛ℙ㚱 aˣəˣiˣu 忁⚃ᾳ枛炻℞Ṿ㌺䀋婆㕡 妨ᶨ㧋ˤ㚨⣏䘬ᶵ⎴⛐㕤暁⃫枛ẍ⍲⣂⃫枛ˣ攟⃫枛䘬䳸㥳炻℞Ἦ㸸 㗗ℑᾳ㒎枛(⌛ ɣˣʁ)䘬僓句⮶农䘬䎦尉ˤ㌺䀋婆䘬➢㛔枛䭨䳸㥳㗗 CVCVC炻ᶨ㖎娆ᷕ庼枛 C 僓句᷎ᶼ㰺㚱䓊䓇┱⠆枛ʔ炻䳸㝄⯙㗗娚僓 句庼枛⇵⼴䘬⃫枛㚫⎰Ἕ炻ㆸ䁢 CVVC 忁㧋䘬暁⃫枛䳸㥳ˤ㭼庫ᶫ Ἓ≃慴⯙⎗ẍ⼰㖶栗䚳↢忁ᾳ⋨⇍ˤἳ⤪ˬ⣑˭炻≃慴㗗 [kaɣəvəɣəvan]炻ᶫἛ⇯㗗[kaəvəəvan]炻⚈㬌䓊䓇Ḯ aəˣəə 忁䧖⛐℞Ṿ 㕡妨悥⼰⮹⬀⛐䘬暁⃫枛䳸㥳(㌺䀋婆䘬枛䭨䳸㥳㌺㕍冯⣖⃫ᷕ枛 ə ㏕惵䘬暁⃫枛)ˤᶨ㖎僓句庼枛䘬⇵⼴㗗⎴ᶨᾳ⃫枛炻倥奢ᶲ⯙㚫㍍ 役ᶨᾳˬ攟⃫枛˭ˤ㌺䀋婆㕡妨ᷕ炻⣏沍㕡妨(Pacavalj)ḇ↢䎦Ḯ⤪⎴ ᶫἛᶨ㧋䘬庼枛僓句䎦尉炻⎒ᶵ忶娚㕡妨⎒僓句Ḯ ɣ ṵᾅ䔁 ʁ (⣏沍 㶭⊾䁢 χ)ˤ⮎晃ᶲ炻⛐⣏沍ㆾᶫἛ㕡妨䔞ᷕ炻忁栆䘬ˬ攟⃫枛˭悥 䴻↢䎦ˬ䷖䞕˭䘬䎦尉炻⯌℞⛐⸜庽ᶨẋ㕷Ṣ䘬⎋婆ᷕ炻㚱䘬䓂军㚫 䌐ἄ╖⃫枛炻⤪[kaəvəəvan]嬨ἄ[kavəvan]炻侴䷖㷃⼴⯙䫎⎰Ḯ㌺䀋婆 䘬枛䭨䳸㥳ˤ ᶫἛ㕡妨䘬慵枛句⛐Ὰ㔠䫔Ḵ枛䭨(penultimate)ᶲ炻㗗Ⱄ㕤ˬ枛 岒ᶵ㓷デ慵枛˭(quality-insensitive stress)䘬婆妨ˤᶨṃἳ⢾䘬ね㱩䘤 䓇⛐⤪㝄Ὰ㔠䫔Ḵ枛䭨㗗⇵䵜(prefix)ㆾᷕ䵜(infix)炻⇯慵枛㚫句⛐㚨 V 5
V
⼴ᶨᾳ枛䭨炻⤪ˬ棝˭[pákan] (pa-㗗⇵䵜)ˣˬ˭[kə́maʦʰ] (-əm-㗗 ᷕ䵜)ˤ⎎㚱ᶨṃ娆⇯㗗⣂㔠ˬ枛岒ᶵ㓷デ慵枛˭䘬㌺䀋㕡妨悥㚫↢ 䎦㚨⼴ᶨᾳ枛䭨慵枛炻⤪ˬ悐句˭[qinaʎán]ˣˬ⎵⫿˭[ŋadán]ˤ ᶫἛ㕡妨䘬⃫枛庼枛枛ỵ⛐㝸ṃ婆枛䑘⠫ᶳ㚫↢䎦ᶵ⎴䘬枛 ỵ 嬲 橼 (allophone) 炻 ᶳ 朊 㗗 忁 ṃ 嬲 橼 ↢ 䎦 䘬 䑘 ⠫ ẍ ⍲ 枛 嬲 夷 ⇯ (phonological rules): (ᶨ) 䔞⮷冴⠆枛/q/冯⇵檀⃫枛/i/㏕惵㗪炻㚫↢䎦ᶨᾳ[e]䘬庼≑枛ˤ 枛嬲夷⇯: /i/ → [ei] / q ___ ⤪: /qiʎas/ → [qeiʎas] (㚰Ṗ)ˤ (Ḵ) 䔞⮷冴⠆枛/q/冯⼴檀⃫枛/u/㏕惵㗪炻㚫↢䎦ᶨᾳ[o]䘬庼≑枛炻 ㆾ䓂军嬲ㆸ[o]ˤ 枛嬲夷⇯: /u/ → [uo] / ___ q ㆾ㗗 /u/ → [o] / ___ q ⤪: /punuq/ → [punuoq] ㆾ [punoq] (儎)ˤ (ᶱ) 䔞◞枛 (sibilants) ↢䎦⛐⣖⃫ᷕ枛/ə/ᷳ⇵炻/ə/㚫嬲䁢冴⮾⇵⃫ 枛[ɿ]ˤ◞枛⊭㊔Ḯ sǃzǃʦʰˤ 枛嬲夷⇯: /ə/ → [ɿ] / [+ sibilant] ___ ⤪: /ʦʰəmas/ → [ʦʰɿmas] (䤆)ˤ /zəmuɡa/ → [zɿmuɡa] (䔓䔓)ˤ /səma/ → [sɿma] (冴柕)ˤ VI 6
VI
(⚃) 滺漎㶭⠆㒎枛/ʦʰ/⛐冯⇵檀⃫枛/i/㏕惵㗪㚫嬲䁢䠔柶⠆㒎枛[ʨʰ]: 枛嬲夷⇯: /ʦʰ/ → [ʨʰ] / ___ i ⤪: /ʦʰiqaw/ → [ʨʰiqaw] (欂)ˤ (Ḽ) 滺漎㶭㒎枛/s/⛐冯⇵檀⃫枛/i/㏕惵㗪㚫嬲䁢䠔柶㒎枛[ɕ]ˤ 枛嬲夷⇯: /s/ → [ɕ] / ___ i ⤪: /sasiq/ → [saɕiq] (坆垣)ˤ
VII 7
VII
ᛥଭᙯቪᆶ୯ሞॣჹྣ! ᛥଭᙯቪ!
୯ሞॣ!
a e i u p b t d r k ɡ q c tj dj lj s z v m n nɡ w y h
a ə i u p b t d r k ɡ q ʦʰ ʨ ʥ ʎ s z v m n ŋ w j h
VIII 8
VIII
Ҟᒵ Contents ԾฅᆶӦ Nature and Geography ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
1
ނPlants ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
10
ނAnimals ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
18
