Raptors Conservation 11/2008 by Igor Karyakin

Raptors Conservation ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ И ИХ ОХРАНА 2008 №11

ISSN 1814–0076

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í.Íîâãîðîä).

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter was founded by the non-governmental organizations the Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and the Center for Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í.Íîâãîðîä).

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) and Igor Karyakin (Center for Field Studies, N.Novgorod, Russia).

Ýòîò âûïóñê ãîòîâèëè: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî, Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëàé è Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâû, Àííà Øåñòàêîâà.

This issue has been made by: Elvira Nikolenko, Igor Karyakin, Nikolay and Eugene Potapov, Anna Shestakova.

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aqila clanga) â ãíåçäå, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Photo on the front cover: Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aqila clanga) in the nest, Altai Kray, Russia. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin.

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Âåðñòêà: À. Êëåù¸â Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev Page-proofs by A. Kleschev Proof-reader by A. Kayumov

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, â.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; timbar@bk.ru Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÒèÝÁ ÐÀÍ, Ïóùèíî, Ðîññèÿ; sbukreev@rol.ru Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, ê.ïåä.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; lapchine@mail.ru À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; levin_saker@nursat.kz Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; olmit@list.ru À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑÂÓÝÑ, Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; f_lynx@hotbox.ru Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; vipera@dront.ru Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ; EugenePotapov@gmail.com Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; zm@eco.nsc.ru È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; f_s_c@mail.ru T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; todd.katzner@aviary.org M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; MikeJMcGrady@aol.com

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Editorial adress: P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Tel./Fax: (383) 363 00 59 E-mail:

rc_news@mail.ru ikar_research@mail.ru nikolenko@ecoclub.nsu.ru

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: Guidelines for Contributors available on website: http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC/guidelines/

Editors ОТ РЕДАКЦИИ

Äîðîãèå êîëëåãè!

Ìû ïîçäðàâëÿåì Âàñ ñ íîâûì, 2008 ãîäîì! Â ÿíâàðå ýòîãî ãîäà âûïóñêîì 11-ãî íîìåðà ìû îòìå÷àåì 3 ãîäà ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ íàøåãî æóðíàëà. Çà ýòîò íåáîëüøîé, íî ïðîäóêòèâíûé ñðîê óæå ìîæíî ïîäâåñòè íåêîòîðûå èòîãè è íàìåòèòü äàëüíåéøèå ïóòè ðàçâèòèÿ. Ìû çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â âàøåì äåÿòåëüíîì ó÷àñòèè â ðàçâèòèè èçäàíèÿ, òàê êàê îäíîé èç öåëåé íàøåãî æóðíàëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîääåðæêà àêòèâíîñòè ðîññèéñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ â äåëå èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ðåäêèõ õèùíèêîâ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè. Âàæíåéøèì óñòîé÷èâûì ðåçóëüòàòîì íàøåé ðàáîòû ìû ñ÷èòàåì òîò ôàêò, ÷òî íàì óäà¸òñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ïîêðûâàòü ðàñõîäû èçäàíèÿ çà ñ÷¸ò áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûõ ñðåäñòâ è ñðåäñòâ ãðàíòîâ – æóðíàë áûë è îñòà¸òñÿ áåñïëàòíûì äëÿ ïîëó÷àòåëåé. Áîëå òîãî, ðåãóëÿðíî ìû íàõîäèì ñðåäñòâà è íà ðàññûëêó æóðíàëà ïî çàïîâåäíèêàì è íàöèîíàëüíûì ïàðêàì Ðîññèè. È ýòî ïðè òîì, ÷òî ïî÷òîâûå ðàñõîäû âîçðîñëè â öåíå: òàê, ñòîèìîñòü ïåðåñûëêè 1 íîìåðà çà ðóáåæ ïðåâûøàåò çàòðàòû íà åãî èçäàíèå â 4 ðàçà. Óâåëè÷åíèå ïî÷òîâûõ ðàñõîäîâ çàñòàâèëî ìíîãèõ çàðóáåæíûõ ïîëó÷àòåëåé îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ áóìàæíîé âåðñèè æóðíàëà è äîâîëüñòâîâàòüñÿ ëèøü ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèåé. Èìåííî â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 8-ãî âûïóñêà, òèðàæ îñòà¸òñÿ ôèêñèðîâàííûì – 1000 ýêç.

Ðèñ. 1. Äèíàìèêà çàêà÷åê ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè áþëëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïî íîìåðàì Fig. 1. Loadings of different issues of the on-line Newsletter «Raptors Conservation»

Dear colleagues!

Happy New Year 2008! The newsletter «Raptors Conservation» has been published already 3 years and there is a chance to recon up some results of our work and activity of authors. The aspiration of editors release the newsletter free of charge for subscribers has been successful. All planned issues have been granted. Unfortunately post costs have increased and costs of sending exceed the cost price of newsletter, therefore some subscribers have refused to receive the hard copy and since 8-th issue the circulation has been 1000 copies. We hope to attract the charitable facilities for publishing and distribution of the newsletter and it should not commercial in future. Last period has demonstrated a necessity the newsletter for ornithologists and birdwatchers. The number of downloads of online version of the newsletter from the «Russian Raptors» web-site increases every year

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Êîëè÷åñòâî çàêà÷åê âûïóñêîâ æóðíàëà ñ ñàéòà «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Ðîññèè» åæåãîäíî ðàñò¸ò, è åñëè çà 2005 ã. áûëî ñêà÷àíî â ñðåäíåì 2278 êàæäîãî èç âûïóñêîâ (¹¹ 1–3), òî çà 2007 ã. ýòà öèôðà âîçðîñëà äî 3407, ïðè áîëåå ÷åì òð¸õêðàòíîì óâåëè÷åíèè êîëè÷åñòâà âûïóñêîâ (¹¹ 1–10) (ðèñ. 1, 2). Â öåëîì çà 3 ãîäà ñ ñàéòà ñêà÷àíî 57677 ôàéëîâ ïîëíûõ âåðñèé âûïóñêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì 59% – â 2007 ã., ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ñóùåñòâåííîì ðîñòå àóäèòîðèè ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè æóðíàëà. Ëèäèðóþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó çàêà÷åê 2-é, 7-é è 8-é íîìåðà: íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü ïîëíàÿ âåðñèÿ êàæäîãî èç íèõ ñêà÷åíà áîëåå 7700 ðàç. Ïðè÷¸ì àáñîëþòíî ëèäèðóåò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó çàêà÷åê 8-é íîìåð, 7869 êîòîðîãî ñêà÷àíî òîëüêî â 2007 ã. Èíòåðåñ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ê ýòèì âûïóñêàì âûçâàí èõ ñîêîëèíîé òåìàòèêîé, â òîì ÷èñëå è íîâûìè äàííûìè î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). Íàèìåíüøèì óñïåõîì ó ÷èòàòåëåé ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè ïîëüçóåòñÿ âûïóñê ¹ 5, ïîëíûõ âåðñèé êîòîðîãî ñêà÷àíî íàèìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî – 3822 çà 2 ãîäà. Èç ýòîãî âûïóñêà ïî çàêà÷êàì ëèäèðóåò åäèíñòâåííàÿ ñòàòüÿ «Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Óëóòàó», êîòîðóþ ÷èòàòåëè çàêà÷èâàþò â áîëüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå, ÷åì ïîëíóþ âåðñèþ æóðíàëà, õîòÿ â íîìåðå ïðåäñòàâëåí äîâîëüíî õîðîøèé îáçîð ïî ñîâàì Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è èíòåðåñíåéøàÿ ñòàòüÿ «Ãðèô íà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó, Óçáåêèñòàí». Îòñóòñòâèå ïîïóëÿðíîñòè ó äâóõ ïîñëåäíèõ ñòàòåé âîçìîæíî âûçâàíî ìèíèìàëüíûì èíòåðåñîì ÷èòàòåëåé ê ïàäàëüùèêàì è ñîâàì. Ñîñòàâ àâòîðîâ, ïóáëèêóþùèõ ñâîè ìàòåðèàëû, îñòà¸òñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî îãðàíè÷åííûì. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ðàäóåò ïîÿâëåíèå àâòîðîâ, íå âõîäÿùèõ â ñîñòàâ ðåäêîëëåãèè è íå ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ó÷ðåäèòåëÿìè æóðíàëà ñîâìåñòíîé ðàáîòîé. Îäíàêî ïðè ýòîì çàìåòíà îáùàÿ íèçêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü îðíèòîëîãîâ èç Ðîññèè è äðóãèõ ñòðàí áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ. Â òî æå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü çàðóáåæíûõ àâòîðîâ, îñîáåííî èç Àìåðèêè, ìíîãèì èç êîòîðûõ ìû, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, âûíóæäåíû îòêàçûâàòü â ïóáëèêàöèè ìàòåðèàëîâ, òàê êàê èõ ðàáîòû íå èìåþò îòíîøåíèÿ ê òåððèòîðèè Åâðàçèè. Ëèøü â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû ñòàòüè ïî òåððèòîðèè Àìåðèêè, òàê êàê îíè èìåëè ïðÿìîå îòíîøåíèå ê îõðàíå ïòèö, êîòîðàÿ íå èìååò ãðàíèö, è òàêîé îïûò ìîæåò áûòü ïîëåçåí íà ëþáîì êîíòèíåíòå. Î÷åíü ÷àñòî ÷ëåíàì ðåäêîëëåãèè çàäà¸òñÿ âîïðîñ: ìîæíî ëè â âàøåì æóðíàëå îïóáëèêîâàòü òó èëè èíóþ ñòàòüþ? Èç ÷åãî ìû äåëàåì âûâîä, ÷òî äî ñèõ ïîð â øèðîêèõ ñëîÿõ îðíèòîëîãîâ áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ æóðíàë âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ íå íåçàâèñèìûì èçäàíèåì, à îòðàæàþùåì ìíåíèå è íàó÷íûé ïîäõîä óçêîãî êðóãà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Ìû åù¸ ðàç àêöåíòèðóåì âíèìàíèå íà òîì, ÷òî ìû çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â áîëåå øèðîêîì îõâàòå òåððèòîðèè è âèäîâ, à òàêæå è èíûõ òî÷åê çðåíèÿ, òàê êàê ýòî ñäåëàåò æóðíàë áîëåå èíòåðåñíûì è âîñòðåáîâàííûì. Ìû áëàãîäàðèì âñåõ êîëëåã, êîòîðûå ïèøóò ñòàòüè, àíîíñû, îñóùåñòâëÿþò ïåðåâîä, âñåñòîðîííå áåñêîðûñòíî ïîìîãàþò â èçäàíèè æóðíàëà, è áóäåì ðàäû ëþáîé ïîìîùè. Ñ óâàæåíèåì, Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí è Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî

Ñîáûòèÿ (fig. 1, 2). 57677 PDF-files of issues were downloaded for 3 years, and 59% of which – for 2007, that has demonstrated about essential increasing of on-line readers of Newsletter «Raptors Conservation». The most popular on-line issues are 2, 7 and 8 (more than 7700 downloads for 3 years). Interest of experts to these issues was caused by the main themes of they: falcons and new data about distribution and number of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), and also about contraband of falcons. The editorial board accepts papers from any researchers arranged according to guidelines. We consider that surveys of different territories, species and also different points of view of researches make the magazine more interesting. We thank all our colleagues, who write and translate the papers, announces, and unselfish help to prepare every issue. We are waiting new and interesting papers from authors and will be glad to any help. With thanks Igor Karyakin and Elvira Nikolenko

Ðèñ. 2. Äèíàìèêà çàêà÷åê ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè áþëëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïî ãîäàì Fig. 2. Loadings of the on-line Newsletter «Raptors Conservation» in different years

Events

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Events СОБЫТИЯ

Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus). Ôîòî E. Êîðøóíîâà Long-eared Owl (Asio otus). Photo by E. Korshhunov

(1) Contact: Johan de Jong. Chairman Lipomwijk 2 9247 CH Ureterp The Netherlands jdejong@ worldowlconference.com David Johnson Editor in Chief 6504 Carriage Drive Alexandria, Virginia 22310 USA dhjohnson@ worldowlconference.com

Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî ñîâàì áûëà ïðîâåäåíà â Ãðîíèíãåíå (Íèäåðëàíäû) 31 îêòÿáðÿ – 4 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. Â êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå áîëåå ñòà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ áîëåå ÷åì èç 30 ñòðàí ìèðà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî åâðîïåéñêèõ. Ðîññèéñêèìè ñïåöèàëèñòàìè íà êîíôåðåíöèè áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû ñëåäóþùèå äîêëàäû è ïîñòåðû: 1. Ðàçíîîáðàçèå çàíÿòûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé è òðîôè÷åñêèå âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ôèëèíà â ñòåïíûõ, ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé Ñèáèðè. Å.Â. Åêèìîâ, A.A. Ñàôîíîâ. ekimov@kspu.ru 2. Ðåàêöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé áåëîé ñîâû (Nyctea scandiaca L.) íà ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ëåììèíãîâ íà î-âå Âðàíãåëÿ ïîä âëèÿíèåì ãëîáàëüíûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèé. È.E. Ìåíþøèíà. V.N.Ira@mail.ru 3. Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ñîâðåìåííûé ñòàòóñ è ïîïóëÿöèîííûå òðåíäû. Ñ.Â. Âîëêîâ, À.Â. Øàðèêîâ. owl_bird@mail.ru 4. Âûáîð ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëîòíîé ñîâîé (Asio flammeus) â ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîì ëàíäøàôòå. Ñ.Â. Âîëêîâ, Ò.Â. Ñâèðèäîâà. owl_bird@mail.ru 5. Ýêîëîãèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòü óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus L.) â ãîðîäñêèõ ïàðêàõ Òóëüñêîé îáëàñòè (Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Ðîññèÿ). Î.Â. Áðèãàäèðîâà. brigadirova@mail.ru 6. Ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àãðåãèðîâàííûõ ïîñåëåíèé, êàê îäíî èç äåìîíñòðàöèé ñèíàíòðîïèçàöèè óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus L.). À.Â. Øàðèêîâ, Ñ.Â. Âîëêîâ, Ì.Í. Èâàíîâ, Â.Á. Áàñîâà. russowls@mtu-net.ru, owl_bird @mail.ru, gbmt@cea.ru Àáñòðàêòû äîñòóïíû äëÿ ñêà÷èâàíèÿ íà ñàéòå êîíôåðåíöèè1. Êîíòàêò (1). II Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Çîîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé» ïðîøëà 15–16 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Íèæ-

http://worldowlconference.com/index.php?page=downloadFile&fid=29

World Owl Conference held in Groningen, the Netherlands from 31 October through 4 November 2007. More than a hundred of ornithologists from more than 30 states mainly European participated in the conference. Following oral presentations and posters of Russian researchers were in the conference: 1. Diversity of habitat occupancies and trophic relationships of the Eagle Owl in steppe, forest-steppe and semi-desert ecosystems of Central Siberia. E.V. Ekimov and A.A. Safonov. ekimov@kspu.ru 2. Reaction of snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca L.) population on lemming number fluctuations on Wrangel Island under global climatic changes. I.E. Menyushina. V.N.Ira @mail.ru 3. Owls of Northern Eurasia: present status and population trends. S.V. Volkov and A.V. Sharikov. owl_bird@mail.ru 4. Habitat selection of Short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) in agricultural landscape. S.V. Volkov and T.V. Sviridova. owl_bird @mail.ru 5. Ecology and number of Long-eared owls (Asio otus L.) in urban parks in the Tula region (central Russia). O.V. Brigadirova. brigadirova@mail.ru 6. The formation of aggregated settlements as one of the demonstration synanthropization of the Long-eared owl (Asio otus L.). A.V. Sharikov, S.V. Volkov, M.N. Ivanov, V.B. Basova. russowls@mtu-net.ru, owl_bird@mail.ru, gbmt@cea.ru Abstracts are available on website of the conference1. Contact (1). II World Conference «Zoological Research in regions of Russia and contiguous territories » held in N. Novgorod (Russia) on 15–16 November 2007. The conference was organized by the State Pedagogical University. Following papers about raptors were in proceedings of the conference: 1. Ectoparasites on chicks of birds of prey in the Tuva Republic. G.A. Fadeeva, M.V. Mokrousov, I.V. Karyakin. sabkor@mail.ru, ikar_research@mail.ru 2. Modern status of Peregrine Falcon and Red-breasted Goose populations in the cent-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

(2) Êîíòàêò: Äìèòðèåâ À.È. Íèæåãîðîäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò 603950 Ðîññèÿ Í.Íîâãîðîä óë. Óëüÿíîâà, 1 Dmitriev–50@mail.ru (2) Contact: Prof. Dmitriev A.I. State Pedagogical University Ulyanova str., 1 N.Novgorod Russia 603950 Dmitriev–50@mail.ru

(3) Êîíòàêò: Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» Ðîññèÿ 630090 Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 òåë./ôàêñ: +7 (383) 363 00 59 ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru nikolenko@ecoclub.nsu.ru (3) Contact: Ilya Smlansky Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel./fax: +7 (383) 363 00 59 ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru nikolenko@ecoclub.nsu.ru

2 3 4

íèé Íîâãîðîä (Ðîññèÿ) íà áàçå Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Íà êîíôåðåíöèè áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû äîêëàäû, êàñàþùèåñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: 1. Ýêòîïàðàçèòû ïòåíöîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö Òóâû. Ã.À. Ôàäååâà, Ì.Â. Ìîêðîóñîâ, È.Â. Êàðÿêèí. sabkor@mail.ru, ikar_research @mail.ru 2. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñàïñàíà è êðàñíîçîáîé êàçàðêè â öåíòðå è íà ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå Òàéìûðñêîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà îáîèõ âèäîâ. Ñ.Ï. Õàðèòîíîâ, ß.È. Êîêîðåâ, D.J. Nowak, A.I. Nowak, Ä.Â. Îñèïîâ, Î.Â. Íàòàëüñêàÿ, Í.À. Åãîðîâà, Ñ.À. Êîðêèíà. serpkh@rol.ru, ring@bird.msk.ru Ðàáî÷àÿ âñòðå÷à ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ, Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è Íàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ ýòèõ ñòðàí «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» ñîñòîÿëàñü 2–6 äåêàáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå (Ðîññèÿ). Âñòðå÷à áûëà îðãàíèçîâàíà ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð», ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» è «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â êàçàõñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà», Àññîöèàöèåé ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëüñêèì ïðîãðàììíûì îôèñîì Âñåìèðíîãî ôîíäà äèêîé ïðèðîäû (WWF Ìîíãîëèè). Îò êàæäîé ñòîðîíû íà âñòðå÷å áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû äîêëàäû ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ, àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è íàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ î òðàíñãðàíè÷íîì îáîðîòå îáúåêòîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû è ðåàëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ. Òàêæå áûëè ñäåëàíû äîêëàäû ýêñïåðòîâ î ñîñòîÿíèè âèäîâ, âîâëå÷¸ííûõ â íåëåãàëüíûé òðàíñãðàíè÷íûé îáîðîò â ãðàíèöàõ Àëàòå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Äîêëàäû î ñèòóàöèè ñ áàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug) ïðåäñòàâèëè: îò Ðîññèè – È.Â. Êàðÿêèí2, îò Êàçàõñòàíà – À.Ñ. Ëåâèí3 è îò Ìîíãîëèè – Ñóõ÷óëóóí Ã.4 Ïîëíûå ñòàòüè äîêëàäîâ áóäóò îïóáëèêîâàíû â 12 íîìåðå æóðíàëà «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà». Îáðàùåíèå òð¸õñòîðîííåé ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è îïóáëèêîâàíî íà ñòð. 7. Êîíòàêò (3).

Ñîáûòèÿ er and north border of their breeding ranges in the Taimyr Peninsula. S.P. Kharitonov, Ya.I. Kokorev, D.J. Nowak, A.I. Nowak, D.V. Osipov, O.V. Natalskaya, N.A. Egorova, S.A. Korkina. serpkh@rol.ru, ring@bird.msk.ru

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by A. Levin

The Consultative Meeting of NGOs of Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia and customs officers and CITES Management and Scientific Authorities of countries – participants of the meeting about the problem of illegal trade in wildlife «Development of international cooperation in realization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» held in Novosibirsk (Russia) on 2–6 December 2007. The meeting was organized by the NGO Siberian Environmental Center, Project of UNDP/ GEF «Biodiversity Conservation in the Russian Part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» and «Biodiversity Conservation in the Kazakhstan Part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion», Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan, WWF Mongolia Programme Office. The reports of customs authorities of all states-participants of the meeting, CITES Management and Scientific Authorities on tansboundary trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna and realizing CITES were presented. Also reports of experts about population conditions of species involved in the illegal transboundary trade in the territory of the Altai-Sayan region were sounded. Oral presentations about status of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) were from Russia – I.V. Karyakin2, Kazakhstan – A.S. Levin3 and Mongolia – Suhchulun G.4 The reports will be published in Raptors Conservation ¹ 12. The resolution of the meeting has been published on page 7. Contact (3).

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/falco_che/Saker_in_Russia_2007.pdf http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/falco_che/Saker_in_Kazakhstan_2007.pdf http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/falco_che/Saker_in_Mongolia_2007.pdf

Events

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

The Consultative Meeting of NGOs of Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia and Customs Officers and CITES Management and Scientific Authorities of Countries – Participants of the Meeting about the Problem of Illegal Trade in Wildlife «Development of Iinternational Cooperation in Realization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion». Resolution. 5 December 2007, Novosibirsk, Russia РАБОЧАЯ ВСТРЕЧА ПРИРОДООХРАННЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ РОССИИ, КАЗАХСТАНА И МОНГОЛИИ С УЧАСТИЕМ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ ТАМОЖЕННЫХ ОРГАНОВ, АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ И НАУЧНЫХ ОРГАНОВ СИТЕС ЭТИХ СТРАН «РАЗВИТИЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ КОНВЕНЦИИ СИТЕС В АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОМ ЭКОРЕГИОНЕ». РЕЗОЛЮЦИЯ. 5 ДЕКАБРЯ 2007, НОВОСИБИРСК, РОССИЯ Ó÷àñòíèêè âñòðå÷è, ÎÒÌÅ×Àß íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãëîáàëüíî çíà÷èìîãî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà â ïðåäåëàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè, ÑÎÇÍÀÂÀß îñîáóþ ðîëü òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ â ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèè íåçàêîííîìó òðàíñãðàíè÷íîìó îáîðîòó óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé, ÏÐÈÍÈÌÀß âî âíèìàíèå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè íàøèõ ñòðàí, ÐÅÀËÈÇÓß äîãîâîðåííîñòè, ðàíåå äîñòèãíóòûå íà óðîâíÿõ ãëàâ ãîñóäàðñòâ, ïðàâèòåëüñòâ è ðóêîâîäèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè, ÇÀÑËÓØÀÂ ïðåäñòàâëåííûå äîêëàäû è îáìåíÿâøèñü ìíåíèÿìè, ÎÁÐÀÒÈËÈÑÜ ê óïîëíîìî÷åííûì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì îðãàíàì ñòðàí ñî ñëåäóþùèìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè è ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè: â ñôåðå îáùåé îðãàíèçàöèè ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà è êîîðäèíàöèè ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè – âêëþ÷àòü âîïðîñ êîíòðîëÿ ñîáëþäåíèÿ òðåáîâàíèé ÑÈÒÅÑ è íàöèîíàëüíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá îñîáîé îõðàíå îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ (âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíûå êíèãè Êàçàõñòàíà è Ðîññèè, â Ñïèñîê îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ âèäîâ Ìîíãîëèè) â ïîâåñòêó äíÿ âñòðå÷ è ñîâìåñòíûõ ïëàíîâ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè; – ðåøèòü âîïðîñ îáìåíà èíôîðìàöèåé ìåæäó òåððèòîðèàëüíûìè ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿìè òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà, Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè, à òàêæå ìåæäó öåíòðàëüíûìè îðãàíàìè òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Ìîíãîëèè è Êàçàõñòàíà; – ïðîðàáîòàòü âîïðîñ î ïîäãîòîâêå è îòêðûòîé ïóáëèêàöèè åæåãîäíûõ äîêëàäîâ (ñâîäîê) òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè î çàäåðæàíèÿõ îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ è èíîé ðàáîòå, ñâÿçàííîé ñ ðåà-

Participants of the Meeting, NOTING the necessity of conservation of globally important biodiversity of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion in Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, CONSCIOUS the special role of customs in counteraction to an illegal transboundary trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna, CONSIDERING the high level of cooperation between customs of oKazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, REALIZING the arrangements earlier reached at the level of presidents, governments and heads of customs services of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, DISCUSSING the presented reports, OFFER to the governmental authorities of the countries with following recommendations: In sphere of the international organization for cooperation and coordination between customs bodies – include the question about the control to maintenance of CITES recommendations and the national legislation on special protection of some species (listed in Red Data Books of Kazakhstan and Russia, in the List of especially protected species of Mongolia) in the agenda of following meetings and joint plans on interactions between customs of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia; – solve the problem of information exchange between local departments of customs of adjacent regions of Russia and Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia, and also between the central bodies of customs services of Mongolia and Kazakhstan; – prepare to publish the summary of annual reports of Kazakh, Mongolian and Russian customs about detentions of species listed in CITES Appendixes and other activities regarding realization of CITES requirements

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

ëèçàöèåé òðåáîâàíèé ÑÈÒÅÑ è íàöèîíàëüíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá îñîáîé îõðàíå îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ; – èñïîëüçîâàòü âîçìîæíîñòè íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé ñòðàí äëÿ îáìåíà èíôîðìàöèåé ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè è ïðèðîäîîõðàííûìè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè îðãàíàìè; â ñôåðå îïåðàòèâíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá – îðãàíèçîâàòü íåîáõîäèìîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæäó òåððèòîðèàëüíûìè îðãàíàìè òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ íàøèõ ñòðàí ñ öåëüþ ïðåñå÷åíèÿ êîíòðàáàíäû îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ; – îïðåäåëèòü ñïèñêè êîíòàêòíûõ ëèö â òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè äëÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ïî ïðîáëåìå ÑÈÒÅÑ; â ñôåðå ìåæâåäîìñòâåííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ âíóòðè ñòðàí – âûðàáîòàòü ïðîöåäóðó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè ñòðàí, íàöèîíàëüíûìè Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè è Íàó÷íûìè îðãàíàìè ÑÈÒÅÑ ñ öåëüþ îïåðàòèâíîãî èíôîðìèðîâàíèÿ î ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåìåùåíèÿ îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ, à òàêæå îáúåêòîâ, ïîäïàäàþùèõ ïîä äåéñòâèå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà î íàöèîíàëüíûõ Êðàñíûõ êíèãàõ, ðàâíî êàê îáî âñåõ ñòàâøèõ èçâåñòíûìè ñëó÷àÿõ íåçàêîííîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ òàêèõ îáúåêòîâ; – â ÷àñòíîñòè, Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîìó îðãàíó ÑÈÒÅÑ Ðîññèè îáðàòèòüñÿ â ÔÒÑ Ðîññèè ñ ïðîñüáîé î ðåãóëÿðíîì ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè èíôîðìàöèè î ïåðåìåùåíèè ÷åðåç òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ; – íàöèîíàëüíûì Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì îðãàíàì ÑÈÒÅÑ ðàçðàáîòàòü è îôèöèàëüíî ïåðåäàòü â òàìîæåííûå îðãàíû ñòðàí ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå ïî ðàáîòå ñ ðàçðåøèòåëüíûìè äîêóìåíòàìè ÑÈÒÅÑ ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè òàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ çà ïåðåìåùåíèåì îáðàçöîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ; â ñôåðå èíôîðìàöèîííîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòè ó÷àñòíèêè ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è ñ÷èòàþò íåîáõîäèìûì – îäîáðèòü ïðîãðàììû Ñèáýêîöåíòðà, ïðîåêòà Ïðîãðàììû ðàçâèòèÿ ÎÎÍ è Ãëîáàëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà», WWF Ðîññèè è WWF Ìîíãîëèè ïî èíôîðìàöèîííîé ïîääåðæêå âûïîëíåíèÿ òðåáîâàíèé ÑÈÒÅÑ òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè ñâîèõ ñòðàí è ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ïðîäîëæèòü ýòè ïðîãðàììû; – ðàçâèâàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå ïðîãðàììû ïî èíôîðìàöèîííîé ïîääåðæêå òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí ïî âîïðîñó âûïîëíåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ; – ñîñòàâèòü ñïèñîê ðåêîìåíäóåìûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ (êîíñóëüòàíòîâ) â îáëàñòè èäåíòèôèêàöèè îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ è ïåðåäàòü åãî òàìîæåííûì îðãàíàì Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè; – Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì îðãàíàì ÑÈÒÅÑ ðàçðàáîòàòü è ïåðåäàòü òàìîæåííûì îðãàíàì ñâîèõ ñòðàí ñïðàâî÷íèêè ïî öåíàì íà îáúåêòû ÑÈÒÅÑ; – îñóùåñòâèòü ïåðåâîä íà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ÿçûêè Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè íàöèîíàëüíûõ íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ ýòèõ ñòðàí, ðåãóëèðóþùèõ îáîðîò îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ;

Ñîáûòèÿ and the national legislation on special protection of some species; - use opportunities of the nongovernmental nature protection organizations of the countries for information exchange between customs and nature protection state bodies; In sphere of operative interaction of customs – organize interaction between local bodies of customs of adjacent regions of the countries with the purpose of prevention of contraband of species listed in CITES Appendixes; – determine lists of persons who should responsible for interaction on CITES problems between customs of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia; In sphere of interdepartmental interaction inside the countries – develop the protocol of interaction between customs bodies of the countries, national CITES Management and Scientific Authorities for operative informing about the cases of moving of species listed in CITES Appendixes, in national Red Data Books, as well as about all known cases of illegal moving of such species; – in particular, to CITES Management Authorities of Russia to address in the Federal Customs Service of Russia asking the regular reports about known cases of cross-border moving of species listed in CITES Appendixes; – to national CITES Management Authorities undertaking of the customs control of moving of species listed in CITES Appendixes to develop and officially direct the manuals on activities with CITES permissions to customs of the countries; In sphere of informational supply of activity participants of the Consultative Meeting stressed the need – to approve programs of the Siberian Environmental Center, Project of UNDP/GEF «Biodiversity Conservation in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion», WWF Russia and WWF Mongolia on informational supporting implementation of CITES by customs of the countries and to recommend to continue these programs; – to develop similar programs on informational support of customs of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning implementation of CITES ; – to establish the list of recommended experts (consultants) for identification of species listed in CITES Appendixes and to direct it to customs of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia; – to CITES Management Authorities to develop and direct the guide on the prices for species listed in CITES Appendixes to customs of the countries; – to translate on state languages of Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia the national laws of these countries regulating the trade in species listed in CITES Appendices;

Events

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

– ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ïðîåêòó ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â êàçàõñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» ïîääåðæàòü ïðîâåäåíèå ñëåäóþùåé òð¸õñòîðîííåé ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è ïî ïðîáëåìå íåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòà îáúåêòîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ, Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è Íàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» â 2009 ã. â Êàçàõñòàíå; – ïðîñèòü ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå òàìîæåííûå è ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå îðãàíû Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè ñîäåéñòâîâàòü ïðîâåäåíèþ ñëåäóþùåé ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå»; – ïðèãëàñèòü íà ñëåäóþùóþ ðàáî÷óþ âñòðå÷ó «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ïîãðàíè÷íûõ ñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè, à òàêæå ýêñïåðòîâ ïî âîïðîñàì ÑÈÒÅÑ èç îñíîâíûõ ñòðàí ââîçà îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ, ýêñïîðòèðóåìûõ èç Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà.

– to recommend to Project of UNDP/GEF «Biodiversity Conservation in the Kazakh part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» the supporting of organization of the next consultative meeting on the problem of illegal trade in species of wild flora and fauna listed in CITES Appendixes with participation of representatives of customs, CITES Management and Scientific Authorities of Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia «Development of international cooperation in realization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» in Kazakhstan in 2009; – to ask customs and nature protection bodies of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and to Russia to promote organization of the next Consultative Meeting «Development of international cooperation in realization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion»; – to invite representatives boundary services of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, and also experts concerning CITES from the main countries importing the species listed in CITES Appendixes exported from Altai-Sayan Ecoregion of to the next Consultative Meeting «Development of international cooperation in realization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion».

Ó÷èòûâàÿ îñòðîòó ïðîáëåìû íåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòà ðÿäà âèäîâ ñîêîëîâ (áàëîáàí Falco cherrug, êðå÷åò Falco rusticolus, ñàïñàí Falco peregrinus), âíåñ¸ííûõ â ïðèëîæåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ è íàöèîíàëüíûå Êðàñíûå êíèãè è ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îáúåêòàìè òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî îáîðîòà, ó÷àñòíèêè Ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è òàêæå ïðîñÿò ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå îðãàíû Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè ïðåäïðèíÿòü ñëåäóþùèé êîìïëåêñ ìåð, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà óðåãóëèðîâàíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ýòèõ âèäîâ â íåâîëå: – óòâåðäèòü ïîðÿäîê åäèíîîáðàçíîãî è îáÿçàòåëüíîãî ìå÷åíèÿ ñîêîëîâ, ðàçâîäèìûõ â ïèòîìíèêàõ; – ââåñòè îáÿçàòåëüíóþ ïàñïîðòèçàöèþ îñîáåé, âûðàùåííûõ â ïèòîìíèêàõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà ðóêàõ ó ñîêîëüíèêîâ, óòâåðäèòü ôîðìû ïàñïîðòîâ è ïîðÿäîê ïàñïîðòèçàöèè ïòèö; – èñêëþ÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòü îáîðîòà ñîêîëîâ, íå èìåþùèõ óòâåðæäåííûõ ìåòîê è ïàñïîðòîâ, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ èíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ î ëåãàëüíîñòè èõ ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ; – îïðåäåëèòü ïåðèîä ââåäåíèÿ ïàñïîðòèçàöèè è ïîðÿäîê ëåãàëèçàöèè èìåþùåãîñÿ íà ðóêàõ è â ïèòîìíèêàõ ïîãîëîâüÿ.

Considering the importance of the problem of illegal trade in some species of falcons (Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus, Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus), listed in CITES Appendices and national Red Data Books and being the objects of a transboundary trade participants of the Consultative Meeting also ask the nature protection bodies of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia to undertake following measures directed on regulation of keeping these species in captivity: – to confirm the harmonized approach the marking of captive-breeding falcons; – to establish obligatory passwords for falcons bred in captivity and kept by falconers for falconry, to establish the forms of passwords and the order of bird certifications; – to exclude an opportunity of trade in falcons without established passwords and marks, in spite of the presence of other documents confirmed their legality; – to determine the period of implementation of certification and the order of legalization of captive-breeding birds.

Ó÷àñòíèêè ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è âûðàæàþò ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòü îðãàíèçàòîðàì – ÌÁÎÎ Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð (Íîâîñèáèðñê), ïðîåêòàì ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» è «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â êàçàõñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà», Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëüñêîìó ïðîãðàììíîìó îôèñó Âñåìèðíîãî ôîíäà äèêîé ïðèðîäû (WWF Ìîíãîëèè) – çà ïðîäåëàííóþ èìè ðàáîòó ïî ïîäãîòîâêå è ïðîâåäåíèþ ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è.

Participants of the Consultative Meeting express gratitude to organizers – NGO the Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk), Projects of UNDP/GEF «Biodiversity Conservation in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» and «Biodiversity Conservation in the Kazakhstan part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion», Associations of Biodiversity Conservation in Kazakhstan, the Mongolian program office of WWF Mongolia – for organizing and holding the Consultative Meeting.

Ă?ĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂĽ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂ¨ Ă¨ Ă¨Ăľ ĂŽĂľĂ°Ă ĂĂ 2008, 11

Ă&#x17D;ĂľĂ°Ă ĂĂ ĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂľ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂŽĂ˘

Raptors Conservation Đ&#x17E;ĐĽĐ Đ?Đ?Đ? Đ&#x;Đ&#x2022;Đ Đ?Đ?Đ˘ĐŤĐĽ ĐĽĐ&#x2DC;ĐŠĐ?Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x161;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2019; Short Review of Techniques for Preventing Electrocution of Birds on Overhead Power Lines Đ&#x161;Đ Đ?Đ˘Đ&#x161;Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2122; Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x2014;Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ&#x153;Đ&#x2022;Đ˘Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2019; Đ&#x2014;Đ?ĐŠĐ&#x2DC;Đ˘ĐŤ Đ&#x;Đ˘Đ&#x2DC;ĐŚ Đ&#x17E;Đ˘ Đ&#x;Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ?Đ&#x2013;Đ&#x2022;Đ?Đ&#x2DC;ĐŻ ĐĐ&#x203A;Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x161;Đ˘Đ Đ&#x2DC;Đ§Đ&#x2022;ĐĄĐ&#x161;Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x153; Đ˘Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x161;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x153; Đ?Đ? Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2DC;Đ?Đ&#x2DC;ĐŻĐĽ ĐĐ&#x203A;Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x161;Đ˘Đ Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x;Đ&#x2022;Đ Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x201D;Đ?Đ§Đ&#x2DC; Matsina A.I. (Laboratory of Ornithology of Ecological Center ÂŤDrontÂť, N.Novgorod, Russia) Đ&#x153;Đ°Ń&#x2020;Ń&#x2039;Đ˝Đ° Đ?.Đ&#x2DC;. (Đ&#x17E;Ń&#x20AC;Đ˝Đ¸Ń&#x201A;ĐžĐťĐž Đ¸Ń&#x2021;ĐľŃ Đ°Ń? ĐťĐ°ĐąĐžŃ&#x20AC;Đ°Ń&#x201A;ĐžŃ&#x20AC;Đ¸Ń? Đ ĐžŃ&#x2020;ĐľĐ˝Ń&#x201A;Ń&#x20AC;Đ° ÂŤĐ&#x201D;Ń&#x20AC;ĐžĐ˝Ń&#x201A;Âť, Đ?.Đ?ĐžĐ˛ ĐžŃ&#x20AC;ĐžĐ´, Đ ĐžŃ Ń Đ¸Ń?) Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂĂ˛Ă ĂŞĂ˛: Ă&#x20AC;ĂŤĂĽĂŞĂąĂ ĂĂ¤Ă° Ă&#x152;Ă ĂśĂťĂĂ Ă&#x17D;Ă°ĂĂ¨Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂ Ăż ĂŤĂ ĂĄĂŽĂ°Ă Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăż Ă?ĂŞĂŽĂśĂĽĂĂ˛Ă°Ă ÂŤĂ&#x201E;Ă°ĂŽĂĂ˛Âť 603000 Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ăż Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĂ¨ĂŠ Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ Ă /Ăż 631 Ă?ĂŞĂŽĂśĂĽĂĂ˛Ă° ÂŤĂ&#x201E;Ă°ĂŽĂĂ˛Âť Ă˛ĂĽĂŤ.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 mai@sandy.ru Contact: Alexander Matsina Laboratory of Ornithology of Ecological Center ÂŤDrontÂť P.O. Box 631 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 mai@sandy.ru

Ă?ĂĽĂŽĂĄĂľĂŽĂ¤Ă¨ĂŹĂŽĂąĂ˛Ăź ĂŞĂ°Ă¨Ă˛Ă¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŽĂĄĂ§ĂŽĂ°Ă ĂąĂŽĂ˘Ă°ĂĽĂŹĂĽĂĂĂťĂľ ĂŹĂĽĂ˛ĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘ Ă§Ă ĂšĂ¨Ă˛Ăť ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś ĂĂ Ă˘ĂŽĂ§Ă¤ĂłĂ¸ĂĂťĂľ ĂŤĂ¨ĂĂ¨ĂżĂľ Ă˝ĂŤĂĽĂŞĂ˛Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĽĂ¤Ă ĂˇĂ¨ (Ă&#x201A;Ă&#x2039;) ĂŽĂĄĂłĂąĂŤĂŽĂ˘ĂŤĂĽĂĂ ĂĂĽĂąĂŞĂŽĂŤĂźĂŞĂ¨ĂŹĂ¨ ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂˇĂ¨ĂĂ ĂŹĂ¨. Ă?ĂĽĂąĂŹĂŽĂ˛Ă°Ăż ĂĂ Ă˛ĂŽ, ĂˇĂ˛ĂŽ Ă¨Ă§ĂłĂˇĂĽĂĂ¨ĂĽ Ă¤Ă ĂĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă˘ĂŽĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂąĂ (ĂąĂĂ ĂˇĂ ĂŤĂ Ă˘ Ă&#x2018;Ă&#x2018;Ă&#x2018;Ă?, Ă ĂŻĂŽĂ§ĂŚĂĽ Ă˘ ĂąĂ˛Ă°Ă ĂĂ Ăľ Ă&#x2018;Ă?Ă&#x192;) ĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂŤĂŚĂ ĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂłĂŚĂĽ ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂĽĂĽ ĂˇĂĽĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂ°Ă˛Ă¨ Ă˘ĂĽĂŞĂ , Ă§ĂĂ ĂˇĂ¨Ă˛ĂĽĂŤĂźĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ°Ă ĂŞĂ˛Ă¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂ¨Ăľ ĂłĂąĂŻĂĽĂľĂŽĂ˘ Ă˘ Ă˝Ă˛ĂŽĂŠ ĂŽĂĄĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨ ĂĂĽ Ă¤ĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă¨ĂŁĂĂłĂ˛ĂŽ. Ă?ĂŽĂ¤Ă Ă˘ĂŤĂżĂžĂšĂĽĂĽ ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸Ă¨ĂĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂŽ Ă˝ĂŞĂąĂŻĂŤĂłĂ Ă˛Ă¨Ă°ĂłĂĽĂŹĂťĂľ Ă&#x201A;Ă&#x2039; 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10 ĂŞĂ&#x201A; (ĂŻĂ°ĂĽĂŚĂ¤ĂĽ Ă˘ĂąĂĽĂŁĂŽ ĂĂ ĂŚ/ĂĄ ĂŽĂŻĂŽĂ°Ă Ăľ ĂąĂŽ Ă¸Ă˛ĂťĂ°Â¸Ă˘ĂťĂŹĂ¨ Ă¨Ă§ĂŽĂŤĂżĂ˛ĂŽĂ°Ă ĂŹĂ¨) ĂżĂ˘ĂŤĂżĂžĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨ĂśĂĽĂŽĂŻĂ ĂąĂĂťĂŹĂ¨ Ă¨ ĂĽĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ¤ĂĂŽ ĂĂ ĂĂŽĂąĂżĂ˛ ĂŞĂŽĂŤĂŽĂąĂąĂ ĂŤĂźĂĂťĂŠ Ă˘Ă°ĂĽĂ¤ ĂŽĂ°ĂĂ¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ´Ă ĂłĂĂĽ Ă˘ĂąĂĽĂľ Ă°ĂĽĂŁĂ¨ĂŽĂĂŽĂ˘, ĂĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă¨ ĂŞĂŽĂ˛ĂŽĂ°ĂťĂľ ĂŽĂĂ¨ Ă°Ă ĂąĂŻĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŚĂĽĂĂť (Ă?ĂĽĂ°ĂĽĂ°Ă˘Ă , Ă ĂŤĂŽĂľĂ¨Ă, 1981; Ă&#x2021;Ă˘ĂŽĂĂŽĂ˘, Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă¨Ă˘ĂŽĂĂŽĂąĂŽĂ˘, 1981; Ă&#x20AC;ĂĄĂ¤ĂłĂĂ Ă§Ă Ă°ĂŽĂ˘, 1987; Ă&#x2018;Ă˛Ă Ă°Ă¨ĂŞĂŽĂ˘, 1996/1997; Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨Ă Ă¨ Ă¤Ă°., 2005; Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨Ă, Ă Ă Ă°Ă ĂĄĂ Ă¸Ă¨Ă, 2005; Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨Ă, Ă?ĂŽĂ˘Ă¨ĂŞĂŽĂ˘Ă , 2006; Ă&#x152;Ă ĂśĂťĂĂ , 2005; 2006). Ă&#x2019;ĂĽĂĂ¤ĂĽĂĂśĂ¨Ăż Ă ĂŞĂ˛Ă¨Ă˘ĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŽĂąĂ˘ĂŽĂĽĂĂ¨Ăż ĂĂĽĂ´Ă˛ĂĽĂŁĂ Ă§ĂŽ-

Ă?Ă¨Ăą. 1. Ă?Ă˛Ă¨ĂśĂĽĂŽĂŻĂ ĂąĂĂ Ăż ĂŽĂŻĂŽĂ°Ă Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă? Ăą Ă§Ă ĂŁĂ°Ă Ă¤Ă¨Ă˛ĂĽĂŤĂźĂĂťĂŹĂ¨ ĂłĂąĂ ĂŹĂ¨ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ă&#x20AC;. Ă&#x201D;ĂŽĂ˛ĂŽ Ă&#x2C6;. Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨ĂĂ Fig. 1. Electric pole potentially lethal to birds equipped with metal bars â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A. Photo by I. Karyakin

The critical review of modern techniques for preventing electrocution of birds on overhead power lines (PL) is necessary by several reasons. Study of the problem of raptor electrocution has continued already more than 25 years, unfortunately significant success has not achieved. The most part of used PL 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 kV poses high risk to birds. Many birds are killed from electrocution in the regions, where such PL are already in use, every year (Pererva, Blohin, 1981; Zvonov, Krivonosov, 1981; Abdulnazarov, 1987; Starikov, 1996/1997; Karyakin et al., 2005; Karyakin, Barabashin, 2005; Karyakin, Novikova, 2006; Matsina, 2005; 2006). Active development of oil and gas industries in the South of Russia, in Kazakhstan and the countries of Middle Asia during last decade promotes power lines to increase in number and area covered. It is essential in those regions where the routes of migratory birds specifically are concentrated. PL pose the highest risk for raptors because their behavior peculiarities. The most techniques to reduce incidents of raptor electrocution were modifying the top of electric poles of PL 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 kV (Saltykov, 1999). However many techniques were not effective but some of them were even dangerous (fig. 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4). Erecting metal bars (fig. 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2) on electric poles are prohibited in Russia and should be dismantled but it has not realized in many cases. The most effective techniques intended to prevent the electrocution of birds is PVC insulator hoods (fig. 5) or isolated tubing. Now electric utility companies have begun to use the first Russian construction of insulator hood (fig. 5).