ΓᆶΓሞᜢ߯ Human and Personal Relationship ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
27
يᡏǵᏔ۔ᆶ੯ੰ Body, Organs and Disease ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
35
ਔ໔ Time ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
47
БӛᆶӦӜ Direction and Places ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
51
Γᆀжຒ Personal Pronouns ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
55
ᅪୢຒ Interrogatives ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
57
ኧӷ Number ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
59
ᚑՅ Color ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
64
ғࢲᆶڀᡏӜຒ Life and Concrete Nouns ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
66
ᆒઓᆶܜຝӜຒ Spirit and Abstract Nouns ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
85
ຒ Verbs ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
91
ຒ Adjectives ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
1 17
ୋຒᆶೱௗຒ Adverbs and Conjunctions ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
131
ᔕᖂຒ Onomatopoeia ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
134
Ύ٫தҔӜ Names in Tjuvecekadan∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙
139
IX 9
IX
Υ!ٯ (㖍) 堐䣢ˬ㖍婆ῇ娆˭ˤ (救) 堐䣢ˬ救⋿婆ῇ娆˭ˤ (㻊) 堐䣢ˬ⚳婆ῇ娆˭ˤ [⥼⧱] / [㔯晭] 堐䣢ˬ㭼庫䥖尴⼿橼ㆾ㔯晭䘬堐忼˭ˤ [䰿] 堐䣢ˬ㭼庫ᶵ䥖尴ǃᶵ⼿橼䘬堐忼˭ˤ [侩] 堐䣢ˬ侩㳦䘬䓐㱽˭ˤ [㕘] 堐䣢ˬ㕘㳦䘬䓐㱽˭ˤ
Symbols {J} indicates the “Japanese” loanword. {M} indicates the “Southern Min dialect” loanword. {C} indicates the “Mandarin Chinese” loanword. The numbers like 荛, 荜 or 荝 in the brace, like {荛J} , indicate the word mentioned is a Japanese loanword, so are the “Southern Min dialect” and the “Mandarin Chinese” loanwords. [E] indicates “euphemism” of the lexical item. [R] indicates “rudeness” of the lexical item. [Old] indicates the lexical item is used by “older generation”. [New] indicates the lexical item is used by “younger generation”.