Raptors Conservation

Ðèñ. 2. Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ îïîðà ËÝÏ ñ îòâëåêàþùåé ïðèñàäîé è çàãðàäèòåëüíûìè óñàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Fig. 2. Electric pole potentially lethal to birds equipped with metal bars and perch. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 âîãî êîìïëåêñà Þãà Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è ñòðàí Ñðåäíåé Àçèè â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîñòîÿííîìó ðîñòó ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ÂË â îáëàñòè ìèãðàöèè ìíîãèõ âèäîâ ïòèö. Íàèáîëüøàÿ îïàñíîñòü óãðîæàåò õèùíûì ïòèöàì, ýêîëîãè÷åñêè òÿãîòåþùèì ê ëèíèÿì ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïîâ. Ïðè ýòîì ïîä óãðîçîé îêàçûâàþòñÿ íå òîëüêî ìåñòíûå ïîïóëÿöèè, íî è áîëüøèíñòâî ïåðåë¸òíûõ ïòèö. Òåì ñàìûì îáùàÿ «îáëàñòü ïîðàæåíèÿ» çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ, îõâàòûâàÿ ñåâåðíûå òåððèòîðèè, ëèø¸ííûå ñîáñòâåííîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ÂË 6– 10 êÂ. Ñ ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïåðâûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî çàùèòå ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì ÂË 6–10 êÂ â íà÷àëå 80-õ ãîäîâ XX âåêà, îñíîâíîå êîëè÷åñòâî òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé â ýòîé îáëàñòè áûëî ñâÿçàíî ñ âíåñåíèåì èçìåíåíèé â êîíñòðóêöèþ îãîëîâêà îïîð ÂË 6– 10 êÂ (Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999). Äàëåå ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ òîëüêî òå ðàçðàáîòêè, êîòîðûå áûëè îôèöèàëüíî ðåêîìåíäîâàíû â êà÷åñòâå ïðîåêòíûõ è ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ âàðèàíòîâ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ è ïîëó÷èëè íàèáîëüøåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå. 1. Óñòàíîâêà çàãðàäèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ (ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå óñû, øòûðè), ïðåïÿòñòâóþùèõ ïîñàäêå ïòèö â ðàéîíå èçîëÿòîðîâ. Ýòè ðàçðàáîòêè íå ó÷èòûâàþò ìåõàíèçì ïîðàæåíèÿ ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (çàìûêàíèå ìåæäó òîêîíåñóùèì ïðîâîäîì è

çàçåìë¸ííûìè ÷àñòÿìè îïîðû – òðàâåðñà, øòûðè èçîëÿòîðîâ è ïð.). Èõ ïðèìåíåíèå ïðèâåëî ê îáðàòíîìó ýôôåêòó – ïî ñóòè, îíè óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷àñòîòó çàìûêàíèé è ãèáåëü ïòèö. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüíî çàïðåùåíû (ï. 34. Òðåáîâàíèé…, 1996). Îäíàêî äåìîíòàæ ðàíåå óñòàíîâëåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ íà ìíîãèõ ëèíèÿõ íå âûïîëíåí (ðèñ. 1). Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ óñòàíîâêà çàãðàäèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, îñîáåííî â Êàçàõñòàíå (ðèñ. 2). 2. Óñòàíîâêà îòâëåêàþùèõ ïðèñàä íà îïîðàõ ÂË. Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåêîòîðûé ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ýôôåêò, â öåëîì íå îáåñïå÷èâàåò ñóùåñòâåííîãî ñíèæåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö. Â ñëó÷àå óòåðè äåðåâÿííîé íàêëàäêè â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ïðèñàäû (â ïðîöåññå ýêñïëóàòàöèè) ïåðåõîäÿò â êàòåãîðèþ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ, êàê è ïðåäûäóùèå çàãðàäèòåëüíûå ýëåìåíòû (ðèñ. 3). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðîäîëæàþò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè ÂË 6–10 êÂ ââèäó îòñóòñòâèÿ áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé. 3. Óñòàíîâêà õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ íà êîíöàõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðàâåðñ. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè âàðüèðóåò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíå÷íîãî âèäà êîíñòðóêöèè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåêîìåíäóåìîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå â êà÷åñòâå õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ ïîäâåñíûõ ãèðëÿíä (ñ øèðîêîé «þáêîé»), íà ïðàêòèêå ÷àñòî ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ øòûðåâûå èçîëÿòîðû ØÔ–20 è ØÔ(ØÑ)–10, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèæàåò êîíå÷íûé ýôôåêò. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñïàðåííûõ õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ òàêæå ÷àñòî çàìåíÿåòñÿ íà îäèíàðíûå. Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìàÿ ñòåïåíü çàùèòû íå îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ. Ïî èñòå÷åíèè íåêîòîðîãî ïåðèîäà ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïðîèñõîäèò óòåðÿ ÷àñòè õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ. Îñòàþùèåñÿ ïðè ýòîì âåðòèêàëüíûå ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå øòûðè íà êîíöàõ òðàâåðñ ñíîâà óâåëè÷èâàþò ïòèöåîïàñíîñòü êîíñòðóêöèè (ðèñ. 4). Êðîìå ýòîãî, íàãðîìîæäåíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â çîíå ïðîõîæÐèñ. 3. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), ñèäÿùèé íà ÷àñòè÷íî çàùèù¸ííîé îïîðå – îòâëåêàþùàÿ ïðèñàäà ñ äåðåâÿííîé íàêëàäêîé áåçîïàñíà äëÿ ïòèöû, íà òðàâåðñå äåìîíòèðîâàííû çàãðàäèòåëüíûå óñû, îäíàêî ñàì òðàâåðñ îñòà¸òñÿ îïàñíûì äëÿ ïòèö (ñëåâà); ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, ñèäÿùèé íà àíàëîãè÷íîé îïîðå, íà êîòîðîé äåðåâÿííàÿ íàêëàäêà íà îòâëåêàþùåé ïðèñàäå ðàçðóøèëàñü, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âñÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ ñòàëà ïòèöåîïàñíîé (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Fig. 3. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) sitting on perch with wood bar (left) and on perch without wood bar (right). The probability of eagle death on the right photo is higher. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 4. Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ îïîðà ËÝÏ ñ ðàçðóøåííûìè õîëîñòûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè (îñòàëèñü òîëüêî ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå øòûðè äëÿ êðåïåæà õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ – À). Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíà Fig. 4. Electric pole potentially lethal to birds with destroyed false insulators – A. Photo by A. Matsina

Ïðîâîä ÑÈÏ–3 íà îïîðàõ ñ øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè (ñëåâà – îáùèé âèä îïîðû, â öåíòðå – âèä íåñóùåé àðìàòóðû, ñïðàâà – èçîëÿòîð äëÿ êðåïëåíèÿ ïðîâîäà ÑÈÏ–3 è ñàì ïðîâîä). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Wire SIP–3 on electric poles with up-right insulators (power line – at the left, wire and insulator – on the right). Photos by I. Karjakin

äåíèÿ ïðîâîäà ó òðàâåðñû ÷àñòî ïðåïÿòñòâóåò íåìåäëåííîìó ïàäåíèþ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçíèêàåò ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå çàìûêàíèå ÂË, ñîçäàþùåå ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûå ïîìåõè. 4. Óñòàíîâêà ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ (ÏÇÓ) â âèäå êîëïàêîâ èç ïîëèìåðíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, ïîëíîñòüþ çàêðûâàþùèõ èçîëÿòîð, è çàùèòíûõ êîæóõîâ (ðóêàâîâ), èçîëèðóþùèõ òîêîíåñóùèé ïðîâîä â ðàéîíå îãîëîâêà îïîðû. Äàííûé òèï ÏÇÓ, íåñìîòðÿ íà øèðîêîå ïðèìåíåíèå çà ðóáåæîì, òîëüêî íà÷èíàåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Åãî ïðåèìóùåñòâà ñîñòîÿò â òîì, ÷òî âñå ýëåìåíòû ÏÇÓ âïåðâûå èçãîòîâëåíû ïîëíîñòüþ èç äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Óñòàíîâêà çàùèòíûõ êîëïàêîâ íå òðåáóåò ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî âûïîëíåíèÿ ñëîæíûõ ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò (ñâàðêà, ñâåðëåíèå òðàâåðñ è ïð.), à ïîëíàÿ èçîëÿöèÿ òîêîíåñóùåãî ïðîâîäà îáåñïå÷èâàåò èñêëþ÷åíèå îïàñíûõ çàìûêàíèé ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïòèö. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî äàííûé òèï çàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ. Â Ðîññèè ðàçðàáîòàí, àïðîáèðîâàí è íà÷àë ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñ 2007 ã. ïòèöåçàùèòíûé êîìïëåêò ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á (ðèñ. 5). 5. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èçîëèðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà (ÑÈÏ–3), ïîêðûòîãî ñïåöèàëüíîé ïîëèìåðíîé îáîëî÷êîé, íà íàø âçãëÿä îáåñïå÷èâàåò íàèáîëåå íàä¸æíóþ çàùèòó ïòèö ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Êðåïëåíèå äàííîãî ïðîâîäà íà øòûðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðàõ ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ áåç íàðóøåíèÿ èçîëèðóþùåãî ñëîÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âîçìîæíîñòü êîíòàêòà ïòèö ñ òîêîíåñóùåé ÷àñòüþ êîíñòðóêòèâíî èñêëþ÷åíà (ïðè óñëîâèè ñîáëþäåíèÿ òåõíîëîãèè êðåïëåíèÿ è ñîåäèíåíèÿ äàííîãî âèäà ïðîâîäà). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ âîçìîæíîñòè ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ÂË ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì èçîëèðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà îãðàíè÷åíû â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó îïîðàìè ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò äîïóñòèìîå äëÿ ÑÈÏ–3. Ïîäâîäÿ èòîã, íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü îáùèé ïîçèòèâíûé ñäâèã â ðàñøèðåíèè èíñòðóìåíòîâ äëÿ çàùèòû ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ËÝÏ. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûìè øàãàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðîïàãàíäà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èçîëèðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè è ñòðîèòåëüñòâå íîâûõ âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è, à òàêæå øèðîêîå ïðèìåíåíèå ïîëèìåðíûõ ÏÇÓ íà ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ ËÝÏ. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðàñ÷¸òû òàêæå ïîäòâåðæäàþò ýòî.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Àáäóíàçàðîâ Á.Á. Îöåíêà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè (6–35 êÂ) â Óçáåêèñòàíå. – Ìëåêîïèòàþùèå è ïòèöû Óçáåêèñòàíà. Òàøêåíò. 1987. Ñ.45. Çâîíîâ Á.Ì., Êðèâîíîñîâ Ã.À. Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Êàëìûêèè. – Áèîïîâðåæäåíèÿ: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ 2-é Âñåñîþçíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî áèîïîâðåæäåíèÿì. Ãîðüêèé. 1981. Ñ. 206–207. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×åðíûå äûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå), Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 29–32. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîé îðåë è èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Åñòü ëè ïåðñïåêòèâà ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ? – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 48–57. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 31–32. Ìàöûíà À.È. Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (ëåñíàÿ è ëåñîñòåïíàÿ

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÒ ÏÒÈÖÅÇÀÙÈÒÍÛÉ ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á Îáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ Êîìïëåêò ïòèöåçàùèòíûé ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ, îñíàù¸ííûõ øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè ØÑ–10, ØÔ–10 è ØÔ–20 ñ áîêîâîé âÿçêîé ïðîâîäà. Íàèáîëüøèé çàùèòíûé ýôôåêò äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïðè óñòàíîâêå êîìïëåêòîâ ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á íà îãîëîâêàõ æ/á îïîð ÂË 6–10 êÂ ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè òðàâåðñàìè. Îïèñàíèå ïðîäóêöèè ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á ñîñòîèò èç êîëïàêà ñôåðè÷åñêîé ôîðìû (1 øò.), ãèáêèõ êîæóõîâ (4 øò.) è õîìóòîâ (6 øò.). Âñå ýëåìåíòû èçãîòîâëåíû èç ïîëèìåðíûõ âîäîñòîéêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, óñòîé÷èâûõ ê àòìîñôåðíûì óñëîâèÿì (ÃÎÑÒ 16337–77, 16338–85). Ïîâåðõíîñòü èçäåëèé ãëàäêàÿ. Çàùèòíûé êîëïàê îòêðûò ñ íèæíåé ñòîðîíû è èìååò äâà áîêîâûõ âåðòèêàëüíûõ êàíàëà äëÿ âûõîäà ïðîâîäà. Êîæóõè â ñå÷åíèè ïðÿìîóãîëüíûå ñî ñôåðè÷åñêîé âåðõíåé ÷àñòüþ. Âîëíèñòàÿ ôîðìà ñòåíîê êîæóõîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè èçãèáàòü èõ âî âðåìÿ ìîíòàæà. Ïðåäóñìîòðåíî ìåõàíè÷åñêîå ñîåäèíåíèå îòäåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ìåæäó ñîáîé ïðè óñòàíîâêå íà øòûðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðàõ ÂË 6–10 êÂ è ôèêñàöèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ êðåïåæíûõ õîìóòîâ. Òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Ðàçìåðû êîëïàêà Äèàìåòð – 180 ìì Âûñîòà – 170 ìì Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ äëèíà – 210 ìì Òîëùèíà ñòåíêè – 1 ìì Ðàçìåðû êîæóõà Äëèíà – 300 ìì Âûñîòà – 40 ìì Âíóòðåííèé äèàìåòð – 18 ìì Òîëùèíà ñòåíêè – 2 ìì Òåìïåðàòóðà ýêñïëóàòàöèè – îò +55°Ñ äî –35°Ñ Äëèíà çàùèùàåìîãî ó÷àñòêà ëèíèè – 1290 ìì Âåñ êîìïëåêòà – 400 ãð. Ïðîèçâîäèòåëü ÎÎÎ «ÈÒÑ», Í.Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ Êîíòàêò: Ðèñ. 5. Êîìïëåêò ïòèöåçàùèòíûé ÎÎÎ «ÈÒÑ» ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á Ðîññèÿ, Í.Íîâãîðîä Fig. 5. Russian bird protecting construction (PZU KP–1B) its–07@list.ru

BIRD PROTECTING CONSTRUCTION (PZU KP–1B) Sphere of using Bird protecting construction (PZU KP–1B) is intended for preventing electrocution of birds on overhead power lines with medium voltage (6–10 kV) equipped with upright insulators. Description PZU KP–1B consists of spherical cap (1 copy), flexible hoods (4 copies) and belts (6 copies). All elements are made of PVC-materials, steady against atmospheric conditions. There is mechanical connection of some elements between themselves to erect on upright insulators in PL 6–10 kV. Technique parameters Sizes of the cap Diameter – 180 mm Height – 170 mm Length – 210 mm Thickness of the wall – 1 mm Sizes of the hood Length – 300 mm Height – 40 mm Internal diameter – 18 mm Thickness of the wall – 2 mm Temperature of using – from +55°Ñ to –35°Ñ. Length of the protected site of line – 1290 mm. Mass – 400 g. Producer JSC «ITS», N.Novgorod, Russia. Contact: JSC «ITS» N.Novgorod, Russia its–07@list.ru

çîíà Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè). – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 33–41.

äà÷è 6–10 êÂ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Óëüÿíîâñê. 1999. 43 ñ.

Ìàöûíà À.È. Ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ îöåíêà ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (íà ïðèìåðå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè). – Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Òåçèñû XII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ñòàâðîïîëü: Èçä-âî ÑÃÓ. 2006. Ñ. 340–342.

Ñòàðèêîâ Ñ.Â. Ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí). – Selevinia. 1996/1997. Ñ. 233–234.

Ïåðåðâà Â.È., Áëîõèí À.Î. Îöåíêà ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷. – Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû îõðàíû ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ì. 1981. Ñ. 36–39. Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðå-

Òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (óòâ. ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 13 àâãóñòà 1996 ã. N 99).

Ă?ĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂĽ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂ¨ Ă¨ Ă¨Ăľ ĂŽĂľĂ°Ă ĂĂ 2008, 11

Ă&#x17D;ĂľĂ°Ă ĂĂ ĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂľ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂŽĂ˘

Lines-Killers Continue to Harvest the Mortal Crop in Kazakhstan Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2DC;Đ?Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2DC; ĐĄĐ&#x153;Đ&#x2022;Đ Đ˘Đ&#x2DC; Đ&#x;Đ Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2013;Đ?ĐŽĐ˘ ĐĄĐ&#x17E;Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x2DC;Đ Đ?Đ˘ĐŹ ĐĄĐ&#x2019;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2122; ÂŤĐ§Đ Đ Đ?ĐŤĐ&#x2122;Âť ĐŁĐ Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2013;Đ?Đ&#x2122; Đ&#x2019; Đ&#x161;Đ?Đ&#x2014;Đ?ĐĽĐĄĐ˘Đ?Đ?Đ&#x2022; Karyakin I.V. (Center for Field Studies, N.Novgorod, Russia) Đ&#x161;Đ°Ń&#x20AC;Ń? Đ¸Đ˝ Đ&#x2DC;.Đ&#x2019;. (ĐŚĐľĐ˝Ń&#x201A;Ń&#x20AC; ĐżĐžĐťĐľĐ˛Ń&#x2039;Ń&#x2026; Đ¸Ń Ń ĐťĐľĐ´ĐžĐ˛Đ°Đ˝Đ¸Đš, Đ?.Đ?ĐžĐ˛ ĐžŃ&#x20AC;ĐžĐ´, Đ ĐžŃ Ń Đ¸Ń?) Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂĂ˛Ă ĂŞĂ˛: Ă&#x2C6;ĂŁĂŽĂ°Ăź Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨Ă Ă&#x2013;ĂĽĂĂ˛Ă° ĂŻĂŽĂŤĂĽĂ˘ĂťĂľ Ă¨ĂąĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘Ă ĂĂ¨ĂŠ 603000 Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ăż Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĂ¨ĂŠ Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ ĂłĂŤ. Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂŤĂĽĂĂŞĂŽ, 17aâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;17 Ă˛ĂĽĂŤ.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17aâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru

Ă?ĂŽĂ°Ă ĂŚĂĽĂĂ¨ĂĽ ĂŽĂ˛ Ă˝ĂŤĂĽĂŞĂ˛Ă°ĂŽĂ˛ĂŽĂŞĂ ĂĂ ĂŤĂ¨ĂĂ¨ĂżĂľ Ă˝ĂŤĂĽĂŞĂ˛Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĽĂ¤Ă ĂˇĂ¨ (Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă?) 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 ĂŞĂ&#x201A; ĂżĂ˘ĂŤĂżĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂŽĂ¤ĂĂ¨ĂŹ Ă¨Ă§ ĂŽĂąĂĂŽĂ˘ĂĂťĂľ Ă´Ă ĂŞĂ˛ĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ˘, ĂĂĽĂŁĂ Ă˛Ă¨Ă˘ĂĂŽ ĂąĂŞĂ Ă§ĂťĂ˘Ă ĂžĂšĂ¨ĂľĂąĂż ĂĂ Ă¤Ă¨ĂĂ ĂŹĂ¨ĂŞĂĽ ĂˇĂ¨ĂąĂŤĂĽĂĂĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă¨ ĂŹĂĂŽĂŁĂ¨Ăľ Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤ĂŽĂ˘ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś Ă˘ Ă Ă°Ă¨Ă¤ĂĂťĂľ Ă§ĂŽĂĂ Ăľ. Ă&#x160;Ă Ă§Ă ĂľĂąĂ˛Ă Ă â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ĂąĂ˛ĂĽĂŻĂĂ Ăż ĂąĂ˛Ă°Ă ĂĂ Ă¨ ĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂˇĂĂŽ ĂŻĂ°ĂĽĂ¤ĂŻĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŚĂ¨Ă˛Ăź, ĂˇĂ˛ĂŽ Ă¤Ă ĂĂĂťĂŠ Ă´Ă ĂŞĂ˛ĂŽĂ° Ă§Ă¤ĂĽĂąĂź ĂĂ Ă¨ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂĽĂĽ ĂŽĂšĂłĂ˛Ă¨ĂŹĂŽ Ă˘ĂŤĂ¨ĂżĂĽĂ˛ ĂĂ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś, ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂˇÂ¸ĂŹ ĂŁĂĂĽĂ§Ă¤ĂżĂšĂ¨ĂľĂąĂż ĂĂĽ Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂźĂŞĂŽ Ă˘ Ă&#x160;Ă Ă§Ă ĂľĂąĂ˛Ă ĂĂĽ, ĂĂŽ Ă¨ Ă˘ Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ă¨, Ă¨ ĂŻĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂĄĂ ĂžĂšĂ¨Ăľ ĂĂ Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă? Ă˘ ĂľĂŽĂ¤ĂĽ ĂŹĂ¨ĂŁĂ°Ă ĂśĂ¨Ă¨. Ă&#x201A; ĂłĂąĂŤĂŽĂ˘Ă¨ĂżĂľ Ă¨ĂĂ˛ĂĽĂĂąĂ¨Ă´Ă¨ĂŞĂ ĂśĂ¨Ă¨ Ă˘ Ă&#x160;Ă Ă§Ă ĂľĂąĂ˛Ă ĂĂĽ ĂĂĽĂ´Ă˛ĂĽ- Ă¨ ĂŁĂ Ă§ĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂĄĂťĂˇĂ¨ Ă¨ Ă°Ă Ă§Ă˘Ă¨Ă˛Ă¨Ăż Ă¨ĂĂ´Ă°Ă ĂąĂ˛Ă°ĂłĂŞĂ˛ĂłĂ°Ăť ĂĂĽĂ´Ă˛ĂĽ- Ă¨ ĂŁĂ Ă§ĂŽĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂ˘ĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘, Ă Ă˛Ă ĂŞĂŚĂĽ ĂąĂŽĂŻĂłĂ˛ĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂłĂžĂšĂĽĂŠ Ă¨ĂŹ Ă¨ĂĂ´Ă°Ă ĂąĂ˛Ă°ĂłĂŞĂ˛ĂłĂ°Ăť Ă ĂĂ˛Ă¨ĂŞĂŽĂ°Ă°ĂŽĂ§Ă¨ĂŽĂĂĂťĂľ Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă?, ĂĄĂťĂŤĂ ĂŻĂ°ĂĽĂ¤ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂĂżĂ˛Ă ĂŻĂŽĂŻĂťĂ˛ĂŞĂ ĂŽĂśĂĽĂĂ¨Ă˛Ăź ĂłĂšĂĽĂ°ĂĄ, ĂĂ ĂĂĽĂąÂ¸ĂĂĂťĂŠ ĂŞĂ ĂŞ ĂŹĂĽĂąĂ˛ĂĂťĂŹ, Ă˛Ă ĂŞ Ă¨ ĂŹĂ¨ĂŁĂ°Ă¨Ă°ĂłĂžĂšĂ¨ĂŹ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂťĂŹ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨ĂśĂ ĂŹ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨ĂśĂĽĂŽĂŻĂ ĂąĂĂťĂŹĂ¨ Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă? (Ă?Ă&#x17D; Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă?) Ă˘ ĂĂĽĂąĂŞĂŽĂŤĂźĂŞĂ¨Ăľ ĂŹĂŽĂ¤ĂĽĂŤĂźĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ°Ă¨Ă°ĂŽĂ¤ĂĂťĂľ Ă°Ă ĂŠĂŽĂĂ Ăľ Ă&#x2021;Ă ĂŻĂ Ă¤ĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă¨ Ă&#x2013;ĂĽĂĂ˛Ă°Ă ĂŤĂźĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă&#x160;Ă -

Ă&#x2019;ĂĽĂ˛ĂĽĂ°ĂĽĂ˘ĂżĂ˛ĂĂ¨ĂŞ (Accipiter gentilis), ĂŻĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂĄĂ¸Ă¨ĂŠ ĂŽĂ˛ ĂŻĂŽĂ°Ă ĂŚĂĽĂĂ¨Ăż Ă˝ĂŤĂĽĂŞĂ˛Ă°ĂŽĂ˛ĂŽĂŞĂŽĂŹ ĂĂ ĂŽĂŻĂŽĂ°ĂĽ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨ĂśĂĽĂŽĂŻĂ ĂąĂĂŽĂŠ ĂŤĂ¨ĂĂ¨Ă¨ Ă˝ĂŤĂĽĂŞĂ˛Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĽĂ¤Ă ĂˇĂ¨ (Ă?Ă&#x17D; Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă?), ĂŽĂąĂĂ ĂšÂ¸ĂĂĂŽĂŠ Ă¨Ă§ĂŽĂŤĂżĂ˛ĂŽĂ°Ă ĂŹĂ¨ Ăą ĂŽĂ˛ĂŻĂ ĂŠĂŞĂŽĂŠ. Ă?Ă˛ĂŽ ĂŽĂ¤ĂĂ Ă¨Ă§ ĂąĂ ĂŹĂťĂľ ĂŽĂŻĂ ĂąĂĂťĂľ Ă¤ĂŤĂż ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś ĂŞĂŽĂĂąĂ˛Ă°ĂłĂŞĂśĂ¨ĂŠ. Ă&#x201D;ĂŽĂ˛ĂŽ Ă&#x2C6;. Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨ĂĂ Electrocuted Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) on the electric pole equipped with insulators and jumper wires of the power line potentially lethal to birds. This particular configuration, where the jumper is above the phase, is one of the most dangerous types of poles. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ă?Ă¨Ăą. 1. Ă&#x17D;ĂĄĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘Ă ĂĂĂťĂĽ ĂłĂˇĂ ĂąĂ˛ĂŞĂ¨ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨ĂśĂĽĂŽĂŻĂ ĂąĂĂťĂľ Ă&#x2039;Ă?Ă? Ă˘ Ă&#x160;Ă Ă§Ă ĂľĂąĂ˛Ă ĂĂĽ Ă˘ 2003â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2007 ĂŁĂŁ. Ă?ĂłĂŹĂĽĂ°Ă ĂśĂ¨Ăż ĂłĂˇĂ ĂąĂ˛ĂŞĂŽĂ˘ ĂĂ Ă°Ă¨ĂąĂłĂĂŞĂĽ ĂąĂŽĂŽĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂłĂĽĂ˛ ĂĂłĂŹĂĽĂ°Ă ĂśĂ¨Ă¨ Ă˘ Ă˛Ă ĂĄĂŤĂ¨ĂśĂ Ăľ 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3 Fig. 1. Monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds in Kazakhstan in 2003â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2007. Numbers of fragments in the figure are similar with numbers in tables 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3

Electrocutions on power lines with voltage 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 kV is the one of the significant factors impacting negatively on dynamics of number of many species of birds of prey in steppes, semideserts and deserts in Kazakhstan. We monitored 13 fragments of power lines potentially lethal to raptors with total length 288.2 km (fig. 1, table 1) in 2003â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2007. We registered all fresh corpses of electrocuted birds of prey in the monitored fragments. Also in the zone of influence of potentially lethal power lines (up to 5 km) we recorded all living birds of prey and, whenever possible, searched their nests. Monitoring the zone of influence of the power line we recorded 81 living birds of prey that was only 26.6 % from the total number of recorded birds. We found 223 carcasses of electrocuted raptors (73.4 %). The power line seems to be the most hazards for White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus al-

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ Table 1. Features of monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds

çàõñòàíà – Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ìåæäóðå÷üå, Ìóãîäæàðàõ, Ïðèàðàëüå, ïåñêàõ Ñàðû-Ñó è Áåòïàê-Äàëå. Â 2003–2007 ãã. íà ïðåäìåò ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö áûëè äåòàëüíî îáñëåäîâàíû 13 ó÷àñòêîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, îáùåé ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ 288,2 êì (ðèñ. 1, òàáë. 1). Íà äàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå ñâåæèå òðóïû õèùíûõ ïòèö è îñòàíêè óòèëèçèðîâàííûõ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íå ðàíåå 7 äíåé äî íà÷àëà îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ. Ïàðàëëåëüíî ó÷¸òó Ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå: 1 – êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), 2 – êàíþê (Buteo buteo vulpinus), 3 – ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans migrans), 4 – ëóíü ñòåïíîé (Circus macrourus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Electrocuted birds on power lines potentially lethal to birds in Kazakhstan: 1 – Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus); 2 – Buzzard (Buteo buteo vulpinus); 3 – Black Kite (Milvus migrans migrans); 4 – Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus). Photos by I. Karyakin

bicilla), Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Greater Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga) and Short-toed Eagles (Circaetus gallicus), because these species were registered only further than 5 km from the power line. The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) absolutely dominated among the electrocuted birds, making 49.8 % from their total number (fig. 2), and the portion of the species was high also in territories where this species does not breed.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 îñòàíêîâ ïòèö, ïîðàæ¸ííûõ ýëåêòðîòîêîì, â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ËÝÏ (äî 5 êì) ó÷èòûâàëèñü âñå æèâûå õèùíûå ïòèöû, à òàêæå, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, èñêàëèñü èõ ãí¸çäà. Â õîäå ðàáîòû â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ó÷òåíà 81 æèâàÿ õèùíàÿ ïòèöà, ÷òî ñîñòàâèëî âñåãî ëèøü 26,6% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ó÷ò¸ííûõ ïòèö. Ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî 223 ñâåæèõ èëè ÷àñòè÷íî óòèëèçèðîâàííûõ çà ïðåäûäóùóþ íåäåëþ òðóïîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì (73,4%). Êàê âèäíî èç òàáëèö 2 è 3, âëèÿíèå ÏÎ ËÝÏ íà ðàçíûå âèäû ïòèö íåîäíîðîäíî è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñòðàäàþò êðóïíûå õèùíèêè – îðëû è îðëàíû. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïîãèáøèõ è

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Dangerous power lines have horrendous effect especially in the regions with the dense breeding of the Steppe Eagle – up to 108.4 ind./10 km of the power line. More than 90 % of steppe eagles are killed by electrocution in the zone of influence of power line at the beginning of the breeding period and only 9.8 % of records are living birds, but in the most cases they are killed during the breeding period. The portion of living kestrels registered in the zone of the power line influence was 64.9 % – it is only due to the small size of birds. The Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) and the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) adapt to dangerous electric poles pres-

Òàáë. 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1 è íà ðèñ. 1. Æèðíûì øðèôòîì âûäåëåíû âèäû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ Table 2. Number of recorded birds in monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Òàáë. 3. Ïëîòíîñòü âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1 è íà ðèñ. 1. Æèðíûì øðèôòîì âûäåëåíû âèäû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ Table 3. Density of recorded bird in monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds (ind./10 km)

æèâûõ ïòèö ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî êðóïíûå ìèãðàíòû, òàêèå êàê îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) è çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus), ïîÿâëÿÿñü â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ãèáíóò äîâîëüíî áûñòðî, ïîýòîìó âèçóàëüíî ýòè âèäû íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü íà ðàññòîÿíèè áîëåå 5 êì îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) àáñîëþòíî ëèäèðóåò ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿÿ 49,8% îò èõ îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà (ðèñ. 2), ïðè÷¸ì äîëÿ åãî ãèáåëè âûñîêà è òàì, ãäå ýòîò âèä íå ãíåçäèòñÿ. Òàì æå, ãäå ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç ìåñòà åãî ìàññîâîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ìàñøòàáû ãèáåëè óæàñàþò – äî 108,4 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Â íà÷àëå ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ áîëåå ÷åì 90%-ÿ ãèáåëü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è ëèøü 9,8% âñòðå÷ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà æèâûõ ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì â áîëü-

ence because in the zone of power line influence more than a half of living birds from the total number of records was registered. Adaptation of adult Imperial Eagles is confirmed by the fact that the most part of recorded electrocuted eagles were juvenile while the most records (60 %) of other species were adults. 77.6 % of recorded electrocuted birds were breeding and only 22.4 % were migrating. About 80–90 % of recorded electrocuted birds are Steppe Eagles and Long-legged Buzzard in Western Kazakhstan. The portion of Golden Eagles and Short-toed Eagled is more in Central Kazakhstan. Only following the data of satellite images Landsat ETM + and QuickBird the length of potentially lethal for birds power lines is 9478 km. According with average data of our monitoring of power lines (7.74 ind./

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 øèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îíè ïîãèáàþò â òå÷åíèå ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà. Íà ïîñëåäíåå óêàçûâàåò òî, ÷òî â çîíàõ âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ èçâåñòíû ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, ñîñòîÿíèå êîòîðûõ óêàçûâàëî íà óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â íèõ ïòèö õîòÿ áû îäíîêðàòíî. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ïûòàåòñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ ïîä ÏÎ ËÝÏ, íî ïðè âîçìîæíîì îáèëèè 37,39 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ/ 100 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ (ïî ó÷¸òó âñåõ ãí¸çä), ðåàëüíîå îáèëèå æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñîñòàâëÿåò 16,03/100 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Ò.å. íà 57,14% ó÷àñòêîâ îðëû ãèáíóò â ïåðâûé æå ìåñÿö ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà, ìíîãèå åù¸ íå óñïåâ îòëîæèòü ÿéöà. Ê ðàçãàðó ïåðèîäà íàñèæèâàíèÿ ÿèö íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ëèøü 18,4% æèâûõ îðëîâ îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ìèãðàíòîâ, òîãäà êàê äîëÿ ïîãèáøèõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 81,6%. Âåñåííèå ó÷¸òû íà ìàðøðóòàõ (â ïåðèîä êëàäêè) ïîêàçàëè äîñòîâåðíîå óìåíüøåíèå (íà 27,5%) îáèëèÿ æèëûõ ãí¸çä â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Åñëè â åñòåñòâåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ áîëåå ÷åì íà 3 êì, äîëÿ æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 95,22±5,77%, òî â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ (áëèæå 3-õ êì) äîëÿ æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò ëèøü 67,69±10,69%. Â öåëîì ïî Çàïàäíîìó Êàçàõñòàíó ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ãèáåëè 5,98 îñîáåé/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ èëè 0,6 ãí¸çä/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006). Áîëåå óñòîé÷èâûìè ê ãèáåëè îò ýëåêòðîòîêà îêàçàëèñü ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) è ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus). Äîëÿ ðåãèñòðàöèè æèâûõ ïóñòåëüã â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêà, è ñîñòàâëÿåò 64,9%, ÷òî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ äîâîëüíî ìåëêèìè ðàçìåðàìè, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëÿþò èçáåæàòü çàìûêàíèÿ. Ñèòóàöèÿ æå ñ êóðãàííèêîì, îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ðåãèñòðàöèé êîòîðîãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà æèâûõ ïòèö â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, è ìîãèëüíèêîì, ó êîòîðîãî êîëè÷åñòâî æèâûõ ïòèö â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ äîìèíèðóåò íàä ïîãèáøèìè, íå âñåãäà ïîíÿòíà. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî ýòè âèäû ïðåêðàñíî èäåíòèôèöèðóþò îïàñíîñòü, èñõîäÿùóþ îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ, è íå ñàäÿòñÿ íà ñìåðòîíîñíûå îïîðû. Â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîãèëüíèêè àêòèâíî èñïîëüçóþò ïîãèáøèõ îò ýëåêòðîòîêà õèùíûõ ïòèö è âðàíîâûõ â êà÷åñòâå êîðìà, ò.ê. ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïîä ãí¸çäàìè ñêàïëèâàþòñÿ âî ìíîæåñòâå îñòàíêè õèùíèêîâ, êîòîðûõ â íîðìå îðëû â

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 10 km) about 58000 birds of prey are projected to be killed by electrocution every year only during spring migration (8 weeks). And the Steppe Eagles dominate absolutely – about 29000 individuals. 355500 individuals of electrocuted birds of prey are the species listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan for murdering of which are punished by the legislation. However the state nature protection bodies do not undertake any efforts on punishment of owners of “power lines-killers”. We believe the target project on bird protection actions to retrofit exiting electric poles-killers should be realized in Kazakhstan at the state level.

Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus), ïîãèáøèé îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ (âåðõíåå ôîòî) ñ õàðàêòåðíûìè ñëåäàìè îæîãîâ íà ëàïàõ (íèæíåå ôîòî). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Electrocuted Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus) (upper image) with character burnings of legs (bottom image). Photos by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Îðëû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ íåôòåïðîâîäà «Êàçòðàíñîéë» Ïàâëîäàð – Øûìêåíò â Êàçàõñòàíå: 1–2 – ñòåïíûå îðëû (Aquila nipalensis), 3 – ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), 4 – îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla), 5 – çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Eagles, electrocuted on the potentially lethal power line along the «Kaztransoil» oil pipe-line Pavlodar-Shymkent in Kazakhstan: 1–2 – Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis); 3 – Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca); 4 – Whitetailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla); 5 – Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus). Photos by I. Karyakin

òàêîì êîëè÷åñòâå äîáûâàòü íå â ñîñòîÿíèè. Íà àäàïòàöèþ âçðîñëûõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ ê îïàñíîñòè ËÝÏ óêàçûâàåò è òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö äîìèíèðóþò ñë¸òêè, êîãäà ó äðóãèõ âèäîâ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì

îðëàíà) áîëåå ÷åì â 60% ñëó÷àåâ ãèáíóò âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèùíèêîâ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî 77,6% ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà óñ-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå: ââåðõó – îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus), âíèçó – ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Electrocuted birds in Kazakhstan: upper – Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), bottom – Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni). Photos by I. Karyakin

ëîâíî ìåñòíûõ, è ëèøü 22,4% ïîãèáøèõ õèùíèêîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìèãðàíòàìè, ïîãèáøèìè íà ïðîë¸òå. Èç óñëîâíî ìåñòíûõ ïòèö áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ïûòàþòñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, î ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò ïóñòóþùèå ãí¸çäà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà îïîðàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ãèáíóò â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü èìåííî êàçàõñêèå ïòèöû, íàñåëÿþùèå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäÿò ýòè «ëèíèè ñìåðòè». Â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå îêîëî 80–90% ðåãèñòðàöèé ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ñòåïíîãî îðëà è êóðãàííèêà. Èíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ â öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå – â Áåòïàê-Äàëå è áàññåéíå Ñàðû-Ñó.

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Äàííûå òåððèòîðèè ëåæàò â çîíå êî÷¸âîê áåðêóòà ìåæäó åãî êðóïíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè íà Êàðà-Òàó è Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, çäåñü òàêæå ëåæàò îñíîâíûå ìèãðàöèîííûå ïîòîêè ÿñòðåáèíûõ, ïåðåâàëèâàþùèõ ãîðíûå ñèñòåìû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè è çà Êàðà-Òàó âååðîì ðàçëåòàþùèõñÿ â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì, ñåâåðíîì è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ. Îòñþäà è íàèáîëüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå âèäîâ, ïîãèáàþùèõ íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ ÁåòïàêÄàëû è áàññåéíà Ñàðû-Ñó, â òîì ÷èñëå âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü òàêèõ ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ ìèãðàíòîâ êàê çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus), òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) è ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus). Ïîñëåäíèé ÿâíî äîìèíèðóåò ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè íàä åâðîïåéñêèì êîðøóíîì (Milvus migrans migrans). Îñîáî ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü àíòèêîððîçèîííóþ ËÝÏ âäîëü íåôòåïðîâîäà «Êàçòðàíñîéë» ÏàâëîäàðØûìêåíò, îáîðóäîâàííóþ íåêèì ïîäîáèåì ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé (ÏÇÓ) â âèäå ñòàëüíûõ óñîâ è ïðèñàä, íå èìåþùèõ èçîëèðóþùèõ ïëàøåê, è ëèøü óâåëè÷èâàþùèõ ãèáåëü ïòèö. Íà ýòîé ËÝÏ ãèáíåò îãðîìíîå êîëè÷åñòâî çìååÿäîâ è áåðêóòîâ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ìèãðèðóþùèõ ê ìåñòàì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005). Îöåíèòü ïîëíîñòüþ óùåðá, íàíîñèìûé ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ñòåïíîé è ïîëóïóñòûííîé çîíàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, èìåÿ íåáîëüøîé âðåìåííîé ñðåç íàáëþäåíèé â ïåðèîä ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñ 15 àïðåëÿ ïî 2 ìàÿ, è íå èìåÿ ïîëíûõ äàííûõ ïî ïðîòÿæåííîñòè ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â ïåðèîä âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè (8 íåäåëü) òîëüêî íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ, õîðîøî âûäåëÿåìûõ ïî ñíèìÐèñ. 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ãèáíóùèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â Êàçàõñòàíå Fig. 2. Proportion of raptor species that electrocuted in Kazakhstan

Raptors Conservation

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è äâà êàíþêà, ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â òå÷åíèå äíÿ íà îäíîé îïîðå ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Steppe Eagle and two buzzards, electrocuted on an electric pole during a day. Photos by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

êàì Landsat ETM+ è QuickBird, ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 9478 êì, îïèðàÿñü íà óñðåäí¸ííûå äàííûå ïî âñåì îáñëåäîâàííûì ó÷àñòêàì ÏÎ ËÝÏ (7,74 îñîáåé/10 êì), ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü åæåãîäíóþ ãèáåëü â Êàçàõñòàíå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì, êàê ìèíèìóì, îêîëî 58 òûñ. õèùíûõ ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåïíîé îð¸ë – îêîëî 29 òûñ. îñîáåé. Äàííûå öèôðû õîðîøî ñîãëàñóþòñÿ ñ ïðåæíèìè îöåíêàìè ãèáåëè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Êàçàõñòàíå – îêîëî 26 òûñ. îñîáåé åæåãîäíî. Òîëüêî â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ïðè ïëîòíîñòè ÏÎ ËÝÏ 12 êì/100 êì2 ñóììàðíàÿ ãèáåëü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 7,18 îñîáåé/100 êì2 è 0,72 ãíåçä/100 êì2 â ãîä, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò åæåãîäíîé ãèáåëè 1635 ãí¸çä îðëîâ, èëè 7,91% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå (Êàðÿêèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006), ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ íå ìåíåå ÷åòâåðòè êàçàõñêèõ ïòèö. Èòàê, äàæå ïî ñàìûì ñêðîìíûì îöåíêàì, â Êàçàõñòàíå åæåãîäíî ïîãèáàåò îêîëî 58 òûñ. õèùíûõ ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ 61% (35,5 òûñ. îñîáåé) – ýòî âèäû, çàíåñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Êàçàõñòàíà, çà óíè÷òîæåíèå êîòîðûõ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì ïðåäóñìîòðåíû èñêè. Îäíàêî ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå îðãàíû íå ïðåäïðèíèìàþò íèêàêèõ óñèëèé ïî íàêàçàíèþ âèíîâíûõ â ìàññîâîì óáèéñòâå õèùíûõ ïòèö âëàäåëüöåâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, õîòÿ â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ýòî íåáåäíûå íåôòå- è ãàçîäîáûâàþùèå êîìïàíèè, ñïîñîáíûå íå òîëüêî âîçìåùàòü óùåðá, íî è ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàòü ñâîè ËÝÏ, îñíàùàÿ èõ äåéñòâèòåëüíî çàùèùàþùèìè ïòèö ÏÇÓ. Óæå äàâíî íàñóùíî íàçðåëà íåîáõîäèìîñòü ðåàëèçàöèè öåëåâîãî ïðîåêòà ïî ïòèöåçàùèòíûì ìåðîïðèÿòèÿì íà ÏÎ

ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå íà ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óðîâíå. Ïåðâûé øàã â ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà ñäåëàí ñèëàìè íàó÷íîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè – âûÿâëåíû îñîáî-îïàñíûå äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö ËÝÏ. Ñëåäóþùèé øàã çà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûìè îðãàíàìè – îáÿçàòü âëàäåëüöåâ îñíàñòèòü ÏÎ ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ â âèäå êîæóõîâ, èçîëèðóþùèõ ïðîâîä è èçîëÿòîð. Íå òàê äàâíî ïîÿâèëàñü ðîññèéñêàÿ ðàçðàáîòêà ÏÇÓ òàêîãî òèïà, ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ îñíàùåíèÿ àíòèêîððîçèîííûõ ËÝÏ ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíà è â Êàçàõñòàíå. Åñëè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûìè îðãàíàìè Êàçàõñòàíà áóäóò èíèöèèðîâàíû ïðåöåäåíòû ïî ïðåäúÿâëåíèþ èñêîâ âëàäåëüöàì ÏÎ ËÝÏ, âëàäåëüöû áóäóò âûíóæäåíû îçàáîòèòüñÿ ðåàëèçàöèåé ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, ïîÿâèòñÿ ñïðîñ íà ÏÇÓ, èçãîòîâëåíèå êîòîðûõ ìîæíî îðãàíèçîâàòü è ñèëàìè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé íà ìåñòàõ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×¸ðíûå äûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé ÁåòïàêÄàëå), Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 29–32. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Åñòü ëè ïåðñïåêòèâà ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ? – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 48–57.

Íàèáîëåå ñìåðòîíîñíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, íà îïîðàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ íåôòåïðîâîäà «Êàçòðàíñîéë» Ïàâëîäàð-Øûìêåíò. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà The most hazardous construction to raptors of the «Kaztransoil» oil pipe-line Pavlodar-Shymkent. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Monitoring Results of Nestboxes for Ural Owl in the Bogorodsk Region of the N.Novgorod District, Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОВЕРКИ ГНЕЗДОВЫХ ЯЩИКОВ ДЛЯ ДЛИННОХВОСТОЙ НЕЯСЫТИ В БОГОРОДСКОМ РАЙОНЕ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Levashkin A.P. (N.Novgorod State University, N.Novgorod, Russia) Леваш ин А.П. (Ниже ородс ий ос&дарственный &ниверситет, Нижний Нов ород, Россия) Â êîíöå àâãóñòà 2005 ã. â ðàìêàõ àêöèè Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà òåððèòîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû è óñòàíîâëåíû 4 ãíåçäîâüÿ ÿùè÷íîãî òèïà (äàëåå ñîâÿòíèêè) äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis). Â 2006 ã. âñå 4 ñîContact: âÿòíèêà áûëè çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè Alexey Levashkin íåÿñûòÿìè (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006). The N.Novgorod Â 2007 ã. ñîâÿòíèêè ïðîâåðÿëèñü åäèState University íîæäû, áåç ïîâòîðíûõ ïðîâåðîê. ÑîâÿòBonch-Bruevich str., 1-56 Nizhniy Novgorod íèêè ¹ 2 è 4 ïðîâåðÿëèñü 1 ìàÿ. ×òîáû 603009 Russia íå îõëàäèòü íåäàâíî âûëóïèâøèõñÿ ïòåítel.: +7 (831) 464 30 96 öîâ, íàñåäîê ñ íèõ íå ñãîíÿëè, ïîýòîìó mob.: +7 950 365 27 51 êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ è ÿèö äîñòîâåðíî íå aple_avesbp@mail.ru îïðåäåëåíî. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 2 áûë îáíàðóæåí 1 ïòåíåö, â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 4 – 1 ÿéöî è 1 ïòåíåö. Ïîáëèçîñòè îò ñîâÿòíèêà ¹ 4 áåñïîêîèëñÿ ñàìåö, èçäàâàÿ òîêîâûå ñèãíàëû. Â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 3 ïðè ïðîâåðêå 9 ìàÿ íàõîäèëîñü 4 ïòåíöà. Ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè íàáëþäàòåëÿ ê ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó ñàìêà âûëåòåëà èç ãíåçäà è ñòàëà àòàêîâàòü íàáëþäàòåëÿ. Ñîâÿòíèê ¹1 ïîñåùàëñÿ 16 ìàÿ. Â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 3 êðóïíûõ ïòåíöà. Ïîâåäåíèå ñàìêè áûëî àãðåññèâíûì – óäàðÿëà â ãîëîâó. Â öåëîì çà 2 ãîäà â íàáëþäàåìûõ ãí¸çäàõ âûâîäîê (n=5) ñîñòàâèë â ñðåäíåì 3,0±1,22 (1–4) ïòåíöà. Â ñâÿçè ñ ðàííèì íàñòóïëåíèåì âåñíû ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íåÿñûòåé (è äðóãèõ îñ¸äëûõ âèäîâ ïòèö) áûëè ñäâèíóòû íà 2 íåäåëè ðàíüøå. Ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ Ñàìêà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) ãðååò ïòåíöîâ â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 2. ðàííåå âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâ Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 2006 ã., The female of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) êîãäà îíî îòìå÷àëîñü ñ ñåwith brood in nestbox ¹ 2. Photo by ðåäèíû ìàÿ. A. Levashkin Êîíòàêò: Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí ÍÍÃÓ 603009 Ðîññèÿ Í.Íîâãîðîä óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1-56 òåë.: +7 (831) 464 30 96 ìîá.: +7 950 365 27 51 aple_avesbp@mail.ru

Activity for noting and attracting owls into nestboxes as an action of the Russian Bird Conservation Union “Owl – Bird of Russia in 2005”was carried out in the in the Bogorodsk region of the N.Novgorod district. That territory was also monitored in 2006– 2007. All installed nestboxes were occupied by Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in 2006 and 2007. Nestboxes No 2 and No 4 were checked on 1 May, No 3 – on 9 May, No 1 – on 16 May in 2007. 4 little chicks were in the nestbox No 3, and 3 large chicks – in the nestbox No 1. The average brood size was (n=5) 3.0±1.22 (1–4) chicks. Chicks hatched out at the end of April – beginning of May in 2007. The Ural Owl’s breeding dates were for 2 week earlier this year than in 2006 because spring has begun early.

Ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 1. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà The chicks of the Ural Owl in a nestbox ¹ 1. Photo by A. Levashkin

Ëèòåðàòóðà Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2006 ãîäó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 21–23.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Raptors Research Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2014;ĐŁĐ§Đ&#x2022;Đ?Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2022; Đ&#x;Đ&#x2022;Đ Đ?Đ?Đ˘ĐŤĐĽ ĐĽĐ&#x2DC;ĐŠĐ?Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x161;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2019; The Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga Region, Ural Mountains and Western Siberia Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x203A;ĐŹĐ¨Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2122; Đ&#x;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x161; Đ&#x2019; Đ&#x;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2019;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2013;ĐŹĐ&#x2022;, Đ?Đ? ĐŁĐ Đ?Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2022; Đ&#x2DC; Đ&#x2019; Đ&#x2014;Đ?Đ&#x;Đ?Đ&#x201D;Đ?Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2122; ĐĄĐ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x2DC;Đ Đ&#x2DC; Karyakin I.V. (Center for Field Studies, N.Novgorod, Russia) Đ&#x161;Đ°Ń&#x20AC;Ń? Đ¸Đ˝ Đ&#x2DC;.Đ&#x2019;. (ĐŚĐľĐ˝Ń&#x201A;Ń&#x20AC; ĐżĐžĐťĐľĐ˛Ń&#x2039;Ń&#x2026; Đ¸Ń Ń ĐťĐľĐ´ĐžĐ˛Đ°Đ˝Đ¸Đš, Đ?.Đ?ĐžĐ˛ ĐžŃ&#x20AC;ĐžĐ´, Đ ĐžŃ Ń Đ¸Ń?) Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂĂ˛Ă ĂŞĂ˛: Ă&#x2C6;ĂŁĂŽĂ°Ăź Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨Ă Ă&#x2013;ĂĽĂĂ˛Ă° ĂŻĂŽĂŤĂĽĂ˘ĂťĂľ Ă¨ĂąĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘Ă ĂĂ¨ĂŠ 603000 Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ăż Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĂ¨ĂŠ Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ ĂłĂŤ. Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂŤĂĽĂĂŞĂŽ, 17aâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;17 Ă˛ĂĽĂŤ.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17aâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru

Ă ĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŠ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞ (Aquila clanga) ĂżĂ˘ĂŤĂżĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂłĂżĂ§Ă˘Ă¨ĂŹĂťĂŹ Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤ĂŽĂŹ, ĂĂ ĂľĂŽĂ¤ĂżĂšĂ¨ĂŹĂąĂż Ă˘ Ă&#x2026;Ă˘Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ ĂłĂŁĂ°ĂŽĂ§ĂŽĂŠ Ă¨ĂąĂˇĂĽĂ§ĂĂŽĂ˘ĂĽĂĂ¨Ăż (Tucker, Heath, 1994), ĂŞĂ ĂŞ, ĂąĂŽĂĄĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂĂĂŽ, Ă¨ Ă˘ Ă&#x201A;ĂŽĂąĂ˛ĂŽĂˇĂĂŽĂŠ Ă&#x20AC;Ă§Ă¨Ă¨ (Collar et al., 2001). Ă?Ă°Ă¨ Ă˝Ă˛ĂŽĂŹ Ă˘ ĂĽĂ˘Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽĂŠĂąĂŞĂ¨Ăľ Ă¨ Ă Ă§Ă¨Ă Ă˛ĂąĂŞĂ¨Ăľ ĂąĂ˘ĂŽĂ¤ĂŞĂ Ăľ ĂŻĂŽ Ă°ĂĽĂ¤ĂŞĂ¨ĂŹ Ă¨ ĂłĂŁĂ°ĂŽĂŚĂ ĂĽĂŹĂťĂŹ Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤Ă ĂŹ Ă&#x2021;Ă ĂŻĂ Ă¤ĂĂ Ăż Ă&#x2018;Ă¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°Ăź ĂŻĂŽ ĂŞĂ ĂŞĂ¨ĂŹ-Ă˛ĂŽ ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂˇĂ¨ĂĂ ĂŹ Ă˘ĂŽĂŽĂĄĂšĂĽ ĂĂĽ Ă°Ă ĂąĂąĂŹĂ Ă˛Ă°Ă¨Ă˘Ă ĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂŹĂĽĂŚĂ¤ĂłĂĂ Ă°ĂŽĂ¤ĂĂťĂŹ ĂŽĂ°ĂĂ¨Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂ¨ĂŹ ĂąĂŽĂŽĂĄĂšĂĽĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂŽĂŹ, ĂľĂŽĂ˛Ăż ĂŽĂĄĂšĂĽĂ¨Ă§Ă˘ĂĽĂąĂ˛ĂĂŽ, ĂˇĂ˛ĂŽ Ă˝Ă˛ĂŽ ĂŽĂŁĂ°ĂŽĂŹĂĂ Ăż Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăż, Ă¨ ĂĂĽ ĂłĂˇĂ¨Ă˛ĂťĂ˘Ă Ă˛Ăź ĂĽÂ¸, ĂŻĂŤĂ ĂĂ¨Ă°ĂłĂż ĂŹĂĽĂ°ĂŽĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂżĂ˛Ă¨Ăż ĂŻĂŽ ĂŽĂľĂ°Ă ĂĂĽ ĂłĂŁĂ°ĂŽĂŚĂ ĂĽĂŹĂťĂľ Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤ĂŽĂ˘ Ă˘ Ă&#x2026;Ă˘Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽ Ă¨ Ă&#x20AC;Ă§Ă¨Ă¨, ĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂąĂ˛ĂŽ ĂĄĂĽĂ§ĂŽĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂĂĂŽ. Ă?ĂŽĂŻĂłĂŤĂżĂśĂ¨Ă¨ ĂĽĂ˘Ă°ĂŽĂŻĂĽĂŠĂąĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂˇĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨ Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ă¨, Ă˘ Ă˛ĂŽĂŹ ĂˇĂ¨ĂąĂŤĂĽ ĂĂ ĂąĂĽĂŤĂżĂžĂšĂ¨ĂĽ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăž Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŽĂŤĂŚĂźĂż, Ă?Ă°ĂĽĂ¤ĂłĂ°Ă ĂŤĂźĂż Ă¨ Ă&#x2021;Ă ĂŻĂ Ă¤ĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă&#x201C;Ă°Ă ĂŤĂ , Ă˘ĂĂĽĂąĂĽĂĂť Ă˘ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂłĂž ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁĂł Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ă¨ (ĂŞĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăż 2), Ă Ă˛Ă ĂŞĂŚĂĽ Ă˘ĂŽ Ă˘ĂąĂĽ Ă°ĂĽĂŁĂ¨ĂŽĂĂ ĂŤĂźĂĂťĂĽ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂťĂĽ ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁĂ¨ (Ă¨Ă§Ă¤Ă ĂĂĂťĂĽ ĂŤĂ¨ĂĄĂŽ ĂłĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂ°ĂŚĂ¤Â¸ĂĂĂťĂĽ) ĂŻĂ°ĂĽĂ¨ĂŹĂłĂšĂĽĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂĂĂŽ Ă˘ ĂŞĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă¨ 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2. Ă&#x201A; Ă˛ĂŽ ĂŚĂĽ Ă˘Ă°ĂĽĂŹĂż Ă§Ă ĂŻĂ Ă¤ĂĂŽĂąĂ¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°ĂąĂŞĂ¨ĂĽ ĂŻĂŽĂŻĂłĂŤĂżĂśĂ¨Ă¨ ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞĂ Ă¤ĂŽ ĂąĂ¨Ăľ ĂŻĂŽĂ° ĂĂĽ Ă˘ĂŞĂŤĂžĂˇĂĽĂĂť Ă˘ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂłĂž ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁĂł Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ă¨, ĂľĂŽĂ˛Ăż Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤ ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂąĂłĂ˛ĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂłĂĽĂ˛ Ă˘ ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸Ă¨ĂĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽ Ă°ĂĽĂŁĂ¨ĂŽĂĂ ĂŤĂźĂĂťĂľ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂťĂľ ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁ Ă&#x2021;Ă ĂŻĂ Ă¤ĂĂŽĂŠ Ă&#x2018;Ă¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°Ă¨, Ă¨ ĂąĂŽĂąĂ˛ĂŽĂżĂĂ¨ĂĽ ĂĽĂŁĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂŻĂłĂŤĂżĂśĂ¨ĂŠ Ă˛Ă°Ă ĂŞĂ˛ĂłĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂŞĂ ĂŞ ĂłĂŁĂ°ĂŽĂŚĂ ĂĽĂŹĂŽĂĽ (Ă?Ă°Ă¨ĂąĂżĂŚĂĂžĂŞ Ă¨ Ă¤Ă°., 2004). Ă&#x2018;ĂłĂ¤Ăż ĂŻĂŽ Ă¨ĂĂ´ĂŽĂ°ĂŹĂ ĂśĂ¨Ă¨, ĂŻĂ°Ă¨Ă˘ĂĽĂ¤Â¸ĂĂĂŽĂŠ Ă˘ Ă°ĂĽĂŁĂ¨ĂŽĂĂ ĂŤĂźĂĂťĂľ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂťĂľ ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁĂ Ăľ Ă¨ ĂąĂŽĂ˘Ă°ĂĽĂŹĂĽĂĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂłĂĄĂŤĂ¨ĂŞĂ ĂśĂ¨ĂżĂľ Ă¨ĂąĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘Ă Ă˛ĂĽĂŤĂĽĂŠ, ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŠ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞ ĂżĂ˘ĂŤĂżĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂĂĽ Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂźĂŞĂŽ Ă°ĂĽĂ¤ĂŞĂ¨ĂŹ, ĂĂŽ Ă¨ ĂŽĂ¤ĂĂ¨ĂŹ Ă¨Ă§ ĂąĂ ĂŹĂťĂľ ĂŹĂ ĂŤĂŽĂ¨Ă§ĂłĂˇĂĽĂĂĂťĂľ Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤ĂŽĂ˘ ĂĂ ĂąĂ˛ĂŽĂżĂšĂ¨Ăľ ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂŽĂ˘ Ă°ĂĽĂŁĂ¨ĂŽĂĂ , ĂŽĂąĂŽĂĄĂĽĂĂĂŽ Ă˘ Ă&#x2021;Ă ĂŻĂ Ă¤ĂĂŽĂŠ Ă&#x2018;Ă¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°Ă¨. Ă&#x201E;Ă ĂĂĂ Ăż ĂąĂ˛Ă Ă˛ĂźĂż ĂżĂ˘ĂŤĂżĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂż ĂŻĂŽĂŻĂťĂ˛ĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂąĂ˘ĂĽĂąĂ˛Ă¨ Ă˘ĂŽĂĽĂ¤Ă¨ĂĂŽ Ă¨ĂĂ´ĂŽĂ°ĂŹĂ ĂśĂ¨Ăž, ĂĂ ĂŞĂŽĂŻĂŤĂĽĂĂĂłĂž ĂŻĂŽ Ă˝Ă˛ĂŽĂŹĂł Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤Ăł Ă Ă˘Ă˛ĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂŹ Ă§Ă ĂŻĂĽĂ°Ă¨ĂŽĂ¤ Ăą 1989 ĂŻĂŽ 2007 ĂŁĂŁ.

Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) was surveyed during field trips in 1989 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2007. To estimate a number of the Greater Spotted Eagle in GIS the map of potential nesting forests that encompass a total area of 57693.19 km2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in the VolgaUral region and 13519.71 km2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in Western Siberia was created. Also we set 9 study plots in the Volga-Ural region. The total area of potential nesting forests in the all of plots was 975.05 km2. Extrapolation of data was carried out for every local population: density of breeding pairs in potential nesting forests of a study plot was extrapolated for the total area of potential nesting forests within local population ranges.

Ă?Ă˛ĂĽĂĂśĂť ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞĂ (Aquila clanga) Ă˘ ĂŁĂĂĽĂ§Ă¤ĂĽ. Ă&#x201D;ĂŽĂ˛ĂŽ Ă&#x2C6;. Ă&#x160;Ă Ă°ĂżĂŞĂ¨ĂĂ Chicks of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). Photo by I. Karyakin

Statistical analysis was realized with using following software: MS Excel 2003, Spatial Statistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0. During our surveys in the Volga-Ural region 417 adults and subadults of the Great-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïðèðîäíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ðåãèîíà Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ðàìêàõ äàííîé ñòàòüè îáøèðíûé ðåãèîí ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ îò ñòåïè äî ñðåäíåé òàéãè è äåëèòñÿ íà äâå íåðàâíûå ÷àñòè Óðàëüñêèìè ãîðàìè, êîòîðûå îïðåäåëÿþò ãðàíèöó ìåæäó ìàêðîïîïóëÿöèÿìè ïîäîðëèêîâ. Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí â î÷åð÷åííûõ íàìè ãðàíèöàõ îõâàòûâàåò Ïîâîëæüå (áàññåéí Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè), Ïðåäóðàëüå è Óðàë (Þæíûé, Ñðåäíèé è þã Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà) â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö îò Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è Ìîðäîâèè íà çàïàäå äî Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è Áàøêèðèè íà âîñòîêå è îò Ñàìàðñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòåé íà þãå äî Êèðîâñêîé è Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòåé íà ñåâåðå. Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö îò Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé äî Òîìñêîé, Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòåé è Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî òåððèòîðèÿ Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà âõîäèò â ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë ïîäîðëèêà, â äàííîé ñòàòüå îíà íå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ, òàê êàê ëåæèò çà ïðåäåëàìè îáëàñòè îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, à òàêæå ïîòîìó, ÷òî ïî íåé íåò ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ. Íà çàïàäå òåððèòîðèÿ îãðàíè÷åíà Óðàëüñêèìè ãîðàìè. Õîòÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå ãðàíèöû ×åëÿáèíñêîé è Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòåé âûêëèíèâàþòñÿ çà Óðàë â Ïðåäóðàëüå, çàõâàòûâàÿ ÷àñòü èçîëèðîâàííûõ ëåñîñòåïåé Ïðåäóðàëüÿ (Óôèìñêàÿ è Ïðèàéñêàÿ ðàâíèíû), îñíîâíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ëåæèò â Àçèè. Íà âîñòîêå Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü îãðàíè÷åíà ãîðíûìè ñèñòåìàìè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà: Ñàëàèðîì è çàïàäíûì ìàêðîñêëîíîì Àëòàÿ. Õîòÿ Ñàëàèð è ðàñïîëàãàþùàÿñÿ âîñòî÷íåå íåãî Êóçíåöêàÿ êîòëîâèíà ôîðìàëüíî âõîäÿò â Çàïàäíóþ Ñèáèðü, â äàííîé ñòàòüå å¸ ãðàíèöà óñëîâíî ïðîâåäåíà áåç ó÷¸òà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ò.ê. òóò óñëîâèÿ îáèòàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà áëèæå ê óñëîâèÿì â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå.

Ìåòîäèêà Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà èçó÷àëèñü â õîäå êîìïëåêñíûõ ýêñïåäèöèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Öåëåâûõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ýòîãî âèäà íå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü, ïîýòîìó äàííûå íå ïðåòåíäóþò íà ïîëíîòó, õîòÿ è ïîçâîëÿþò ïîíÿòü îáùóþ ñèòóàöèþ ñ âèäîì.

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî Ì. Ãðàáîâñêîãî Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by M. Grabovskiy

er Spotted Eagle were recorded in the spring-summer period and 336 adults and subadults in the migrating period, 210 breeding territories were visited. We found 83 nests in 73 breeding territories of Greater Spotted Eagles. In Western Siberia we found 281 breeding territories and 157 nests in 146 breeding territories. The general part of surveyed pairs prefers forests in flood-lands (98.57%) to nest in the Volga-Ural region but in Western Siberia birds prefer forests in watersheds near lakes and bogs to nest (62.99%) and only 37.01% were found in flood-forests. The main nesting habitats of the Great Spotted Eagle are wet forests (94.76% in the Volga-Ural region and 67.62% in Western Siberia). And if in the Volga-Ural region birds mainly prefer alder forests (71.43%) to inhabit in Western Siberia they prefer pine forests (55.87%). The density of Greater Spotted Eagles was 4.76 breeding pairs/100 km2 of forested area and 6.15 breeding pairs/100 km2 of potential nesting forested area in the Volga-Ural region and 6.55 breeding pairs/100 km2 of forested area and 8.73 breeding pairs/100 km2 of potential nesting forested area in Western Siberia. The highest density (3.58–17.01 pairs/ 100 km2 of potential nesting forested area) was registered in bogged alder forests in floodlands in the Volga-Ural region. The average distance between Greater Spotted Eagle nests in the all breeding groups in the Volga-Ural region is 7.3±3.84 km (Ex = 1.43; n=125; range 2.15 – 20.88). In regions Greater Spotted Eagles return into breeding territories at the end of March – the beginning of April. Birds lay eggs mainly during 25 April–15 May. Latest clutches are noted until 20 May. Earliest broods are registered since 16–18 May. Chicks are

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñ 1989 ïî 2007 ãã. â ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíàõ àâòîìàðøðóòàìè áûëà îõâà÷åíà ïî÷òè âñÿ îáëàñòü âîçìîæíîãî îáèòàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü àâòîìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 70 òûñ. êì. Ñïëàâ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïî ðåêàì ×åðåìøàí è Ñàìàðà. Â ëåñíîé è ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíàõ (Ïåðìñêàÿ îáëàñòü è ðåñïóáëèêà Áàøêîðòîñòàí, ÷àñòè÷íî Êèðîâñêàÿ, Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòè è ðåñïóáëèêà Óäìóðòèÿ) ñïëàâîì ïðîéäåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ðåê, ïî êîòîðûì âîçìîæåí ñïëàâ íà áàéäàðêàõ. Âîäîõðàíèëèùà áûëè ïðîéäåíû ïîëíîñòüþ íà ìàëîìåðíûõ ñóäàõ «Ïðîãðåññ» è «Îáü» ñ ïîäâåñíûìè ìîòîðàìè, ëèáî íà íàäóâíûõ ìîòîðíûõ ëîäêàõ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü âîäíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 19 òûñ. êì. Â 1999–2007 ãã. èññëåäîâàíèÿìè îõâà÷åíî áîëüøèíñòâî îáëàñòåé Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü àâòîìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 50 òûñ. êì. Ñïëàâîì ïðîéäåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ðåê, ïî êîòîðûì âîçìîæåí ñïëàâ íà áàéäàðêàõ, â ãîðíî-ëåñíîé è ëåñíîé çîíàõ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé, à òàêæå ð. Áåðäü â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü âîäíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 9,5 òûñ. êì. Â õîäå ðàáîòû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷è îðëîâ è, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, èñêàëèñü èõ ãí¸çäà. Âñå âñòðå÷è ïòèö è íàõîäêè ãí¸çä êàðòèðîâàëèñü è âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ â ArcView 3x ESRI. Äàííûå, ñîáðàííûå ïîñëå 1998 ã., ïðèâÿçûâàëèñü ê ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåðñîíàëüíûõ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â õîäå âèçóàëüíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ìåñòíîñòüþ ñ ïîìîùüþ áèíîêëåé è çðèòåëüíûõ òðóá óâåëè÷åíèåì 12–60 êðàò ñ òî÷åê, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà âîçâûøåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôà, ëèáî ñðåäè îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â 200– 1500 ì îò îïóøåê ëåñîâ. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ â ëåñíîé ìåñòíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàëèñü âåðøèíû ìàÿ÷íûõ äåðåâüåâ, ïîæàðíûå è ãåîäåçè÷åñêèå âûøêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè íàáëþäåíèé âàðüèðîâàëî îò 1 äî 6 êì, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òèïà ìåñòíîñòè, è áûëî ìèíèìàëüíûì â ìåñòàõ ñ íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì è áîëüøåé ïëîùàäüþ ëåñîïîêðûòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü íàáëþäåíèé íà òî÷êàõ âàðüèðîâàëà îò 30 ìèíóò äî 5 ÷àñîâ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì îêîëî 2–3 ÷àñîâ. Ìåæäó òî÷êàìè èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÂÀÇ 21213 «Íèâà» è ÓÀÇ 31519, ëèáî ñïëàâëÿ-

hutching out mainly on 2 – 15 June. Latest broods are registered until 30 June. Chicks set in the nest 49–58 days. Fledglings leave the nest on 25 July–15 August. Greater Spotted Eagles start to migrate in September. In the Volga-Ural region Greater Spotted Eagles prefer to build their nests (n=83) on alder trees (48.19%) and a pine trees (27.71%). Birch as a nesting tree is at the third place (15.15%). At all in the range we registered 68.67% of nests on deciduous trees and 31.33% – on coniferous. But in Western Siberia eagles (n=172) prefer pine trees (50.58%) and birch trees (44.77%) to nest, and we registered only 49.42% of nests on deciduous trees and 50.58% – on coniferous. The average distance between nesting tree and the edge of forest is 510.67±444.12 m (n=83; range 100–2100 m; Ex = 3.63) in the Volga-Ural region and 173.67±206.93 m (n=157; range 100–1000 m; Ex = 3.48) in Western Siberia, by the way the longest distances were noted in bog-forests among grassland. The edge of forest is rare close to a river or a water reservoir (8.43%). Birds prefer the densest part of forest as a nesting habitat in both regions. For nest building birds (n=83 in the Volga-Ural region and n=157 in Western Siberia) use mainly a branch fork (77.11% and 74.57% accordingly) in the middle part (73.49% and 41.4%) or in the upper part of tree (20.48% and 36.94%). The average height of nest position was 9.58±3.80 m (n=83; range 4–20 m) in the Volga-Ural region and 7.22±3.12 m (n=157; range 3–18 m) in Western Siberia. The nests built by Greater Spotted Eagles have some particular features. Greater Spotted Eagles use for building nest fresh branches with foliage. In coniferous forests eagles cover the bottom of nest with the layer of conifer branches (obligatory with green needles), in deciduous forests it is replaced the layer of green leaves. During the all period of surveys we observed only full clutches consisted of 2 eggs (n=19). The average size of eggs was 68.88õ54.40 mm (range 63.0 – 74.5 õ 50.0 – 57.7 mm). Broods as a rule consist of 1–2 chicks. We observed 50 broods in the Volga-Ural region and 66 broods in Western Siberia, the average sizes of broods were 1.24±0.43 and 1.44±0.5chicks or fledglings accordingly. Analysis of preys, pellets and their remains surveyed in nests (n=482) was shown the mammals to dominate in the diet of Greater Spotted Eagle (74.7%), the portion of birds in the diet was 16.0%.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 ëàñü ïî ðåêå íà áàéäàðêàõ. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ìàðøðóòàõ è òî÷êàõ â îáÿçàòåëüíîì ïîðÿäêå ñî÷åòàëè ñ îñìîòðîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä, äàæå åñëè îòñóòñòâîâàëè ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö. Â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðàêòèêîâàëîñü ïîëíîå ïðî÷¸ñûâàíèå ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – â ñèëüíî ìîçàè÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ (ïîéìà ð. Áåëîé), â áîðàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð è áîëîò, íà ðå÷íûõ òåððàñàõ. Îäíàêî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïîèñê ãí¸çä áûë îðèåíòèðîâàí íà òèïè÷íûå äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ïîñòðîéêè â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå êðóïíûõ, ëèáî âíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè ìåëêèõ îñòðîâíûõ îëüøàíèêîâ (â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå) èëè â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå áîðîâ èëè ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ñðåäè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ (â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè). Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, â öåëÿõ ýêîíîìèè âðåìåíè, ïðè íàõîäêå îäíîãî ãíåçäà, ïîèñê ñëåäóþùåãî ïðåäïðèíèìàëñÿ íà ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ó÷àñòêàõ äðóãèõ ïàð ëèøü íà ðàññòîÿíèè ïîëóòîðà êì îò íàéäåííîãî, à âíóòðè ýòîé áóôåðíîé çîíû (ðàäèóñîì 1,5 êì) ïîèñê íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ. Ó÷¸ò íà ìàðøðóòàõ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ íà íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñå, â õîäå íåãî îïðåäåëÿëîñü ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè ðàäèàëüíûõ äèñòàíöèé äî âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö â ìîìåíò èõ ïåðâîé ðåãèñòðàöèè, øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû ðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü êàê óäâîåííîå ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå îò ó÷¸ò÷èêà äî ïòèöû (Êàðÿêèí, 2000; 2004). Íà êëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà (òî åñòü, âûÿâëåíî áîëåå 3-õ ïàð, ó÷àñòêè êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ïî ñî-

Ðèñ. 1. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïëîùàäåé îáëàñòåé è ïëîùàäåé ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) áèîòîïîâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 1. Correlation between area regions and area potential nesting biotopes of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in Volgà-Ural region

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñåäñòâó äðóã ñ äðóãîì), çàêëàäûâàëèñü ïëîùàäêè, àëãîðèòì îáñëåäîâàíèÿ êîòîðûõ áûë òàêèì æå, êàê ïðè ðàáîòå ïî âûÿâëåíèþ âèäà âíå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ ìåòîäè÷íî îñìàòðèâàëñÿ âåñü äîñòóïíûé äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ ñåêòîð ðàäèóñîì 1,5–3 êì ñ äîâîëüíî øèðîêîé çîíîé ïåðåêðûòèÿ, à íàáëþäåíèÿ íà òî÷êàõ âåëèñü íå ìåíåå 2-õ ÷àñîâ. Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå çàëîæåíû 9 ïëîùàäîê ïëîùàäüþ 102,6–840,9 êì2. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäîê ñîñòàâèëà 2872,54 êì2 . Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïîëíîöåííûå ïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸òû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, ïîýòîìó îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â ýòîé îáëàñòè îñíîâàíà íà ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê, èìåþùèõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû âíóòðè çîíû óñòàíîâëåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (ïîÿñíåíèÿ â òåêñòå). Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè çàëîæåíî 8 ïëîùàäîê (5 – â áîðîâûõ ìàññèâàõ è 3 – â êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ), îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 682,6 êì2 (37,6–259,6 êì2). Ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà 248,3 êì2 (6,1–56,5 êì2). Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸òû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, õîòÿ ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò âäîëü áîðîâûõ îïóøåê: îñìîòðåíî 90,39 êì îïóøåê áîðîâ âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè ïðîâåä¸í åäèíñòâåííûé ó÷¸ò íà ïëîùàäêå áëèç ñ¸ë Ëîêòè è Íîâîëîêòè â 30 êì îò ã. Èøèì. Ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäêè ñîñòàâèëà 156,34 êì2, ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ – 50,76 êì2, ïåðèìåòð îïóøåê –

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïëîùàäåé îáëàñòåé è ïëîùàäåé ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 2. Correlation between area regions and area potential nesting biotopes of the Greater Spotted Eagle in Western Siberia

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 123,72 êì, ïåðèìåòð îïóøåê âäîëü âîäíîáîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ – 87,5 êì. Òàêæå ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò âäîëü áîðîâûõ ìàññèâîâ: îñìîòðåíî 55 êì îïóøåê. Â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè ïîëíîöåííûå ïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸òû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. Ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò íà çàïàäå îáëàñòè (áîëîòî Îðëîâñêîå çàéìèùå), â õîäå êîòîðîãî îñìîòðåíî 115,81 êì îïóøåê áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ (îïóøêè ïðîñìàòðèâàëèñü íà 0,3–0,5 êì). Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè â 1999 ã. ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò ïîäîðëèêà â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó, ãäå îñìîòðåíî 17,1 êì îïóøå÷íîé çîíû âäîëü îç¸ð è áîëîò, â 2001 ã. – â áåð¸çîâîé ëåñîñòåïè Ïðèîáñêîãî ïëàòî âäîëü âîäîõðàíèëèùà è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîãî êðàÿ Áóðëèíñêîé ëåíòû, ãäå îñìîòðåíî 36,2 êì îïóøåê êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ. Çàëîæåíî 4 ïëîùàäêè ñ ðàçíîé äîëåé ëåñà è îáâîäí¸ííîñòè òåððèòîðèè â öåíòðàëüíîé è þæíîé Áàðàáå îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 915,9 êì2 (31,9 – 457,56 êì2, â ñðåäíåì 228,98±184,08 êì2). Ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà 86,9 êì2 (13,07 – 34,83 êì2, â ñðåäíåì 21,73±9,28 êì2). Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà 244,73 êì (39,18 – 89,86 êì, â ñðåäíåì 61,18±21,11 êì). Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ó÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà ïðîâåä¸í â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ è â Ïðèîáñêîì áîðó è áûë îðèåíòèðîâàí íà âûÿâëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîâ âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Îáñëå-

äîâàíî 75,9 êì îïóøå÷íîé çîíû âäîëü îç¸ð è áîëîò â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ è 32,4 êì – â Ïðèîáñêîì áîðó (þã Êàðàêàíñêîãî áîðà). Çà ïåðèîä 2003–2006 ãã., åñòåñòâåííî, â êðàå áûëî îáñëåäîâàíî ãîðàçäî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî îïóøå÷íûõ ëåñîâ, îäíàêî îïóøêè áîðîâ âäîëü ñòåïè è èíûõ ñóõèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé íå âçÿòû â ó÷¸ò, ò.ê. ïëîòíî íàñåëåíû ìîãèëüíèêîì (Aquila heliaca), â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ïîäîðëèê çäåñü îòñóòñòâóåò. Íåêîòîðûå ïëîùàäêè ïîñåùàëèñü íåîäíîêðàòíî. Åñëè òåððèòîðèÿ, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîé áûëà âûäåëåíà ïëîùàäêà, ïîñåùàëàñü ðàíåå, òî å¸ îáñëåäîâàíèå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü òàê æå, êàê îáñëåäîâàíèå íîâûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ïðåæíèå ãîäû. Äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ îñíîâà. Âåêòîðèçàöèåé ðàñòðîâûõ òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì 1: 200000, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò WGS84 â ïðîåêöèþ Àëüáåðñà äëÿ Åâðîïû, ïîäãîòîâëåíû ñëîè íåëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé è ãèäðîñåòè. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèé, ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íå íîñèëî ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð, ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäóëÿ Image Analyst â 1998– 2000 ãã. è ERDAS Imagine 8.7 â 2006–2007 ãã. áûëè êëàññèôèöèðîâàíû êîñìîñíèìêè Landsat 7 ETM+, íà êîòîðûõ âûäåëåíû áîðû, ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, âîäíî-áîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû è ïðåîáðàçîâàíû â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âåêòîðíûå ñëîè. Ïî äàííûì ðàäèîçîíäèðîâàíèÿ çåìëè ïîäãîòîâëåíà öèôðîâàÿ ìîäåëü ðåëüåôà äëÿ êëþ÷åâûõ òåððèòîðèé â ôîðìàòå GRID, íà îñíîâå êîòîðîé ðàññ÷èòàí èíäåêñ óâëàæíåíèÿ. Êëàññèôèöèðîâàííûå èçîáðàæåíèÿ Landsat è èíäåêñû óâëàæíåíèÿ â ôîðìàòå GRID áûëè ïðåîáðàçîâàíû â âåêòîðíûé ôîðìàò äàííûõ (êàðòû ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè è óâëàæí¸ííîñòè). Ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäóëÿ Xtools äëÿ ArcView 3x êàðòà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè êëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áûëà ðàçðåçàíà ìàñêàìè áåçëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé, òåððèòîðèé ñ íèçêîé ñòåïåíüþ óâëàæíåíèÿ, áóôåðàìè íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ (R=1 êì) è ïîëèãîíàìè âûñîêîãîðèé. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ñëî¸â ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòà ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (ëåñîâ, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ). Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå âûäåëåíû âñå óâëàæí¸ííûå ëåñà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè âûäåëåíû áîðû, ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, ëåñîáîëîòíûå ëàíäøàôòû, áåäíûå ëåñîì âîäíî-áîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû. Èç ýòèõ ëåñíûõ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 ïëîùàäåé îñóùåñòâë¸í îòñåâ ëåñîâ, íåïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – âñå ëåñà, íå ïîïàäàþùèå â áóôåðíóþ çîíó âîäî¸ìîâ è îòêðûòûõ áîëîò, à òàêæå îñòðîâíûå ëåñà, ïëîùàäüþ ìåíüøå 0,8 êì2. Ïîñëåäíèé êðèòåðèé áûë îïóùåí ëèøü äëÿ òåððèòîðèè ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â êîëêàõ ìåíüøåé ïëîùàäè. Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà òåððèòîðèé òàêæå îñóùåñòâë¸í îòñåâ ñïëîøíûõ ëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé, óäàë¸ííûõ îò îïóøêè áîëåå ÷åì íà 958 ì (ðàññòîÿíèå îïðåäåëåíî ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä). Â èòîãå ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòà ëåñîâ, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, êîòîðûå äàëåå èìåíóþòñÿ êàê ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 57693,19 êì2 (ðèñ. 1). Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îïðåäåëåíà â 13519,71 êì2, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,03% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ, îäíàêî ïî îáëàñòÿì ýòà äîëÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ ñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ (ðèñ. 2). Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê äëèíîé áîëåå 50 êì ñîñòàâëÿåò 8415,3 êì. 84,63% èç íèõ òåêóò ïî Çàóðàëüþ è 68,87% (5795,8 êì) – â çîíå îõîòíè÷üèõ è ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ. Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 3755,85 êì2 (2,42% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ îáëàñòè), 76% èç êîòîðûõ ëåæàò â äîëèíàõ ðåê, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Çàóðàëüå. Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè 57% ëåñîâ ëåæàò â Çàóðàëüå (Âîñòî÷íûé Óðàë è Çàóðàëüå) èç íèõ 2,98% (884,75 êì2) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè. Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1016,17 êì2. Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè îêîëî 40% ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû áîðàìè è ñìåøàííûìè ëåñàìè ñ ïðèñóòñòâèåì ñîñíû, 44,38% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ îáëàñòè (11416,35 êì2) ëåæàò â ïðåäåëàõ 3-õ-êèëîìåòðîâîé áóôåðíîé çîíû âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, 20,24% èç êîòîðûõ (8,98% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ; 2311,16 êì2) ìîãóò áûòü îòíåñåíû ê ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê âñåõ òèïîâ ëåñà âíóòðè áóôåðíîé çîíû ðåê, îç¸ð è áîëîò ñîñòàâëÿåò 14157,1 êì, èç êîòîðûõ ìîæíî âûäåëèòü îáëåñåííóþ ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, êîòîðàÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 1232,59 êì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè 62,76% òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäîðëèêà. Ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ â äàííîé çîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 54825,45 êì2, 41,07% êîòîðûõ (22514,1 êì2) ëåæàò â ïðåäåëàõ 3-õ-êèëîìåòðîâîé áóôåðíîé çîíû âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, 2014,34 êì2 èç êîòîðûõ (3,67% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê âñåõ òèïîâ ëåñà âíóòðè áóôåðíîé çîíû ðåê, îç¸ð è áîëîò ñîñòàâëÿåò 16478,38 êì, èç êîòîðûõ ìîæíî âûäåëèòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíóþ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ îáëåñåííóþ ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 2642,11 êì. Â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè 80,01% òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäîðëèêà. Îáëåñåííàÿ ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà, èìååò ïðîòÿæåííîñòü 2455,67 êì, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 8,69% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ëåñíûõ îïóøåê â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà. Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1484,38 êì2 èëè 3,7% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ îáëàñòè â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà. Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1043,12 êì2 (0,57% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ îáëàñòè), à ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ îïóøåê – 3080,36 êì (4,23% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè îïóøåê ëåñîâ). Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå îáëåñåííàÿ ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, èìååò ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü 1239,48 êì, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,93% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè àíàëîãè÷íûõ ëåñíûõ îïóøåê â êðàå è 8,51% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè àíàëîãè÷íûõ îïóøåê â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü (82,5%) ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà îïóøåê ëåñîâ ëåæèò êàê ðàç â ïðåäåëàõ ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ. Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1187,38 êì 2 èëè 0,68% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ êðàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà íà ïëîùàäêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéîíà ðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü êàê ñðåäíåâçâåøåííàÿ, âû÷èñëÿëàñü ñòàíäàðòíàÿ îøèáêà ñðåäíåé (M±SE) è íåñèììåòðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûé èíòåðâàë (Ðàâêèí, ×åëèíöåâ, 1990). Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ âåëàñü äëÿ êàæäîé ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè â îòäåëüíîñòè ïóò¸ì ïåðåñ÷¸-

Raptors Research

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 òà äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ è ìàðøðóòàõ íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè îáèòàíèÿ ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Ó÷¸ò ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ëèøü â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íà òî÷êàõ. Ïðè ðàñ÷¸òå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìèãðàíòîâ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëè äàííûå ó÷¸òîâ íà ïåðèîä ìàññîâîãî ïðîë¸òà äëÿ êàæäîãî âûäåëåííîãî ðóñëà ïðîë¸òà. Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå îöåíèâàëàñü èñõîäÿ èç ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, ñðåäíåãî óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ìèãðàíòîâ. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ òèïà è ïëîùàäè îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ âîêðóã êàæäîãî ãíåçäà èëè ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî öåíòðà ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ðàññ÷èòûâàëñÿ áóôåð ïî ñðåäíåìó ðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó ïàðàìè â äàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå. Êàðòà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ïåðåñåêàëàñü äàííûì áóôåðîì äëÿ èäåíòèôèêàöèè ïîëèãîíîâ, äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûõ ïî òèïàì ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, íàêðûâàåìûõ áóôåðîì ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà. Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â Microsoft Excel 2003, Spatial Statistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0. Äëÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé â âûáîðêàõ ðàññ÷èòûâàëîñü ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (M±SD) è ñèììåòðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûé èíòåðâàë. Â 2003 ã. ñ 10 ïî 31 èþëÿ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå íà 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ 1 è 2 ïòåíöàìè îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå ñ äèñòàíöèîííûõ êàìåð â ñâåòëîå âðåìÿ ñóòîê. Â õîäå íàáëþäåíèÿ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü êîëè÷åñòâî ïðèë¸òîâ, âðåìÿ, ïðîâîäèìîå âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè íà ãíåçäå, è, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, îïðåäåëÿëàñü äî âèäà ïðèíîñèìàÿ äîáû÷à.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí â øèðîòíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ëåæèò ôàêòè÷åñêè â ãðàíèöàõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Íåñîìíåííî, ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà âîçìîæíî êàê ñåâåðíåå ðåãèîíà (â ðåñïóáëèêå Êîìè), ãäå îí íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàëñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (Âîðîíèí, 1995), òàê è þæíåå (â Êàçàõñòàíå), ãäå ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêè èçâåñòíû â ïîéìå ð. Óðàë íà þã äî 50° ñ.ø. (Ëåâèí, Ãóáèí,

1978), íî îáëàñòü ðåãóëÿðíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà âñ¸ æå îãðàíè÷åíà çîíîé ëåñîñòåïè, õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è þæíîé òàéãè, ò.å. ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå ìåæäó 53° è 60° ñ.ø. Äëÿ áàññåéíà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè è Ïðåäóðàëüÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê óêàçûâàåòñÿ êàê ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ñ XIX ñòîëåòèÿ (Ýâåðñìàí, 1866; Áîãäàíîâ, 1871). Âåðîÿòíî, ðàíåå ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ â ïîéìå Âîëãè âïëîòü äî Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè (Çàâüÿëîâ è äð., 2005). Åù¸ â 1987–1990 ãã. ÕÕ âåêà åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå â êîëè÷åñòâå 2–3 ïàð ñ óãðîæàþùèì íåãàòèâíûì òðåíäîì ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü â ñåâåðíîé çîíå Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà (Ïèñêóíîâ è äð., 2000), à äëÿ âîëæñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ âèä óêàçûâàëñÿ êàê âîçìîæíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ äëÿ Äüÿêîâñêîãî ëåñà (Êðàñíîêóòñêèé ð-í) (Ëóêúÿíîâ À.Ì., 1999à; ×åðíîáàé, 2004), íî ïîçæå çäåñü ïîäîðëèê íå áûë âñòðå÷åí (Áàðàáàøèí, 2004; Çàâüÿëîâ è äð., 2005) è, âèäèìî, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ þæíàÿ ãðàíèöà åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ â ïîéìå Âîëãè îãðàíè÷åíà ïîéìåííûìè ëåñàìè íàïðîòèâ Ñûçðàíè, à â âîëæñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå – äîëèíîé ð. Ñàìàðà (Áóçóëóêñêèé áîð). Â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè âñåìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè XIX âåêà ïîäîðëèê óêàçûâàëñÿ êàê õàðàêòåðíûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä: ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Óðàëà è îêðóæàþùèõ èõ ëåñàõ (Ýâåðñìàí, 1866), ãíåçäèëñÿ â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Óðàë, â íèçîâüÿõ ðåê Èëåê è Ñàêìàðà (Çàðóäíûé, 1888), â ëåñàõ Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè (Êàðàìçèí, 1901). Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî ð. Ñàìàðå è â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó (Äàðêøåâè÷, 1950; Ðàéñêèé, 1951). Âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà ïîäòâåðæäåíî â ëåñàõ ïî ð. Óðàë è íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå îáëàñòè, â ÷àñòíîñòè â 1982 ã. ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà îáíàðóæåíî â ïîéìå ð. Óðàë ó ñ. Äîíñêîå (×èáèëåâ, 1995), â 1980–88 ãã. ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü áëèç ñ. Ïîëèáèíî â Áóãóðóñëàíñêîì ðàéîíå (Ñàìèãóëëèí Ã.Ì., ïî: Äàâûãîðà, 1998). À.À. ×èáèëåâ (1995) óêàçûâàåò íà íàõîäêè ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ñàìàðà è â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó. Ïîñëåäíåå áûëî ïîñòàâëåíî ïîä ñîìíåíèå À.Â. Äàâûãîðîé (1998), íî, òåì íå ìåíåå, â 2000 ã. áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó íàáëþäàë Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2001), à â 2006 ã. çäåñü â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Áîðîâêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, îäíàêî â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû ïîäîðëèêà íå óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü íè â 2000–2006 ãã., íè ïðè ñïëàâå â 2007 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà òàêæå óñòàíîâëåíî â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ Ñàìàðû è Óðàëà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Îïðåäåë¸ííî, ïîäîðëèê èçäàâíà ãíåçäèëñÿ â áîðó áëèç Çåëåíîäîëüñêà Êâàðêåíñêîãî ðàéîíà, ãäå 13 ìàÿ 2003 ã. áûëà âñòðå÷åíà îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, à â àâãóñòå áûë îáíàðóæåí ó÷àñòîê ñ òðåìÿ ïîñòðîéêàìè, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ îêàçàëàñü æèëîé. Â Áàøêèðèè ïîäîðëèê áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîâñåìåñòíî (Ñóøêèí, 1897). Ïðåäïî÷èòàë ðàâíèíû, íî, â òî æå âðåìÿ, â íåâûñîêèõ þæíîóðàëüñêèõ ãîðàõ äîõîäèë äî âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû ëåñà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Â 90-õ ãã. XX âåêà î ïîâñåìåñòíîñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà ãîâîðèòü óæå íå ïðèõîäèòñÿ, òåì íå ìåíåå, îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà áûëè è îñòàþòñÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûìè â äîëèíå ð. Áåëàÿ. Êàê è ïîâñþäó, â äîëèíå Áåëîé è å¸ ïðèòîêîâ ïîäîðëèê ñîñðåäîòî÷åí íå ðàâíîìåðíî, à ïðèóðî÷åí ê 6 êëàñòåðàì áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ: 1 – íèçîâüÿ ðåê Çèëèì, Èíçåð, Ñèì è ïðèëåãàþùàÿ ïîéìà ð. Áåëîé, 2 – íèçîâüÿ ð. Óôà, 3 – íèçîâüÿ ð. Áåëàÿ îò ã. Óôû äî ñ. Äþðòþëè, 4 – Êàëòàñèíñêèé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ è íèçîâüÿ ð. Áûñòðûé Òàíûï, 5 – óñòüåâîé ó÷àñòîê ð. Áåëàÿ, 6 – ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Áûñòðûé Òàíûï. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà òàêæå óñòàíîâëåíî â äîëèíàõ ðåê Àé è Þðþçàíü è â ãîðàõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà åãî çàïàäíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Â ÕÕ ñòîëåòèè â Òàòàðèè ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â óñòüå ð. Áåëàÿ (Ïðèêëîíñêèé, 1960; Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977), â Ïðåäêàìüå, íà ðåêàõ Ì. è Á. ×åðåìøàí, Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è â óñòüåâîì ó÷àñòêå ð. Èê (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 1999). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî íà áîëîòàõ â äîëèíàõ ðåê Ìàëûé è Áîëüøîé ×åðåìøàí, íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, â ïîéìå ð. Èæ è å¸ ïðèòîêà ð. Êûðûêìàñ. Íà Êûðûêìàñå â ïðåäåëàõ Òàòàðèè è Óäìóðòèè â ìàå 1994 ã. âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, íà 3-õ èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà (äàííûå àâòîðà). Î ãíåçäå, èçâåñòíîì ëåñíèêó íà Êûðûêìàñå (â Óäìóðòñêîé ÷àñòè), êîòîðîå ïîçæå áûëî ñðóáëåíî, ñîîáùàåò À.Ã. Ìåíüøèêîâ (1998), âîçìîæ-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íî ðå÷ü èä¸ò îá îäíîì èç èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ Áîëüøîãî è Ìàëîãî ×åðåìøàíà íà ãðàíèöå Òàòàðèè, Ñàìàðñêîé è Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòåé â àâãóñòå 1998 ã. áûëî âûÿâëåíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ñë¸òêè, ëèáî íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàëèñü ïàðû ïòèö (Êàðÿêèí, 1999à). Íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî íà ð. Ñóëà è îäíîì èç å¸ ïðèòîêîâ â Áóãóëüìèíñêîì ð-íå Òàòàðñòàíà (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â áûâøåé Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè (íûíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ÷àñòè ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ ð. Âîëãè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè) ïîäîðëèê áûë øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í (Æèòêîâ, Áóòóðëèí, 1906). Â ñîâðåìåííîé Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè Î.Â. Áîðîäèí (1994) íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêà â Ñóðñêîì çàêàçíèêå, Â.Â. Ôðîëîâ íàø¸ë ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà íà ð. Áàðûø â Ñóðñêîì ðàéîíå (Áîðîäèí, 1994). Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íàõîäêà ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêà Â.Â. Ôðîëîâûì îñòàâàëàñü åäèíñòâåííîé â ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ Ñóðû. Ïîçæå, íà òåððèòîðèè Ñóðñêîãî çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî çàêàçíèêà, ñòàëî èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 2-õ ïàð, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ â 1997 ã. óñïåøíî âûâåëà 2-õ ïòåíöîâ, íî ïîñëå 2002 ã. çäåñü ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà ñíîâà íèêòî íå íàõîäèë (Áàðàáàøèí, 2003), õîòÿ âûâîäîê ïîäîðëèêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ ïðè âçðîñëîé ïòèöå â àâãóñòå 2006 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ íàä Ñóðîé â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðåê Áàðûø è Ñóñîëåéêà (äàííûå àâòîðà), ÷òî ÿâñòâåííî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê ïðîäîëæàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â çàêàçíèêå. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ (2005) â àâãóñòå 2003 ã. íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêîâ â Èíçåíñêîì ðàéîíå áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Ïåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòüþ â äîëèíå ð. Ñóðû è ó ñ. Ãîðîäèùè, íî ãí¸çä íå íàø¸ë. Â 2004– 2006 ãã. äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïîñåùàëàñü àâòîðîì â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ îðëà-êàðëèêà. Çäåñü óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü ïîäîðëèêîâ íà ð. Àðãàø (âîçìîæíî ýòî èìåííî òî ìåñòî, ãäå ïîäîðëèêà íàáëþäàë Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ áëèç ñ. Ãîðîäèùè) è ð. Òàëà, íî ãí¸çäà íå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû. Åù¸ 2 ó÷àñòêà, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì èç íèõ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, âûÿâëåíû â ñóðñêèõ ëåñàõ, íî óæå íå íà òåððèòîðèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, à íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäîâèè, â óñòüå ðå÷åê Ñèíÿø è ×åðìåëåé; ïàðà ïòèö, òàêæå âîçìîæíî ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ, íî áåç âûâîäêà, íàáëþäàëàñü íàä ð. Øòûðìà áëèç ä. Êðàñíàÿ ïîëÿíà (äàííûå àâòîðà), âîçìîæíî èìåííî ýòîò ó÷àñòîê èìåþò â âèäó À.Ñ. Ëàïøèí è Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâ (2001), óêàçûâàÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëè-