X 10
X
ԾฅᆶӦ! Nature and Geography
1
1
ᷕ㔯
伭楔㊤枛
⚳晃枛㧁
劙㔯
Chinese
Roman Transliteration
IPA
English
⣑
kaeveevan
kaəvəəvan
sky
⣑Ṗ
maljia
maʎia
dawn
⣑湹
masuem
masuəm
to get dark
⣒春
qadaw
qadaw
sun
㖍↢
cemedas
ʦʰəmədas
sunrise
㖍句
maadep
maadəp
sunset
春
cedas
ʦʰədas
sunshine
㚰Ṗ
qiljas
qiʎas
moon
㺧㚰
taqiljas
taqiʎas
full moon
㕘㚰
vaquan na qiljas
vaquan na qiʎas
crescent
㚰
telja nua qiljas
təʎa nua qiʎas
moonshine
䄏Ṗ
masasinɡ
masasiŋ
to shine
㗇㗇
vitjuqan
viʨuqan
star
攫䆵
kaipekip (a vutjuqan)
kaipəkip (a vuʨuqan)
to twinkle
⬯⭁
qinati nua cemas
qinati nua ʦʰəmas
cosmos
ᶾ䓴
kacauwan
kaʦʰauwan
world
⣑㯋
qadavan
qadavan
weather
2
2
ᷕ㔯
伭楔㊤枛
⚳晃枛㧁
劙㔯
Chinese
Roman Transliteration
IPA
English
㘜⣑
kinaqadavan
kinaqadavan
sunny day
昘⣑
naveljeem
navəʎəəm
cloudy day
桐
vai
vai
wind
⇖桐
sivai
sivai
to be windy
桙桐
venai
vənai
typhoon
暟
ceeaq
ʦʰəəaq
thunder
ķ paɡeenɡ
ķ paɡəəŋ
ĸ cemeaq
ĸ ʦʰəməaq
攫暣
djap
ʥap
lightning
ㇻ攫暣
madjap
maʥap
to lighten
暚
qaapus
qaapus
cloud
䁷暚
qaapus
qaapus
dark cloud
暐
qudjalj
quʥaʎ
rain
ᶳ暐
qemudjalj
qəmuʥaʎ
to rain
㵳暐
maqudjalj
maquʥaʎ
get wet in the rain
㮃㮃暐
temaak
təmaak
drizzle
暟暐
cemeaaq a qudjalj
ʦʰəməaaq a quʥaʎ
thunderstorm
ㇻ暟
to thunder
3
3
ᷕ㔯
伭楔㊤枛
⚳晃枛㧁
劙㔯
Chinese
Roman Transliteration
IPA
English
昋暐
sepaamek a qudjalj
səpaamək a quʥaʎ
shower
暒
sulja
suʎa
snow
ᶳ暒
semulja
səmuʎa
to snow
㖍国
kinan nua imudj a qadaw kinan nua imudj a qiljas
kinan nua imuʥ a qadaw kinan nua imuʥ a qiʎas
⛘暯
uni
uni
earthquake
㚱⛘暯
emuni
əmuni
to have earthquake
⼙⫸
kakakaka
kakakaka
shadow
㧡哕
ljauljaunɡ
ʎauʎauŋ
tree shade
㯜
zaljum
zaʎum
water
㳩
siqaljudj
siqaʎuʥ
to flow
⿍㳩
kulju
kuʎu
torrent
䀓
sapuy
sapuj
fire
崟䀓/䅺
pecunɡu
pəʦʰuŋu
to set on fire
叿䀓/䅺
medjek
məʥək
be on fire
㹭䀓
senvus tua sapuy
sənvus tua sapuj
to extinguish
㯋㲉
bubunɡ