Raptors Research

Ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 êà íà ð. Øòûðìà ó ñ. ×¸ðíàÿ Ïðîìçà. Íèæå ïî ð. Ñóðà îäèíî÷íûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â àâãóñòå 2005–2006 ãã. ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü íàä ïîéìîé ó ñ¸ë ßâëåé, Ìóðçèöû è ßçûêîâî, îäíàêî ïàðà ïòèö áûëà âñòðå÷åíà ëèøü îäíàæäû – áëèç ñ. Áîðòñóðìàíû, ôàêòè÷åñêè òàì æå, ãäå â 2002 ã. Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) íàáëþäàë âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ñóðû âûâîäêîâ èëè ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü (äàííûå àâòîðà), õîòÿ, íåñîìíåííî, ýòîò âèä çäåñü ãíåçäèòñÿ. Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ïîìèìî äîëèí Á. è Ì. ×åðåìøàíîâ, ïîäîðëèê äîñòîâåðíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå, â ïîéìå Âîëãè è ×àïàåâñêèõ Ëèìàíàõ. Íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå ïîäîðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü òðèæäû â þæíîé å¸ ÷àñòè: â 1986 ã. – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Ìåëüíè÷íîå, â 1987 ã. – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Íîâèíêèíñêîãî áîðà è â 1992 ã. – â Øåëåõìåòñêîé ïîéìå (Ïàâëîâ, 1999). Ïîçæå, â 1997 ã., ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàðû ïîäîðëèêîâ óñòàíîâëåíî áëèç îç. Áîëüøîå Îñòðîâíîå (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999). Â ìàå 1999 ã. åù¸ 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ âûÿâëåíû â ïîéìå Âîëãè íèæå Ñàìàðû (äàííûå àâòîðà). Òàêæå, â ìàå 1999 ã. îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü íà Ìàéòóãå, à â ñåíòÿáðå 2003 ã. çäåñü æå ìîëîäîãî ïîäîðëèêà íàáëþäàë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå); íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïîñëåäíèå âñòðå÷è íå ïðåäïîëàãàþò èõ ãíåçäîâîé õàðàêòåð, ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà íà Ìàéòóãå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî. Èíôîðìàöèÿ Ã.Ï. Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2007) î âñòðå÷àõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Êèíåëü÷åðêàññêîì, Ñåðãèåâñêîì è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì ðàéîíàõ âûçûâàåò áîëüøèå ñîìíåíèÿ, ò.ê. íè íàìè çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ñ 1997 ïî 2007 ãã., íè Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíûì (2006) çäåñü ýòîò âèä íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, õîòÿ ðåãóëÿðíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ ìîãèëüíèê, ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøèíñòâî – èìåííî â ìåñòàõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ Ã.Ï. Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999). Â Ìîðäîâèè ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïîìèìî ð. Øòûðìà óñòàíîâëåíî íà Àëàòûðå, â Ìîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå – 2–3 ïàðû â 90-õ ãã., Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîì ðàéîíå – 6 ïàð íà ð. Âàä, Òåíãóøåâñêîì è Åëüíèêîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ – ïî 2 ïàðû (Ëàïøèí, Ëûñåíêîâ, 2001). Â àâãóñòå 2003 ã. ïîäîðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ íà

ð. Ïàðöà áëèç ñ¸ë ßñíàÿ Ïîëÿíà è Ïîäëÿñîâî, â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Þçãà è íà ð. Óðêàò (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â 2005 ã. ïîäòâåðæäåíî îáèòàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â Òåíüãóøåâñêîì ð-íå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ñòàíäðîâî, â Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîì ð-íå â ïîéìå ð. Âàä áëèç ï. Êðóòåö, ó ï. Âûøà è â óñòüå ð. Âèíäðåé; ïàðà ïòèö â òå÷åíèå èþëÿ íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàëàñü â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìîðäîâñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Ëàïøèí è äð., 2005). Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî ðåêàì ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåé îáëàñòè (Ñåðåáðîâñêèé, 1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955). Â 70– 90-õ èçâåñòíû âñòðå÷è ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ, â ïîéìàõ ðåê Âåòëóãà, Íþæìà, Êëÿçüìà, Ñåðåæà, Ñóðà, Ïüÿíà, íî ïðè ýòîì çà ïîñëåäíèå 15 ëåò íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ëèøü 3 ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ – â ïîéìàõ ðåê Âàõòàí, Àëàòûðü è íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (Áàêêà, Êèñåëåâà, 2007). Ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííîå â àâãóñòå 2003 ã. íà ð. Àëàòûðü, ê 2006 ã. óïàëî âìåñòå ñ äåðåâîì, îäíàêî ïòèöû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà ãíåçäîâóþ ïëàòôîðìó, è èõ ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî îæèäàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â áàññåéíå ð. Îêè: çäåñü èìåþòñÿ óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è îõîòû ýòîãî âèäà, òåððèòîðèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè ïîäîðëèêà, ëîêàëèçîâàííûìè â Ðÿçàíñêîé (Îêñêèé çàïîâåäíèê) (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005) è Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòÿõ (áàññåéí Ëóõà è Êëÿçüìû) (Ìåëüíèêîâ, Áàðèíîâ, 2002). Îäíàêî ïîéìà Îêè ñ ïðèëåãàþùèìè áîëîòàìè â ïðåäåëàõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè äî ñèõ ïîð îñòàåòñÿ ïëîõî îáñëåäîâàííîé íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî äîëèíå ð. Âÿòêè è å¸ êðóïíûì ïðèòîêàì. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè â îáëàñòè óñòàíîâëåíî îêîëî 13-òè ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ âèä òàêæå âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Âåðõíåêàìñêîì ðàéîíå íà ð. Èìà, â Íîëèíñêîì è Êèðîâî-×åïåöêîì ðàéîíàõ (Ïëåññêèé, 1971; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Â 1992 ã. ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè 4-õ ïàð âûÿâëåíû íà ð. Ïèæìà è 1 – â 1995 ã. íà Âåðõíåé Êàìå íèæå ñ. ×óñ (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè â êîíöå XIX âåêà ïîäîðëèê áûë øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîé ïòèöåé, áîëåå îáû÷íîé â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ, íî âñòðå÷àþùåéñÿ è ñåâåðíåå Êàìû (Ñàáàíååâ, 1874). Ñ.Ë. Óøêîâ (1927) âñòðå÷àë ïîäîðëèêà â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 Ïðèêàìüÿ ïîâñåìåñòíî ïî äîëèíàì êðóïíûõ ðåê è ïîä Ïåðìüþ. Â 40-õ ãã. XX âåêà ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî âñåìó Ïðèêàìüþ, ïðè ýòîì íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî íàáëþäàëñÿ â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ (Âîðîíöîâ, 1949). À.È. Øåïåëü (1992) îáíàðóæèë ëèøü 2 ãíåçäà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè, íà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â öåíòðàëüíûõ è ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ. Â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â ëåñíîé çîíå Ïðèêàìüÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî, è çàêîíîìåðíîñòü åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñîâïàäàëà ñ òîé, êîòîðóþ îïèñûâàëè Ë.Ï. Ñàáàíååâ (1874), Ñ.Ë. Óøêîâ (1927) è Å.Ì. Âîðîíöîâ (1949) – èç 23 èçâåñòíûõ íà 1998 ã. ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ 12 ãíåçäèëèñü ìåæäó 56° è 58° ñ.ø., ò.å. íà 25% òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè â å¸ þæíîé ÷àñòè, à îñòàëüíûå 11 ïàð ãíåçäèëèñü ñåâåðíåå Ïåðìè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Íàèáîëåå êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè ïðèóðî÷åíà ê å¸ þãî-çàïàäó – íèçîâüÿì Êàìû è äîëèíå ð. Ïèçü ñ å¸ ïðèòîêàìè, ôàêòè÷åñêè ÿâëÿÿñü ïðîäîëæåíèåì íà ñåâåð Áåëüñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Ñ õîðîøåé ïëîòíîñòüþ âèä ãíåçäèëñÿ òàêæå íà Òóëâèíñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â äîëèíå ð. Áàáêà, îäíàêî â ñâÿçè ñ ðàçâèâàþùèìñÿ äà÷íûì ñòðîèòåëüñòâîì è ðåêðåàöèåé ê 2007 ã. áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ çäåñü ïåðåñòàëè ñóùåñòâîâàòü. Íåêîòîðàÿ ÷àñòü ïòèö ãíåçäèòñÿ íà íåçàðåãóëèðîâàííîì ó÷àñòêå Êàìû íèæå Ïåðìè è ïî äîëèíàì ðåê, âïàäàþùèõ â Êàìó è Êàìñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå (Îáâà, Èíüâà, ßéâà, Êîñà, Êîëâà), íî êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).

Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü Íàèáîëåå ñåâåðíûå âñòðå÷è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè èçâåñòíû íà øèðîòå óñòüÿ Êîíäû, Ñóðãóòà è Òîìñêà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Þ.È. Ãîðäååâ (1997) â 50– 80-õ ãã. äâàæäû íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêîâ â ìàå íàä ã. Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñê. À.Ä. Øàðîíîâ (1951) íàø¸ë ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïîä Ñóðãóòîì è ñ÷èòàë åãî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ äî 63° ñ.ø. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü 27 èþíÿ 1932 ã. â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Åëîãóé (Ñêàëîí, Ñëóäñêèé, 1941), â êîíöå ìàÿ 1988 ã. íà ð. Âîéêàð (Ãîëîâàòèí, 1995) è âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àâãóñòà â Ïðèîáüå (Âàðòàïåòîâ, 1998). Îáëàñòü îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ëåæèò â çîíå ëåñîñòåïè, ïîäòàéãè è þæíîé òàéãè. Âèäèìî, â ñðåä-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íåé òàéãå âèä óæå ãíåçäèòñÿ òîëüêî ïî äîëèíàì ðåê Èðòûøà è Îáè, à åãî ïðåáûâàíèå â ñåâåðíîé òàéãå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð. Äëÿ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè â 50–60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîãî îáû÷íîãî õèùíèêà (Äàíèëîâ, 1969). Ã.Í. Áà÷óðèí (2003) îáíàðóæèë ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Çàéêîâñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå Èðáèòñêîãî ëåñõîçà. Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä Â.À. Êîðîâèí (2004) ïðèâîäèò òðè âñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêà íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â Ñëîáîäî-Òóðèíñêîì è Áåëîÿðñêîì ðàéîíàõ â 1998 è 1999 ãã. ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Þ.Â. Áîáêîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1997) íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â Òàâäèíñêîì ðàéîíå ó ïîñ. Ëåíèíî, À.À. Êóçüìè÷ (2001) – íà îçåðå Òûãèø áëèç Êàìåíñê-Óðàëüñêà. Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ôàóíû ïòèö Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â 90-õ ãã. â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 54 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ, 78% èç êîòîðûõ ëîêàëèçîâàíû â Çàóðàëüå (íà ñåâåð äî 60,55° ñ.ø.), 18,5% – íà Ñðåäíåì Óðàëå (íà ñåâåð äî 58° ñ.ø.) è 3,7% – â äîëèíå ð. Óôà â ïðåäåëàõ ëåñîñòåïè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999). Áîëüøèíñòâî ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî âñòðå÷àì âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, âûÿâëåíî â áàññåéíå Òàâäû (íèçîâüÿ ðåê Ñîñüâà, Ëîçüâà, Âàãèëü, Ïåëûì), ò.ê. èìåííî çäåñü âåëèñü îñíîâíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, õîòÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïî ñâîèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì äàëåêà îò îïòèìàëüíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Íà ð. Ëîçüâà â èþíå 1992 ã. âûÿâëåíî âñåãî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ: ïåðâûé – â 4,3 êì íèæå ïðèñòàíè Êðàñíîÿðêà (äàëåå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 239 êì ïî ðåêå è îêîëî 120 êì ïî ïðÿìîé ïîäîðëèê íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, õîòÿ ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìåñòà, ãðàíè÷àùèå ñ îõîòíè÷üèìè óãîäüÿìè, âñòðå÷àëèñü íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 30 êì âûøå è íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Ïîíèë è â íèçîâüÿõ Ëîçüâû), âòîðîé – â ðàéîíå óñòüÿ ð. Ñèíòóðêà. Íà ð. Ñîñüâà, âêëþ÷àÿ âåðõíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Òàâäà, â èþëå 1992 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 6-òè ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ: 1-ÿ – â 1,5 êì âûøå ä. Ïîñïåëêîâà, 2-ÿ – â 17 êì âûøå óñòüÿ ð. Ëÿëÿ, 3-ÿ – â 2,5 êì îò ä. Êèñåë¸âà (îêðåñòíîñòè ñò. Íîâ. Ñîñüâà), 4-ÿ – áëèç îç. Ìèðñêîå âûøå ï. Ãàðè, 5-ÿ – â 4-õ êì âûøå óñòüÿ ð. Ëèíòîâêà, 6-ÿ – â 8 êì âûøå ñ. Ïóêñèíêà. Òðè ïàðû ïîäîðëèêîâ âûÿâëåíû òàêæå â áîëîòíîì ìàññèâå îç. Ñèíòóð: 1 ïàðà ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè Ïðèñòàíèùå è Ñèíòóð, 2-ÿ ïàðà – íà îç. Íèæíåå è 3-ÿ ïàðà – â óñòüå ð. Îñüÿ. Â ñåíòÿáðå 1992 ã. âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ñî ñë¸òêîì

Raptors Research

Ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 íàáëþäàëàñü áëèç îç. Ïåëûìñêèé Òóìàí. Âåðîÿòíî å¸ ãíåçäî â èþíå 1993 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â èçëó÷èíå Ïåëûìà áëèç ñ. Îøìàðüÿ. Â èþíå-èþëå 1993 ã. íà Ïåëûìå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ âûøåîïèñàííûé: âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà, óêëîíÿâøàÿñÿ îò àòàê áîðîäàòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix nebulosa), íàáëþäàëàñü â óñòüå ð. Øåâüÿ, ïàðà âñòðå÷åíà âûøå îç. Âîòüïèíñêîå, ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíî áëèç îç. Õëåáíîå, ïàðà ïòèö âñòðå÷åíà â 2,5 êì âûøå ä. Øàíòàëüñêàÿ è åù¸ îäèí âçðîñëûé ïîäîðëèê ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì íàáëþäàëñÿ âûøå ñ. Åðåìèíî ìåæäó ïðîòîêàìè Ïåëûìà. Íà Ñåâåðíîì Óðàëå âèä íå îáíàðóæåí (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999; Áîéêî è äð., 2003), õîòÿ ðàíåå, âïëîòü äî 1989 ã., íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê, â ÷àñòíîñòè â ïîéìå ð. Ëîçüâà (Øòðàóõ, 1997). Èìååòñÿ òàêæå óêàçàíèå Í.È. Êóçíåöîâà (1959) î äîáû÷å ñàìêè ïîäîðëèêà â èþëå 1952 ã. áëèç îç. Íèæíåå Ï.Í. Ðîãàëåâûì, íî ïîñëå ýòîãî êàêèå ëèáî âñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêà â ðàéîíå çàïîâåäíèêà Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü îòñóòñòâóþò. Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè â 20–30-õ ãã. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îáû÷åí íà Âîñòî÷íîì Óðàëå (Ñíèãèðåâñêèé, 1929; Óøêîâ, 1993). Â 80-õ ãã. Â.Ä. Çàõàðîâ (1989) íàáëþäàë ïòèö â Èëüìåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, ×åáàðêóëüñêîì è Îêòÿáðüñêîì ðàéîíàõ, îäíàêî ãí¸çä íå íàõîäèë, À.À. Êóçüìè÷ (2002) íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêà 26 àïðåëÿ 2002 ã. íàä áîë. Ìàìûíêóëü. Äëÿ Âîñòî÷íî-Óðàëüñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà óêàçûâàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå 1–2-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä (Ðÿáèöåâ, Òàðàñîâ, 1993; Òàðàñîâ, 2004). Ï.Ñ. Ðåäüêî (1998) áûëî èçâåñòíî 3 ãíåçäà: äâà â Åòêóëüñêîì áîðó è îäíî – â Íàçàðîâñêîì. Äàííàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ áûëà ïîñòàâëåíà ïîä ñîìíåíèå,

ò.ê. À.À. Êîçëîâûì â ýòèõ áîðàõ áûë îáíàðóæåí ëèøü ìîãèëüíèê (Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ, 1999), íî âèäèìî íåîáîñíîâàííî, ò.ê. ïîçæå (â 2004 ã.) çäåñü îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â.À. Êîðîâèí (1997) ïîäîðëèêà íà þãå îáëàñòè íå âñòðå÷àë. Â.À. Ãàøåê (2003) íàáëþäàëà âçðîñëîãî ïîäîðëèêà â èþëå 2003 ã. áëèç ï. Âàðøàâñêèé Êàðòàëèíñêîãî ð-íà. Â 1996–98 ãã. â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè Öåíòðîì ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 19 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ, à èõ îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 50 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 1999 ã. â îáëàñòè ñòàëî èçâåñòíî 22 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ è 6 ìåñò âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà: 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 4 ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ëåñîñòåïíîìó Çàóðàëüþ, 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – ê Âîñòî÷íîìó Óðàëó è 4 ó÷àñòêà è 2 ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – ê öåíòðàëüíûì ðàéîíàì ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Þæíîãî Óðàëà (Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ, 1999). Óæå â òîò ïåðèîä áûëî âûäâèíóòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî â Çàóðàëüå ïîäîðëèê áîëåå îáû÷åí, ïîýòîìó â 2003–2006 ãã. îñíîâíîé óïîð ñäåëàí íà îáñëåäîâàíèå êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ è áîðîâ ëåñîñòåïíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Â èòîãå âûÿâëåíî 16 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, íî ïðè ýòîì 3 ðàíåå îáíàðóæåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäòâåðäèòü íå óäàëîñü. Èç íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûõ ãíåçäîâûõ íàõîäîê áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ó÷àñòêè â Ñàíàðñêîì (îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Âåðõ. Ñàíàðêà) è Äæàáûê-Êàðàãàéñêîì (äâå ïàðû þæíåå ñ¸ë Ïàðèæ è Êóæåáàåâñêèé â 6,7 êì äðóã îò äðóãà) áîðàõ, ÷òî íåñêîëüêî ðàñøèðÿåò çîíó äëÿ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î áîëüøîì ïîäîðëèêå â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè êðàéíå ñêóäíà. Ò.Ê. è Â.Í. Áëèíîâû (1997) íàáëþäàëè ïîäîðëèêà â ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè, ãäå îí áûë îáû÷åí íà âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ è â ïåðåëåñêàõ, ÷åðåäóþùèõñÿ ñ ïîëÿìè (1–2 îñîáè/êì2), à â þæíîé ëåñîñòåïè âèä áûë ðåäîê è ëèøü èçðåäêà âñòðå÷àëñÿ â ëåñàõ äîëèíû ð. Òîáîë. Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ îáëàñòè, õîòÿ ôàêòîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íå òàê óæ è ìíîãî: âñòðå÷åí áëèç îç. ×¸ðíîå íà ãðàíèöå ñ Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòüþ (Òàðàñîâ, 2004), ãíåçäîâàíèå ïî 1 ïàðå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ áëèç îç¸ð Ìàíüÿññ è Àòÿæ (Òàðàñîâ, 2006), îäèíî÷íûå îñîáè íàáëþäàëèñü â áîðàõ ó ñ. Ïðîðûâíîå è ñ. Òðóä è ñ. Çíàíèå íà Òîáîëå è ó ñ. Áåëîå, â êîëè÷åñòâå 1–2 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â áîðó ó ñ. Ðåäóòü (Ìîðîçîâ,

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Êîðíåâ, 2002à; Ìîðîçîâ, 2006; Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2002), 3 ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïðèòîáîëüñêèõ áîðàõ îáíàðóæåíû â ñåçîí 2004 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî Êóðãàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü äàæå óìåðåííî îáñëåäîâàíà íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà. Çäåñü ê 2007 ã. àâòîðîì ñ êîëëåãàìè âûÿâëåíî âñåãî 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ò.ê. èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â ðàìêàõ ýêñïåäèöèé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ïðîåêòó èçó÷åíèÿ è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), è îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå áûëî óäåëåíî ëèøü áîðîâûì ìàññèâàì âäîëü Òîáîëà. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ìåòîäèêà îáñëåäîâàíèÿ áûëà îðèåíòèðîâàíà íà îñìîòð îïóøêè, ïîýòîìó ãí¸çäà ïîäîðëèêîâ èñêàëèñü ëèøü ïðè ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö, ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò áîëüøóþ äîëþ ïðîïóñêà ýòîãî âèäà. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè â áîðàõ âûÿâëåíî 15 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è, ñóäÿ ïî âñòðå÷àì ïòèö, ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà åù¸ íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ. Â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè áåç àâòîíîìíûõ îêðóãîâ äàííûõ î áîëüøîì ïîäîðëèêå åù¸ ìåíüøå, ÷åì â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ëåòîì 1982 ã. ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â ßëóòîðîâñêîì ð-íå áëèç ï. Èâàíîâêà (Þäêèí è äð., 2002), à ëåòîì 1991 ã. – â Óâàòñêîì ðàéîíå (îêðåñòíîñòè ïîñ. Óêè, Ãîðíî-Ñëèíêèíî è Ìèññèÿ) (Áîáêîâ è äð., 1997). Â.Â. Ìîðîçîâ è Ñ.Â. Êîðíåâ (2002á) íàáëþäàëè ïîäîðëèêà íàä îç. Òóíäðîâî îêîëî ñ. Ñàâèíà â 2002 ã. Â 2001–2006 ãã. â õîäå ôðàãìåíòàðíûõ ðàáîò â Íèæíåòàâäèíñêîì, ßðêîâñêîì, Òþìåíñêîì, Èñåòñêîì, ßëóòîðîâñêîì, Óïîðîâñêîì, Àááàòñêîì è Èøèìñêîì ðàéîíàõ óäàëîñü âûÿâèòü 35 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, íà 26 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà è âñòðå÷åíû ñë¸òêè. Êàê âèäíî èç ðèñ. 2, âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè äîñòàòî÷íî êó÷íî ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà þãî-âîñòîêå è þãî-çàïàäå îáëàñòè. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ òåì, ÷òî îñíîâíûå ðàáîòû âåëèñü âäîëü äîëèí Èøèìà è Òîáîëà ñ èõ êðóïíûìè ïðèòîêàìè è ïðèëåãàþùèìè ê äîëèíàì âîäíî-áîëîòíûìè êîìïëåêñàìè, äîñòóïíûìè ñ àâòîòðàññ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, âîäîðàçäåë ìåæäó Òîáîëîì è

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Èøèìîì äåéñòâèòåëüíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåíåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûì äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà èç-çà ìàëîé ïëîùàäè çäåñü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Îìñêàÿ îáëàñòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì «áåëûì ïÿòíîì» â àðåàëå ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ò.ê. îòñþäà ïðîèñõîäèò ìèíèìóì èíôîðìàöèè î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà, êàê ñîáñòâåííî è âñòðå÷ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê, êàê ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèéñÿ âèä, óêàçûâàëñÿ äëÿ Îìñêîé îáëàñòè åù¸ â XIX âåêå, îäíàêî âîçìîæíî çäåñü èìååò ìåñòî áûòü îøèáêà â îïðåäåëåíèè âèäà, êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àåâ, ò.ê. ðå÷ü èä¸ò, â òîì ÷èñëå, è î çèìíèõ íàáëþäåíèÿõ (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1892). È.Í. Øóõîâ (1926) óêàçûâàåò ïîäîðëèêà â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà îáëàñòè â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Ñ.Ï. Ìèëîâèäîâ è Ñ.Ç. Øåâûðíîãîâ (1977) ïðèâîäÿò ïîäîðëèêà â êà÷åñòâå ìèãðàíòà äëÿ ã. Îìñêà. Â.Â. ßêèìåíêî (1998) äîñòàòî÷íî àáñòðàêòíî õàðàêòåðèçóåò ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîäîðëèêà â îáëàñòè, îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ âèä âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òà¸æíîé è ïîäòà¸æíîé çîíàõ, â ëåñîñòåïè – âåñíîé, à â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû è ëåòîì, ïðè ýòîì ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà àâòîðîì íå îáíàðóæåíî. Â 1996–2005 ãã. ïîäîðëèê ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â ðàéîíå ñ. Ëóêüÿíîâêà Îäåññêîãî ðàéîíà (Ïóòèëîâà, 2006), ïàðà âñòðå÷åíà 21 àâãóñòà 1998 ã. â ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè áëèç ïîñ. ßêîâëåâêà Ãîðüêîâñêîãî ðàéîíà, îäíà ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü òàì æå ñ 22 ïî 24 àâãóñòà 1999 ã. (Ñîëîâüåâ, 2006). Ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 11 ìàÿ 2002 ã. â 15 êì þæíåå ã. Òàðà (Ìîðîçîâ, Êîðíåâ, 2002á). Â 2004–2007 ãã. â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 2 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû â êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ (áëèç îç. Øèøêèíî ìåæäó ñ¸ëàìè Ïàâëîâêà è Áåêèøåâî è áëèç áûâøåãî ñ. Àíäðîíêèíî) âäîëü àâòîòðàññû Îìñê – Òþìåíü â õîäå òðàíçèòíîãî ìàðøðóòà â 2005 ã. è 5 – â õîäå ñïåöèàëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè ê çàïàäó îò îç. Ñàëòàèì. Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà â 10,9 è 13,9 êì äðóã îò äðóãà âûÿâëåíû â çàáîëî÷åííûõ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñàõ â þæíîé ÷àñòè áîëîòà Îðëîâñêîå Çàéìèùå, îäèí – â 8 êì çàïàäíåå Êðóòèíêè è äðóãîé – áëèç ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ îç. Ñàëòàèì ó áîëîòà Ñàëòàèìñêîå. Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê îòìå÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè Î.Í. Äàíèëîâûì (1976) â Öåíòðàëüíîé Áàðàáå áëèç ñ. Êàìà Êóéáûøåâñêîãî ðàéîíà, ïðè÷¸ì ñ 1959 ïî 1971 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ çäåñü ñîêðàòèëàñü ñ 8

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 äî 1 ïàðû. Äëÿ ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû (Êàðàñóêñêèé ñòàöèîíàð, îêðåñòíîñòè îç. Êðîòîâàÿ Ëÿãà) ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ Î.Í. Äàíèëîâûì (1976) êàê ïðîë¸òíûé è èçðåäêà ëåòóþùèé, õîòÿ íà êàðòîñõåìàõ îïûòíîãî ó÷àñòêà îòìå÷åíû ãí¸çäà â îäíîì è òîì æå êîëêå, çàíèìàâøèåñÿ â 1967 è 1972 ãã. Ïî äàííûì Ä.À. Âàñåíüêîâà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà â ýòîì êîëêå ñîõðàíÿëîñü âïëîòü äî 2000 ã. è â ïîñëåäíèé ãîä íàáëþäåíèé çàíèìàëîñü êîðøóíîì (Milvus migrans). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä áîëüøèíñòâî âñòðå÷ ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä è íàõîäîê ãí¸çä ñäåëàíî â þæíîé è öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà â 1999–2006 ãã. â îáëàñòè âûÿâëåíî 28 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 82,14% èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå (íà 12 ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, íà 8 âñòðå÷åíû ñë¸òêè ñî âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè è íà 8 – ïàðû ïòèö ëèáî âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì). Â.Ï. Áåëèê ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) â èþíå-èþëå 2005 ã. ïåðåñåêëè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âåñü çàïàä Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè îò ãðàíèöû ñ Àëòàéñêèì êðàåì äî âåðõîâüåâ ð. Óé íà ãðàíèöå ñ Îìñêîé îáëàñòüþ è âñòðåòèëè 11 áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì Â.Â. Íèêîëàåâà (Áåëèê è äð., 2005) 5 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèëèñü â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â ×óëûìñêîì è Êî÷åí¸âñêîì ð-íàõ ê çàïàäó îò Íîâîñèáèðñêà (4 ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â áåð¸çîâûõ êîëêàõ è 1 ãíåçäî – íà ñîñíå ñðåäè âåðõîâîãî áîëîòà). Â õîäå îïåðàöèè «×¸ðíûé àèñò», ïðîâåä¸ííîé Ýêîêëóáîì ÍÃÓ â 1995 ã., áûëà ïîëó÷åíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ïîäîðëèêà áëèç îç. Óáèíñêîå, îäíàêî â òîò ïåðèîä ýòè äàííûå ïðîâåðèòü íå óäàëîñü. Ïîçæå â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ â ðàéîíå îç. Áèçþðà è ñèñòåìû îç¸ð Êîøêàáà â Êàðãàòñêîì ðàéîíå íà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Â 1999 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â êîëè÷åñòâå 2-õ ïàð óñòàíîâëåíî â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó, à ïîçæå è â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Â 2001 ã. 3 ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû â áåð¸çîâûõ êîëêàõ Ïðèîáñêîãî ïëàòî â Îðäûíñêîì ðàéîíå. Â 2003–2004 ãã. â õîäå ðàáîò â Çäâèíñêîì, Êðàñíîç¸ðñêîì è Äîâîëåíñêîì ðàéîíàõ âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè â ñâÿçè ñ íèçêîé ñòåïåíüþ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè òåððèòî-

ðèè èçâåñòíî ìàëî ðåãèñòðàöèé ïîäîðëèêà. Â 1999 ã. â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè ïî ïîèñêó ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âåðòëÿâîé êàìûøåâêè (Acrocephalus paludicola) ó÷àñòíèêàìè ýêñïåäèöèè áûëè âñòðå÷åíû 9 ïîäîðëèêîâ: îäíà ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü 11 èþíÿ â 25 êì ê ñåâåðó îò Ìåæîâêè, äðóãàÿ – 12 èþíÿ íàä ð. Êàìà ê þãó îò ðàéöåíòðà Ñåâåðíîå, ÷åòûðå, à â 2-õ êì îò ìåñòà ïåðâîé âñòðå÷è åù¸ äâà ïîäîðëèêà (âîçìîæíî ïòèöû èç ïðåäûäóùåé ãðóïïû), âñòðå÷åíû 13 èþíÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Åëàíêà Óáèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü 15 èþíÿ íåìíîãî þæíåå ñ. ×¸ðíûé Ìûñ Êîëûâàíñêîãî ðàéîíà â ïîéìå ð. Îáü (Êàëÿêèí è äð., 2000). Â.Ï. Áåëèê ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) 4 èþëÿ 2005 ã. 1 è 2 ïòèöû íàáëþäàë ñðåäè ïåðåëåñêîâ â ðàéîíå ñèñòåìû êðóïíûõ îç¸ð ìåæäó ñ. ßíàáèíî Óñòü-Òàðêñêîãî ðíà è ñ. Âîðîáüåâî Âåíãåðîâñêîãî ð-íà. Â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè ê çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà ìîæíî îòíåñòè ëèøü å¸ þãî-âîñòî÷íóþ ÷àñòü. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòîò îð¸ë ñ íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãíåçäèòñÿ â îáëàñòè ëèøü â Ïðèîáñêèõ ëåñàõ. Ì.Â. Êàëÿêèí ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2000) 16 èþíÿ 1999 ã. íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêà íàä Îáñêèì áîëîòîì þæíåå ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâî. Ñ.Ñ. Ìîñêâèòèí (2006) óêàçûâàåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2001–2002 ãã. êàê ìèíèìóì 2-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ íà ÏåðøèíñêîÌàíàòêèíñêîì ó÷àñòêå ïîéìû Îáè è 5–8 ïàð – íà Áàòóðèíî-Ñèìàíñêîì ó÷àñòêå ïîéìû Îáè (íà ãðàíèöå ñ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòüþ). Äëÿ Ïðè÷óëûìñêîé òàéãè ôàêòîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà íå óñòàíîâëåíî, è îí ñ÷èòàåòñÿ çäåñü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ðåäêîé ïòèöåé íà îñíîâàíèè 3-õ âñòðå÷: 27 àâãóñòà 1999 ã. – â Çûðÿíîâñêîì ðàéîíå íà ð. Òîíãóë, 7 èþíÿ 2000 ã. – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ï. Òåãóëüäåò, 3 èþëÿ 2001 ã. – â Ïåðâîìàéñêîì ðàéîíå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Á. ×åðòàíû (Áëèíîâà è äð., 2001). Òåì íå ìåíåå, âèä îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî ×óëûìó, òàê êàê îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â äîëèíå ×óëûìà â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå, à òàêæå íà ð. Êèÿ â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè áëèç ãðàíèö ñ Òîìñêîé îáëàñòüþ (äàííûå àâòîðà). Êàê ñëåäóåò èç Êðàñíîé êíèãè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (1998) â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íàéäåí â Áèéñêî-×óìûøñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, â ëåíòî÷íûõ è ïðèîáñêèõ áîðàõ, â Ïðèñàëàèðüå è â ïðåäãîðüÿõ (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1996). Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå XX ñòîëåòèÿ áîëüøèå ïîäîðëèêè ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ëåòîì íà îç. Á. Ðàêèò (Âåëèæàíèí, 1928), ó ñ¸ë Íîâåíüêîå è Ëîêîòü (Ñåëåâèí, 1928). Â 70–80-õ ãã. ïîäîðëèê

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ó ñ. Ñâåòëîîç¸ðñêîå, ó Áèéñêà, ïî ð. Øóáåíêà ó ñ. Ëîæêèíî (Êó÷èí, 1976), îäíàêî â 90-õ ãã. â ýòèõ ïóíêòàõ íå îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998), õîòÿ ó Áèéñêà, ó ñ¸ë Êëåïèêîâî è Âîåâîäñêîå íàáëþäàëèñü ìîëîäûå ïòèöû (Êó÷èí, 1991), à äëÿ íèçîâüåâ Áèè ãíåçäîâàíèå âñ¸ æå óñòàíîâëåíî â 2004 ã.: çäåñü 9–10 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíû 2 ïàðû, ó îäíîé èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíî ãíåçäî, è åù¸ 2 îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü çà ïðåäåëàìè âûÿâëåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, Áàêêà, 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Â èþíå 1993 ã. æèëîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà íàéäåíî â íèçîâüÿõ Áîáðîâêè, à â ìàå 1997 ã. – ó îç. Ì. Ïåòóõîâî (Èðèñîâà è äð., 1998). Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîéìå Îáè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ¸ë Àêóòèõà, Ðàññêàçèõà è Êó÷óê (Ôîìèí Á.Í., ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Âñòðå÷è ïòèö ëåòîì îòìå÷åíû òàêæå íà ïðåäãîðíîé ðàâíèíå â Ñîëòîíñêîì ðàéîíå (Ðàâêèí, 1973), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Êóëóíäèíñêîå, íà îç. Ñòàðè÷íîå Ïàíêðóøèõèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, ó ñ. Êàòêîâî Ðóáöîâñêîãî ðàéîíà è â Êîðíèëîâñêîì áîðó (äàííûå Ê.Â. Òîðîïîâà, Â.Þ. Ïåòðîâà, À.Ï. Êó÷èíà, À.À. Òðóíîâà èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Â 2003–2004 ãã. â ðàìêàõ ðàáîò ïî ïðîãðàììå èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ïðåáûâàíèå íå ìåíåå 3-õ ïàð áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà âûÿâëåíî â Êîðíèëîâñêîì áîðó, 3-õ ïàð – â Ïðèîáñêîì áîðó ñåâåðíåå ñ. Äðåñâÿíêà, è ñòîëüêî æå â Áàðíàóëüñêîì áîðó â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Âàâèëîí (Ïåòðîâ, 2004). Êðîìå òîãî, â êîíöå ëåòà – íà÷àëå îñåíè ïîäîðëèêè îòìå÷àëèñü â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Êàñìàëû, â âåðõîâüå Êóëóíäû, â ðàéîíå ñëèÿíèÿ Áàðíàóëüñêîé è Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíò áîðà íà òåððèòîðèè Åãîðüåâñêîãî çàêàçíèêà (Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ… 1994–1995, èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Î.ß. Ãàðìñ (1998) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î âñòðå÷àõ ïîäîðëèêà â 1995–1997 ãã. âåñíîé è îñåíüþ ó ñ. Îç¸ðêè Òàëüìåíñêîãî ðàéîíà. Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîò Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáýêîöåíòðà â 2003 ã. òîëüêî â 2-õ áîðîâûõ ëåíòàõ Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ ëîêàëèçîâàíî 50 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, à â 2004 ã. â ýòèõ æå ëåíòàõ (Êàñìàëèíñêàÿ è Áàðíàóëüñêàÿ) åù¸ 2 ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ è 6 íîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â Êóëóíäèíñêîé ëåíòå è îñòðîâíûõ ëåñàõ âäîëü ð. Êóëóíäà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàêêà, 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à; 2005á).

×èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè è å¸ äèíàìèêà Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí Â ðÿäå îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íåîäíîçíà÷íû ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ðàçíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, íî íåñîìíåííî îäíî – â ïðîøëîì ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áûëà ñóùåñòâåííî âûøå ñîâðåìåííîé. Â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â XIX âåêå ïîäîðëèê ñ÷èòàëñÿ íåìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïòèöåé (Ýâåðñìàí, 1866), õîòÿ Í.À. Çàðóäíûé (1888) äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ñòåïíûõ ðåê ïðèâîäèë ôàíòàñòè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè – 4 ãíåçäà íà 6 äåñÿòèí, ÷òî ÿâíî ãîâîðèò îá îáû÷íîñòè âèäà â òîò ïåðèîä. Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ äëÿ Çàïàäíîãî Îðåíáóðæüÿ êàê íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûé èç îðëîâ (Äàðêøåâè÷, 1950; Ðàéñêèé, 1951), îäíàêî â êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíåíà

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà è êîëëåã, 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì, 3 – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê, 4 – âîäî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñ Fig. 3. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga-Ural region. Labels: 1 – breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle following the survey data of the author and colleges, 2 – territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle following the published data, 3 – borders of districts and republics, 4 – lakes, water reservoirs and rivers, 5 – forest

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 â 25–30 ïàð (Äàâûãîðà, 1998). Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó ð. Ñàêìàðà â 1996–97 ãã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ, 2 èç êîòîðûõ â Áàøêèðèè è 2 â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ ëèøü íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ïåðâîå æèëîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî åù¸ 6 èþíÿ 1997 ã. Â 1996–98 ãã. â ïîéìå ð. Óðàë áûëî èçâåñòíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îäíàêî èõ ïîñåùåíèå â 2005–2007 ãã. ïîêàçàëî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïòèö – ïîäîðëèêè áûëè âñòðå÷åíû ëèøü áëèç ñ¸ë Äîíñêîå è Âåðõíåîç¸ðíîå, ãäå ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü èõ ãíåçäîâàíèå, à â óñòüå ð. Èëåê âñòðå÷åí âûâîäîê (äàííûå àâòîðà). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîäîðëèêà â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî è êàêèõ-ëèáî óñòîé÷èâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê çäåñü íå âûÿâëåíî, ïðè÷¸ì äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà ÿâíî îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ. Â Áàøêèðèè âèä áûë îáû÷åí â êîíöå ÕIX âåêà è íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Ïðåäóðàëüå; ìåñòàìè ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäèëèñü íà ðàññòîÿíèè 400 ì äðóã îò äðóãà (Ñóøêèí, 1897). Îäíàêî â 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ âåêà ñèòóàöèÿ ñ âèäîì â Áàøêèðèè îïèñûâàëàñü êàê êðèòè÷åñêàÿ (Èëüè÷åâ, Ôîìèí, 1988). Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â Ïðèáåëüå áûëà âûÿâëåíà êðóïíåéøàÿ â ðåãèîíå ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ – 50 èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿëî íà òîò ïåðèîä 67,6% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä â Áàøêèðèè è 31,8%

îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä â äàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå èçâåñòíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (83,15% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ â Áàøêèðèè), ñ ó÷¸òîì òîãî, ÷òî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà â óñòüå Áåëîé ïåðåñòàëè ñóùåñòâîâàòü èç-çà ïîäú¸ìà óðîâíÿ Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, à 6 íîâûõ ïîÿâèëèñü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, íà êîòîðûõ ðàíåå ïîäîðëèê îòñóòñòâîâàë (äàííûå àâòîðà). Îñòàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îáíàðóæåíû â õîäå áîëåå äåòàëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ðàíåå íå ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ òåððèòîðèé. Ãîâîðèòü î êàêîì-ëèáî ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà çäåñü ïðåæäåâðåìåííî. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, èìååò ìåñòî ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïòèö, êîòîðîå ñâÿçàííî ñ ïîäòîïëåíèåì ÷àñòè ïîéì, êîðåííîé òðàíñôîðìàöèåé ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñ èçìåíåíèÿìè â õàðàêòåðå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ïàñòáèù è ñåíîêîñíûõ ëóãîâ. Íà òåððèòîðèè ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà Áàøêèðèè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ â äîëèíå ð. Þðþçàíü â ïðåäåëàõ Óôèìñêîãî ïëàòî è 1 – íà ð. Àé (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Â ãîðàõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî, òÿãîòåÿ ê ïîéìàì ðåê çàïàäíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà. Çäåñü â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî èçâåñòíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ 2 íà âîñòî÷íîì ìàêðîñêëîíå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ïðè ýòîì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ 3-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ â äîëèíå Áåëîé áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ óíè÷òîæåíû â õîäå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà Þìàãóçèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â 2000–2004 ãã. Âèäèìî ñ êîíöà XIX âåêà ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ïîäîðëèêîì íà Þæíîì Óðàëå èçìåíèëàñü êîðåííûì îáðàçîì. Ñ ñåðåäèíû ÕÕ âåêà íè î êàêîì ãíåçäîâàíèè âèäà â ãîðàõ âïëîòü äî âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû ëåñà, íà ÷òî îáðàùàëè âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ïðîøëîãî (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), ñâåäåíèé íåò. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîäîðëèê ïðîäîëæàåò îñòàâàòüñÿ

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà è êîëëåã, 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì, 3 – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé, 4 – âîäî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñà Fig. 4. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Western Siberia. Labels: 1 – breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle following the survey data of the author and colleges, 2 – breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle following the published data, 3 – borders of districts, 4 – lakes, water reservoirs and rivers, 5 – forests

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Äàííûå ó÷¸òà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) íà ïëîùàäêàõ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 5 Table 1. Survey data for the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in study plots. Numbers of plots are according with the numbers of ones in the fig. 5

îäíèì èç ñàìûõ ðåäêèõ îðëîâ ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Áàøêèðèè. Äëÿ Áàøêèðèè â öåëîì â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè áûëà îöåíåíà â 100 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), è, êàê ïîêàçàëè äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, áûëà çàíèæåíà â 2 ðàçà. Íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè â ïðåäåëàõ Áàøêèðèè è Òàòàðèè äî 1998 ã. ïîäîðëèêè äàæå íå íàáëþäàëèñü â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), íî â ìàå 1998 ã. óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü ãí¸çäà 2-õ ïàð, õîòÿ îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà çäåñü êðàéíå íèçêà. Â Òàòàðèè â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò òåíäåíöèè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêà, íå èçâåñòíû, îäíàêî ñóäÿ ïî ãðóïïèðîâêå íà ×åðåìøàíàõ è îòäåëüíûì ïàðàì, ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ íà ÁóãóëüìèíñêîÁåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ñèòóàöèÿ ñ âèäîì äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíà. Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ óñòîé÷èâî íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ íà Á. ×åðåìøàíå è â ïîéìå Âîëãè â âåðõíåì áüåôå Ñàðàòîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Èççà âûïàäåíèÿ ïîäòîïëåííîãî ëåñà â ×àïàåâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ âèä âåðîÿòíî èñ÷åç ñ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, íî íà îñòàëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñèòóàöèÿ ñ íèì áëàãîïîëó÷íà, õîòÿ íè ðîñòà, íè ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ. Â áûâøåé Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè åù¸ â êîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà ïîäîðëèê áûë äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í (Æèòêîâ, Áóòóðëèí, 1906), íî óæå â êîíöå ÕÕ âåêà ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö ñòàíîâÿòñÿ åäèíè÷íûìè (Áîðîäèí,1994) è ïðèóðî÷åíû â îñíîâíîì ê ïîéìå Ñóðû. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàíåå â ïîéìå ð. Ñóðû âèä áûë îáû÷åí âïëîòü äî âåðõîâüåâ (Àðòîáî-

ëåâñêèé, 1923), îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè Ñóðû íåèçâåñòíî (Êîðêèíà, Ôðîëîâ, 2002). Ïî îöåíêå Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíà (2004) â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå â çîíå îõâàòà îêîëî 150 êì âîñòî÷íåå è çàïàäíåå äîëèíû Âîëãè â ïðåäåëàõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé, Ñàìàðñêîé, Ñàðàòîâñêîé è Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòåé ãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 20–30 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðè îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ 0,02 ïàðû/100 êì2, ñ óãðîæàþùèì íåãàòèâíûì òðåíäîì. Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè äî 50-õ ãã. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îáû÷åí ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ êðóïíûõ ðåêàõ (Ñåðåáðîâñêèé, 1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955), â íà÷àëå 70-õ ãã. îí óæå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ìàëî÷èñëåííûì (Çèìèí, 1974), à â 90-õ ãã. – ê êðàéíå ðåäêèì è åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü çäåñü îöåíèâàåòñÿ íå áîëåå ÷åì â 10–15 ïàð (Áàêêà, 2003). Êàêèõ-ëèáî íåãàòèâíûõ èëè ïîçèòèâíûõ òåíäåíöèé â èçìåíåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â îáëàñòè íå âûÿâëåíî, õîòÿ â áàññåéíå Îêè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü å¸ íåêîòîðîå óâåëè÷åíèå, ò.ê. â ñîñåäíåé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå íà ð. Ëóõ (Èâàíîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñ 1995 ïî 2002 ãã. óâåëè÷èëàñü ñ 1 äî 6-òè ïàð (Ìåëüíèêîâ, Áàðèíîâ, 2002). Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè èç îáû÷íîãî âèäà ïîäîðëèê òàêæå ïåðåõîäèò â êàòåãîðèþ ðåäêèõ, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 10–15 ïàð (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê èç îáû÷íîãî ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â êðàéíå ðåäêîãî â 80-õ ãã., è ïî ìíåíèþ À.È. Øåïåëÿ (1992) ãíåçäèòñÿ çäåñü â êîëè÷åñòâå 18 ïàð ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,02 – 0,34 ïàðû/1000 êì2, à åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðîäîëæàåò ñîêðàùàòüñÿ è â

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ: èç 20 èçâåñòíûõ åìó ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îáèòàåìûìè îñòàëèñü òîëüêî 5 (Øåïåëü, 2006). Îäíàêî îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè ïî äàííûì Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé äëÿ 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âûãëÿäÿò êóäà áîëåå îïòèìèñòè÷íûìè – íà îñíîâàíèè 23 âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìåòîäîì ñåòî÷íîãî êàðòèðîâàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ îáëàñòè áûëà îïðåäåëåíà â 30– 35 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Êàê ïîêàçàëè äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, è ýòà îöåíêà îêàçàëàñü çàíèæåííîé. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 49 ïàð, ïðè÷¸ì åñëè íà Òóëâèíñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñîêðàòèëàñü, òî íà Êàìñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå

è âåðõíåé Êàìå ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà îïðåäåë¸ííî âûðîñëà: îí ïîÿâèëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà Êàìñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå, ãäå äî 1998 ã. äàæå íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, à òàêæå â íèçîâüÿõ ßéâû è â óñòüå Âèøåðû (äàííûå àâòîðà). Ò.å., äëÿ Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î íåêîòîðîì ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà. Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñ ó÷¸òîì ñîâðåìåííûõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2007 ã. âñòðå÷åíî 417 âçðîñëûõ è ïîëóâçðîñëûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â âåñåííåå-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä è 336 âçðîñëûõ è ìîëîäûõ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé, âûÿâëåíî îêîëî 250 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 210 èç êîòîðûõ ïîñåùàëèñü àâòîðîì (ðèñ. 3). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, òîëüêî êîëè÷åñòâî ðåàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå óæå ïðåâûøàåò êàê ïðåæíèå îöåíêè àâòîðà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), òàê è áîëåå ïîçäíèå îöåíêè äðóãèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé (Mischenko, Galushin, 2001). Ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðîâåðîê 2000–2007 ãã. ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî 193 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàíèìàþòñÿ ïòèöàìè. Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî â òàêîì îáøèðíîì ðåãèîíå äàæå â òå÷åíèå 5 ëåò î÷åíü òðóäíî ïðîâåðèòü âñå âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, îñîáåííî òå, êîòîðûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ ãîðíûõ èëè ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ, íî ïî óìîë÷àíèþ äî ïîñëåäóþùåé ïðîâåðêè ìû èõ ñ÷èòàåì çàíÿòûìè. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ñòðóêòóðû àðåàëà ïîäîðëèêà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î íàëè÷èè ëèøü 3-õ êðóïíûõ î÷àãîâ âèäà – ýòî íèæíåå òå÷åíèå Áåëîé (À), áàññåéí Íèæíåé Êàìû (Á) è ðåêè Áîëüøîé è Ìàëûé ×åðåìøàí (Â) (ðèñ. 6). Òîëüêî íà òð¸õ ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ âèä ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ñ äîâîëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ. Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî, îáðàçóÿ ëîêàëüíûå ãðóïïèðîâêè èç 2–5 ïàð ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî ïîéìàì êðóï-

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ è ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê, 2 – ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè, 3 – ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1 Fig. 5. Distribution of potential nesting forests and study plots in the Volga-Ural region. Labels: 1 – borders of districts and republics, 2 – study plots, 3 – potential nesting forests. Numbers of study plots are according with numbers of ones in the table 1

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 6. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. Íóìåðàöèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñîîòâåòñò âóåò í ó ì å ð à ö è è â òàáë. 2 Fig. 6. Population structure of the Greater Spotted Eagle range in the Volga-Ural region. Numbers of breeding groups are according with the numbers of ones in the table 2

íûõ ðåê (êðóïíûõ ïðèòîêîâ Êàìû, Âîëãè, Îêè è Ñóðû). Íåñîìíåííî, íèæíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Áåëàÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Áàøêèðèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÿäðîì ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà. Ïëîùàäêè äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà áûëè çàëîæåíû â ìåñòàõ åãî íàèáîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòè (ðèñ. 5), ïîýòîìó ýòè äàííûå ìîæíî êîððåêòíî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ëèøü íà òåððèòîðèè, çàíÿòûå âûäåëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè. Ïî äàííûì ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëà â ñðåäíåì 2,09 ïàð/100 êì2, 4,76 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè è 6,15 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ (òàáë. 1). Áèîòîïè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîçâîëÿåò îòíåñòè ê ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïàì ëèøü 57693,19 êì2 ëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 14,46% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ ðåãèîíà. Ëèøü 10,63% ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé îò èõ îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. Â èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 145 ïàð, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 75,1% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà èçâåñòíûõ è çàíèìàåìûõ â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, 75,1% ïîäîðëèêîâ çàñåëÿåò òîëüêî 10,63% ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ âèäà áèîòîïîâ èëè âñåãî ëèøü 1,54% ëåñîâ ðåãèîíà. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèé, çàíèìàåìûõ âûäåëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ íåïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è àíòðîïîãåííî íàðóøåííûå áèîòîïû, îïðåäåëåíà â 46983,8 êì2, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,2% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ðåãèî-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà. Ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè 7,79±0,1 ïàð/ 1000 êì2, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ äëÿ äàííûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîæåò áûòü ðàññ÷èòàíà â 316–424, â ñðåäíåì 366 ïàð (òàáë. 2). Ñ ó÷¸òîì òîãî, ÷òî 24,9% ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ áûëî âûÿâëåíî âíå î÷åð÷åííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 407–515, â ñðåäíåì 457 ïàð (òàáë. 3). Åñòåñòâåííî, âûøåîïèñàííûé ïîäõîä â ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ïðèâîäèò ê íåäîó÷¸òó âîçìîæíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â ìåñòàõ åãî ñïîðàäè÷íîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñ ÿâíûì ëèìèòîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ (Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü), ëèáî íà ñëàáî îáñëåäîâàííûõ íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ðàñïîëàãàþùèõ áîëüøèì çàïàñîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ (Êèðîâñêàÿ, îò÷àñòè Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòè) (ðèñ. 7). Îäíàêî ýòîò íåäîó÷åò ìåíåå ñóùåñòâåíåí äëÿ îöåíêè âñåé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà â ðåãèîíå, ÷åì çàâûøåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðè ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ïëîòíîñòè íà âñþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, ëèáî íà âñþ ïëîùàäü ðåãèîíà äàæå ñ ó÷¸òîì íóëåâûõ ïëîùàäîê. Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè (17,01 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ) õàðàêòåðíû âîâñå íå äëÿ îïòèìàëüíûõ óñëîâèé îáèòàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà, à ñêîðåå âñåãî äëÿ ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ óñëîâèé â âûäåëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ, ò.å. äëÿ òåððèòîðèé, ãäå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûé ëåñ ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äèñïåðñíî è èìååò ìàëóþ ïëîùàäü, íî óñëîâèÿ äëÿ êîðìîäîáû÷è õîðîøè. Íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïëîòíîñòü â äèàïàçîíå îò 3,58 äî 9,07 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ (3,39–8,40 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîâ), ïðè÷¸ì äîìèíèðóþùèì òèïîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîãî áèîòîïà â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ÿâëÿëñÿ ïîñòîÿííî óâëàæí¸ííûé ïîéìåííûé ÷åðíîîëüõîâûé ëåñ ñðåäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé. Ïëîòíîñòü íèæå 3,58 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ñåâåðíûõ òåððèòîðèé, ãäå îáøèðíûå îëüøàíèêè â ïîéìàõ ñîñåäñòâóþò ñ ìàëûìè ïî ïëîùàäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûìè óãîäüÿìè, ëèáî âåðõîâûìè áîëîòàìè íà òåððàñàõ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ìåæäó î÷åíü íèçêîé (0,01–0,81 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ) è îïòèìàëüíîé (âûøå 3,58 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ) ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñóùåñòâóåò íåêèé äèàïàçîí (0,8–3,58 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ

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Òàáë. 2. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Íóìåðàöèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 6 Table 2. Estimation of the Greater Spotted Eagle number in different breeding groups in the European part of the Volga-Ural region. Numbers of breeding groups are according with the numbers of ones in the fig. 6

ëåñîâ), êîòîðûé êðàéíå ðåäêî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â îáðàáîòàííûõ ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ òåì, ÷òî ïðè íàëè÷èè îáøèðíîãî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîãî áèîòîïà è èäåàëüíûõ îõîòíè÷üèõ óãîäèé ïîáëèçîñòè, ïîäîðëèê ñòðåìèòñÿ ðàâíîìåðíî çàíÿòü òåððèòîðèþ, è òîãäà ïëîòíîñòü åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòðåìèòñÿ ê îïòèìàëüíîé. Íåðàâíîìåðíîå æå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè íàáëþäàþòñÿ òîãäà, êîãäà îïòèìàëüíûå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå (âëàæíûå ïîéìåííûå ëåñà) è îõîòíè÷üè áèîòîïû (ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ) íå ñîñåäñòâóþò äðóã ñ äðóãîì è ïðîèñõîäèò èñêàæåíèå èõ äîëè â ëàíäøàôòå â ñòîðîíó óâåëè÷åíèÿ ëèáî îäíîãî (ñåâåð Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè), ëèáî äðóãîãî (Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ïîäîðëèêà â ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (n=125) âàðüèðóåò îò 2,15 äî 20,88 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 7,3±3,84 êì (Ex = 1,43). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â öåëîì áëèçêî

ê ëîãî-íîðìàëüíîìó (õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíîé àñèììåòðèåé), çà ñ÷¸ò âûñîêîé äîëè â âûáîðêå ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â èçîëèðîâàííûõ ìàññèâàõ áîëîò, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèÿ, ïðåâûøàþùåå ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè â öåëüíûõ áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ. Âèäèìî, íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíûì äëÿ âèäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â 2,5 – 4,5 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû â êðóïíûõ ïî ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ êðóïíûìè ïî ïëîùàäè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè (òàáë. 4). Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, â ïîéìå ð. Áåëîé âî âñåõ îëüøàíèêàõ, ïðåâûøàþùèõ â äëèíó 4 êì è â øèðèíó 1 êì, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ ïàñòáèùàìè è ñåíîêîñíûìè ëóãàìè, ãíåçäèòñÿ íå ìåíåå 2-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ. Îäíàêî ïîäîáíûå ìàññèâû ëåñîáîëîòíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ ñðåäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé â ðåãèîíå ÿâëåíèå ðåäêîå, ïîýòîìó ïîäîðëèêè âûíóæäåíû ãíåçäèòüñÿ â íåáîëüøèõ ôðàãìåíòàõ ëåñíûõ áîëîò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîéìàõ ðåê ñ ðàçâèòûì ñåëüñêèì õîçÿéñòâîì

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 ïî òåððàñàì. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â äèàïàçîíå îò 4 äî 8 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû, ò.å., ïî ñóòè, íà ãðàíè îïòèìóìà (ðèñ. 8). Ïî äàííûì Ì.Í. Èâàíîâà ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003) â Äóáíåíñêîé íèçìåííîñòè (Ìîñêîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,82–3,69 êì (n=5), â ñðåäíåì 2,81±0,67 êì. Àâòîðû ñâÿçûâàþò ñòîëü íåáîëüøîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñî ñïåöèôèêîé àíòðîïîãåííîãî îñâîåíèÿ íèçìåííîñòè è ñîõðàííîñòüþ ìîçàèêè ìàññèâîâ ïîéìåííûõ ÷åðíîîëüõîâûõ ëåñîâ, íèçèííûõ áîëîò è çàëèâíûõ ëóãîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ìîëîäûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ôàêòè÷åñêè íå ïîäëåæèò îöåíêå, ò.ê. â

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ îòëè÷èå îò áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) èëè ìîãèëüíèêà, ìîëîäûå ïîäîðëèêè, íå ïðèâÿçàííûå ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì, êðàéíå ðåäêî ïîïàäàþòñÿ íà ãëàçà. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â âåñåííèé ïåðèîä áûëî âñòðå÷åíî ëèøü 6 ìîëîäûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â âîçðàñòå 1–2-õ ëåò, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,44% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷åííûõ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïòèö (2,86% îò ÷èñëà âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ), â òî âðåìÿ êàê íà îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèÿõ ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò 33,33% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷åííûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïðîñòî íå âîçâðàùàþòñÿ ê ìåñòàì èõ ïîÿâëåíèÿ íà ñâåò è ëèáî îñòàþòñÿ êî÷åâàòü, ëèáî ãèáíóò íà çèìîâêàõ. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå

Òàáë. 3. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ è ðåñïóáëèêàõ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà Table 3. Estimation of the Greater Spotted Eagle number in different districts and republics in the European part of the Volga-Ural region

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Ðèñ. 7. Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ è ïðåäïîëàãàåìàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà Fig. 7. Area of potential nesting forests and estimated number of the Greater Spotted Eagle in different districts of the European part of the Volga-Ural region

Ðèñ. 8. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â âûäåëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà

ïîçâîëÿþò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîëîäûõ íåãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðåãèîíå â 9–19 îñîáåé, ÷òî, åñòåñòâåííî, äàëåêî îò ðåàëüíîñòè. Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðè ñðåäíåì êîëè÷åñòâå 0,8 ìîëîäûõ íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü 1138–1443 îñîáåé, èç êîòîðûõ 488–619 îñîáåé ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ìîëîäûõ òåêóùåãî ãîäà.

Fig. 8. Distances between nests and centers of breeding territories of Greater Spotted Eagles in examined breeding groups in the European part of the Volga-Ural region

Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îáû÷åí â 50–60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (Äàíèëîâ, 1969), îäíàêî óæå â êîíöå 70-õ ãã. âèä èñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âî ìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ îáëàñòè, ãäå ðàíüøå áûë îáû÷åí (Äàíè-

ëîâ, 1983). Ã.Í. Áà÷óðèí (2003) óêàçûâàåò íà ñèëüíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Çàéêîâñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå Èðáèòñêîãî ëåñõîçà: ñ 4-õ ïàð â 60– 70-õ ãã. äî 1 ïàðû â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Ìåòîäîì ñåòî÷íîãî êàðòèðîâàíèÿ â 1998 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíåíà â 60 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), à â 1999 ã. – â 80–85 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999), íî è ïîñëåäíèå äàííûå áûëè çàíèæåíû. Áîëüøèíñòâî òåððèòîðèé, ãäå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà çà ïðåäåëàìè Ñåâåðíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì äîëèí ðåê ×óñîâîé è Ñûëâû, ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíàì ðåê, êîòîðûå äîâîëüíî áûñòðî ïðîéäåíû ñïëàâîì áåç ðàäèàëüíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ è ñåðü¸çíûõ íàáëþäåíèé íà òî÷êàõ, ïîýòîìó íàõîäêè ïîäîðëèêîâ çäåñü áûëè ñëó÷àéíû. Ëèøü äîëèíà ð. Óôà âûäåëÿåòñÿ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ âñòðå÷ ïîäîðëèêîâ âî âðåìÿ ñïëàâà – â ñðåäíåì 5,5 îñîáåé/100 êì2 (5–20 îñîáåé íà 100 êì ðåêè), ò.ê. çäåñü óäàâàëîñü íàáëþäàòü çà ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè áèîòîïàìè ñ âîçâûøåííîñòåé ïðàâîãî áåðåãà; îäíàêî â ïîéìå Óôû áûëî îáíàðóæåíî âñåãî 2 ãíåçäà è åù¸ äëÿ îäíîé ïòèöû ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ïî å¸ ïîâåäåíèþ. Ðåêè ×óñîâàÿ è Ñûëâà ïîñåùàëèñü íåîäíîêðàòíî, çà ðÿä ýêñïåäèöèé íà ×óñîâîé ïîäîðëèê âñòðå÷åí ëèøü ÷åòûðåæäû â 1995 è 1997 ãã. (äî ýòîãî íå íàáëþäàëñÿ), ïðè÷¸ì ïîâòîðíî óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ïðèñóòñòâèå ïòèö ëèøü íà îäíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. Íà Ñûëâå âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ïðè÷¸ì ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåç-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 4. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà Table 4. Distances between nests and centers of breeding territories of Greater Spotted Eagles in different breeding groups in the European part of the Volga-Ural region

äîì îäíîé ïàðû è öåíòðîì ó÷àñòêà âòîðîé ïàðû â âåðõîâüÿõ ðåêè (âûøå ñ. Êîïòåëû) ñîñòàâèëî 4,8 êì. Ãíåçäî, îáíàðóæåííîå âûøå ñ. Êðåìëåâî, ïðîâåðÿëîñü äâàæäû, è îáà ðàçà áûëî æèëûì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà Ïåëûìå âûøå îç. Ïåëûìñêèé Òóìàí ñîñòàâëÿëî 8,2 è 7,3 êì – ýòî íàèìåíüøåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âûÿâëåííûìè ïàðàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ â áàññåéíå Òàâäû, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î êðàéíå íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè. Äëÿ Ñåâåðíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ îáû÷íîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 10–18 êì, à ïëîòíîñòü â ñðåäíåì 0,1 ïàðà/100 êì2. Ïðè ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê îáèëèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,89 ïàð/100 êì. Èç 29 ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ â áàññåéíå Òàâäû, 72,4% îáíàðóæåíî â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Äàæå åñëè ó÷åñòü, ÷òî ÷àñòü ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ íà äàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ïðîïóùåíà è íå ïîïàëà â ó÷¸ò, òî, ïðè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ðåê â 3217,3 êì, îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âðÿä ëè áóäåò ïðåâûøàòü 50 ïàð (ñ ó÷¸òîì ïàð, âñòðå÷åííûõ âíå ðå÷íûõ ïîéì). Äëÿ äîëèí ðåê Òóðà, Íèööà, Ïûøìà ðàíåå áûëî âûÿâëåíî ëèøü 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Áåãëûé îñìîòð ïðèäîëèííûõ ëåñîâ ðåê Èðáèò, Íèööà, Òóðà è Ïûøìà â 2005–2006 ãã. ïîçâîëèë âûÿâèòü çäåñü åù¸ 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëè-

êîâ, äëÿ 8 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà è âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè. Íà Òóðå íîâûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïîäîðëèêà âûÿâëåíû áëèç ñ¸ë Äóáðîâèíî, Ëåíñêîå, Äàâûäîâî, Êîêóçîâî, Ïóøêàðåâî, íà Íèööå – áëèç ñ¸ë Óäèíöåâà, Äóáñêàÿ, ×óáàðîâñêîå, Êð. Áîð, íà Èðáèòå – áëèç ñ. Ñèìàíîâà è îêîëî óñòüÿ ð. Âÿçîâêà, íà Áîðîâêå – áëèç ñ¸ë Ëåáåäêèíî, Îñèíöåâñêîå, Ñêîðîäóìñêîå, íà Ïûøìå – áëèç ñ¸ë Ìîõèðåâà, Áåëÿêîâñêîå, Ñìèðíîâà (ð. Äåðíåé); òàêæå íîâûé ó÷àñòîê îáíàðóæåí â ìåæäóðå÷üå Íåéâû è Ðåæ áëèç Êóëèêîâà áîëîòà. Çäåñü ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ ðàçíûõ ïàð (ñ ó÷¸òîì âûÿâëåííûõ ðàíåå, íî â 2005–2006 ãã. íå ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ) ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=18) 5,9 – 26,5 êì, â ñðåäíåì 13,3±5,7 êì. Ïðè ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê îáèëèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,96 ïàð/100 êì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, ïðè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ðåê â 2578,5 êì, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå ÷åì 50 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ. Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè þæíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íî è åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 20–30 ïàð. Â öåëîì äëÿ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 110–130 ïàð è áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ îíà ýêñïåðòíàÿ, ò.ê. î÷åíü

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 ñëîæíî îöåíèòü íåäîó÷¸ò ïòèö íà ìàðøðóòàõ, îñîáåííî ïðè ñòîëü íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè âèäà, à òàêæå áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå è ïëîùàäè ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ íåãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Íåâîçìîæíî òî÷íî ñêàçàòü, èìååòñÿ ëè ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â îáëàñòè, íî, ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, îí õîòü è íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé, íî èìååò ìåñòî áûòü êàê ìèíèìóì íà þãå îáëàñòè. Â öåëîì æå ïî îáëàñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü îñòàåòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñòàáèëüíî íèçêîé ïîñëå ñïàäà â 60–70-õ ãã. Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè â 20–30-õ ãã. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íà Âîñòî÷íîì Óðàëå ïî îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè óñòóïàë òîëüêî êàíþêó (Buteo buteo) è êîðøóíó (Ñíèãèðåâñêèé, 1929; Óøêîâ, 1993), îäíàêî â êîíöå 30-õ ãã. íà÷àëîñü ñîêðàùåíèå åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ïî äàííûì Ñ.Ë. Óøêîâà (1993) â Èëüìåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â 1939 ã. èç èçâåñòíûõ ðàíåå 10 ãí¸çä áûëî çàíÿòî òîëüêî 5, à â 1941 ã. – òîëüêî 3. Â êîíöå 1930-õ ãã. ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â êîëè÷åñòâå íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â Òðîèöêîì çàêàçíèêå, îäíàêî â 90-õ âèä çäåñü óæå îòñóòñòâîâàë (äàííûå àâòîðà). Èç 37 èçâåñòíûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà òåððèòîðèè ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ëèøü 16,2% ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ðå÷íûì äîëèíàì, àáñîëþòíîå æå áîëüøèíñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â âîäîðàçäåëüíûõ ëåñàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð ëèáî ëåñîñòåïíûõ áîëîò. Íà âñåõ çàëîæåííûõ 8 ïëîùàäêàõ, ãäå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü îáèòàíèå áîëüøîãî

ïîäîðëèêà, îí áûë îáíàðóæåí â êîëè÷åñòâå îò 1 äî 3 ïàð (âñåãî íà ïëîùàäêàõ ó÷òåíî 16 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 8,47±3,72 êì (4,59–16,01 êì). Ïëîòíîñòü: 1,16–4,92, â ñðåäíåì 2,34 ïàð/ 100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 2,82–16,46, â ñðåäíåì 6,44 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ. Äëÿ áîðîâûõ ìàññèâîâ è ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 2,82–5,93, â ñðåäíåì 4,95 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ, äëÿ êîëêîâûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ – 11,66–16,46, â ñðåäíåì 13,0 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â ïëîòíîñòè ïîäîðëèêà íà ïëîùàäêàõ íà Âîñòî÷íîì Óðàëå è â ëåñîñòåïíîì Çàóðàëüå íå îáíàðóæåíî, ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàíû íà âñþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ â ïðåäåëàõ äàííûõ òåððèòîðèé (áåç ó÷¸òà ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Þæíîãî Óðàëà è îñòðîâíûõ ëåñîâ ñòåïíîé çîíû). Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè ïîäîðëèêà íà âñåõ ïëîùàäêàõ ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè â 45–72, â ñðåäíåì 57 ïàð. Õîòÿ ðàçäåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò íà ëåñà ñ ñîñíîé è ìåëêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà âèäèòñÿ áîëåå òî÷íûì. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî 26–36, â ñðåäíåì 31 ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â áîðàõ è ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ è 30–40, â ñðåäíåì 35 ïàð – â ëèñòâåííûõ êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ. Íå áîëåå 10 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ íà Þæíîì Óðàëå, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà

Òàáë. 5. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Table 5. Estimation of the Greater Spotted Eagle number in different districts in the Western Siberia

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 65–85, â ñðåäíåì 75 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè ïðåâûøàåò åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü íà êîíåö 90-õ ãã. â 1,5 ðàçà, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî îò÷àñòè ñ èíòåíñèôèêàöèåé èññëåäîâàíèé, à îò÷àñòè ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà. Ìîæíî îäíîçíà÷íî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê ïîÿâèëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàíàðñêîì è Äæàáûê-Êàðàãàéñêîì áîðàõ, à äëÿ þãà è âîñòîêà îáëàñòè åãî âñòðå÷è ó÷àñòèëèñü â 1,5 – 2 ðàçà, åñëè ñðàâíèâàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå 7-ìè ëåòíèå ïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè äî è ïîñëå 2000 ã. Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè â áîðàõ âûÿâëåíî 15 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà åù¸ íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, ñóäÿ ïî âñòðå÷àì ïòèö. Â êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî ôàêòè÷åñêè ñëó÷àéíî íà òðàíçèòíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ â 2003–2006 ãã., ïîýòîìó ïëîòíîñòü åãî íà ãíåçäîâàíèè çäåñü íåèçâåñòíà. Ñðàâíèâàÿ òèï ëåñà è îáâîäí¸ííîñòü òåððèòîðèè, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà â êîëêîâûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè áëèçêà ê ïëîòíîñòè â òàêîì æå áèîòîïå â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âûÿâëåííûìè æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ â çîíå ñïëîøíîãî îñìîòðà îïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè áîðîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,98 – 18,97 êì (n=9), â ñðåäíåì 11,19±4,59 êì. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ íåáîëüøèõ ïî ïëîùàäè áîðîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âäîëü Òîáîëà â Çâåðèíîãëîâñêîì ð-íå, äîâîëüíî ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííûõ ìîãèëüíèêàìè è îðëàíàìè (Haliaeetus albicilla), ñ êîòîðûìè ïîäîðëèê äîâîëüíî æ¸ñòêî êîíêóðèðóåò çà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ìèíèìàëüíîå – â Áåëîç¸ðñêîì ðàéîíå, ãäå ìîãèëüíèê óæå íå îáíàðóæåí, à ïëîòíîñòü îðëàíà êàê ìèíèìóì â 2 ðàçà ìåíüøå. Â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ ïîäîðëèêà â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðîâîäèëîñü, ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà îöåíèòü åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü, èñõîäÿ èç îáèëèÿ íà îáëåñåííûõ îïóøêàõ âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Äëÿ Ïðèòîáîëüñêèõ áîðîâ, à òàêæå îç¸ð Áîë. Áåëîå è Òèøêîâî â Þðãàìûøñêîì ðàéîíå, îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâèëî 12,2 ïàð/100 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ÷òî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî íà ïàðó ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ 8,22 êì îïóøå÷íîé çîíû ëåñà âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòè äàííûå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî 150 ïàð áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Åñëè ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ñ ïëîùàäîê ×åëÿáèíñêîé îá-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ëàñòè íà ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, òî ïîëó÷àåòñÿ öèôðà â 118–188, â ñðåäíåì 149 ïàð, ò.å. ôàêòè÷åñêè àíàëîãè÷íàÿ òîé, êîòîðóþ äà¸ò ïåðåñ÷¸ò îáèëèÿ íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, äîñòàòî÷íî áëèçêàÿ ê ðåàëüíîé, ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå îò 120 äî 180 ïàð, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 150 ïàð. Íà þãî-çàïàäå Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâëåíî 22 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Íà âîñòî÷íîé îêîíå÷íîñòè Áîðîâëÿíñêîãî áîðà ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ áëèç îç¸ð Âåäåíÿòñêîå, Ðÿìîâîå è Ôîôàíîâî, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 7,7 è 9,4 êì. Âîçìîæíî, ïîäîðëèê èç äðóãîé ïàðû íàáëþäàëñÿ äîâîëüíî âûñîêî â íåáå íàä Òîáîëîì â 5,5 êì âûøå ñ. Ñóåðêà. Äâà ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû íåïîñðåäñòâåííî áëèç ïîéìû Òîáîëà ó ïðîòîêè Áîðîâàÿ Èíãîëà â 17 êì çàïàäíåå Çàâîäîóêîâñêà è íàïðîòèâ ßëóòîðîâñêà ó îç. Èìáèðÿé. Òàêæå äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà â 13,5 êì îäèí îò äðóãîãî âûÿâëåíû â ßëóòîðîâñêîì áîðó íà ëåâîáåðåæüå Èñåòè ïî îáå ñòîðîíû ñ. ßð. Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ îäíîãî èç æèòåëåé ñ. ßð ãíåçäî, âåðîÿòíî ïðèíàäëåæàùåå ïîäîðëèêó, íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîéìå â ìàññèâå ëåñà ó ïðîòîêè Ñàçûê íàïðîòèâ ñåëà, îäíàêî îíî íå ïðîâåðåíî. Òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îáíàðóæåíû áëèç ñ. Íîâîàòüÿëîâî íà Òîáîëå â 7,4 è 8,9 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíî â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ïûøìû â ðàéîíå òðàññû Êóðãàí – Òþìåíü: 1-é – â çàáîëî÷åííîì ëåñó ïî ð. Öûíãà, 2-é – â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áàëäà ó ä. Ìè÷óðèíî è 3-é – â óð. Çàéìèùå íà ëåâîì áåðåãó Ïûøìû (ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ ïîñëåäíèìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 6,3 êì) è äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áëèç óñòüÿ ð. Ïûøìû. Äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû â äîëèíå Òóðû áëèç ñ¸ë Êàìåíêà è Ñàëàèðêà âûøå Òþìåíè. Íà Òóðå íèæå Òþìåíè ïîäîðëèê ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ âûÿâëåí â ðàéîíå îçåðà Àéãèíñêîå. Çäåñü îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäà: 2 íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó îç. Àéãèíñêîå è ïî îäíîìó ó Ñåì¸íîâñêèõ îç¸ð è îç. Áîë. Åëîâîå. Íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 7,27 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè ëåñà. Íà Èøèìå â 2004 ã. îäèíî÷íûé áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë âñòðå÷åí ó ñ. Àááàòñêîå â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Ïîçæå äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 45 êì ïîéìû Èøèìà â ðàéîíå ñ. Àáàòñêîå áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà áîëåå èëè

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 ìåíåå ïîäðîáíî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 3 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ïðàâîì áåðåãó è 2 íà ëåâîì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ áëèç ñ¸ë Àááàòñêîå è Òóøíîëîáîâî ñîñòàâèëî 9,2 è 10,2 êì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Â ðàéîíå ã. Èøèì âïåðâûå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â 2003 ã. áëèç îç. Ìåðãåíü. Ïîçæå 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíî áëèç ñ¸ë Êëåïèêîâî è Îðëîâêà è 5 â ðàéîíå ñ¸ë Ëîêòè è Íîâîëîêòè. Íà ïîñëåäíåé òåððèòîðèè áûëà çàëîæåíà ïëîùàäêà, íà êîòîðîé ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ áûëà îïðåäåëåíà â 3,2 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè è 9,85 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 4,04 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè è 5,72 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ó÷è-

Ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

òûâàÿ, ÷òî äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíà ìåëêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè, òî 17,5 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà 1 ïàðó áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ äëÿ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè – íå òàêîé óæ è ïëîõîé ïîêàçàòåëü. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ è ãí¸çäàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ çäåñü ñîñòàâèëî 4,93 – 9,88 êì (n=4), â ñðåäíåì 6,22±2,44 êì, ÷òî âûøå ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé â öåëîì äëÿ Çàóðàëüÿ è Òîáîëî-Èøèìñêîé ðàâíèíû. Åñòåñòâåííî, ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åííûå íà äàííîé ïëîùàäêå, íåëüçÿ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà âñå ëåñà îáëàñòè, ò.ê. íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè óñëîâèÿ íàèáîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíû äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ æå ýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé òîëüêî íà ëåñà þãî-âîñòîêà îáëàñòè (òåððèòîðèÿ ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ îç¸ð â âåðõîâüÿõ ðåê Âàãàé è Åìåö â ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè Èøèìà ïëîùàäüþ 1413,31 êì2) ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå 139

ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî äàííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè çàâûøåíà â 1,5 ðàçà, ò.ê. ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ îáèëèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ îïóøåê ëåñîâ âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà äëÿ âñåé þæíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè â 150 ïàð, êîòîðûå ðàñïðåäåëåíû ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 30 ïàð íà þãî-çàïàäå (Òîáîëî-Òóðèíñêîå ìåæäóðå÷üå è ïåðèôåðèÿ áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ñåâåðíåå Òþìåíè), 80 ïàð íà þãî-âîñòîêå (îç¸ðíàÿ ÷àñòü ïî ãðàíèöå ñ Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòüþ è äîëèíà Èøèìà), 40 ïàð – äîëèíà Èðòûøà è íèæíèå òå÷åíèÿ åãî þæíûõ è çàïàäíûõ ïðèòîêîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæíî îöåíèòü êàê ìèíèìóì â 150 ïàð, ïðåäïîëàãàÿ âåðõíèé ïðåäåë îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè â 180 ïàð. Ó îç. Ñàëòàèì â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 3,45 ïàð/100 êì îïóøêè âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî íà ïàðó ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ 28,95 êì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ îïóøåê. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè â 85 ïàð, 64% èç êîòîðûõ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè, íàèáîëåå áîãàòîé îç¸ðàìè è áîëîòàìè. Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè íà å¸ çàïàäå â 2005 ã. ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,8 îñîáåé/100 êì2 (Áåëèê è äð., 2005). Â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ â ðàéîíå îç. Áèçþðà è ñèñòåìû îç¸ð Êîøêàáà â Êàðãàòñêîì ðàéîíå íà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, ðàñïîëàãàâøèõñÿ â 3,03 – 8,65 êì (n=3), â ñðåäíåì â 5,85±2,81 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 2,11 – 6,26, â ñðåäíåì 2,87 ïàð/ 100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè è 8,61 – 15,30, â ñðåäíåì 10,44 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 3,34 – 5,10, â ñðåäíåì 3,87 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè. Â 1999 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â êîëè÷åñòâå 2-õ ïàð óñòàíîâëåíî â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó, à ïîçæå è â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó. Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 17,5 ïàð/100 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ (1 ïàðà íà 5,7 êì îïóøåê ëåñà âäîëü îç¸ð è áîëîò) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Â áåð¸çîâûõ êîëêàõ Ïðèîáñêîãî ïëàòî â 2001 ã. îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 8,29 ïàð/100 êì îáñëåäîâàííûõ ëåñíûõ îïóøåê. Â 2003–2004 ãã. â õîäå ðàáîò â Çäâèíñêîì, Êðàñíîç¸ðñêîì è Äîâîëåíñêîì ðàéîíàõ âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîð-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 9. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 5 Fig. 9. Population structure of the Greater Spotted Eagle range in the Western Siberia. Numbers of regions are according with the numbers of ones in the table 5

ëèêîâ, 11 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû íà ïëîùàäêàõ â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ó÷¸òîâ âñåõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíà â íèçîâüÿõ ðåê ×óëûì è Êàðãàò ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè Ìàë. ×àíû è Óðþì: 2,11 ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè è 32,35 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 10,75 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ ðàçíûõ ïàð íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,24–6,40, â ñðåäíåì 4,38±1,91 êì, è ýòî, ïîæàëóé, åäèíñòâåííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûõ êîëêàõ ìàëîé ïëîùàäè (îäíî ãíåçäî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â íåáîëüøîé ãðóïïå áåð¸ç), ÷òî, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñâÿçàíî ñ ñèëüíîé çàáîëî÷åííîñòüþ è òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòüþ ìíîãèõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî èìåííî çäåñü (â íèçîâüÿõ ð. ×óëûì ê âîñòîêó îò îç. Ìàëûå ×àíû) Â.Ï. Áåëèê ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) 28–29 èþíÿ 2005 ã. íàáëþäàëè 7 èç 11 âñòðå÷åííûõ çà ýêñïåäèöèþ ïîäîðëèêîâ: 4 îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû îõîòèëèñü ó îç¸ð, â òîì ÷èñëå îäèí ïîäîðëèê äåðæàëñÿ íà êîëîíèè îáûêíîâåííûõ ÷àåê (Larus ridibundus), è åù¸ 3 ïòèöû (âçðîñëûå ñàìåö c ñàìêîé è ãîäîâàëàÿ ñàìêà) äåðæàëèñü íà îïóøêå ñòàðîãî áåð¸çîâî-îñèíîâîãî êîëêà; åù¸ 1 ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà 30 èþíÿ â êîëêå áëèç ñ. Ìàëûøåâî ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò îç. Ñàðòëàí. Äëÿ Çäâèíñêîãî ðàéîíà ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà îïðåäåëåíà â 3–7 îñîáåé èëè 2–3 ïàð/100 êì2 (Áåëèê è äð., 2005). Â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Áàãàí â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Áàêëóøè ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäèëèñü äîâîëüíî äèñïåðñíî. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó 5 ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 7,74–17,79, â ñðåäíåì 13,92±4,9 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,87 ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè è 19,56 ïàð/

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè, îáèëèå – 6,68 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, äàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ âñåãî þãà îáëàñòè (Ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ þæíîé è öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëà 1,64 ïàð/ 100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè è 17,26 ïàð/ 100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè, îáèëèå – 6,13 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè. Ñóäÿ ïî ðåãèñòðàöèÿì îðëîâ, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî íà ñåâåðå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè âïëîòü äî Âàñþãàíñêèõ áîëîò ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ, òàêîé æå, êàê â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Áàðàáû. Èñõîäÿ èç äàííûõ ó÷¸òîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 160–200, â ñðåäíåì 180 ïàð. Â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè äàííûå ïî ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà îòñóòñòâóþò. Ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Ïðèîáüå îí ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ êàê ìèíèìóì ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 1 ïàðà íà 10 êì äîëèíû Îáè (õîòÿ äàííûå Ñ.Ñ. Ìîñêâèòèíà óêàçûâàþò íà áîëåå âûñîêóþ ïëîòíîñòü íà êðàéíåì þãå îáëàñòè). Ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ÷àñòè Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè â 45–55 ïàð. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå Ê.Ò. Þðëîâ (1974) ñ÷èòàë ïîäîðëèêà îáû÷íîé ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïòèöåé ëåñíûõ êîëêîâ è áîðîâ Êóëóíäû, ïðè÷¸ì íà îç. Êóëóíäèíñêîå ó óñòüÿ Êóëóíäû â 1984 ã. âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ëåòà áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïîïàäàë â ó÷¸òû êàê ðåäêàÿ ïòèöà – 0,2 îñ./êì2 (Òîðîïîâ Ê.Â., ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîéìå Îáè, ïðè÷¸ì â õâîéíî-ëèñòâåííîì ïîéìåííîì ëåñó ó ñ. Àêóòèõà â 1978 ã. îáèëèå ýòîãî âèäà ñîñòàâëÿëî 5 îñ./ êì2 (Ôîìèí Á.Í., ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Â ïðîøëîì äëÿ òåððèòîðèè êðàÿ â îòêðûòûõ ñëàáî îáëåñåííûõ óðî÷èùàõ ëåñîñòåïíîé ïðåäãîðíîé ðàâíèíû îáèëèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â òå÷åíèå ëåòà êîëåáàëîñü îò 0,005 äî 0,4 îñ./êì2. Ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî òàêèì æå îíî áûëî â 1976–1978 ãã. íà ðàçíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáñêîé ïîéìû â îòêðûòûõ ñëàáî îáëåñåííûõ óðî÷èùàõ – îò 0,003 äî 0,4 îñ./êì2 (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Êàê âèäíî èç îáçîðà ïóáëèêàöèé, êîëè÷åñòâî ðåãèñòðàöèé áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ è íàõîäîê ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò äàííûå äëÿ äðóãèõ òåððèòîðèé Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Åñòåñòâåííî, ýòî ñâÿçàíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ âûñî-

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 10. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïëîùàäåé ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ è ÷èñëåííîñòè â îáëàñòÿõ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 10. Correlation between area potential nesting biotopes of the Greater Spotted Eagle and number breeding pairs of the Greater Spotted Eagle in regions of the Western Siberia

êîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîäîðëèêà, àíàëîãîâ êîòîðîé â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè áîëüøå íèãäå íå âûÿâëåíî (ðèñ. 9). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòèö ãíåçäèòñÿ â ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè Îáè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Àëòàéñêèõ ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ. Çäåñü íà ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Óãëîâñêîì, Âîë÷èõèíñêîì, Ðîìàíîâñêîì è Ìàìîíòîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ îáíàðóæåíî 19 ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð è öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ñë¸òêè (n=23), ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,82–10,64 êì, â ñðåäíåì 5,94 êì. Íà ïàðó ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ 27,67 êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè èëè 3,3 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ïåðåñ÷¸ò ïîêàçàòåëåé ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè, ïðèõîäÿùåéñÿ íà ïàðó ïòèö, íà âñþ ëåñíóþ ïëîùàäü ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè ëåâîáåðåæüÿ äà¸ò îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè â 368 ïàð, ÷òî, ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, çàâûøåíî. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñ òåì, ÷òî ó÷¸ò â¸ëñÿ íà ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè, áîëåå ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà, ÷åì îáùàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ëåñîâ, íà êîòîðóþ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàíû äàííûå. Ïåðåñ÷¸ò ëèíåéíûõ åäèíèö (ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ïðèõîäÿùåéñÿ íà òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó) äà¸ò îöåíêó â 310 ïàð, ÷òî, âèäèìî, áëèæå ê ðåàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Â ðàñ÷¸ò íå áûëà âêëþ÷åíà ïîéìà Îáè, â ëåñàõ êîòîðîé ïîäîðëèê, âåðîÿòíî, òàêæå ãíåçäèòñÿ (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Ïîéìà Îáè â ïðåäåëàõ êðàÿ íå áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà; ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî, çäåñü ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ 5–8 ïàð îðëîâ. Âîçìîæíî, îòäåëüíûå ïàðû ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïî ïîéìàì ðåê è â ãîðíîé ÷àñòè êðàÿ, îäíàêî, âðÿä ëè ýòî ÿâëåíèå íîñèò çàêîíîìåðíûé õàðàêòåð. Çäåñü íàì èç-

âåñòíà åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ, íàñåëÿþùàÿ áîëîòíûé êîìïëåêñ â Ãîðíîé Êîëûâàíè áëèç ñ. Ñàâóøêà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàêêà, 2004). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 310–320 ïàð. Â ìåæäóðå÷üå Áèè è Êàòóíè îáùóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 4–6 ïàð. Â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Îáè ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â áîðàõ âäîëü Îáè. Äëÿ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ èìåþòñÿ ëèøü äàííûå ïî þæíîé ÷àñòè Êàðàêàíñêîãî áîðà (Ïðèîáñêîãî áîðà) ñåâåðíåå ñ. Äðåñâÿíêà, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 3-õ ïàð è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå åù¸ 3-õ ïàð íà ïëîùàäè 180 êì2. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 18,5 ïàð/100 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè îáèëèÿ íàáëþäàþòñÿ â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó íà ãðàíèöå ñ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòüþ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûå äàííûå, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà äëÿ ïîáåðåæèé îç¸ð è áîëîò âíóòðè ïðèîáñêèõ áîðîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (176,4 êì) ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 30–35, â ñðåäíåì â 32 ïàðû. Â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé íà Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ïîäîðëèê íå áûë îáíàðóæåí, ïðè÷åì çäåñü îí èñ÷åç, âèäèìî, óæå ê íà÷àëó 90-õ ãã. (Êó÷èí, 1991). Â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ñàëàèðà èçâåñòíû âñòðå÷è òîëüêî â ïîéìå ð. ×óìûø, ãäå, äàæå ïî ñàìûì îïòèìèñòè÷íûì îöåíêàì, ãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 8–10 ïàð. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 350–370 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 360 ïàð. Èñõîäÿ èç âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûõ äàííûõ, ÷èñëåííîñòü âñåé çàïàäíîñèáèðñêîé ïîïó-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 ëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 1070–1290 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð è, âèäèìî, ýòó îöåíêó ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü íåêîé ìèíèìàëüíîé îöåíêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè, ò.ê. îíà ñäåëàíà ëèøü äëÿ òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âèäà â ïðåäåëàõ îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà. ×èñëåííîñòü íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îöåíêå íå ïîääàåòñÿ èç-çà åù¸ ìåíüøåé äîëè ðåãèñòðàöèé ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ÷åì â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå.

×èñëåííîñòü â ìèãðàöèîííûé ïåðèîä Òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – ÷åðíîîëüøàíèêè (ââåðõó), à â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè – çàáîëî÷åííûå áåðåçíÿêè (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Typical nesting biotopes of the Greater Spotted Eagle are alder forests in the Volga-Ural region (upper) and wet birch forests in Western Siberia (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïåðèîä ìàññîâîãî ïðîë¸òà íà èçîëèðîâàííûõ êîìïëåêñàõ áîëîò â ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñòåïíîé çîíàõ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü äåñÿòêè ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö. Òàê, â ñåíòÿáðå 1994 è 1996 ãã. â ïîéìå Áåëîé íèæå Óôû âî âðåìÿ ó÷¸òà æóðàâëåé íà ïðåäîòë¸òíûõ ñêîïëåíèÿõ áûëî ó÷òåíî 27 è 49 îñîáåé, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà äëÿ ïîéìû â ïåðèîä ïðîë¸òà îöåíåíà â 68–81 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1999á), â êîíöå ñåíòÿáðÿ 1998 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Áîëüøîé ×åðåìøàí â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî ó÷òåíî 47 áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, 1999à), íå

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ìåíåå äåñÿòêà ïòèö áûëî âñòðå÷åíî â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ñåíòÿáðÿ 2003 ã. íà Ìàéòóãå (Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ýòè íàáëþäåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ê ïòèöàì, ìèãðèðóþùèì èç ðåãèîíà, íî íà âîñòîêå Áàøêèðèè ìèãðàíòàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÿâíî ïòèöû çàïàäíîñèáèðñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Åñëè â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà êðàéíåì âîñòîêå ðåãèîíà áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì ðåäêèì èç ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ, ñóùåñòâåííî óñòóïàÿ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêó è áåðêóòó, òî â ìèãðàöèîííûé ïåðèîä îí ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâîñõîäèò èõ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè, óñòóïàÿ ëèøü õèùíèêàì ñåìåéñòâà ÿñòðåáèíûõ ñðåäíåãî êëàññà (êàíþêè, îñîåäû, ëóíè è ò.ï.). Òàê, íà òåððèòîðèè Ïðèàéñêîé ðàâíèíû (ñåâåðî-âîñòîê Áàøêèðèè), ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íå óñòàíîâëåíî, âî âðåìÿ ñåíòÿáðüñêèõ ýêñêóðñèé ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëîñü îò 12 äî 20 ïòèö. Èíòåíñèâíûé ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðîèñõîäèò âäîëü âîñòî÷íîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Þæíîãî Óðàëà. Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 1995–97 ãã. çäåñü ó÷òåíî áîëåå 120 ïîäîðëèêîâ íà òð¸õ êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ: ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö â ñåíòÿáðå ñîñòàâëÿåò 45–97 îñîáåé äëÿ ðàñïàäêà ìåæäó õðåáòàìè Óðàëòàó è Èðåíäûê, 5–23 îñîáåé – äëÿ þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè õð. Èðåíäûê, 6–9 îñîáåé – äëÿ Çèëàèðñêîãî Ïðèñàêìàðüÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 1999á). Âî âðåìÿ ïðîë¸òà ïîäîðëèê ÿâíî èçáåãàåò öåíòðàëüíûõ ãîðíûõ ðàéîíîâ, ò.ê. â èçâåñòíûõ «áóòûëî÷íûõ ãîðëûøêàõ» íàä õðåáòàìè Çèãàëüãà, Àâàëÿê íà ãðàíèöå Áàøêèðèè è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ â ñåíòÿáðå 1995 è 1997 ãã. âñòðå÷åíî ëèøü 2 ïîäîðëèêà, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò ëèøü 0,05% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïðîëåòàâøèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (â 2000 ã. â íà÷àëå ñåíòÿáðÿ ïîäîðëèêè çäåñü íå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû âîîáùå, õîòÿ òàêæå íàáëþäàëñÿ ìàññîâûé ïðîë¸ò ÿñòðåáèíûõ). Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõ äàííûõ íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì ìåòîäè÷åñêè êîððåêòíî îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ íà ïðîë¸òå, ò.ê. íå ñóùåñòâóåò ìåòîäèêè îöåíêè ïðè íàáëþäåíèè íà òî÷êàõ, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà áîëüøèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ, åù¸ è â ðàçíûå ãîäû. Îäíàêî, áûëà ñäåëàíà ýêñïåðòíàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè – 300–500 îñîáåé, íà îñíîâàíèè ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, ÷òî ÷åðåç Ïîâîëæüå è Çàóðàëüå ëåòÿò ðàçíûå ïòèöû, ïðè÷¸ì, â îñíîâíîì, îòãíåçäèâøèåñÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ. Â ñâåòå âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ äàííûõ, îáùóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêà ïî ïîéìàì ðåê â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ øèðèíû

ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ñ ó÷¸òîì ìèãðàíòîâ ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 1438–1943 îñîáåé. Ïî Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè íàáëþäåíèÿ çà âèäîì â ìèãðàöèîííûé ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâóþò.