bubuŋ
bubble
㚰国
4
4
solar eclipse lunar eclipse
ᷕ㔯
伭楔㊤枛
⚳晃枛㧁
劙㔯
Chinese
Roman Transliteration
IPA
English
℺㲉
benubunɡ
bənubuŋ
to bubble
㲊㴒
viqviq
viqviq
wave
ķ venuiljauljaunɡ
ķ vənuiʎauʎauŋ
ĸ eminɡac nua
ĸ əmiŋaʦʰ nua
ljauljaunɡ
ʎauʎauŋ
ķ sulja
ķ suʎa
㻑㷎
⅘
whirlpool
ice ĸ yabinɡ
ĸ jabiŋ
䳸⅘
mayabinɡ
majabiŋ
to frozen
曚㯜
ljadjek
ʎaʥək
dew
⼑嘡
quljivanɡau
quʎivaŋau
rainbow
⛘
kadjunanɡan
kaʥunaŋan
land
⛇
qipu
qipu
soil
㲍
ljicaq
ʎiʦʰaq
mud
䀘⠝
qunvuljan
qunvuʎan
dust
䀘
qavu
qavu
ash
䞛柕
qaciljay
qaʦʰiʎaj
stone
ķ puuq
ķ puuq
洅⌝䞛
cobblestone ĸ aɡet
ĸ aɡət 5
5
ᷕ㔯
伭楔㊤枛
⚳晃枛㧁
劙㔯
Chinese
Roman Transliteration
IPA
English
ⱑ䞛
djeljeqi
ʥəʎəqi
rock
㱁⫸
vudas
vudas
sand
㱁䀀
vudavudasen
vudavudasən
sand beach
䄁
cevulj
ʦʰəvuʎ
smoke
℺䄁
pecevulj
pəʦʰəvuʎ
to smoke
telja
təʎa
light
䘤
temelja
təməʎa
to glow
ķ ljinɡaw
ķ ʎiŋaw
倚枛
voice / sound ĸ zainɡ
ĸ zaiŋ
䘤↢倚枛
zemainɡ a ljinɡaw
zəmaiŋ a ʎiŋaw
to have sound
⚆倚
ljeminɡaw
ʎəmiŋaw
echo
㯋␛
sasquan
sasquan
smell
楁␛
saum
saum
fragrance
冕␛
sasqu
sasqu
stink
䘤↢㯋␛
sasqusqu
sasqusqu
to be smelly
㱛
pana
pana
river
⮷㹒
veljeuan
vəʎəuan
stream
6
6
ᷕ㔯
伭楔㊤枛
⚳晃枛㧁
劙㔯
Chinese
Roman Transliteration
IPA
English
㴟
ljavek
ʎavək
sea
Ⱡ
ljaviljavinɡ
ʎaviʎaviŋ
shore
㷾
vacalj
vaʦʰaʎ
lake
ḽ
vacalj
vaʦʰaʎ
wells
㱤㽌
zaljuzaljumen
zaʎuzaʎumən
bog
㯜㹅
veljeuan
vəʎəuan
ditch
㱱㯜
sicevud
siʦʰəvud
spring water
㹓㱱
unsinɡ (㖍)
unsiŋ
hot spring {J}ġ
Ⱉ
ɡadu
ɡadu
mountain
ķ tjaniɡudeɡud
ķ ʨaniɡudəɡud
ĸ tjaɡaus
ĸ ʨaɡaus
⣏㻊Ⱉ
kaupenidan
kaupənidan
The Karupenidan Mountain
ᶲⰙ
semaɡadu
səmaɡadu
go uphill
ᶳⰙ
ljeauz tua ɡadu
ʎəauz tua ɡadu
go downhill
Ⱉ枪
yaɡadu
jaɡadu
mountain top
Ⱉ儘
vecekadan a ɡadu
vəʦʰəkadan a ɡadu
Ⱉ⸽
iteku a ɡadu
itəku a ɡadu
middle of the mountain bottom of the mountain
⋿⣏㬎Ⱉ
7
7
The South Sacred Mountain of Paiwan