Fig. 11. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle’s breeding territories in flood-lands of rivers according with their widths

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû

Ðèñ. 12. Ñòðóêòóðà îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 12. Structure of hunting territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga-Ural region

Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ ê ïîòåíöèàëüíûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì ïîäîðëèêà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîæíî îòíåñòè âñå ïîéìû ðåê, èìåþùèå çàëèâàåìóþ òàëûìè âîäàìè ïîéìó, øèðèíîé áîëåå 0,5 êì. Èç 210 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëèøü 3 ó÷àñòêà íå ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ïîéìàì ðåê – 2 èç íèõ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â íèçèííûõ áîëîòàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëå (Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòü) è 1 – â çàáîëî÷åííîì ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà îïóøêå ñòåïíîãî áîðà (Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü). Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 98,57% ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â ðåãèîíå â ïîéìàõ ðåê èëè íà ñêëîíàõ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí íàä ïîéìîé. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð (72,86%) ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê, øèðèíîé áîëåå 2 êì (ðèñ. 11). Äàæå òå ïàðû, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåê øèðèíîé ìåíåå 1 êì (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ãîðàõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà), äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âûáèðàþò ó÷àñòêè ðàñøèðåíèÿ ïîéìû, ÷àñòî ñ çàáîëî÷åííûìè îñòðîâàìè, ïðèáëèæàþùèìèñÿ ïî øèðèíå ê êèëîìåòðó. Â.Í. Ñîòíèêîâ (1999) äëÿ Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïðèâîäèò àíàëîãè÷íóþ èíôîðìàöèþ: çäåñü áîëüøèíñòâî îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä è âñòðå÷ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ïîéìåííûå çàáîëî÷åííûå ëåñà (îëüøàíèêè, ìøèñòûå åëüíèêè), ãðàíè÷à-

ùèå ñ áåçëåñüåì (ëóãàìè, çàêóñòàðåííûìè áîëîòàìè), îäíàêî íàáëþäàåòñÿ, õîòÿ è êðàéíå ðåäêî, ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ðàçðåæåííûõ âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ ëåñàõ, âáëèçè ñûðûõ âûðóáîê è âåðõîâûõ áîëîò. Ëèøü ó 6,19% ïàð â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà îòñóòñòâóþò ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ (4 ó÷àñòêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, 7 – â Ïåðìñêîé è 2 – â Áàøêèðèè). Íà îñíîâíîé ìàññå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (93,81%) ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò, è áîëåå ÷åì äëÿ 75% èç íèõ èãðàþò ãëàâíóþ ðîëü äëÿ äîáû÷è ïèùè. Äîìèíèðóþùèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñåíîêîñíûå ëóãà è ïàñòáèùà (ðèñ. 12) – îíè ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà 87,14% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (n=210) â ðàçíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (51% ñðåäè âûáîðêè áèîòîïîâ; n=359). Íà ïðåäïî÷èòàåìîñòü ïîäîðëèêîì â êà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ ñåíîêîñíûõ ïîéìåííûõ ëóãîâ îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå Â.È. Íèêîëàåâ (1998) äëÿ Âåðõíåâîëæüÿ. Ïîëÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà 33,81% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, îäíàêî â êà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ èãðàþò íå îñíîâíóþ ðîëü, òàê êàê â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà ó÷àñòêàõ íàðÿäó ñ ïàñòáèùàìè, ëèáî ñåíîêîñíûìè ëóãàìè. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ê êîíöó 90-õ ãã. áîëåå 77% ïîëåé íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäîðëèêîâ áûëî çàáðîøåíî, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé çàëåæè 5 – 10-òè ëåòíåé äàâíîñòè è ñòàðøå, ìíîãèå èç êîòîðûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàðàñòàþò ëåñîì. Ñàìûìè ðåäêèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îòêðûòûå âåðõîâûå áîëîòà è çàáîëî÷åííûå âûðóáêè. Îíè ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäîðëèêà ëèøü íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè òèïàìè áèîòîïîâ – îòêðûòûå íèçèííûå áîëîòà èëè íåêîøåíûå ëóãà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëüøóþ ïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò, â òîì ÷èñëå è ïðèïîéìåííûõ, â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Ïåðìñêîé è Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòåé, à òàêæå â Íèæåãîðîäñêîì Çàâîëæüå, ïîäîðëèê çäåñü êðàé-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 13. Ñòðóêòóðà ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 13. Structure of breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga-Ural region

Ðèñ. 14. Ñòðóêòóðà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 14. Structure of inhabitant places of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Wester n Siberia. Labels: 1 – Wet forest in the river valley, 2 - Wet forest on the river terrace, 3 – Forest on the dry slope of the river terrace, 4 – Wet forest around wetland, 5 – Wet forest around open dry territory, 6 - Forest in dry territory around wetland, 7 – Forest in dry territory around open dry territory

íå ðåäîê. Íàïðèìåð, íà ñåâåðå Ïåðìñêîé è ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòåé ïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò ñîñòàâëÿåò 3042,06 êì2; çäåñü âûÿâëåíî ëèøü 12 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ â íèçèííûõ ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîáîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñàõ, ïëîùàäü êîòîðûõ â 4 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì ïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò. Âîçìîæíî, âåðõîâûå áîëîòà íå îáåñïå÷èâàþò ïîäîðëèêà äîñòàòî÷íûì êîëè÷åñòâîì ïèùè, ëèáî, èçáåãàÿ ýòîò áèîòîï, ïîäîðëèê óõîäèò îò ïðåñëåäîâàíèÿ áåðêóòîì, êîòîðûé â Ïåðìñêîé, Êèðîâñêîé è Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòÿõ çàñåëÿåò êîìïëåêñû âåðõîâûõ áîëîò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî, è åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü çäåñü ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî èçáåãàíèå ïîäîðëèêîì òèïè÷íûõ âåðõîâûõ áîëîò îòìå÷åíî è â Áåëîðóññèè, â òîì ÷èñëå íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå áåðêóò êðàéíå ðåäîê (Äîìáðîâñêèé è äð., 2000; 2001). Îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðåóâëàæíåííûå ëåñà (94,76%), ïðåèìóùå-

ñòâåííî ÷åðíîîëüøàííèêè (71,43%) (ðèñ. 13). Òÿãîòåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ê ÷åðíîîëüøàííèêàì íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè àðåàëà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå (Ãàëóøèí, 1971; Äîìáðîâñêèé è äð., 2000; 2001; Èâàíîâ è äð., 2003; Ìàëü÷åâñêèé, Ïóêèíñêèé, 1983; Vali, 2004). Ëèøü 5,24% ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñóõèõ áèîòîïàõ: 2,38% ïàð – â ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, 1,90% – â áîðàõ ïî ñêëîíàì äîëèí è 0,95% – â ñêëîíîâûõ åëüíèêàõ (4,29% ýòèõ ïàð îòìå÷åíû íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãîðíûõ ðàéîíàõ Óðàëà). Äàæå åñëè ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñóõîì áèîòîïå, èõ îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ âëàæíûå îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íèçèííûå áîëîòà èëè çàëèâíûå ëóãà. Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ ê ïîòåíöèàëüíûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ìîæíî îòíåñòè âñå òèïû ëåñà, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ óâëàæíåíèÿ, ãðàíè-

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 15. Ñòðóêòóðà ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 15. Structure of breeding biotopes of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Wester n Siberia. Labels: 1 – Alder forest, 2 - Wet birch forest, 3 – Wet pine forest, 4 – Birch forest in dry territory, 5 – Pine forest in dry territory

Ðèñ. 16. Ñòðóêòóðà îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 16. Structure of hunting territories of the Great Spotted Eagle in the Western Siberia

÷àùèå ñ âîäíî-áîëîòíûìè êîìïëåêñàìè. Èç 281 ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà 104 ó÷àñòêà (37,01%) ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíàì ðåê, 177 (62,99%) – ê âîäîðàçäåëüíûì âîäíî-áîëîòíûì êîìïëåêñàì. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 16,73% ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëåñàõ ïîéì ðåê, 14,23% – â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëåñàõ íà òåððàñàõ, íî ïðè ýòîì èõ îõîòíè÷üè áèîòîïû ëåæàò â ïîéìå, 6,05% – â ñóõèõ ëåñàõ ñêëîíîâ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, 34,88% – â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð è áîëîò, 2,14% – â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ ñóõèìè îòêðûòûìè áèîòîïàìè, 23,84% – â ñóõèõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð è, íàêîíåö, 2,14% ïàð íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíû ñ âîäíî-áîëîòíûìè óãîäüÿìè è ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñóõèõ ëåñàõ ñðåäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ (ðèñ. 14). Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàáîëî÷åííûå áåð¸çîâûå ëåñà, ëèáî ñìåøàííûå ëåñà ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì áåð¸çû, îäíàêî â íàøåé âûáîðêå äîìèíèðóþò ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïîäîðëèêà, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ñîñíîâûìè ëåñàìè (55,87%),

ïî ïðè÷èíå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ áîðîâ â ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå ðåãèîíà. Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñóõèå è çàáîëî÷åííûå áåð¸çîâûå è ñîñíîâûå ëåñà ïî îòäåëüíîñòè, òî ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàáîëî÷åííûõ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñàõ ëèáî ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì áåð¸çû – 39,5% (ðèñ. 15), 26,33% ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ñîñíîâûõ ëåñàõ ëèáî ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ñîñíû, 29,54% – â ñóõèõ áîðàõ, 2,85% – â ñóõèõ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñàõ è 1,78% – â îëüøàíèêàõ (â äîëèíå ð. Óôà â ïðåäåëàõ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé). Íåñìîòðÿ íà äîìèíèðîâàíèå áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà âèäà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïîäîðëèê ñòàðàòåëüíî èçáåãàåò ñóõèõ áåðåçíÿêîâ, õîòÿ ñóõèå áîðû ïî áåðåãàì ðåê è îç¸ð, íàïðîòèâ, èì îõîòíî çàñåëÿþòñÿ, îñîáåííî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïîäîðëèêà òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ñ îòêðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè, ïðè÷¸ì â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (96,8%) ýòè îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàáîëî÷åííûìè èëè óâëàæíåííûìè. Ëèøü ó 7,47%

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïîäîðëèê çäåñü êðàéíå ðåäîê. Â çîíå ïîäòàéãè è ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè ïîäîðëèê îõîòíî ãíåçäèòñÿ íà âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ ìàëîé ïëîùàäè, ñôîðìèðîâàâøèõñÿ â «áëþäöàõ» çàðàñòàþùèõ îç¸ð, òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «ðÿìàõ», íî ëèøü â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè âîêðóã èìåþòñÿ èíûå îòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, òàêèå êàê íèçèííûå áîëîòà, ëóãà è ïàñòáèùà.

Ãí¸çäà Ðèñ. 17. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 17. Nesting trees of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga-Ural region

Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà óñòðîåííûå íà îëüõå â ïîéìå ðåêè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (ñëåâà) è íà áåð¸çå áëèç îçåðà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Typical nests of the Greater Spotted Eagle were built on an alder in the river valley in the Volga-Ural region (left) and on a birch near the lake in Western Siberia (right). Photos by I. Karyakin

ïàð â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà îòñóòñòâóþò ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ (âñå â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè). Íà îñíîâíîé æå ìàññå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (92,53%) ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò, õîòÿ íå ÿñíî, íàñêîëüêî âàæíóþ ðîëü îíè èãðàþò, ò.ê. ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåõ îõîòÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð. Äîìèíèðóþùèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîéìåííûå åñòåñòâåííûå è ñåíîêîñíûå ëóãà è ïàñòáèùà (ðèñ. 16) – îíè ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà 97,86% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (n=281) â ðàçíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (55% ñðåäè âûáîðêè áèîòîïîâ; n=579). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ íà îõîòíè÷üèõ ó÷àñòêàõ îòêðûòûõ íèçèííûõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî òðîñòíèêîâî-îñîêîâûõ (36%), ïðè÷¸ì äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ âíóòðè áîðîâûõ ìàññèâîâ, îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè. Ïîëÿ ñîñòàâëÿþò ëèøü 3% îò îáùåé âûáîðêè áèîòîïîâ, ïðèñóòñòâóÿ òîëüêî íà 5,7% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç íèõ â 90-õ ãã. ïåðåñòàëà èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ïàõîòíûõ óãîäèé è ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé çàëåæè ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëüøóþ ïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò â òà¸æíîé çîíå

Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå îáíàðóæåíî 83 ãíåçäà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà 73 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîéìåííûõ îëüøàíèêàõ, îòñþäà è äîìèíèðîâàíèå ãí¸çä (n=83) íà îëüõå (48,19%). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä â Ïðèáåëüå è íà ×åðåìøàíå ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ èìåííî íà îëüõå. Ñîñíà, êàê ïîðîäà äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä áîëüøèìè ïîäîðëèêàìè, íàõîäèòñÿ íà âòîðîì ìåñòå â íàøåé âûáîðêå – íà íåé îáíàðóæåíî 27,71% ãí¸çä. Íà Þæíîì Óðàëå è Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè âñå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ. Â îñíîâíîì ïîäîðëèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñîñíû, ðàñòóùèå ïî êðàþ çàáîëî÷åííîãî ëåñà, ðåæå – ðàñòóùèå íà ãðèâàõ ñðåäè îëüõîâûõ òîïåé, íî ðåäêîñòü ïîñëåäíåãî ÿâëåíèÿ ñâÿçàíà ñ òåì, ÷òî íàëè÷èå ñîñíû â îëüøàíèêàõ ðåäêîå ÿâëåíèå. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ îëüõîâûõ áîëîòàõ, ãäå ñðåäè îëüõè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëà ñîñíà, ïîäîðëèêè óñòðàèâàëè ãí¸çäà èìåííî íà ñîñíå. Êðàéíå ðåäêî ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ, ðàñòóùèõ â ñóõèõ áèîòîïàõ. Íà òðåòüåì ìåñòå â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà ñòîèò áåð¸çà (15,15%). Áåð¸çà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíîé ïîðîäîé, íà êîòîðîé ïîäîðëèêè óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà â Çàóðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), à â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä íà áåð¸çå íàáëþäàåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ â þæíîé òàéãå (Êèðîâñêàÿ è Ïåðìñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó 68,67% ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà óñòðîåíî íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ è 31,33% – íà õâîéíûõ (ðèñ. 17). Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñîñíàõ (5), áåð¸çàõ (3), îëüõå (1), â ïåðåêðåñòèè çàâèñøåé áåð¸çû è ñòîÿùåé ðÿäîì åëè (1) (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîâ, îò 1 äî 100 ì âãëóáü ëåñà, äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåä-

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 18. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ, â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 18. Distance from the Greater Spotted Eagle’s nests to the edges of forests where the nests locate in the Volga-Ural region

Ðèñ. 19. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 19. Character of the Greater Spotted Eagle’s nest location on different species of trees in the Volga-Ural region

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

êîñòüþ (n=83; 9,64%). Â îñíîâíîì âûáèðàþòñÿ äåðåâüÿ (n=75), óäàë¸ííûå îò îïóøêè íà 100–2100 ì, â ñðåäíåì 510,67±444,12 ì, ïðè÷¸ì íàèáîëüøåå óäàëåíèå îò îïóøêè íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ëåñîáîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, îêðóæ¸ííûõ àãðîöåíîçàìè. Âûáîðêà ðàññòîÿíèé îò ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ íàõîäÿòñÿ ãí¸çäà, õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ âûñîêèì ïîëîæèòåëüíûì ýêñöåññîì (Ex = 3,63), ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà äîìèíèðîâàíèå â âûáîðêå ðàññòîÿíèé öåíòðàëüíîãî äèàïàçîíà ãàììà-ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ – 100 – 600 ì (ðèñ. 18). Ëèøü â 8,43% ñëó÷àåâ áëèæàéøàÿ ê ãíåçäó îïóøêà ìàññèâà, âíóòðè êîòîðîãî íàõîäèòñÿ ýòî ãíåçäî, ïðèìûêàåò ê óðåçó âîäî¸ìà (ðåêå, îçåðó), â îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ – ê îòêðûòîìó ïðîñòðàíñòâó ïîéìû ëèáî òåððàñû. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå óäàëåíèå îò îïóøêè òàê-

æå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ñðåäè òîïåé ñ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì îòêðûòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íèçèííîãî áîëîòà. Â öåíòðå òàêèõ áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ãíåçäà ìîãóò ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ íà óçêèõ ãðèâàõ (12,05% ñëó÷àåâ; n=83), à èíîãäà è íà îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ (2,41%). Ïîäîáíîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà îäèíî÷íîì äóáå ñðåäè ïîäòîïëåííîé âîäàìè ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ïîéìû, îáíàðóæèë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè íà ãðàíèöå ñ Ìàðèéñêîé ðåñïóáëèêîé. Î ãíåçäå ïîäîðëèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîì ñîâåðøåííî îòêðûòî â óçêîé ãðèâå ñóõîñòîéíûõ áîëîòíûõ ñîñåí â Áåëîðóññèè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ó Â.×. Äîìáðîâñêîãî ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2000). Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îòêðûòî ðàñïîëîæåííûå ãí¸çäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ áèîòîïàõ, è ÷åì âûøå äîñòóïíîñòü ãíåçäà, òåì ëó÷øå îíî çàìàñêèðîâàíî. Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ãí¸çä õàðàêòåðíî èõ óñòðîéñòâî â ñîìêíóòûõ, õîòÿ è ìîçàè÷íûõ äðåâîñòîÿõ, à äëÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà ñóõèõ ìåñòàõ, õàðàêòåðíî åù¸ è ðàçâèòèå ãóñòîãî ïîäëåñêà èç ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (n=83) ïîäîðëèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçä ðàçâèëêè – 77,11% (ðèñ. 19). Ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä â îñíîâàíèè áîêîâûõ âåòâåé ó ñòâîëà (22,89%) íàáëþäàåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì íà ñîñíàõ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ àðõèòåêòóðîé êðîí áîëîòíûõ ñîñåí. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà – 73,49%, îñòàëüíûå – â âåðõíåé òðåòè (20,48%) ëèáî

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 20. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 20. Nesting trees of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the Western Siberia

Ðèñ. 21. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ, â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 21. Distance from the Greater Spotted Eagle’s nests to the edges of forests where the nests locate in the Western Siberia

â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (6,02%). Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä óñòðàèâàåòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ â ñåðåäèíå èëè íèæíåé òðåòè êðîíû. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò â øèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå (n=83), îò 4 äî 20 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 9,58±3,80 ì. Íàèáîëåå íèçêî ðàñïîëàãàþùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, îäíàêî è çäåñü èìåþòñÿ ìàÿ÷íûå ñîñíû è âûñîêèå îëüõè, íà êîòîðûõ ïîäîðëèê óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêî. Íî âñ¸ æå â ñóõèõ ìåñòàõ ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà â ñðåäíåì îäíîçíà÷íî âûøå (n=5; 11–20, â ñðåäíåì 15,8±3,42 ì), ÷åì âî âëàæíûõ (n=78; 4–20, â ñðåäíåì 9,18±3,48 ì). Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîì ñ êîëëåãàìè â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îáíàðóæåíî 157 ãí¸çä áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà 146 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ ïî Ñâåðäëîâñêîé (Áà÷óðèí, 2003), Êóðãàíñêîé (Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê. è äð.,

2002), Îìñêîé (Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Êîðíåâ Ñ.Â., 2002) è Íîâîñèáèðñêîé (Íèêîëàåâ Â.Â. èç: Áåëèê, 2005) îáëàñòÿì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î íàõîäêå â ðåãèîíå 172 ãí¸çä, äëÿ êîòîðûõ îïèñàíû âèäû äåðåâüåâ. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ (n=172) – 50,58% ãí¸çä. Âòîðîå ìåñòî â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà çàíèìàåò áåð¸çà, íà íåé óñòðîåíî 44,77% ãí¸çä. Óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêîì íà äðóãèõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð (ðèñ. 20). Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà òåððèòîðèé Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíî íåáîëüøîå óäàëåíèå ãí¸çä âãëóáü ëåñà. Â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå, îò 1 äî 100 ì âãëóáü ëåñà, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü (n=157) 61,15% îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 100–300 ì – 21,02% ãí¸çä, îñòàëüíûå 17,83% áûëè óäàëåíû îò îïóøêè áîëåå ÷åì íà 300 ì, íî íå äàëåå 1 êì. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî äëÿ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè áîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä â óäàëåíèè îò îïóøêè áîëåå ÷åì íà 300 ì. Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñåé âûáîðêè ðàññòîÿíèå îò îïóøêè ëåñà äî ãíåçäà ñîñòàâèëî â ñðåäíåì 173,67±206,93 ì. Âûáîðêà ðàññòîÿíèé îò ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ íàõîäÿòñÿ ãí¸çäà, õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ âûñîêèì ïîëîæèòåëüíûì ýêñöåññîì (Ex = 3,48), ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà äîìèíèðîâàíèå â âûáîðêå ðàññòîÿíèé öåíòðàëüíîãî äèàïàçîíà ãàììà-ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ – äî 100 ì (ðèñ. 21). Íàèáîëüøåå óäàëåíèå îò îïóøêè íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ëåñîáîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ àãðîöåíîçàìè, â ïîäòà¸æíîé è òà¸æíîé çîíå. Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãíåçäà äî îïóøêè õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ, ãíåç-

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 22. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ðàçíûõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè Fig. 22. Character of the Greater Spotted Eagle’s nest location on different species of trees in the Western Siberia

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äÿùèõñÿ â áîðàõ, ïðè÷¸ì â ýòîì ñëó÷àå 77,01% îïóøåê (n=87) ïðèìûêàåò ê óðåçó îçåðà, ëèáî ìåæäó îçåðîì è îïóøêîé òÿíåòñÿ óçêàÿ (10–200 ì) ïîëîñà íåïðîõîäèìîãî òðîñòíèêîâîãî áîëîòà, ÷àñòî ñ áåð¸çîâûìè «îáëîìûøàìè», õàîòè÷íî òîð÷àùèìè ñðåäè òðîñòíèêà ïî ñàìîìó êðàþ áîðà. Íàäî çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ãíåçäîâàíèå íà îïóøêå, ïðèìûêàþùåé íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê âîäî¸ìó, íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð (ìåíåå 10% ñëó÷àåâ). Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (n=157) ïîäîðëèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ðàçâèëêè – 74,57% (ðèñ. 22). Âñå ãí¸çäà íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ áûëè óñòðîåíû â ðàçâèëêàõ, à òèï óñòðîéñòâà â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé ó ñòâîëà íàáëþäàëñÿ òîëüêî íà ñîñíàõ â 25,48% ñëó÷àåâ. Â ýòó æå êàòåãîðèþ îòíåñåíû ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå íà âåòâÿõ äåðåâüåâ, çàâàëåííûõ íà ñîñåäíèå – òàêèõ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 6.

Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà – 41,4%, îñòàëüíûå – â âåðõíåé òðåòè (36,94%), ëèáî â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (21,66%), ïðè ýòîì áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä – â ñåðåäèíå èëè íèæíåé òðåòè êðîíû. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò â øèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå (n=157), îò 3 äî 18 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 7,22±3,12 ì. Íàèáîëåå íèçêî ðàñïîëàãàþùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, âñòðå÷àëèñü â öåíòðå óãíåò¸ííûõ çàáîëî÷åííûõ áåðåçíÿêîâ èëè ñîñíîâîáåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ, íàèáîëåå âûñîêî ðàñïîëîæåííûå – â ñóõèõ áîðàõ. Â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïîäîðëèêè èíîãäà èñïîëüçóþò ãí¸çäà äðóãèõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ õèùíèêîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999), îäíàêî íàì òàêèå ñëó÷àè äîïîäëèííî íåèçâåñòíû. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïîñëå 1–2-õ ëåò ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ïîñòðîéêå ïîäîðëèêà òðóäíî ñêàçàòü, êòî áûë å¸ ïðåäûäóùèé õîçÿèí, åñëè ýòîò õîçÿèí íå áûë èäåíòèôèöèðîâàí ðàíåå. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü ïåðåìåùåíèå 5-òè ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ íà íîâûå ãí¸çäà: îäíà ïàðà ñìåíèëà ãíåçäî 2 ðàçà, îñòàëüíûå ïî îäíîìó ðàçó. Â 4-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ïòèöû ïåðåìåùàëèñü íå äàëåå 400 ì îò ãíåçäà è äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà íîâûõ ãí¸çä âûáèðàëè òå æå âèäû äåðåâüåâ, ÷òî è òå, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè óñòðîåíû ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïòèöû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà 2 êì, ñìåíèâ ãíåçäî íà îëüõå (ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî óïàëî â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîäòîïëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè) íà ãíåçäîâóþ ïëàòôîðìó, óñòðîåííóþ íà áåð¸çå, îäíàêî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå íåò óâåðåííîñòè, ÷òî ïëàòôîðìó çàíÿëà èìåííî ýòà ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ãíåçäî, âûñòðîåííîå ïîäîðëèêîì, ïîõîæå íà ïîñòðîéêó òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis), êîòîðûé òîæå ÷àñòî ãíåçäèòñÿ â ëåñîáîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, îñîáåííî â þæíîé òàéãå, îäíàêî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ â ñòðóêòóðå ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêà âåòêè êðóïíåå è îòñóòñòâóåò êîðà, êîòîðîé òàê ëþáèò âûñòèëàòü ëîòîê òåòåðåâÿòíèê íà íà÷àëüíûõ ýòàïàõ êëàäêè. Â ãíåçäå ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåãäà ïðèñóòñòâóåò ñâåæàÿ çåëåíü, íî â ìåíüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå, ÷åì â ãí¸çäàõ îðëà-êàðëèêà.

Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, óñòðîåííûå íà ñîñíàõ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: ñðåäè çàáîëî÷åííîãî áåð¸çîâîãî ëåñà íà âîäîðàçäåëå (ñëåâà) è â ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà ðå÷íîé òåððàñå (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Typical nests of the Greater Spotted Eagle were built on pines in Western Siberia: in the wet birch forest on the watershed (left) and in the mixed forest on the river terrace (right). Photos by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Ôåíîëîãèÿ Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â êîíöå ìàðòà – ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ. Ïî ìåðå òàÿíèÿ ñíåãà ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ãîðàõ è áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè íà Êàìñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (Ïåðìñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì â 1989 – 1998 ãã. ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿëèñü â ïåðèîä ñ 5 ïî 15 àïðåëÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â áîëåå þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ, íàïðèìåð â ïîéìå ð. Óðàë â Êàçàõñòàíå, ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè â òå æå ñðîêè, ÷òî è â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, è â Áàøêèðèè, òî åñòü 25 ìàðòà – 5 àïðåëÿ, õîòÿ çäåñü ñíåã ñõîäèò åù¸ â ñåðåäèíå ìàðòà (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ è â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Âåñü àïðåëü â ëåñîñòåïè è ïîäòàéãå èä¸ò èíòåíñèâíûé ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ, êîòîðûé ñ 20-õ ÷èñåë àïðåëÿ íà÷èíàåò çàòóõàòü. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, â ïîéìàõ Áåëîé è Êàìû, à òàêæå íà âîäíîáîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñàõ þãà Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ïîäîðëèêè íà âñåõ ó÷àñòêàõ íàáëþäàþòñÿ òîêóþùèìè ñ 20-õ ÷èñåë àïðåëÿ, è ýòîò ïåðèîä, ïîæàëóé, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì îïòèìàëüíûì äëÿ èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ. Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â Ïîâîëæüå ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿëèñü 8–9 àïðåëÿ, âàëîâîé ïðèë¸ò ïðîèñõîäèë 19–22 àïðåëÿ, à çàïîçäàâøèå ïòèöû ïðèëåòàëè 7 ìàÿ, îäíàêî Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1897) åù¸ â êîíöå XIX âåêà äëÿ Áàøêèðèè îòìå÷àë, ÷òî ïîäîðëèêè ïðèëåòàþò è íà÷èíàþò òîêîâàòü â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî çà 100 ëåò ñèòóàöèÿ ñî ñðîêàìè ïðèë¸òà ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðåãèîíå íå èçìåíèëàñü. Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè Ï.Â. Ïëåññêèé (1971; 1976) ðåãèñòðèðîâàë ïîäîðëèêîâ ñî âòîðîé äåêàäû àïðåëÿ, à Â.Í. Ñîòíèêîâ (1999) – ñ 13 ïî 29 àïðåëÿ, â ñðåäíåì 18 àïðåëÿ. Íà ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ â ñåðåäèíå àïðåëÿ â Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè óêàçûâàåò À.Í. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî (1938), â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Ðÿçàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ïîäîðëèêè ïðèëåòàþò ôàêòè÷åñêè â òå æå ñðîêè, ÷òî è â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå: íàèáîëåå ðàííÿÿ äàòà ïðèë¸òà – 18 ìàðòà 1959 ã., íàèáîëåå ïîçäíÿÿ – 21 àïðåëÿ 1983 ã., ñðåäíÿÿ – 10 àïðåëÿ (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü òîêà îáóñëîâëåíà êàê õîäîì âåñíû è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ ïðèë¸òà ïòèö, òàê è îáèëèåì è äîñòóïíîñòüþ êîðìîâ (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ âîäÿíûõ ïîë¸âîê). Íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå â 1990 ã. óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü òîêîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêîâ â òå÷åíèå 13 äíåé, õîòÿ íà ñîñåäíåì ñ íèì ó÷àñòêå â 1989 ã. ïîäîðëèêè òîêîâàëè, ñóäÿ ïî èíòåíñèâíîé âîêàëèçàöèè è âèçóàëüíîìó íàáëþäåíèþ, íå áîëåå 4-õ äíåé. Èíîãäà ìåæäó íà÷àëîì òîêà è îòêëàäêîé ÿèö ïðîõîäèò 2–3 íåäåëè, îñîáåííî åñëè íàáëþäàåòñÿ âîçâðàò õîëîäîâ â êîíöå àïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ. Ñðîêè íà÷àëà îòêëàäêè ïåðâûõ ÿèö äîïîäëèííî íåèçâåñòíû, ò.ê. â ýòîò ïåðèîä áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ ïîäîðëèêà êðàéíå òÿæåëî ïðîõîäèìû, íî âèäèìî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò â àïðåëå. Â ðåãèîíå (â ïîéìå ð. Áåëàÿ) èçâåñòíû 2 ñëó÷àÿ ðàííåãî âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ (16 è 18 ìàÿ çàôèêñèðîâàíû äâóõ-òð¸õäíåâíûå ïòåíöû), ïðè êîòîðîì íà÷àëî êëàäêè ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà 5–7 àïðåëÿ. Ïîäîáíûå ñëó÷àè èçâåñòíû è çà ïðåäåëàìè ðåãèîíà. Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â 1982 ã. 2 ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöà ïîäîðëèêà îáíàðóæåíû À.Â. Ïîñòåëüíûõ 24 ìàÿ, ÷òî îçíà÷àåò íà÷àëî êëàäêè íå ïîçäíåå 13 àïðåëÿ (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Â Áåëîðóññèè À.Â. Ôåäþøèí è Ì.Ñ. Äîëáèê (1967) ññûëàþòñÿ íà íàõîäêó ãîòîâîãî ê âûëåòó ïòåíöà ïîäîðëèêà 4 èþëÿ 1916 ã., ÷òî îçíà÷àåò íà÷àëî êëàäêè òàêæå â ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ. Îäíàêî äàííûå ñëó÷àè ñëåäóåò ðàñöåíèâàòü êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà ñ êëàäêàìè îáíàðóæåíî â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà â ñðîê ñ 1 ìàÿ ïî 15 èþíÿ è ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå êëàäêè, îáíàðóæåííûå â ïåðâûå äâå íåäåëè ìàÿ, áûëè ñëàáî íàñèæåííûìè, õîòÿ è ïîëíûìè. Â ïåðâóþ äåêàäó ìàÿ òàêæå îáíàðóæåíî ìíîãî ñâåæèõ ãí¸çä áåç êëàäîê, ÿéöà â êîòîðûõ, ñóäÿ ïî âûëåòó ïòåíöîâ, ïîÿâèëèñü êàê ðàç â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ìàÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêà ÿèö ó ïîäîðëèêà â þæíîé è öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà ïðîèñõîäèò â ïåðèîä ñ 25 àïðåëÿ ïî 10 ìàÿ, à íà ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà ñ 1 ïî 15 ìàÿ. Â ãîðàõ ïîäîðëèêè íà÷èíàþò êëàñòüñÿ ïîçæå, ÷åì íà ðàâíèíå íà òîé æå øèðîòå. Â 1996 ã. íà Ñåâåðíîì Óðàëå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ñ ïòåíöàìè, â êîòîðîì êëàäêà áûëà çàêîí÷åíà íå ðàíåå 20 ìàÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Áîëüøèíñòâî èññëåäîâàòåëåé XIX-ÕÕ ñòîëåòèé ïðèâîäÿò áëèçêèå äàííûå ïî îòêëàäêå ÿèö ïîäîðëèêàìè: êëàäêà ïðîèñõîäèò â ìàå ñ ïåðâûõ ÷èñåë è äî ñåðåäèíû ìåñÿöà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, íåïîëíàÿ êëàäêà èç 1 ÿéöà áûëà îáíàðóæåíà 6 ìàÿ ó Áóãóðóñëàíà è òàì æå ïîëíàÿ – 10 ìàÿ; ñëåãêà íàñèæåííûå ÿéöà îáíàðóæåíû 14–16 ìàÿ â ãíåçäå ïîäîðëèêà â Êóéáûøåâñêîé

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 îáëàñòè (íûíå Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü), ñâåæåå ÿéöî â ãíåçäå îáíàðóæåíî 10 ìàÿ â Áàøêèðèè (Ñóøêèí, 1897; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), 10 ìàÿ ïîëíàÿ êëàäêà è 22 ìàÿ ñâåæåå ðàñêë¸âàííîå ÿéöî – â ãí¸çäàõ â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Òàêèå æå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, êàê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, íàáëþäàþòñÿ è â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, ãäå íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè îòêëàäêè 1-ãî ÿéöà, îïðåäåë¸ííûå ïî ñðîêàì âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïðèõîäÿòñÿ íà 26 àïðåëÿ 1960 ã. è 1 ìàÿ 1954 ã., ïî âèçóàëüíûì íàáëþäåíèÿì – íà 3 ìàÿ 1962 ã., à íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèå (íåïîëíûå êëàäêè èç îäíîãî ÿéöà, âîçìîæíî ïîâòîðíûå) – íà 24 ìàÿ 1982 ã. è 27 ìàÿ 1975 ã. (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Íàñèæèâàíèå ÿèö äëèòñÿ 40–45 äíåé. Ïòåíöû ïîäîðëèêà â íîðìå âûëóïëÿþòñÿ â ïåðèîä ñî 2 ïî 15 èþíÿ, õîòÿ ðàííåå âûëóïëåíèå, êàê óæå îòìå÷åíî âûøå, ìîæåò ïðîèñõîäèòü â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ 16– 18 ìàÿ, à ïîçäíåå – âïëîòü äî 30 èþíÿ. Â êðóïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (Áåëàÿ, ×åðåìøàí) ïðè ñèëüíîé ôëóêòóàöèè ñðîêîâ òîêîâàíèÿ è äàæå âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ âûëåò ìîëîäûõ ïðîèñõîäèò â äîñòàòî÷íî ñæàòûé ïåðèîä – â ïåðâóþ äåêàäó àâãóñòà. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ïîäîðëèêè â ìàññå âñòàþò íà êðûëî â ïåðèîä ñ 25 èþëÿ ïî 15 àâãóñòà. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèé ñðîê âûëåòà ïòåíöà (êîòîðûé, âïðî÷åì, åù¸ èìåë íåäîðîñøèå ìàõè) â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – 15 èþëÿ, íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèé – 20 àâãóñòà, â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè – 17 èþëÿ è 25 àâãóñòà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ è â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, ãäå âûëåò ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ñðîê ñ 1 ïî 17 àâãóñòà (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Âñå ãí¸çäà ïîäîðëèêîâ, êîòîðûå ïðîâåðÿëèñü â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîñëå 20 àâãóñòà, óæå áûëè ïîêèíóòû ìîëîäûìè, õîòÿ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ñë¸òêè ïðîäîëæàëè èõ ïîñåùàòü. Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î íàõîæäåíèè îïåðåííîãî ïòåíöà â ãíåçäå 3 àâãóñòà 1957 ã., ïëîõî ëåòàþùåãî ïòåíöà, êîòîðûé áûë ïîéìàí, – 25 àâãóñòà 1947 ã., à òàêæå î äîáû÷å ë¸òíîãî ïòåíöà – 15 àâãóñòà 1958 ã. (Ïëåññêèé, 1971; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Â ñâåòå âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ äàííûõ âñòà¸ò âîïðîñ: ñêîëüêî æå ïðîâîäÿò ïòåíöû ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå? Ïî çàðóáåæíûì èñòî÷íèêàì ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå îêîëî 63 äíåé (Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàì íè ðàçó íå óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ñòîëü äîëãèé ïåðèîä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ. Áîëåå òîãî, îðèåíòèðóÿñü íà 60-òèäíåâíûé ñðîê, ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèè ãí¸çä ìû ÷àñòî íå

çàñòàâàëè ìîëîäûõ áëèç íèõ. Ìîëîäûå ïîäîðëèêè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè âûëåòàþò, îäíîçíà÷íî, ðàíüøå ñðîêîâ, ïðèâîäèìûõ â çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðå, ïðè÷¸ì 2 ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå äîëüøå, ÷åì îäèí, è, ïî âèçóàëüíûì íàáëþäåíèÿì çà âûâîäêàìè, ýòîò ñðîê íå ïðåâûøàåò 58 äíåé. Íàì ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü ñë¸ò ìîëîäûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â âîçðàñòå 49–52 äíåé, ïðè÷¸ì íå ïî ïðè÷èíå áåñïîêîéñòâà (òî åñòü, ïðè ïîñåùåíèè ãíåçäà ìîëîäûå óæå äåðæàëèñü áëèç íåãî è áîëåå èëè ìåíåå õîðîøî ïåðåëåòàëè ñ äåðåâà íà äåðåâî). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòåíöîâ, âèäèìî, ïðîâîäèò â ãíåçäå 52–56 äíåé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå 49–58 äíåé, òî åñòü, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñòîëüêî æå, ñêîëüêî ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) (Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Â ðóññêîÿçû÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå äàííûå î ñðîêàõ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ó ðàçíûõ àâòîðîâ ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ íà 1–2 íåäåëè. Áëèçêèé ê íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (íåñêîëüêèì áîëåå 7 íåäåëü) ïðèâîäèò Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951). Ìíåíèÿ î äâóõìåñÿ÷íîì íàõîæäåíèè ïòåíöîâ ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ Â.Í. Ñîòíèêîâ (1999). Â.Ê. Ðÿáèöåâ (2001) ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà îêîëî 6-òè íåäåëü. Ñîâñåì ôàíòàñòè÷åñêèå ñðîêè âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïðèâîäèò È.Ì. Ñàïåòèíà (2005), ññûëàÿñü íà íàáëþäåíèÿ À.È. Ôëåðîâà â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå – 37 äíåé (ïòåíåö, âûëóïèâøèéñÿ 9 èþëÿ 1955 ã. âûëåòåë èç ãíåçäà 15 àâãóñòà), íî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñâåäåíèÿ îøèáî÷íû. Ñóäÿ ïî ðåãèñòðàöèÿì ïòèö â ñòåïíîé çîíå, ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè íà÷èíàþò êî÷¸âêó óæå â àâãóñòå. Ñêîðåå âñåãî ýòî ïòèöû, ïîòåðÿâøèå êëàäêè. Â íîðìå îòë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â ñåíòÿáðå, õîòÿ ïðè÷èíû, âûçûâàþùèå íà÷àëî ìàññîâîãî îòë¸òà, äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïîíÿòíû. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â 2005 ã. íà ð. Àëàòûðü â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è Ìîðäîâèè ïîäîðëèêè äåðæàëèñü âïëîòü äî 10-õ ÷èñåë îêòÿáðÿ, à â 2006 ã. ïðè îòëè÷íîé ïîãîäå, äåðæàâøåéñÿ äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ â òå÷åíèå ñåíòÿáðÿ, îíè íå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íàìè óæå 28 ñåíòÿáðÿ íå òîëüêî íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íî è â áàññåéíå Àëàòûðÿ â öåëîì. Ñ 10 ïî 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ ñ ïðîë¸òíûìè ïîäîðëèêàìè â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà, à ñ 15 ïî 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ – â þæíîé. Ôàê-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Êëàäêà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Clutch of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òè÷åñêè â òå æå ñðîêè ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðîèñõîäèë â ïðîøëîì âåêå: ñ 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ äî 10 îêòÿáðÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé (Êóéáûøåâñêîé) îáëàñòè, ñ 12 äî 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè ó Áóãóðóñëàíà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèå âñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðåãèîíå äàòèðóþòñÿ ïîñëåäíèìè ÷èñëàìè îêòÿáðÿ. Â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè íàèáîëåå ïîçäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à ïîäîðëèêà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà â Äîáðÿíñêîì ðàéîíå 20 îêòÿáðÿ 1989 ã. (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé – 25 îêòÿáðÿ 2005 ã. Ï.Â. Ïëåññêèé (1971) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î âñòðå÷å ïîäîðëèêà 26 îêòÿáðÿ 1962 ã., äî îêòÿáðÿ äàòèðóþò ïîçäíèå âñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêîâ è â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè È.È. Ïóçàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1955). Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìàññîâûé ïðîë¸ò ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåçàìåòåí, à âñòðå÷è ìåñòíûõ ïòèö ðåçêî ñîêðàùàþòñÿ ê êîíöó âòîðîé äåêàäû ñåíòÿáðÿ, ïîäîðëèêè ïðîäîëæàþò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ âïëîòü äî íîÿáðÿ, õîòÿ â ýòîò ïåðèîä âñòðå÷è ðåäêè (âñåãî 6 âñòðå÷ çà 31 ãîä); íàèáîëåå ïîçäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à îòìå÷åíà 13 íîÿáðÿ 1971 ã. (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).

(Ñïàíãåíáåðã); (n=56) 61,2–74,6õ51,0– 58,0, â ñðåäíåì 68,2õ54,2 ìì (Õàðòåðò). Ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì â êëàäêå ïîäîðëèêà îáû÷íî 2 ÿéöà, ðåæå 1 ÿéöî, äàæå óïîìèíàþòñÿ íàõîäêè êëàäîê èç 3-õ ÿèö (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè â èçâåñòíîé êëàäêå íàõîäèëîñü 2 ÿéöà (Ïëåññêèé, 1971). Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè äâå êëàäêè ïîäîðëèêà, îñìîòðåííûå â 90-õ ãã., ñîäåðæàëè 2 ÿéöà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999). Ã.Í. Áà÷óðèí (2003) â 60–90-õ ãã. îáíàðóæèë 5 ãí¸çä ñ êëàäêàìè, ïðè ýòîì â 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ áûëî ïî 1 íàñèæåííîìó ÿéöó. Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà ïîäîðëèêà â 50–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (n=37) ñîñòîÿëà èç 1,7 ÿèö (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé íàì ïðèõîäèëîñü âèäåòü ïîëíûå êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå òîëüêî èç 2-õ ÿèö, êîòîðûõ áûëî îñìîòðåíî 10 â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, âêëþ÷àÿ ãíåçäî ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé, è 9 – â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ òàêæå äîìèíèðóþò êëàäêè èç 2-õ ÿèö (Êàðÿêèí, â ïå÷àòè; Êàðÿêèí, Ëåâèí, â ïå÷àòè).

Êëàäêè

Â âûâîäêàõ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ÷àùå 1, ðåæå 2 ïòåíöà. Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íàáëþäàâøèåñÿ íàìè 50 âûâîäêîâ (24 ãíåçäà ñ ïòåíöàìè è 26 ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ) ñîäåðæàëè 1–2 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 1,24±0,43 ïòåíöà. Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü îòäåëüíî âûáîðêè ãí¸çä ñ ïòåíöàìè è ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ, òî ðàçíèöà ìåæäó íèìè íåñóùåñòâåííàÿ: âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â äàííûõ âûáîðêàõ â 25% è 23% ñëó÷àÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Âûâîäêè èç 1 ïòåíöà àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþò, ñîñòàâëÿÿ 76% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷ (n=50). Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â íåë¸òíûõ âûâîäêàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 1,25±0,44 (n=24), â ë¸òíûõ – 1,23±0,43 (n=26). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî âûâîäêè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ äîìèíèðóþò â íàèáîëåå ïëîòíîé è ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå – Áåëüñêîé â Áàøêèðèè. Íà îñòàëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â âûâîäêàõ ïîäîðëèêà ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ïî 1 ïòåíöó. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè â âûâîäêàõ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (n=66) 1–2 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 1,44±0,5 ïòåíöà. Ìèíèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ âñòðå÷åíî â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè – (n=35; 1– 2, â ñðåäíåì 1,1 ïòåíöà) (Êàðÿêèí è äð.,

ßéöà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áåëîãî öâåòà. Â 95% ñëó÷àåâ íà ñêîðëóïå èìååòñÿ ðåäêèé êðàï îò îõðèñòîãî äî êðàñíîâàòî-áóðîãî èëè äàæå ôèîëåòîâîãî öâåòà, ðåæå ê êðàïó äîáàâëÿþòñÿ ãëóáîêèå îõðèñòûå, áóðûå è ïîâåðõíîñòíûå òåìíî-áóðûå ïÿòíà íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà. Ðàçìåð ÿèö: 63,0–74,5õ50,0–57,7 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 68,88õ54,40 ìì. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951), ññûëàÿñü íà ðàçíûõ àâòîðîâ, ïðèâîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ðàçìåðû äëÿ ÿèö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà: (n=3) 66,0–72,0õ51,1– 54,0 (Ñîìîâ); (n=4) 68,3–71,0õ52,9–57,9

Âûâîäêè

Raptors Research

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

1999). Ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä è ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ ñ 2 ïòåíöàìè îáíàðóæåíî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, ãäå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Â 2003–2004 ãã. â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå ñîñòàâèëî 1,6±0,52 (n=8) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à), à ñ ó÷¸òîì äàííûõ çà 2005–2006 ãã. – 1,64±0,5 (n=14) ïòåíöîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â êðàå 64,3% âûâîäêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ, à â öåëîì â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 2õ ïòåíöîâ ñîñòàâèëî 43,9% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷åííûõ âûâîäêîâ. Â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (âêëþ÷àÿ Ñâåðäëîâñêóþ è ×åëÿáèíñêóþ îáëàñòè, áåç ó÷¸òà îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê Ïîâîëæüÿ è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè) êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ åù¸ ìåíüøå è ñîñòàâëÿåò 15,93% (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), â îñíîâíîì çà ñ÷¸ò áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà âûâîäêîâ èç îäíîãî ïòåíöà â Ñåâåðíîì Çàóðàëüå (n=35; 1–2, â ñðåäíåì 1,1 ïòåíåö) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999). Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå – 1,6 (n=26), îïåð¸ííûõ – 1,3 (n=26), òî åñòü ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò (äëÿ ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ) àíàëîãè÷íûå ïîêàçàòåëè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê òàêîâûì â Ñèáèðè – 1,6±0,52 (n=8) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíû ãèáåëè ìëàäøåãî ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå óêàçûâàåòñÿ åãî óáèéñòâî ñòàðøèì â ïåðâûå äíè æèçíè (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ñèòóàöèÿ âûãëÿäèò íåñêîëüêî èíà÷å. Çäåñü îäíîé èç âàæíûõ ïðè÷èí ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòõîä íà ñòàäèè ÿéöà. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â 44,4% ãí¸çä ñ ïòåíöîì ñòàðøå 10 äíåé (n=18) áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ÿéöî-áîëòóí ëèáî ÿéöî ñ ïîãèáøèì ýìáðèîíîì. Êîíå÷íî, äëÿ 55,6% ãí¸çä ñ

îäíèì ïòåíöîì ñòàðøå 10 äíåé â ãíåçäå íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïîãèáøèõ ÿèö, íî âðÿä ëè ïðàâîìî÷íî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî âñå ìëàäøèå ïòåíöû â ýòèõ ãíåçäàõ áûëè óáèòû ñòàðøèìè. Ëèøü â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü âòîðîãî ïòåíöà ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèè ãíåçäà. Â Êóðãàíñêîé, Òþìåíñêîé, Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòÿõ è Àëòàéñêîì êðàå âñå 12 ãí¸çä ñ 2 ïòåíöàìè, ïîñåùàâøèåñÿ ïîâòîðíî, îêàçàëèñü ïîëíîñòüþ óñïåøíûìè, òî åñòü îáà ïòåíöà äîðîñëè äî ñë¸òà. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå çà ãíåçäîì ñ äâóìÿ ïòåíöàìè â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, àãðåññèÿ ñòàðøåãî ïòåíöà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìëàäøåìó íàáëþäàåòñÿ ëèøü òîãäà, êîãäà ñàìêà îòñóòñòâóåò äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íà ãíåçäå. Ïðè÷¸ì, ñòàðøèé ïòåíåö íà÷èíàåò ïðåñëåäîâàòü ìëàäøåãî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà â ãíåçäå íåò äîáû÷è. Â íàáëþäàåìîì ãíåçäå ÷åðåç 15 ìèíóò ïîñëå ñë¸òà ñàìêè âî âðåìÿ óñòàíîâêè êàìåðû ìëàäøèé ïòåíåö ñòàë âîçèòüñÿ è ïðîÿâëÿòü èíòåðåñ ê ñòàðøåìó, ïûòàÿñü òåðåáèòü åãî çà êëþâ, âûïðàøèâàÿ êîðì. Ïîñëå ðÿäà òàêèõ ïðèñòàâàíèé ñòàðøèé íàí¸ñ ìëàäøåìó óäàð â ãîëîâó, ïîñëå ÷åãî ìëàäøèé ïòåíåö ë¸ã è ñòàë ïèùàòü, óòêíóâøèñü â ïîäñòèëêó ãíåçäà. Â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà ïîäîáíîå ïîâòîðÿëîñü òðèæäû, íî íà âòîðîé ÷àñ íàáëþäåíèé ñòàðøèé ïòåíåö ñòàë àêòèâíî ïðåñëåäîâàòü ìëàäøåãî è òåîðåòè÷åñêè ñìîã áû åãî òðàâìèðîâàòü, îäíàêî ê êîíöó âòîðîãî ÷àñà ñàìêà âåðíóëàñü íà ãíåçäî, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ñäåëàâ òðè ïîïûòêè çàõîäà, è êîíôëèêò ìåæäó ïòåíöàìè ïðåêðàòèëñÿ. Ïîñëå î÷åðåäíîãî âñïóãèâàíèÿ ñàìêè â ìîìåíò ñìåíû ðàêóðñà êàìåðû â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëàñü òóøêà ëûñóõè, è ñòàðøèé ïòåíåö â òå÷åíèå 2-õ ÷àñîâ, ïîêà îòñóòñòâîâàëà ñàìêà, òåðåáèë å¸, ñîâåðøåííî íå ïðîÿâëÿÿ èíòåðåñà ê ìëàäøåìó ïòåíöó, ëåæàâøåìó ðÿäîì. Îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû äðóã ê äðóãó îòíîñèëèñü ëîÿëüíî, è êîíôëèêòîâ ìåæäó íèìè íå íàáëþäàëîñü äàæå òîãäà, êîãäà ñàìêà îòñóòñòâîâàëà íà ãíåçäå, à ñàìåö ïðèíîñèë äîáû÷ó è òóò æå óëåòàë.

Ãèáåëü ãí¸çä, îòõîä ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ, ãèáåëü ïòèö Òàêîé ôàêòîð, êàê óíè÷òîæåíèå ãí¸çä ïðè ðóáêå ëåñà, íà ïîäîðëèêà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâåííî íå âëèÿåò, ò.ê. âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ â ðåãèîíå, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, â ëåñàõ, íå èñïîëüçóþùèõñÿ äëÿ çàãîòîâêè äðåâåñèíû. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé âûÿâëåíî ëèøü 4 ñëó÷àÿ óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (2 – íà òåððèòîðèè

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

Óôèìñêîãî ïëàòî â Áàøêèðèè è 2 – â Ïðèêàìüå â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè), ïðè÷¸ì âñå ýòè ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ñóõèõ áèîòîïàõ íà îêðàèíàõ íèçèííûõ áîëîò. Òàêæå óñòàíîâëåíî 2 ñëó÷àÿ áåçóñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (èëè íåðàçìíîæåíèÿ) ïî ïðè÷èíå ðóáîê, ïðîâîäèâøèõñÿ áëèç ãíåçäà (îáà ñëó÷àÿ â Òàòàðèè – íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è â ïîéìå ×åðåìøàíà), ïðè÷¸ì, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ñêëîíîâîì ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà ñóõîì ìåñòå, âòîðîå – â îëüøàíèêå ìàëîé ïëîùàäè, ïî êðàþ êîòîðîãî áûë âûðóáëåí óìåðåííî óâëàæíåííûé îñèííèê. Â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà ïðè÷èíû ãèáåëè êëàäîê èëè âûâîäêîâ ôàêòè÷åñêè íå èçó÷åíû. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî îáíàðóæåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé. Â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ (37,5%, n=8) â ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöîì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ÿéöî ñ ïîãèáøèì ýìáðèîíîì. Ïîëíîé ãèáåëè âûâîäêîâ íè ðàçó íå âûÿâëåíî. Ëèòåðàòóðíûõ ñâåäåíèé îá îòõîäå ïîòîìñòâà ó ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå è áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ìàëî. Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå áûëà ïðîñëåæåíà ñóäüáà 30 êëàäîê, èç êîòîðûõ 40% ïîãèáëè ïî âèíå ÷åëîâåêà ëèáî áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû âîðîíîé è êóíèöåé; èç 53-õ îòëîæåííûõ ÿèö âûâåëèñü 36 ïòåíöîâ (67,3%); â 26 âûâîäêàõ îïåðèëèñü 33 èç 41 âûëóïèâøèõñÿ ïòåíöîâ (80,5%) (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Ïðîöåíò çàíÿòîñòè ãí¸çä è óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå òàêæå îñòàþòñÿ íåèçâåñòíûìè. Ìîæíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëîæèòü, îïèðàÿñü íà äàííûå ïî Ñèáèðè, ÷òî åæåãîäíî ïîòîìñòâî óñïåøíî âûâîäèòñÿ â ñðåäíåì íà 65% çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêîâ. Äàííûå ïî ãèáåëè ïòèö êðàéíå ñêóäíû. Èçâåñòíû 9 ñëó÷àåâ îòñòðåëà ïîäîðëèêîâ íà èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ äî 1998 ã. (8 – â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è 1 – â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè) è 13 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ (1 – â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè, 10 – â Áàøêèðèè è 2 – â Òàòàðèè). Îòñòðåë, êàê îäèí èç îñíîâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ÷èñëåííîñòü, ïîâèäèìîìó, áûë ñóùåñòâåíåí â 60–80-õ ãã., îäíàêî íàñêîëüêî åãî âëèÿíèå îùóòèìî â

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå èçâåñòíî. Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå çà 30 ëåò èç 30 îêîëüöîâàííûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ ëèøü 2 áûëè óáèòû íà ïðîë¸òå (îäèí íà âåñåííåì, äðóãîé íà îñåííåì), â ÷àñòíîñòè, îäíà ïòèöà, îêîëüöîâàííàÿ â 1981 ã., áûëà óáèòà 16 àïðåëÿ 1984 ã. â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî âëèÿíèå íà ïîäîðëèêà õèùíè÷åñòâà ôèëèíà, íî äëÿ ðåãèîíà óñòàíîâëåíî ëèøü äâà ñëó÷àÿ äîáû÷è ôèëèíîì ñë¸òêîâ ïîäîðëèêà – îáà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Òàê æå â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå äâàæäû è â Áàøêèðèè òðèæäû ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü, êàê âçðîñëûå ïòèöû â ñóìåðêàõ àòàêóþò ôèëèíîâ, áëèçêî ïîäëåòåâøèõ ê èõ ãíåçäó.

Ïèòàíèå Ðàöèîí ïîäîðëèêà äîñòàòî÷íî áîãàò, îäíàêî ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ÿâíàÿ ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ âèäà íà êðóïíûõ ïîë¸âêàõ è âîäîïëàâàþùèõ ïòèöàõ. Â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â ðàöèîíå ïîäîðëèêà äîìèíèðóþò ìëåêîïèòàþùèå, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 74,7% (n=482) (â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà îò 59,4% äî 83,1%); èç ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ îñíîâíóþ äîëþ â ðàöèîíå çàíèìàåò âîäÿíàÿ ïîëåâêà (Arvicola terrestris) – â ñðåäíåì 32,4% (28,1–36,8%), à òàêæå îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîë¸âêà (Microtus arvalis) – â ñðåäíåì 11,4% (0–17,0%) è ïîë¸âêà-ýêîíîìêà (Microtus oeconomus) – â ñðåäíåì 6,2% (1,9–16,9%); ñðåäè ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ 13,0%–19,3%, â ñðåäíåì 16,0% â ïèòàíèè, íå âûäåëÿåòñÿ ÷¸òêèõ âèäîâ-äîìèíàíòîâ, ìîæíî ëèøü ñêàçàòü, ÷òî äîìèíèðóåò ãðóïïà ïòèö âîäíîáîëîòíûõ óãîäèé (óòêè – 3,2%, êóëèêè – 3,0%, ìåëêèå âîðîáüèíûå – 2,1%); ôàêòè÷åñêè ïîäîðëèêîì äîáûâàþòñÿ ëþáûå âèäû ïòèö, îáèòàþùèå íà îõîòíè÷üåì ó÷àñòêå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìîëîäûå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî â ãîðàõ Óðàëà ïîäîðëèê ïîäîáíî òåòåðåâÿòíèêó, àêòèâíî äîáûâàåò áåëêó, äîëÿ êîòîðîé äîñòèãàåò 10% (n=482) (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). À.È. Øåïåëü (1992) èç íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ïîåäåé, îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîä ãí¸çäàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè, îïðåäåëèë îñòàíêè ñåðîé êðûñû (Rattus norvegicus), âîäÿíîé ïîë¸âêè, ÷èðêà (Anas sp.), ñèçîé ÷àéêè (Larus canus) è ïëîòâû (Rutilus rutilus). Â Êàìñêîé ïîéìå îñíîâó ðàöèîíà ïîäîðëèêà òàê æå, êàê â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è Áàøêèðèè, ñîñòàâëÿþò ìûøåâèäíûå ãðûçóíû – äî 88% (ïðåîáëàäàþò âîäÿíàÿ è îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîë¸âêè); ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò äî 46,2% ðàöèîíà – â îñíîâíîì ðàçíûå óòêè è ìåëêèå âîðîáüèíûå (Æàðêîâ, Òåïëîâ, 1932).

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 Èç Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî òóøêàì è îñòàíêàì æåðòâ, ñîáðàííûì â ãí¸çäàõ è ïîä íèìè, è ìàòåðèàëû âèäåîíàáëþäåíèÿ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Èç òóøåê è îñòàíêîâ (n=46) àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðîâàëè âîäîïëàâàþùèå è îêîëîâîäíûå ïòèöû – 76%, â îñíîâíîì ëûñóõà (Fulica atra) – 33% è ïîãàíêè (Podiceps sp.) – 28%. Íà Ïðèîáñêîì ïëàòî (n=12) áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî îñòàíêîâ ïîä ãíåçäîì ïðèõîäèëîñü íà ãðà÷åé (Corvus frugilegus) – 79%. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå, ïðîâîäèâøååñÿ â èþëå 2003 ã. íà 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle. Photo by I. Karyakin

îäíèì è äâóìÿ ïòåíöàìè, ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî äîìèíèðóþùåå çíà÷åíèå â ðàöèîíå èìåþò ïîë¸âêè – 63,33% ïðèë¸òîâ ñ äîáû÷åé èç 30: âîäÿíàÿ ïîë¸âêà – 36,67% è ïîë¸âêàýêîíîìêà – 26,67%. Â 30% ñëó÷àåâ âçðîñëûìè ïðèíîñèëèñü ïòèöû: óòêè, ïîãàíêè, ïîãîíûø (Porzana sp.) è ëûñóõà. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 45 ïðèë¸òîâ ê ãíåçäó, 12 èç êîòîðûõ – õîëîñòûå (â îñíîâíîì ïåðâîå ïîÿâëåíèå ïòèö íà ãíåçäå ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè êàìåðû), 3 – ñàìêà ñ çåë¸íîé âåòî÷êîé, 4 – ñàìêà ñ äîáû÷åé (âñå ñëó÷àè â âîçðàñòå ïòåíöîâ ñòàðøå 45 äíåé), 26 – ñàìåö ñ äîáû÷åé. Ðàçíèöû â ðàçìåðàõ äîáû÷è, ïðèíîñèìîé ñàìöîì è ñàìêîé, íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Òî åñòü, ôàêòè÷åñêè, îáå ïòèöû ïðèíîñèëè è ìåëêóþ (ïîë¸âêè), è ñðåäíþþ (âîäîïëàâàþùèå ïòèöû) äîáû÷ó â ðàâíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ. Ïî äàííûì Î.Í. Äàíèëîâà (1976) áîëüøèå ïîäîðëèêè â 1959–1960 ãã. â Áàðàáå ïèòàëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âîäÿíûìè ïîë¸âêàìè, äîëÿ êîòîðûõ â ðàöèîíå âàðüèðîâàëà îò 93,5% â ãîä ìàññîâîãî ðàçìíî-

æåíèÿ ïîëåâêè äî 57,6% â ãîä ñïàäà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âîê ïîñëå èõ ìàññîâîãî îòðàâëåíèÿ. Â ãîä íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âêè ïîäîðëèêè äîáûâàëè áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòèö, â îñíîâíîì òåòåðåâîâ (Tetrao tetrix) è êîðîñòåëåé (Crex crex).

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 407–515, â ñðåäíåì 457 ïàð. Äëÿ Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è Áàøêèðèè ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè â 250–358, â ñðåäíåì 300 ïàð ïðåâûøàåò ïðåæíþþ îöåíêó â 80–85 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998) â 4 ðàçà. Åñòåñòâåííî, ðå÷ü íå èä¸ò î ìàñøòàáíîì óâåëè÷åíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè, õîòÿ å¸ íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé ðîñò è íàáëþäàåòñÿ â íåêîòîðûõ ðàéîíàõ êàê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Ïåðìñêàÿ îáëàñòü), òàê è â áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ çà åãî ïðåäåëàìè (Èâàíîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü; Ìåëüíèêîâ, Áàðèíîâ, 2002). Â îñíîâíîì, äàííàÿ îöåíêà ëèøü ñêîððåêòèðîâàíà â ñâÿçè ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâûõ äàííûõ ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â ðåçóëüòàòå èíòåíñèôèêàöèè èññëåäîâàíèé ïî âèäó. Ïîõîæèì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ â Áåëîðóññèè, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â 1988–96 ãã. îöåíèâàëàñü â 10– 15 ïàð, à â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ (ñ ó÷¸òîì ñìåøàííûõ ïàð ñ ìàëûì ïîäîðëèêîì) â 150–200 ïàð (Dombrovsky, Ivanovski, 2005), òî åñòü, ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðåâûøàåò ïðåäûäóùóþ áîëåå ÷åì â 10 ðàç è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì èíòåíñèôèêàöèè èññëåäîâàíèé ïî âèäó. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Åâðîïå â 890–1100 ïàð (Heath et al., 2000) çàíèæåíà, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Åâðîïå ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå ÷åì 1500 ïàð áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ïðîöåññ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, ïðîêàòèâøèéñÿ ïî Åâðîïå â 40–70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ïîñòàâèë âèä íà ãðàíü âûæèâàíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïå è ïîäîðâàë ìíîãèå ïîïóëÿöèè Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû (Tucker, Heath, 1994). Íå îáîøåë ýòîò ïðîöåññ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí è Çàïàäíóþ Ñèáèðü, ãäå âèä â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ ñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàòèë ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü è èñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà îáøèðíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îñîáåííî â Ïîâîëæüå, Ïðåäóðàëüå è íà Óðàëå. Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðû îäíîçíà÷íî óêàçûâàåò íà ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 â ðåãèîíå ê 90-ì ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ïðè÷¸ì â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïîäîðëèê èñ÷åç â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå èç ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñòðîâíûå ëåñà ñòåïíîé è þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû, ãîðíî-ëåñíûå ðàéîíû Óðàëà è ñðåäíÿÿ òàéãà. Òàì æå, ãäå âèä áûë ìíîãî÷èñëåí ðàíåå (íàïðèìåð, óñòüå Áåëîé), ïî ñåé äåíü ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñòàáèëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè. Àíàëèç îáëàñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå è àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê âíóòðè î÷åð÷åííîé îáëàñòè ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî îïòèìóì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà ëåæèò â çîíå ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè, õâîéíîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è þæíîé òàéãè (ðèñ. 23), ïðè÷¸ì, âûäåëÿåòñÿ äâå òåððèòîðèè ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ âèäà – ýòî Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé áàññåéí è Áåëîðóññêîå Ïîëåñüå. Åñëè â Ïîëåñüå ïîäîðëèê ðàñïðåäåë¸í äîñòàòî÷íî êîìïàêòíî íà þãå ñòðàíû, òî â Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîì áàññåéíå ñóùåñòâóåò ìîçàèêà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñ ðàçíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ è òðåíäàìè, íî èìåþùèõ îáùèå ñòåðåîòèïû ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è ãíåçäîâàíèÿ.

Ðèñ. 23. Îáëàñòü îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – þæíàÿ òàéãà, 2 – õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, 3 – ëåñîñòåïü, 4 – ñòåïü; Ìèêðîïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà: A – Ïîëåññêàÿ, B – Âåðõíåâîëæñêàÿ, Ñ – Áåëüñêî-Êàìñêàÿ, D – Òîáîëî-Èøèìñêàÿ, Å – Îáü-Èðòûøñêàÿ Fig. 23. Optimal breeding range of the Greater Spotted Eagle in Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. Labels: 1 – southern taiga, 2 – coniferous-broadleaved forests, 3 – forestssteppe, 4 – steppe; Micropopulations of the Greater Spotted Eagle: A – Polesskaya, B – Verhnevolzhskaya, Ñ – Belsko-Kamskaya, D – ToboloIshimskaya, Å – Ob-Irtyshskaya

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, ó÷èòûâàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ ê ïîéìàì êðóïíûõ ðåê, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóþùàÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîçàèêà ãðóïïèðîâîê íå ÷òî èíîå, êàê ñëåäñòâèå ìàñøòàáíîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïëàíîìåðíîãî óíè÷òîæåíèÿ åãî îñíîâíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ â ïîéìàõ Âîëãè è Êàìû âîäîõðàíèëèùàìè, êîòîðûå, êàê ãðèáû, «ðîñëè» çäåñü ïîñëå 40-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Íà ýòî æå êîñâåííî óêàçûâàåò è òî, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà Âîëãå è Êàìå ïîäîðëèê ñîõðàíèëñÿ òîëüêî òàì, ãäå ðóñëà ðåê íåçàðåãóëèðîâàíû. Ê òîìó æå, ÷àñòü Áåëüñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè, ïîïàäàþùàÿ â ïðåäåëû ñàìîãî ìîëîäîãî Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, óðîâåíü êîòîðîãî áûë ïîäíÿò íå òàê äàâíî, ïðîäîëæàåò äåãðàäèðîâàòü, íàãëÿäíî èëëþñòðèðóÿ ïðîöåññ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà íà ìåñòå Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù – çäåñü íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîäîðëèêîâ, òî åñòü, èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèå íà ïîäòîïëåííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ è óïëîòíåíèå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âûøå ïî ðåêå Áåëàÿ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïëîùàäü çàòîïëåííûõ â ðåãèîíå ïîéì â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïîñëå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñåòè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù áîëåå 60% ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ëèøèëèñü ñâîèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Ïîäîðëèêè, ó÷àñòêè êîòîðûõ îêàçàëèñü çàòîïëåííûìè, áûëè âûíóæäåíû øèðîêî ïåðåìåùàòüñÿ â ïîèñêàõ íîâûõ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, è áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïîãèáëè ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ â òîò ïåðèîä íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, êàê îòñòðåë, îòðàâëåíèå è ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ. Åñòåñòâåííî, ïðè òàêîì

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 ìàñøòàáíîì îòõîäå ïòèö, ñëàãàþùèõ êîñòÿê ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè, îòòîê ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ (êîëêîâûå ëåñà þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû, ïîéìû ñòåïíûõ ðåê, áîðû, ãîðíûå ëåñà, äà è âîîáùå âñå ñóõîäîëüíûå ëåñà íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ) íà ôîíå èíòåíñèâíîãî ñåëüñêîãî è ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, à òàêæå ðàçâèòèÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû, ïðåêðàòèëñÿ, è íàñåëÿþùèå èõ ïîäîðëèêè ïîñòåïåííî èñ÷åçëè. Â èòîãå òî, ÷òî ìû èìååì ñåé÷àñ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – ýòî ðàçðîçíåííûå ãðóïïèðîâêè, ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â «ñòàöèÿõ ïåðåæèâàíèÿ», êîòîðûìè è ÿâëÿþòñÿ êðóïíûå ëåñîáîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû. Â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ðåçêîãî ñïàäà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, âåðîÿòíî, ëåæèò îòðàâëåíèå ìàññû ïòèö èëè ïîäðûâ èõ êîðìîâîé áàçû â êîíöå 50-õ – íà÷àëå 60-õ ãã. Î.Í. Äàíèëîâ (1976) íàãëÿäíî îïèñûâàåò êàðòèíó ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ñòàöèîíàðå â Áàðàáå ñ 8 ïàð â 1959 ã. äî 2-õ ïàð â 1962 ã. ïîñëå àâèàîáðàáîòêè òåððèòîðèè çåðíîì, ïðîòðàâëåííûì ôîñôèäîì öèíêà. Àâèàîáðàáîòêà îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â öåëÿõ áîðüáû ñ âîäÿíîé ïîë¸âêîé è âûçâàëà ìàññîâóþ ãèáåëü ïîë¸âîê è êóðèíûõ ïòèö, íî ïðè ýòîì ñàì àâòîð íå ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ãèáåëü ïîäîðëèêîâ áûëà âîçìîæíà îò îòðàâëåíèÿ, òàê êàê õèùíèêè, íàõîäèâøèåñÿ ïîä åãî íàáëþäåíèåì, ïîåäàëè òðóïû îòðàâëåííûõ ïîë¸âîê è íå óìèðàëè. Íåÿñíî, ÷òî ñòàëî ðåçóëüòàòîì èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ – îòðàâëåíèå ñàìèõ îðëîâ èëè ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (ãðûçóíîâ è çåðíîÿäíûõ ïòèö), íî, òàê èëè èíà÷å, â äàëüíåéøåì, ñ 1963 ïî 1971 ãã., íà ñòàöèîíàðå íåðåãóëÿðíî ðàçìíîæàëàñü åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ. Òî åñòü, çà 2 ãîäà ïîñëå àâèàîáðàáîòêè òåððèòîðèè çåðíîì, ïðîòðàâëåííûì ôîñôèäîì öèíêà, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà óïàëà â 8 ðàç è òàê è íå âîññòàíîâèëàñü â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäóþùèõ 9 ëåò. Âîçìîæíî, â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îñíîâíîå âëèÿíèå íà ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà îêàçàëè ðàçíûå ïðîöåññû è â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ. Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â 70–80-õ ãã. îïèñûâàåò Ã.Í. Áà÷óðèí (2003). Çäåñü íå âåëàñü ìàññîâàÿ äåðàòèçàöèÿ, õîòÿ ñ 70-õ ãã. íà÷àëèñü îáðàáîòêè òàéãè ÄÄÒ â öåëÿõ áîðüáû ñ òà¸æíûì êëåùîì, ïåðåíîñ÷èêîì êëåùåâîãî ýíöåôàëèòà, ïðè÷¸ì, îñíîâíîé óäàð êàê ðàç ïðèøåëñÿ íà þæíóþ ïîëîâèíó îáëàñòè, íàèáîëåå ïëîòíî íàñåëÿåìóþ ïîäîðëèêîì. Â Èëüìåíñêèõ ãîðàõ â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëà-

ñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñòàëà ñîêðàùàòüñÿ åù¸ â êîíöå 30-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ïðè÷èíû ÷åãî âîîáùå íå ÿñíû è, âîçìîæíî, ñâÿçàíû ñ èíòåíñèôèêàöèåé îñâîåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè (Óøêîâ, 1993). Òàê èëè èíà÷å, íî òàêîãî òîòàëüíîãî óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, êàêîå íàáëþäàëîñü â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè íå ïðîèñõîäèëî. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîäîðëèê â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïåðåæèâ êðèçèñ, âîññòàíàâëèâàåò ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü, íî êðàéíå ìåäëåííî. Çàìåòíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè óñòàíîâëåíî ëèøü äëÿ ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Åäèíñòâåííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêà ïîñòðàäàëè ìåíüøå âñåãî â Ñèáèðè, – ýòî òåððèòîðèÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, íî äàæå çäåñü èìåþò ìåñòî íåãàòèâíûå ïðîöåññû, îïèñàííûå À.Ï. Êó÷èíûì (1976, 1991). Â íîðìå ïîäîðëèê ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â ëþáûõ ëåñàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ îòêðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè, ÷òî îí, ñîáñòâåííî, è äåìîíñòðèðóåò â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ãäå íà àíàëîãè÷íîé Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìó ðåãèîíó øèðîòå íàñåëÿåò ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå çàáîëî÷åííûå ëåñà, áîðû è ìíîãèå êîëêîâûå ëåñà ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ. Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ëèøü 1,54% ëåñîâ ðåãèîíà ïîääåðæèâàåò ñóùåñòâîâàíèå áîëåå ÷åì 70% ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, è ýòè ëåñà ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàáîëî÷åííûìè. Ïðè ýòîì, èìååòñÿ îãðîìíûé çàïàñ çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëåñîâ íåçàñåë¸ííûõ ëèáî ñëàáîçàñåë¸ííûõ âèäîì. Ýòî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå äî ñèõ ïîð íå îïðàâèëñÿ îò «óäàðà», è äëÿ åãî âûæèâàíèÿ ñëåäóåò ïðåäïðèíèìàòü îïðåäåë¸ííûå óñèëèÿ. Â êà÷åñòâå òàêèõ óñèëèé, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, íåîáõîäèìî ïðîäóìàòü òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ îõðàíó è îïòèìèçèðîâàòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áåëàÿ, ãäå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ÿäðî ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Åñëè äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ áóäåò çàòîïëåíà, òî ïî ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêîâ áóäåò íàíåñ¸í ïîñëåäíèé óäàð, îò êîòîðîãî âèä âðÿä ëè îïðàâèòñÿ. ×èñëåííîñòü çàïàäíîñèáèðñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñðàâíèìà ñ åâðîïåéñêîé, è íåò îñíîâàíèé ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî âèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ â Ñèáèðè ñòîëü îáû÷íûì, ÷òî íå òðåáóåò îõðàíû. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îí äîëæåí áûòü âêëþ÷åí â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè âìåñòå ñ çàïàäíîñèáèðñêèìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè. Õîòÿ, äåéñòâèòåëüíî, çäåñü ñèòóàöèÿ ñ íèì ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå, ÷åì ïî äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó Óðàëà.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Õî÷åòñÿ âûðàçèòü áëàãîäàðíîñòü âñåì êîëëåãàì, ïîìîãàâøèì ñîáèðàòü ìàòåðèàë ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî áîëüøîìó ïîäîðëèêó, îñîáåííî Ýëüâèðå Íèêîëåíêî, Àëåêñàíäðó Ìîøêèíó, Ìàêñèìó Ãðàáîâñêîìó, Ëåîíèäó Êîíîâàëîâó, Àíàñòàñèè Ðûáåíêî è Àëåêñåþ Îðëåíêî, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèì â ýêñïåäèöèÿõ, Ñåðãåþ Áàêêà è Òèìîôåþ Áàðàáàøèíó, ïðåäîñòàâèâøèì âîçìîæíîñòü îïèðàòüñÿ â ðàáîòå íà èõ íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå ìàòåðèàëû ïî áîëüøîìó ïîäîðëèêó â Ïîâîëæüå, Àíäðåþ Åëèçàðîâó è Àëåêñåþ Ïàæåíêîâó, ïîìîãàâøèì â îðãàíèçàöèè ýêñïåäèöèé â Ïîâîëæüå, à òàêæå âîäèòåëÿì Àíäðåþ Ñåì¸íîâó è Ìèõàèëó Êîæåâíèêîâó, íà ïëå÷è êîòîðûõ ë¸ã îñíîâíîé òðóä ïî ýêñòðåìàëüíîìó âîæäåíèþ è âûêàïûâàíèþ ìàøèíû èç áåëüñêèõ è çàïàäíîñèáèðñêèõ áîëîò.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Àðòîáîëåâñêèé Â.Ì. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ïòèö þãîâîñòîêà Ïåíçåíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Áþëëåòåíü Ìîñêîâñêîãî îáùåñòâà èñïûòàòåëåé ïðèðîäû. 1923. Ò. XXXII. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 162–193. Àñüêååâ È.Â., Àñüêååâ Î.Â. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (êîíñïåêò ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ). Êàçàíü, 1999. 124 ñ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Aquila clanga Pall. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Òîì. 1. Æèâîòíûå. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2003. C. 92–93. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. Ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 12–16. Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû äîëèí ðåê Ñîê è Êèíåëü â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 34–38. Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Íàõîäêè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 2001. Ñ. 15–16. Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ñóðñêîãî ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî çàêàçíèêà è åãî îêðåñòíîñòåé. – Áóòóðëèíñêèé ñáîðíèê: Ìàòåðèàëû I Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿùåííîé ïàìÿòè Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíà. Óëüÿíîâñê: Êîðïîðàöèÿ òåõíîëîãèé ïðîäâèæåíèÿ, 2003. Ñ. 140–144. Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: ñîâðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ôàêòîðû âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè. Äèñ. íà ñîèñêàíèå ñò. êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, 2004. 162 ñ. Áà÷óðèí Ã.Í. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Èðáèòà. – Ìàòåðèàëû IV êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà. 2003. Ñ. 137–140. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Íèêîëàåâ Â.Â., Ìóãàêî À.Ë. Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå âèäû ïòèö Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè è ñìåæíûõ òåððèòîðèé ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ýêñïåäèöèè 2005 ãîäà. – Ñòðåïåò. 2005. Ò.3. Âûï. 1–2. Ñ. 94–103.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Áëèíîâà Ò.Ê., Áëèíîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Þæíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ: Ëåñîñòåïü è ñòåïü. Â 2-õ òîìàõ. Ò.1. Ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé îáçîð è îõðàíà ïòèö. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1997. 296 ñ. Áîáêîâ Â.Þ., Òîðîïîâ Ê.Â., Øîð Å.Ë., Þäêèí Â.À. Ê îðíèòîôàóíå þæíîé òàéãè Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíû. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1997. Ñ. 14–21. Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Ï. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîç¸ìíîé ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîëãè (áèîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû). – Òð. îá-âà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè èìïåðàòîðñêîì Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. Êàçàíü. 1871. Ò.1. Îòä. 1. 226 ñ. Áîéêî Ã.Â., Êóçíåöîâà È.À., Ñûñîåâ Â.À. Ôàóíà è áèîëîãèÿ ïòèö çàïîâåäíèêà «Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü» è ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðèé. – Òðóäû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü». Âûï. 2. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Àêàäåìêíèãà», 2003. Ñ. 18–50. Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Êîíñïåêò ôàóíû ïòèö Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè: Ñïðàâî÷íèê (Ñåðèÿ «Ïðèðîäà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè». Âûï. 1). Óëüÿíîâñê: ôèëèàë ÌÃÓ, 1994. 96 ñ. Âàðòàïåòîâ Ë.Ã. Ïòèöû ñåâåðíîé òàéãè Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíû. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1998. 327 ñ. Âåëèæàíèí Ã.À. Äîáàâëåíèå ê îðíèòîôàóíå Áàðíàóëüñêîãî îêðóãà. – Uragus. 1928. Êí. 6. ¹ 1. Ñ. 12–20. Âîðîíèí Ð.Í. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. – Ôàóíà åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñåâåðî-Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè. Ïòèöû. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ò.1. ÷.1. Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã: Íàóêà, 1995. Ñ. 88. Âîðîíöîâ Å.Ì. Ïòèöû Êàìñêîãî Ïðèóðàëüÿ. Ãîðüêèé, 1949. 114 ñ. Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. ×èñëåííîñòü è òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö Åâðîïåéñêîãî öåíòðà ÑÑÑÐ. – Òðóäû Îêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Âûï. 8. Ì., 1971. Ñ. 5–132. Ãàðìñ Î.ß. Ñâåäåíèÿ ïî ðåäêèì âèäàì ïòèö Ïðè÷óìûøñêîé ëåñîñòåïè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1998. Ñ. 28–30. Ãàøåê Â.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçäâî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 2003. Ñ. 76–78. Ãîëîâàòèí Ì.Ã. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ïòèö íèæíåãî Ïðèîáüÿ. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Íàóêà», 1995. Ñ. 12–13. Ãîðäååâ Þ.È. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö ó ã. Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñêà. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1997. Ñ. 48–49. Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì., «Íàóêà», 1977. 296 ñ. Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Æèâîòíûå è ðàñòåíèÿ. Îðåíáóðã: Îðåíáóðãñêîå êíèæíîå èçä-âî, 1998 Ñ. 41–42. Äàíèëîâ Í.Í. Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî è Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà. ×.1. – Òðóäû Óðàëüñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ìîñêîâñêîãî îá-âà èñïûòàòåëåé ïðèðîäû. 1969. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 3–123. Äàíèëîâ Í.Í. Èçìåíåíèÿ â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà Ñðåäíåì Óðàëå. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1-

Raptors Research ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì., 1983. Ñ. 118–119. Äàíèëîâ Î.Í. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Áàðàáû è Ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçä-âî «Íàóêà», 1976. 160 ñ. Äàðêøåâè÷ ß.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ×êàëîâñêîé îáëàñòè è îõîòà íà íèõ. ×êàëîâ, 1950. 191 ñ. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. Ò.1. Ñ. 70–341. Äîìáðîâñêèé Â.×., Òèøå÷êèí À.Ê., Æóðàâëåâ Ä.Â., Äìèòðåíîê Ì.Ã., Ïèí÷óê Ï.Â. Íàõîäêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â Öåíòðàëüíîì Ïîëåñüå. – Subbuteo. 2000. Ò.3. ¹ 1. Ñ. 3–13. Äîìáðîâñêèé Â.×., Æóðàâëåâ Ä.Â., Demongin L. Ðåäêèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö Áåëîðóññêîãî ïîëåñüÿ. – Subbuteo. 2001. Ò.4. ¹ 1. Ñ. 11–24. Æèòêîâ Á.Ì., Áóòóðëèí Ñ.À. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Çàïèñêè Ðóññêîãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî îá-âà ïî îáùåé ãåîãðàôèè. ÑÏá. 1906. Ò.41. ¹ 2. 275 ñ. Çàâüÿëîâ Å.Â., Øëÿõòèí Ã.Â., Òàáà÷èøèí Â.Ã., ßêóøåâ Í.Í., Õðóñòîâ È.À., Ìîñîëîâà Å.Þ. Ïòèöû ñåâåðà Íèæíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Êí. 2. Ñîñòàâ îðíèòîôàóíû. Ñàðàòîâ: Èçä-âî Ñàðàòîâñêîãî óí-òà, 2005. 324 ñ. Çàðóäíûé Í.À. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôàóíà Îðåíáóðãñêîãî êðàÿ. – Çàïèñêè Èìïåðàòîðñêîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê. 1888. Ò.57. Ïðèë. 1. 338 ñ. Çàõàðîâ Â.Ä. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ðåäêèõ ïòèö ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ôàóíà ïòèö Óðàëà: èíôîðìàöèîííûå ìàòåðèàëû. Ñâåðäëîâñê: ÓðÎ ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, 1989. Ñ. 42–44. Çèìèí Í.È. Ïòèöû. – Ïðèðîäà Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1974. Ñ. 319–365. Èâàíîâ Ì.Í.., Ãðèí÷åíêî Î.Ñ., Ñèçûõ Å.Å. Ìåòîäèêà ïîèñêà ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Äóáíåíñêîé íèçìåííîñòè (Ìîñêîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü). – Ìàòåðèàëû 4-é êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà, 2003. Ñ. 32–34. Èëüè÷åâ Â.Ä., Ôîìèí Â.Å. Îðíèòîôàóíà è èçìåíåíèå ñðåäû. Ì., 1988. 248 ñ. Èðèñîâà Í.Ë., Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ., Èíîçåìöåâ À.Ã. Ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ íåêîòîðûõ ïòèö â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1998. Ñ. 89–93. Êàëÿêèí Ì.Â., Ñòåéîâ Ê., Ôëàäå Ì., Õààñ Ï., Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì., Âèíòåð Ñ. Íåêîòîðûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàõîäêè â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé è Òîìñêîé îáëàñòÿõ. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçäâî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 2000. Ñ. 88–91. Êàðàìçèí À.Í. Ïòèöû Áóãóðóñëàíñêîãî è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ñ íèì ÷àñòåé Áóãóëüìèíñêîãî, Áóçóëóêñêîãî óåçäîâ Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè è Áåëåáåâñêîãî óåçäà Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàò-ëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1901. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 203–394. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconifor mes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü: Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé Ñîþçà îõðàíû æèâîòíûõ Óðàëà / Ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ñîþç, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ó÷¸òó ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è îáðàáîòêå ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Ìàíóñêðèïò», 2000. 32 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä: Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Ïîâîëæüå», 2004. 351 ñ.

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Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Íîâûå äàííûå ïî IBA: «Ñóñêàíñêèé çàëèâ» è «×åðåìøàíñêèé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ». – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 1999à. Ñ. 44–45. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îáçîð êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé äëÿ ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö â ðÿäå îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 1999á. Ñ. 123–137. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹9. C. 27–62. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â. Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ÊÎÒÐ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ íà þãå Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. – Èíôîðìàöèîííûé áþëëåòåíü «Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè». 2004. ¹ 2 (20). Ñ. 34–36. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ìîøêèí À.Â., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý. Ðåçóëüòàòû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ÊÎÒÐ â Ñèáèðè â 2004 ã. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Â.5. Îòâ. ðåä. Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2005à. Ñ. 67–71. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áûñòðûõ Ñ.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Ìàíóñêðèïò», 1999. 391 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîçëîâ À.À. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûé êàäàñòð ïòèö ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Ìàíóñêðèïò», 1999. 421 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôàóíû êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ è ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïîðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ ÐÀÍ, ÎÑÍÏ «Ïàðêâåé», 1999. Ñ. 214–219. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â.1. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 1999. Ñ. 73–77. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 3. Ñ. 28–51. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ôàóíà äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Èíçåíñêîãî ð-íà. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Âûï. 6. Óëüÿíîâñê: Êîðïîðàöèÿ òåõíîëîãèé ïðîäâèæåíèÿ, 2005. Ñ. 177–183. Êîðîâèí Â.À. Ïòèöû þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1997. Ñ. 74–97. Êîðîâèí Â.À. Ïòèöû â àãðîëàíäøàôòàõ Óðàëà. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî Óðàëüñêîãî óí-òà, 2004. 504 ñ. Êîðêèíà Ñ.À., Ôðîëîâ Â.Â. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà þãå ëåñîñòåïíîãî ïðàâîáåðåæíîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2002. Âûï.4. Ñ.169–181. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Áàðíàóë: Èçäâî Àëòàéñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 1998. 238 ñ. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê. 1996. 259 ñ.

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Êóçíåöîâ Í.È. Ïòèöû çàïîâåäíèêà «Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü». – Òðóäû Ãîñçàïîâåäíèêà «Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü». 1959. Âûï.1. Ñ.115–168. Êóçüìè÷ À.À. Èíòåðåñíûå âñòðå÷è ïòèö â Êàìåíñêå-Óðàëüñêîì è îêðåñòíîñòÿõ. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 2001. Ñ. 122–124. Êóçüìè÷ À.À. Ê îðíèòîôàóíå ñåâåðà ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Àêàäåìêíèãà», 2002. Ñ. 149–152. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Áàðíàóë, 1976. 231 ñ. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Àëòàÿ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1991.211 ñ. Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ëûñåíêîâ Å.Â. Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ìîðäîâèè / Ïîä ðåä. À. Å. Ëóãîâîãî. Ñàðàíñê: Ìîðäîâñêèé ãîñ. ïåä. èí-ò, 2001. 176 ñ. Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í., Ðó÷èí À.Á., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Âå÷êàíîâ Â.Ñ., Ëûñåíêîâ Å.Â., Ðûæîâ Ì.Ê. Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2005 ã. / Ïîä ðåä. À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà è Ñ.Í.Ñïèðèäîíîâà. Ñàðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâñêîãî óí-òà, 2005. 56 ñ. Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï., Ïàíòåëååâ È.Â., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È., Øàïîøíèêîâ Â.Ì., Äóáðîâñêèé Å.Í., ßñþê Â.Ï., Ìàãäååâ Ä.Â., Ñèìàê Ñ.Â., Áûêîâ Å.Â., Äþæàåâà È.Â., Âèíîãðàäîâ À.Â., Òàðàíîâà À.Ì., Ãóðèíåíêî À. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã.×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 48–53. Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Ãóáèí Á.Ì. Ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà è çåëåíóøêè â Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ìàò-ëû êîíô. ìîëîäûõ ó÷¸íûõ Èí-òà çîîë. Àëìà-Àòà, 1978. Ñ. 35–37. Ëóêúÿíîâ À.Ì. Õèùíûå ïòèöû ëåñîñòåïè â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Íèæíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. – Ñáîðíèê ñòóäåí÷åñêèõ íàó÷íûõ ðàáîò áèîëîãî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ôàê-òà ÌÏÃÓ. Ì., 1999à. Ñ. 37–43. Ìàëü÷åâñêèé À.Ñ., Ïóêèíñêèé Þ.Á. Ïòèöû Ëåíèíãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé. Ò.1. Ëåíèíãðàä, 1983. 480 ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í., Áàðèíîâ Ñ.Í. Ïðèìåðû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïòèö – ìàðêåðîâ öåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ ÎÎÏÒ â Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Âûï. 4. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2002. Ñ. 81–86. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî À.Í. Ïòèöû ëåñíûõ ïîëåçàùèòíûõ ïîëîñ ñòåïíîãî Çàâîëæüÿ è Ïðèâîëæüÿ è èõ õîçÿéñòâåííîå çíà÷åíèå. – Ó÷åíûå çàïèñêè Êóéáûøåâñêîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî èí-òà. Ôàêóëüòåò åñòåñòâîçíàíèÿ. 1938. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 3–38. Ìèëîâèäîâ Ñ.Ï., Øåâûðíîãîâ Ñ.Ç. Ïòèöû ãîðîäà Îìñêà. – Âîïðîñû áèîëîãèè. Òîìñê: Èçä-âî ÒÃÓ, 1977. Ñ. 15–18. Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â. Áîð ó ñ. Ðåäóòü. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ò.2. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2006. Ñ.148–149. Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Êîðíåâ Ñ.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ôàóíå ïòèö ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû ð.Òîáîë. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòî-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ðèé Ðîññèè. Â.4. Îòâ. ðåä. Ñ.À.Áóêðååâ. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. 2002à. Ñ.108–133. Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Êîðíåâ Ñ.Â. Äîïîëíåíèÿ ê îðíèòîôàóíå þãà Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Àêàäåìêíèãà», 2002á. Ñ. 164–169. Ìîñêâèòèí Ñ.Ñ. Ïåðøèíñêî-Ìàíàòêèíñêèé ïîéìåííûé ó÷àñòîê. Áàòóðèíî-Ñèìàíñêèé áîëîòíî-ïîéìåííûé ó÷àñòîê. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ò.2. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2006. Ñ. 181–183. Íèêîëàåâ Â.È. Ïòèöû áîëîòíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Çàâèäîâî» è Âåðõíåâîëæüÿ. Òâåðü, 1998. 215 ñ. Îëüøâàíã Í.À. Îáçîð îðíèòîôàóíû Òðîèöêîãî ëåñîñòåïíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Èçâåñòèÿ Áèîë. ÍÈÈ ïðè Ïåðìñêîì óí-òå. Ïåðìü. 1938. Ò. 11. Âûï. 7–8. Ñ. 193–212. Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå ôàóíû ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö íà Íîâèíêèíñêî-Øåëåõìåñòêîì ó÷àñòêå Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïîðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ ÐÀÍ, ÎÑÍÏ «Ïàðêâåé», 1999. Ñ. 211–212. Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (2004 ã.). – Èíôîðìàöèîííûé áþëëåòåíü «Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè». 2004. ¹ 2 (20). Ñ. 38–39. Ïèñêóíîâ Â.Â., Áåëÿ÷åíêî À.Â., Àíòîí÷èêîâ À.Í. Ñåâåðíàÿ çîíà Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ò.1. Êëþ÷åâå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2000. Ñ. 464–465. Ïëåññêèé Ï.Â. Äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Òðóäû ÊÑÕÈ. Ò.28. Êèðîâ, 1971. Ñ. 47–59. Ïëåññêèé Ï.Â. Ïòèöû. – Æèâîòíûé ìèð Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Âûï.3. Êèðîâ, 1976. Ñ. 49–138. Ïðèñÿæíþê Â.Å., Íàçûðîâà Ð.È., Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Øèëèí Í.È., Áîæàíñêèé À.Ò., Êîæóðèíà Å.È. 2003* Ðîññèÿ* Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ æèâîòíûå è ðàñòåíèÿ. Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè. Âñåðîññèéñêèé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò îõðàíû ïðèðîäû. Ì., 2004. 304 ñ. Ïóçàíîâ È.È., Êîçëîâ Â.È., Êèïàðèñîâ Ã.Ï. Æèâîòíûé ìèð Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå. Ãîðüêèé, 1955. 432 ñ. Ïóòèëîâà Å.Â. Îðíèòîôàóíà áåð¸çîâî-îñèíîâûõ êîëêîâ è ïëîäîâî-ÿãîäíûõ ñàäîâ ñòåïíîé çîíû Îìñêîãî Ïðèèðòûøüÿ. – Ýëåêòðîííûé íàó÷íûé æóðíàë «Âåñòíèê Îìñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà». 2006. Âûï. 54. www.omsk.edu Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ. Ïòèöû Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ (Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ñòðóêòóðà è äèíàìèêà íàñåëåíèÿ). Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1973. 374 ñ. Ðàâêèí Å.Ñ., ×åëèíöåâ Í.Ã. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî êîìïëåêñíîìó ìàðøðóòíîìó ó÷åòó ïòèö. Ìîñêâà: ÂÍÈÈïðèðîäà, 1990. 33 ñ. Ðàéñêèé À.Ï. Æèâîòíûé ìèð ×êàëîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Î÷åðêè ôèçè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè ×êàëîâñêîé îáëàñòè. ×êàëîâ, 1951. Ñ. 157–202. Ðåäüêî Ï.Ñ. Ïòèöû Åòêóëüñêîãî ðàéîíà ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ

Raptors Research ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1998. Ñ. 141–148. Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê. Ïòèöû Óðàëà, Ïðèóðàëüÿ è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: Ñïðàâî÷íèê-îïðåäåëèòåëü. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî Óðàëüñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2001. 608 ñ. Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê., Òàðàñîâ Â.Â. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ðàäèîýêîëîãèè ïòèö. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ íà Þæíîì Óðàëå. Ì., 1993. Ñ. 194–225. Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê., Òàðàñîâ Â.Â., Ïðèìàê È.Â., Ïîëÿêîâ Â.Å., Ãðåõîâ Ð.Ã., Áîëîãîâ È.Î. Ê ôàóíå ïòèö þãà Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Àêàäåìêíèãà», 2002. Ñ. 211–228. Ñàáàíååâ Ë.Ï. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå èõ â Ïåðìñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé ãóáåðíèÿõ. Ì., 1874. 207 ñ. Ñàïåòèíà È.Ì. Îòðÿä ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå. – Ïòèöû Îêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé (áèîëîãèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü, îõðàíà). Ò.1. Íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû. Ì.: «Öåíòðîõîòêîíòðîëü», 2005. Ñ.78–129. Ñåëåâèí Â.À. Äîïîëíåíèå ê îðíèòîôàóíå Ïðèàëåéñêîé ñòåïè. – Uragus. 1929. Êí. 9. ¹ 1. Ñ. 15–23. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîë. 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134. Ñêàëîí Â.Í., Ñëóäñêèé À.À. Ïòèöû Åëîãóé-Òàçîâñêîãî áàññåéíà. – Ïðèðîäà è ñîöèàëüíîå õîçÿéñòâî. 1941. Ò.8. Âûï.2. Ñ. 421–434. Ñíèãèðåâñêèé Ñ.È. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé î÷åðê Èëüèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Çëàòîóñò, 1929. 34 ñ. Ñîëîâüåâ Ñ.À. Äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Îìñêîãî Ïðèèðòûøüÿ. – Ýëåêòðîííûé íàó÷íûé æóðíàë «Âåñòíèê Îìñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà». 2006. Âûï. 60. www.omsk.edu Ñîòíèêîâ Ï.È. Êðàòêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé î÷åðê îêðåñòíîñòåé ãîðîäà Îìñêà (1877 – 1892) . – Ïðèðîäà è îõîòà. 1892. ¹ 5. Ñ. 28–57. Ñîòíèêîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé. Ò.1. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. ×.1. Êèðîâ: ÎÎÎ «Òðèàäà-Ñ», 1999. 432 ñ. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîë. 1897. Âûï. 4. Ñ. 2–331. Òàðàñîâ Î.Â. Îáçîð îðíèòîôàóíû Âîñòî÷íî-Óðàëüñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 2004. Ñ. 166–177. Òàðàñîâ Î.Â. Êóðãàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü. – Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè. Ò.2. Êëþ÷åâûå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå òåððèòîðèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2006. Ñ.131–137. Óøêîâ Ñ.Ë. Ñïèñîê ïòèö Ïåðìñêîãî îêðóãà Óðàëüñêîé îáëàñòè. – Áþëë. ÌÎÈÏ. Íîâàÿ ñåðèÿ. Îòä. áèîë. 1927. Ò.36. Âûï. 1–2. Ñ. 68–116. Óøêîâ Ñ.Ë. Çâåðè è ïòèöû Èëüìåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: ÓÈÔ «Íàóêà», 1993. 268 ñ.

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Ă?ĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂĽ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂ¨ Ă¨ Ă¨Ăľ ĂŽĂľĂ°Ă ĂĂ 2008, 11

Ă&#x2C6;Ă§ĂłĂˇĂĽĂĂ¨ĂĽ ĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂľ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂŽĂ˘

The Greater Spotted Eagle in the N.Novgorod District Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x203A;ĐŹĐ¨Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2122; Đ&#x;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x161; Đ&#x2019; Đ?Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2013;Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x201C;Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201D;ĐĄĐ&#x161;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2122; Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x203A;Đ?ĐĄĐ˘Đ&#x2DC; Bakka S.V. (State Nature Biosphere Reserve ÂŤKerzhenskiyÂť, N.Novgorod, Russia) Kiseleva N.Yu. (State Pedagogical University, N.Novgorod, Russia) Đ&#x2018;Đ° Đ° ĐĄ.Đ&#x2019;. (Đ&#x201C;ĐžŃ &Đ´Đ°Ń&#x20AC;Ń Ń&#x201A;Đ˛ĐľĐ˝Đ˝Ń&#x2039;Đš ĐżŃ&#x20AC;Đ¸Ń&#x20AC;ĐžĐ´Đ˝Ń&#x2039;Đš ĐąĐ¸ĐžŃ Ń&#x201E;ĐľŃ&#x20AC;Đ˝Ń&#x2039;Đš ĐˇĐ°ĐżĐžĐ˛ĐľĐ´Đ˝Đ¸ ÂŤĐ&#x161;ĐľŃ&#x20AC;ĐśĐľĐ˝Ń Đ¸ĐšÂť, Đ?.Đ?ĐžĐ˛ ĐžŃ&#x20AC;ĐžĐ´, Đ ĐžŃ Ń Đ¸Ń?) Đ&#x161;Đ¸Ń ĐľĐťŃ&#x2018;Đ˛Đ° Đ?.ĐŽ. (Đ&#x201C;ĐžŃ &Đ´Đ°Ń&#x20AC;Ń Ń&#x201A;Đ˛ĐľĐ˝Đ˝Ń&#x2039;Đš ĐżĐľĐ´Đ° Đž Đ¸Ń&#x2021;ĐľŃ Đ¸Đš &Đ˝Đ¸Đ˛ĐľŃ&#x20AC;Ń Đ¸Ń&#x201A;ĐľŃ&#x201A;, Đ?.Đ?ĐžĐ˛ ĐžŃ&#x20AC;ĐžĐ´, Đ ĐžŃ Ń Đ¸Ń?) Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂĂ˛Ă ĂŞĂ˛: Ă&#x2018;ĂĽĂ°ĂŁĂĽĂŠ Ă Ă ĂŞĂŞĂ Ă&#x192;Ă?Ă Ă&#x2021; ÂŤĂ&#x160;ĂĽĂ°ĂŚĂĽĂĂąĂŞĂ¨ĂŠÂť 603134 Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ăż Ă?.Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ ĂłĂŤ. Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă¨ĂĂ , 2-162 Ă˛ĂĽĂŤ.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Ă?Ă Ă¤ĂĽĂŚĂ¤Ă Ă&#x160;Ă¨ĂąĂĽĂŤÂ¸Ă˘Ă Ă?Ă&#x192;Ă?Ă&#x201C; 603950 Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ăż Ă?.Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ ĂłĂŤ. Ă&#x201C;ĂŤĂźĂżĂĂŽĂ˘Ă , 1 Ă˛ĂĽĂŤ.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Contact: Sergey Bakka State Nature Biosphere Reserve ÂŤKerzhenskiyÂť Kostina str., 2-162 N.Novgorod Russia 603134 tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Nadezhda Kiseleva State Pedagogical University Ulyanova str., 1 N.Novgorod Russia 603950 tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru

Ă ĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŠ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞ (Aquila clanga Pall.) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ĂŁĂŤĂŽĂĄĂ ĂŤĂźĂĂŽ Ă°ĂĽĂ¤ĂŞĂ¨ĂŠ Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤, Ă§Ă ĂĂĽĂąÂ¸ĂĂĂťĂŠ Ă˘ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂťĂĽ ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁĂ¨ Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ă¨ (ĂŞĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăż 2) Ă¨ Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂŽĂĄĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨ (ĂŞĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăż Ă&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ă˘Ă¨Ă¤, ĂĂ ĂľĂŽĂ¤ĂżĂšĂ¨ĂŠĂąĂż ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ ĂłĂŁĂ°ĂŽĂ§ĂŽĂŠ Ă¨ĂąĂˇĂĽĂ§ĂĂŽĂ˘ĂĽĂĂ¨Ăż). Ă&#x2C6;ĂĂ´ĂŽĂ°ĂŹĂ ĂśĂ¨Ă¨ ĂŽ ĂĽĂŁĂŽ Ă°Ă ĂąĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă°Ă ĂĂĽĂĂ¨Ă¨ Ă¨ ĂˇĂ¨ĂąĂŤĂĽĂĂĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă¨, ĂŞĂ ĂŞ Ă˘ Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂŽĂĄĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨, Ă˛Ă ĂŞ Ă¨ ĂĂ ĂąĂŽĂŻĂ°ĂĽĂ¤ĂĽĂŤĂźĂĂťĂľ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨ĂżĂľ, ĂĂĽĂŹĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ. Ă&#x201A; Ă¤Ă ĂĂĂŽĂŠ ĂąĂ˛Ă Ă˛ĂźĂĽ ĂŹĂť ĂŽĂĄĂŽĂĄĂšĂ¨ĂŤĂ¨ ĂŹĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă¨Ă ĂŤ ĂŽ Ă˘ĂąĂ˛Ă°ĂĽĂˇĂ Ăľ ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞĂ ĂĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă¨ Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂŽĂĄĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨ Ă§Ă Ă˘ĂąĂž Ă¨ĂąĂ˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ăž ĂŽĂ°ĂĂ¨Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂ¨Ăľ Ă¨ĂąĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂŽĂ˘Ă ĂĂ¨ĂŠ (1906â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2007 ĂŁĂŁ.). Ă?ĂĽĂ°Ă˘ĂťĂŠ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂĄĂĂťĂŠ Ă ĂĂ ĂŤĂ¨Ă§ ĂĄĂťĂŤ ĂąĂ¤ĂĽĂŤĂ Ă ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ ĂąĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă Ă˘ĂŤĂĽĂĂ¨Ă¨ Ă&#x160;Ă°Ă ĂąĂĂŽĂŠ ĂŞĂĂ¨ĂŁĂ¨ Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂŽĂĄĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨ (2003). Ă?ĂŽĂ˘Ă˛ĂŽĂ°ĂĂŽ ĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂ˘ĂĽĂąĂ˛Ă¨ Ă ĂĂ ĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂˇĂĂłĂž Ă°Ă ĂĄĂŽĂ˛Ăł ĂĂ Ăą ĂŻĂŽĂĄĂłĂ¤Ă¨ĂŤĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂŤĂłĂˇĂĽĂĂ¨ĂĽ ĂĂŽĂ˘ĂťĂľ ĂŹĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă¨Ă ĂŤĂŽĂ˘ Ă˘ ĂŻĂŽĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂĂ¨ĂĽ ĂŁĂŽĂ¤Ăť, Ă Ă˛Ă ĂŞĂŚĂĽ Ă˘ĂŽĂ§ĂŹĂŽĂŚĂĂŽĂąĂ˛Ăź ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂŹĂĽĂĂĽĂĂ¨Ăż Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2C6;Ă&#x2018;-Ă˛ĂĽĂľĂĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂŠ Ă¤ĂŤĂż ĂŽĂĄĂ°Ă ĂĄĂŽĂ˛ĂŞĂ¨ Ă¤Ă ĂĂĂťĂľ. Ă&#x2C6;ĂąĂ˛ĂŽĂˇĂĂ¨ĂŞĂ ĂŹĂ¨ Ă¨ĂĂ´ĂŽĂ°ĂŹĂ ĂśĂ¨Ă¨ ĂŽ ĂŹĂĽĂąĂ˛Ă Ăľ ĂĄĂťĂŤĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă°Ă ĂąĂŻĂ°ĂŽĂąĂ˛Ă°Ă ĂĂĽĂĂ¨Ăż ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă ĂŤĂ¨ ĂŤĂ¨Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă Ă˛ĂłĂ°ĂĂťĂĽ Ă¤Ă ĂĂĂťĂĽ, ĂŞĂ Ă˛Ă ĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ ĂŞĂŽĂŤĂŤĂĽĂŞĂśĂ¨ĂŠ Ă§ĂŽĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂ¨Ăľ ĂŹĂłĂ§ĂĽĂĽĂ˘ Ă&#x152;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201C; Ă¨ Ă?Ă?Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201C;, Ă Ă˛Ă ĂŞĂŚĂĽ Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă¨ĂąĂ˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨ĂŞĂŽ-Ă Ă°ĂľĂ¨Ă˛ĂĽĂŞĂ˛ĂłĂ°ĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŹĂłĂ§ĂĽĂż-Ă§Ă ĂŻĂŽĂ˘ĂĽĂ¤ĂĂ¨ĂŞĂ . Ă&#x152;Ă Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă¨Ă ĂŤĂť ĂŻĂŽ

In the paper we have analyzed the data on records of the Greater Spotted Eagle (GSE) (Aquila clanga Pall.) in the territory of the N. Novgorod district since 1906 to 2007. Now there are 25 records in different places of GSE in 1986â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2007 and 17 records â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1906â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1964 (all 17 birds were hunted and their skins are in collections of museums)*. Special theme was created in ArcView GIS 3.2a. for the data processing. GSE was a common species at the beginning of XX century. P.V. Serebrovskiy (1918) shot off 8 birds in 3 breeding territories (3 chicks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from nests, as well as 2 females were collected with chicks in 2 nests, and 2 adults â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in another breeding territory) in the Alatyr and Kalysh river valleys near Novye Ichalki village during 10 days in July 1911. GSE became a rare species since 1970s (Zimin, 1974), and extremely rare â&#x20AC;&#x201C; since 1990s. A total of 10â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 pairs were estimated to breed in the N.Novgorod district in 1990s (Bakka, Bakka, 1997). 19 breeding territories have been found since 1986. GSE use to breed two types of biotopes: edges of large open bogs and forests in river valleys. Five nests were found in 4 territories. Two nests were built in elms, others â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in a pine, alder and birch. Last nest in a birch were built on the artificial platform. Nests were placed 8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13 m above the ground. They were situated in the bottom part of crown of a tree beside or in a fork of the trunk. Now keeping in mind the number increasing the total estimate of the number of GSE in the N. Novgorod district is around 25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;30 pairs. The detailed surveys need undertaking for its revision.

Ă&#x192;ĂĂĽĂ§Ă¤ĂŽ ĂĄĂŽĂŤĂźĂ¸ĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŻĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂ°ĂŤĂ¨ĂŞĂ (Aquila clanga) ĂĂ ĂąĂŽĂąĂĂĽ ĂĂ ĂąĂĽĂ˘ĂĽĂ°ĂĽ Ă?Ă¨ĂŚĂĽĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŠ ĂŽĂĄĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛Ă¨. Ă&#x201D;ĂŽĂ˛ĂŽ Ă&#x2018;. Ă Ă ĂŞĂŞĂ Nest of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in the north of the N. Novgorod district. Photo by S. Bakka

Raptors Research

* http:// ecoclub.nsu.ru/ raptors/publicat/ aquila_clanga/ GSE_NN.htm

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñîáðàíû â 1986–2007 ãã. ïîïóòíî, â õîäå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ðåãèîíàëüíîé ñåòè ÎÎÏÒ, èíâåíòàðèçàöèè è ìîíèòîðèíãà ÊÎÒÐ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Èíôîðìàöèÿ îáî âñåõ íàõîäêàõ ýòîãî ðåäêîãî âèäà â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ àêêóìóëèðîâàëàñü â áàçå äàííûõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè ìû ðàñïîëàãàåì ñâåäåíèÿìè î 25 ìåñòàõ ðåãèñòðàöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â 1986–2007 ãã. è 17 – â 1906–1964 ãã. (âñå 17 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ áûëè äîáûòû, è èõ òóøêè íàõîäÿòñÿ â êîëëåêöèè ìóçååâ)*. Ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå äàííîé ñòàòüè ñîñòàâëåíà ÃÈÑ-òåìà «Ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ» â ArcView GIS 3.2a. Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå XX âåêà ïîäîðëèê ñ÷èòàëñÿ îáû÷íûì âèäîì. Îí ãíåçäèëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè âñåé Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, îñîáåííî îõîòíî â ïîéìàõ ðåê Âîëãè, Îêè, Âåòëóãè, Ñóðû, Ñåðåæè, Àëàòûðÿ (Ñåðåáðîâñêèé, 1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955; Âîðîíöîâ, 1967). Á.Ä. Êèðïè÷íèêîâ (1915) íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêà íà òåððèòîðèè ñîâðåìåííîãî Âåòëóæñêîãî ðàéîíà. Â ïóáëèêàöèÿõ ýòîãî ïåðèîäà íåò êîíêðåòíûõ äàííûõ, ïî êîòîðûì ìîæíî ñóäèòü î ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è çàïàñàõ âèäà äàæå â ëîêàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìàòåðèàëû Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêîãî (1918), êîòîðûé â èþëå 1911 ã. â ïîéìàõ Àëàòûðÿ è åãî ïðèòîêîâ âîçëå ñ. Íîâûå È÷àëêè äîáûë â òå÷åíèå 10 äíåé 8 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ ñ òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (äîáûòû òðè ïòåíöà èç ãí¸çä, ïðè÷¸ì â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòå ñ ïòåíöàìè îòñòðåëÿíû âçðîñëûå ñàìêè, à â îä-

íîì – îáà ðîäèòåëÿ). Âîñüìîé ýêçåìïëÿð – ìîëîäàÿ íåãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ñàìêà. Àíàëèç ýòèêåòîê äîáûòûõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿëî íå áîëåå 2–3 êì, ò.å. ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà â ïîéìå Àëàòûðÿ áûëà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âûñîêîé. Óæå â íà÷àëå 1970-õ ãã. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ñòàíîâèòñÿ ìàëî÷èñëåííûì âèäîì (Çèìèí, 1974). Â 1990-å ãã. îí êðàéíå ðåäîê – ïî ýêñïåðòíûì îöåíêàì åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðåâûøàåò 10–15 ïàð (Áàêêà, Áàêêà, 1997). Ýòà æå îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðèâåäåíà â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (2003). Â ïåðèîä 1986–2007 ãã. ãí¸çäà îáíàðóæåíû íàìè â ïîéìå ð. Âàõòàí â Øàõóíñêîì ðàéîíå, íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå íà ãðàíèöå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé-Ýë è â ñîñíîâîì ëåñó âîçëå ïîéìû ðó÷üÿ â Âåòëóæñêîì ðàéîíå, à òàêæå È.Â. Êàðÿêèíûì â ïîéìå ð. Àëàòûðü â Ëóêîÿíîâñêîì ðàéîíå. Â 2006 ã. âïåðâûå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ïëàòôîðìå (Ëóêîÿíîâñêèé ðàéîí). Ìû îòìå÷àëè áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ (Ëûñêîâñêèé è Âîðîòûíñêèé ðàéîíû), â ïîéìàõ ð. Íþæìû (Áîðñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Êëÿçüìû (Âîëîäàðñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Âåòëóãè ó áûâøåé ä. ×åíåáå÷èõà (Âåòëóæñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Ñóðû (Ïèëüíèíñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Îêè â Ìóðîìñêîì ðàéîíå Âëàäèìèðñêîé îáëàñòè (Áàêêà, Êèñåëåâà, 2007). Òàêæå îòìå÷åíû âñòðå÷è áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà Ïóñòûíñêèõ îç¸ðàõ â Àðçàìàññêîì ðàéîíå, â ïîéìå ð. Âåòëóãè íà ãðàíèöå Âåòëóæñêîãî è Âàðíàâèíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ (À.È. Áàêêà, ëè÷-

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè Fig. 1. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in the N.Novgorod district. Labels: 1 – living nest, 2 – old nest, 3 – pair in breeding period, 4 – adult in breeding period, 5 – adult in non-breeding period, 6 – hunted adult in breeding period, 7 – hunted adult in non-breeding period, 8 – borders of district, 9 – forest, 10 – water body, 11 – rivers

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 íîå ñîîáùåíèå), â ïîéìàõ ðåê: Ïüÿíû â Ñåðãà÷ñêîì ðàéîíå (Â.Í. Ïåòðîâ, óñòíîå ñîîáùåíèå), Êåðæåíöà â Áîðñêîì ðàéîíå (Ñ.Ã. Ñóðîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå); íà ïîëÿõ âîçëå áåðåãà Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â Ñîêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå (À.Â. Ìîëîäîâñêèé, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Âñòðå÷è íà ïðîë¸òå ðåäêè: íà âåñåííåì ïðîë¸òå îòìå÷åí íà þãî-âîñòîêå Ïèëüíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà (Ë.Ì. Íîâèêîâà, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Òîíøàåâñêîãî ðàéîíà (È.Â. Êàðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â Àðò¸ìîâñêèõ ëóãàõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðîäà (Ì.À. Êîðîëüêîâ, À.È. Ìàöûíà, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), íà îñåííåì ïðîë¸òå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí íà òîðôîêàðüåðàõ Áàëàõíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà (Ñ.Ã. Ñóðîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ëåòîì 1992 ã. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îòìå÷åí â çîíå ìíîãîýòàæíîé çàñòðîéêè ã. Í.Íîâãîðîäà (ìèêðîðàéîí Ìåùåðñêîå îçåðî). Ñ 1986 ã. â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò å¸ ãðàíèö âûÿâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïîäîðëèêè èñïîëüçóþò äâà òèïà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé – ëèáî îêðàèíû áîëüøèõ îòêðûòûõ áîëîò, ëèáî ïîéìåííûå ëåñà (â áîðåàëüíûõ ïîéìàõ – ïèõòîâî-åëüíèêè ïðèðó÷üåâûå, ÷åðåäóþùèåñÿ ñ îòêðûòûìè ëóãàìè, â íåìîðàëüíûõ ïîéìàõ – äóáðàâû èëè ÷åðíîîëüõîâûå áîëîòà, ïåðåìåæàþùèåñÿ ñ îòêðûòûìè îñîêîâûìè áîëîòàìè è çàëèâíûìè ëóãàìè). Ïÿòü ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíû íà ÷åòûð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ (îäíî èç íèõ ïîñòðîåíî íà ïëàòôîðìå, óñòðîåííîé íà áåð¸çå, â 2-õ êì îò âûÿâëåííîãî â 2004 ã. è âïîñëåäñòâèè ïîãèáøåãî ãíåçäà â óñîõøåì ÷åðíîîëüøàíèêå). Äâà ãíåçäà áûëè ïîñòðîåíû íà âÿçàõ, îñòàëüíûå íà ñîñíå, îëüõå ÷åðíîé è áåð¸çå. Âûñîòà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 8 äî 13 ìåòðîâ. Îíè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â íèæíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû ëèáî â ðàçâèëêå îñíîâíîãî ñòâîëà, ëèáî ó ñòâîëà â îñíîâàíèè êðóïíûõ ñó÷üåâ. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê óñòðàèâàåò ñâîè ãí¸çäà äîâîëüíî ñêðûòíî. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ æèëîå ãíåçäî íà ñóõîì âÿçå â ïîãèáøåì ëåñó íà ìåëêîâîäüå ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, êîòîðîå îáíàðóæåíî ñ ðàññòîÿíèÿ áîëåå îäíîãî êèëîìåòðà. Â Âåòëóæñêîì è Øàõóíñêîì ðàéîíàõ ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëè 30–40 êì, íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ – îò 7 äî 32 êì (â ñðåäíåì 17,8 êì). Îäíàêî, ïîñêîëüêó ñïåöèàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ïîèñêó ãí¸çä â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, íåëüçÿ óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ èçìåðÿëîñü ðàññòîÿíèå èìåííî ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ó÷àñòêàìè.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Â ïîéìàõ ðåê Ëóõ è Êëÿçüìà âîçëå çàïàäíîé ãðàíèöû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â õîäå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé âûÿâëåí ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Ìåëüíèêîâ, 2004). Â äîëèíå ð. Ëóõ ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ýòèõ îðëîâ ïðèõîäÿòñÿ ïðèìåðíî íà êàæäûå 10 êì2. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü áëèçêèå âåëè÷èíû ïëîòíîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ñõîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. ×èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà, êàê è äðóãèõ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (áåðêóòà Aquila chrysaetos, îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà Haliaeetus albicilla, ñêîïû Pandion haliaetus) âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ïîñëå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ãëóáîêîé äåïðåññèè 1980–90 ãã. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ñ ó÷¸òîì òåíäåíöèè ê ðîñòó, ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 25–30 ïàð. Äëÿ å¸ óòî÷íåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåäåíèå ñïåöèàëüíûõ ó÷¸òîâ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Áàêêà À.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå è îõðàíà íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ôàóíà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñá. ñòàòåé ïî ìàòåð. Âñåðîñ. íàó÷íî-ïðàêò. êîíô. «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ». Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 13–16. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåëåâà Í.Þ. Ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû. – ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 12–16. Âîðîíöîâ Å. Ì. Ïòèöû Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1967. 166 ñ. Çèìèí Í.È. Ïòèöû. – Ïðèðîäà Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé: Âîëãî-Âÿòñêîå êíèæíîå èçäâî, 1974. Ñ. 319–365. Êèðïè÷íèêîâ Á. Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ïòèö Êîñòðîìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé Èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîëîãè÷åñêèé. Âûïóñê 14. Ì., 1915. Ñ. 380–435. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Òîì 1. Æèâîòíûå. Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2003. 380 ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í. Áîëüøîé è ìàëûé ïîäîðëèêè Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïðèðîäíîå íàñëåäèå Ðîññèè. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Òîëüÿòòè, 2004. Ñ. 172–173. Ïóçàíîâ È.È., Êîçëîâ Â.È., Êèïàðèñîâ Ã.Ï. Æèâîòíûé ìèð Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå. 2-å äîï. èçä. Ãîðüêèé: Êí. èçä-âî, 1955. 432 ñ. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Distribution of Nests of Birds of Prey in Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk and its Vicinities, Russia Đ Đ?ĐĄĐ&#x;Đ Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2022;Đ?Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2022; Đ&#x201C;Đ?Đ Đ&#x2014;Đ&#x201D; ĐĽĐ&#x2DC;ĐŠĐ?ĐŤĐĽ Đ&#x;Đ˘Đ&#x2DC;ĐŚ Đ?Đ? Đ˘Đ&#x2022;Đ Đ Đ&#x2DC;Đ˘Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2DC; Đ?Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x2019;Đ&#x17E;ĐĄĐ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x2DC;Đ ĐĄĐ&#x161;Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201C;Đ&#x17E; Đ?Đ&#x161;Đ?Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x153;Đ&#x201C;Đ&#x17E;Đ Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x201D;Đ&#x161;Đ? Đ&#x2DC; Đ&#x2019; Đ&#x2022;Đ&#x201C;Đ&#x17E; Đ&#x2018;Đ&#x203A;Đ&#x2DC;Đ&#x2013;Đ?Đ&#x2122;Đ¨Đ&#x2DC;ĐĽ Đ&#x17E;Đ&#x161;Đ Đ&#x2022;ĐĄĐ˘Đ?Đ&#x17E;ĐĄĐ˘ĐŻĐĽ, Đ Đ&#x17E;ĐĄĐĄĐ&#x2DC;ĐŻ Zhimulev I.F., Ananko N.G., Andreenkov O.V., Kosterin O.E. (The Institute of Cytology and Genetics for Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia) Đ&#x2013;Đ¸Đź&ĐťŃ&#x2018;Đ˛ Đ&#x2DC;.Đ¤., Đ?Đ˝Đ°Đ˝Ń&#x152; Đž Đ?.Đ&#x201C;., Đ?Đ˝Đ´Ń&#x20AC;ĐľĐľĐ˝ ĐžĐ˛ Đ&#x17E;.Đ&#x2019;., Đ&#x161;ĐžŃ Ń&#x201A;ĐľŃ&#x20AC;Đ¸Đ˝ Đ&#x17E;.Đ. (Đ&#x2DC;Đ˝Ń Ń&#x201A;Đ¸Ń&#x201A;&Ń&#x201A; Ń&#x2020;Đ¸Ń&#x201A;ĐžĐťĐž Đ¸Đ¸ Đ¸ ĐľĐ˝ĐľŃ&#x201A;Đ¸ Đ¸ ĐĄĐ&#x17E; Đ Đ?Đ?, Đ?ĐžĐ˛ĐžŃ Đ¸ĐąĐ¸Ń&#x20AC;Ń , Đ ĐžŃ Ń Đ¸Ń?) Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂĂ˛Ă ĂŞĂ˛: Ă&#x2C6;ĂŁĂŽĂ°Ăź Ă&#x2020;Ă¨ĂŹĂłĂŤÂ¸Ă˘ Ă&#x2C6;ĂĂąĂ˛Ă¨Ă˛ĂłĂ˛ ĂśĂ¨Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂŽĂŁĂ¨Ă¨ Ă¨ ĂŁĂĽĂĂĽĂ˛Ă¨ĂŞĂ¨ Ă&#x2018;Ă&#x17D; Ă?Ă&#x20AC;Ă? Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ăż 630090 Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŽĂąĂ¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°ĂąĂŞ Ă&#x20AC;ĂŞĂ Ă¤ĂĽĂŹĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂŽĂŞ Zhimulev@bionet.nsc.ru Ă&#x17D;ĂŤĂĽĂŁ Ă&#x160;ĂŽĂąĂ˛ĂĽĂ°Ă¨Ă achn@mail.ru Contact: Igor Zhimulev The Institute of Cytology and Genetics for Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Akademgorodok Novosibirsk Russia 630090 Zhimulev@bionet.nsc.ru Oleg E. Kosterin achn@mail.ru Ă?Ă¨Ăą. 1. Ă&#x2039;ĂŽĂŞĂ ĂŤĂ¨Ă§Ă ĂśĂ¨Ăż ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤ ĂŞĂ°ĂłĂŻĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś ĂĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă¨ Ă&#x20AC;ĂŞĂ Ă¤ĂĽĂŹĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂŞĂ . Ă&#x160;ĂŤĂ ĂąĂ˛ĂĽĂ°Ăť ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤ ĂŽĂĄĂŽĂ§ĂĂ ĂˇĂĽĂĂť: Ă˘ĂĽĂ°Ă˛Ă¨ĂŞĂ ĂŤĂźĂĂŽĂŠ Ă¸Ă˛Ă°Ă¨ĂľĂŽĂ˘ĂŞĂŽĂŠ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤Ă ĂŻĂĽĂ°ĂĽĂŻĂĽĂŤĂżĂ˛ĂĂ¨ĂŞĂŽĂ˘ (Accipiter nisus), Ă˛ĂŽĂˇĂŞĂ ĂŹĂ¨ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ĂˇÂ¸Ă°ĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂŞĂŽĂ°Ă¸ĂłĂĂ (Milvus migrans), ĂŁĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă§ĂŽĂĂ˛Ă ĂŤĂźĂĂŽĂŠ Ă¸Ă˛Ă°Ă¨ĂľĂŽĂ˘ĂŞĂŽĂŠ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ă˘ĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂĂ (Corvus corax)

Ă?Ă Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă¨ Ă?ĂŽĂ˘ĂŽĂąĂ¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă&#x20AC;ĂŞĂ Ă¤ĂĽĂŹĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂŞĂ , ĂŻĂ°Ă¨ĂŹĂťĂŞĂ ĂžĂšĂĽĂŁĂŽ ĂŞ ĂĂĽĂŹĂł Ă&#x2013;ĂĽĂĂ˛Ă°Ă ĂŤĂźĂĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă&#x2018;Ă¨ĂĄĂ¨Ă°ĂąĂŞĂŽĂŁĂŽ Ă ĂŽĂ˛Ă ĂĂ¨ĂˇĂĽĂąĂŞĂŽĂŁĂŽ ĂąĂ Ă¤Ă (Ă¤Ă ĂŤĂĽĂĽ Ă&#x2013;Ă&#x2018;Ă Ă&#x2018;) Ă¨ Ă˘ Ă¨Ăľ ĂĄĂŤĂ¨ĂŚĂ ĂŠĂ¸Ă¨Ăľ ĂŽĂŞĂ°ĂĽĂąĂ˛ĂĂŽĂąĂ˛ĂżĂľ ĂĂ ĂŹĂ¨ ĂĄĂťĂŤĂ¨ Ă§Ă ĂŞĂ Ă°Ă˛Ă¨Ă°ĂŽĂ˘Ă ĂĂť ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤Ă Ă˘ĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂĂŽĂ˘ (Corvus corax) Ă¨ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś. Ă&#x192;ĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤Ă ĂĂ ĂľĂŽĂ¤Ă¨ĂŤĂ¨, Ă˘ ĂŽĂąĂĂŽĂ˘ĂĂŽĂŹ, Ă˘ ĂŻĂŽĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂĂ¨ĂĽ 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4 ĂŁĂŽĂ¤Ă (ĂĂĽĂŞĂŽĂ˛ĂŽĂ°ĂťĂĽ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10 ĂŤĂĽĂ˛), ĂĂŽ ĂŽĂąĂĂŽĂ˘ĂĂ Ăż ĂˇĂ ĂąĂ˛Ăź ĂĂ ĂĄĂŤĂžĂ¤ĂĽĂĂ¨ĂŠ ĂąĂ¤ĂĽĂŤĂ ĂĂ ĂŤĂĽĂ˛ĂŽĂŹ 2007 ĂŁ. Ă&#x2021;ĂĂ ĂˇĂ¨Ă˛ĂĽĂŤĂźĂĂ Ăż ĂˇĂ ĂąĂ˛Ăź ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤ ĂŽĂĄĂĂ Ă°ĂłĂŚĂĽĂĂ Ă˛ĂŽĂŤĂźĂŞĂŽ ĂŽĂąĂĽĂĂźĂž 2007 ĂŁ. ĂŻĂŽĂąĂŤĂĽ ĂŽĂŻĂ Ă¤Ă ĂĂ¨Ăż ĂŤĂ¨ĂąĂ˛ĂźĂĽĂ˘. Ă&#x2039;ĂŽĂŞĂ ĂŤĂ¨Ă§Ă ĂśĂ¨Ăż 26 ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤, ĂŽĂĄĂĂ Ă°ĂłĂŚĂĽĂĂĂťĂľ ĂĂ Ă˛ĂĽĂ°Ă°Ă¨Ă˛ĂŽĂ°Ă¨Ă¨ Ă&#x20AC;ĂŞĂ Ă¤ĂĽĂŹĂŁĂŽĂ°ĂŽĂ¤ĂŞĂ , Ă¨ 49 ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ă˘ Ă&#x2013;Ă&#x2018;Ă Ă&#x2018;, ĂŽĂĄĂŽĂ§ĂĂ ĂˇĂĽĂĂ ĂĂ ĂąĂŽĂŽĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂ˛ĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂłĂžĂšĂ¨Ăľ ĂŞĂ Ă°Ă˛Ă Ăľ (Ă°Ă¨Ăą. 1, 2) (Ăą ĂŞĂ°Ă Ă˛ĂŞĂ¨ĂŹĂ¨ ĂŽĂŻĂ¨ĂąĂ ĂĂ¨ĂżĂŹĂ¨ ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤ ĂŹĂŽĂŚĂĂŽ ĂŽĂ§ĂĂ ĂŞĂŽĂŹĂ¨Ă˛ĂźĂąĂż ĂĂ ĂąĂ ĂŠĂ˛ĂĽ ÂŤĂ?ĂĽĂ°ĂĂ Ă˛ĂťĂĽ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂ¨ĂŞĂ¨ Ă?ĂŽĂąĂąĂ¨Ă¨Âť â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ă˛Ă ĂĄĂŤĂ¨ĂśĂť 1 Ă¨ 25). Ă&#x201A; Ă°ĂĽĂ§ĂłĂŤĂźĂ˛Ă Ă˛ĂĽ ĂĂ ĂĄĂŤĂžĂ¤ĂĽĂĂ¨ĂŠ ĂŽĂŞĂ Ă§Ă ĂŤĂŽĂąĂź Ă˘ĂŽĂ§ĂŹĂŽĂŚĂĂťĂŹ ĂąĂ¤ĂĽĂŤĂ Ă˛Ăź ĂąĂŤĂĽĂ¤ĂłĂžĂšĂ¨ĂĽ Ă˘ĂťĂ˘ĂŽĂ¤Ăť: 1. Ă&#x2014;Ă¨ĂąĂŤĂŽ ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤ ĂľĂ¨ĂšĂĂťĂľ ĂŻĂ˛Ă¨Ăś, Ă˘ ĂŞĂŽĂ˛ĂŽĂ°ĂťĂľ ĂĄĂťĂŤĂ¨ Ă˘ĂťĂ˘ĂĽĂ¤ĂĽĂĂť ĂŻĂ˛ĂĽĂĂśĂť, ĂŽĂŞĂ Ă§Ă ĂŤĂŽĂąĂź ĂąĂłĂšĂĽĂąĂ˛Ă˘ĂĽĂĂĂŽ ĂŹĂĽĂĂźĂ¸ĂĽ ĂˇĂ¨ĂąĂŤĂ ĂŁĂÂ¸Ă§Ă¤, Ă˘ ĂŞĂŽĂ˛ĂŽĂ°ĂťĂľ Ă˘ĂĽĂą-

Fig. 1. Locations of large birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nests in the territory of Akademgorodok. Clusters of nests are marked: nests of Sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) are shaded vertically, nests of Ravens (Corvus corax) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; horizontally, nests of Black Kites (Milvus migrans) are marked with points 5

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/raptors/Zhimulev_tabl1.htm

We created the map of nests of ravens and birds of prey had found in the territory of Novosibirsk Akademgodok and the Central Siberian Botanical garden (CSBG) that borders upon it and in their nearest vicinities in 2007. At all we found 75 nests. It has appeared the number of successful nests is essentially less the number of nests that were occupied in the spring. Only five of 14 nests observed in territory of Academgorodok in the summer 2007 (fig. 1) were successful â&#x20AC;&#x201C; two broods of black kites (Milvus migrans) (Âš5 and Âš15), two â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) (Âš6) (Âš16 and 19) and one brood of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) (Âš12), and the fact of kestrel nesting in the Academgorodok has been noted for the first time for 50 years of surveys. And only four nests of 35 observed nests in the territory of CSBG and little adjacent territory (fig. 2) were successful: nests of black kites (Âš19), common buzzards (Buteo buteo) (Âš3 and 11) and sparrowhawks (Âš34). Corpses of 2 birds were found under two nests of kites. Nests, as a rule, were settled down groups in the certain breeding territories where only a nest was occupied. This fact confirms breeding territories are perennials. Nests in surveyed territories were occupied by almost constantly the same bird species. The significant disorder in terms of breeding in different nests of the same species was noted. In Academgorodok, fledglings of sparrowhawks left their nest Âš16 on 30 June 2007, the nest Âš6 was left, on 8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 July, the nest Âš34 in CSBG â&#x20AC;&#x201C; about 19 July. Fledglings of buzzards left their nest Âš 11 in CSBG on 14 July 2007, the nest Âš3 was left on 29 July. Such distinctions can be connected with sharp changes of temperature in the spring 2007.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Ðèñ. 2. Ëîêàëèçàöèÿ ãí¸çä êðóïíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Öåíòðàëüíîãî ñèáèðñêîãî áîòàíè÷åñêîãî ñàäà. Êëàñòåðû ãí¸çä îáîçíà÷åíû: òî÷êàìè – ãí¸çäà ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà, ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé øòðèõîâêîé – âîðîíà, ÷¸ðíîé çàëèâêîé – êàíþêà (Buteo buteo), âåðòèêàëüíîé øòðèõîâêîé – ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà Fig. 2. Locations of large bird’s nests in the territory of the Central Siberian Botanical garden. Clusters of nests are marked: nests of Sparrowhawks are shaded vertically, nests of Ravens – horizontally, nests of Black Kites are marked with points, nests of Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) – with black color

íîé áûëà îòìå÷åíà àêòèâíîñòü. Òàê, â 2007 ãîäó â ÖÑÁÑ âåñíîé â òð¸õ ãí¸çäàõ ïîÿâèëèñü âåòêè ñîñíû ñ çåë¸íîé õâîåé (¹¹ 1, 7, 22), â äâóõ – çåë¸íûå áåð¸çîâûå âåòêè (¹¹ 6, 14), â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ (¹¹ 5, 21) ñàìêè ÷¸ðíûõ êîðøóíîâ (Milvus migrans) íàñèæèâàëè è åù¸ îêîëî äâóõ (¹¹ 26, 27) – ïòèöû (òàêæå ÷¸ðíûå êîðøóíû) áåñïîêîèëèñü è äåðæàëèñü ðÿäîì. Ïîçäíåå îêîëî ãíåçäà ¹ 5 áûëà íàéäåíà ïîãèáøàÿ Ñàìêà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (Accipiter nisus) íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Í. Àíàíüêî Female of the Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) in the nest. Photo by N. Anan’ko

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïòèöà (Ý. Ã. Íèêîëåíêî, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), è ïîòîìñòâî â í¸ì íå áûëî âûâåäåíî. Íóæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàíåå, â 2006 ã., ïîãèáøèé ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí áûë íàéäåí îêîëî ãíåçäà ¹ 6, è ýòî ãíåçäî òîæå îêàçàëîñü áåç ïîòîìñòâà. Ïàðà îñîåäîâ (Pernis apivorus), çàíèìàâøàÿ ãíåçäî ¹ 12 (ðèñ. 2) â 2005–2006 ãã., ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷èíàì ðàñïàëàñü â 2007 ã. Îñòàâøàÿñÿ ïòèöà ïðîäîëæàëà ïðèíîñèòü ñîòû ñ ëè÷èíêàìè îñ â ïóñòîå ãíåçäî (îáíàðóæåíû ïðè ïîñåùåíèè 24 èþíÿ 2007 ã.), õîòÿ âûñòèëêè âåòêàìè ñ çåë¸íûìè ëèñòüÿìè â í¸ì íå áûëî. Ïðè ïîñåùåíèè 13 èþëÿ 2007 ã. ïòèöà ñèäåëà â ãíåçäå, íî òàì íå áûëî íè êëàäêè, íè çåë¸íûõ âåòîê, íè ñîòîâ. Â èòîãå ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä îêàçàëàñü çàíÿòîé. Íà òåððèòîðèè Àêàäåìãîðîäêà òîëüêî â ïÿòè èç 14 íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ ëåòîì 2007 ã. ãí¸çä (ðèñ. 1), áûëè âûâåäåíû ïòåíöû – äâà âûâîäêà ÷¸ðíûõ êîðøóíîâ (¹¹ 5 è 15), äâà – ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter nisus) (¹ 6) (¹16 è 19) è îäèí âûâîäîê ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) (¹ 12), ïðè÷¸ì ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïóñòåëüãè â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå áûë îòìå÷åí âïåðâûå çà 50 ëåò íàáëþäåíèé. Íà òåððèòîðèè ÖÑÁÑ è íåçíà÷èòåëüíîé ïðèëåãàþùåé òåððèòîðèè èç 35 íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ ãíåçä (ðèñ. 2) ïòåíöû áûëè âûâåäåíû òîëüêî â ÷åòûð¸õ: ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (¹ 19), ñàðû÷ (Buteo buteo) (¹ 3 è ¹ 11) è ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (¹ 34). 2. Ãí¸çäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ãðóïïàìè íà îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, èç êîòîðûõ òîëüêî îäíî ãíåçäî çàíÿòî â äàííûé ìîìåíò, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ïîñòîÿíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Âñå ãí¸çäà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ áûëè ðàñïîëîæåíû êëàñòåðàìè: â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå ýòî òðè ãíåçäà (¹¹ 6, 13 è 25), ðàñïîëîæåííûå â 25 ì äðóã îò äðóãà, ãðóïïà èç ÷åòûð¸õ-ïÿòè ãí¸çä ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ (¹¹ 14, 17, 18, âîçìîæíî 28, è 45) – íà îòðåçêå â 50 ì, è äâà-òðè ãíåçäà (¹¹ 16 è 19) íà îòðåçêå â 100 ì. Â êàæäîé èç ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ãðóïï ãí¸çä ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå â 2007 ã. îäíî áûëî æèëûì (ðèñ. 1). Â ÖÑÁÑ äâà ãíåçäà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (¹¹ 34 è 52) ðàñïîëîæåíû íà ðàññòîÿíèè äðóã îò äðóãà â 10 ì (æèëûì â 2007 ã. áûëî ïåðâîå) (ðèñ. 2). Ãðóïïàìè ðàñïîëîæåíû è ãí¸çäà êîðøóíîâ: â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå ãíåçäî ¹ 4 (ðèñ. 1) áûëî çàíÿòî ÷¸ðíûì êîðøóíîì, êàê ìèíèìóì, íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ 4 ëåò. Â 2005–2006 ãã. ñîñíà, íà êîòîðîé áûëî ãíåçäî, ïîãèáëà è ïîòåðÿëà õâîþ. Ãíåçäî ñòàëî áûñòðî ðàçðóøàòüñÿ è ê 2007 ã. îáâàëè-

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

ëîñü. Â 25 ì îò ýòîãî ãíåçäà áûëî ïîñòðîåíî íîâîå (¹15), â êîòîðîì â 2007 ã. áûë âûâåäåí ïòåíåö. Ãíåçäà ¹¹ 7, 5 è 39 ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà îòðåçêå â 150 ì, õîòÿ æèëûì â 2006 è 2007 ãã. áûëî òîëüêî ¹ 5. Åù¸ ïàðà ãí¸çä êîðøóíà (¹¹ 38 è 43) ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè îêîëî 40 ì äðóã îò äðóãà. Â ÖÑÁÑ ãí¸çäà ¹¹ 15 è 19 áûëè çàíÿòû ÷¸ðíûì êîðøóíîì â 2002 è 2007 ãã., ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ðàñïîëîæåííîå ðÿäîì ãíåçäî (¹ 59) òàêæå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïðèíàäëåæèò Ïòåíöû êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) â ãíåçäå. 04.07.2007. Ôîòî Í. Àíàíüêî êîðøóíó, íî îáíàðóæåíî Chicks of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) in the nest. 04/07/2007. Photo by N. Anan’ko áûëî òîëüêî îñåíüþ 2007 ã. Ãðóïïàìè ðàñïîëîæåíû ãí¸çäà ¹¹ 27–29, 3. Ãí¸çäà íà èçó÷åííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ çàíèìà83, èç êîòîðûõ 27 è 28 íà îäíîì äåðåâå þò ïî÷òè ïîñòîÿííî îäíè è òå æå âèäû ïòèö: (îäíî èç íèõ âåñíîé áûëî çàíÿòî ÷¸ðíûì â ÖÑÁÑ ýòî îñîåä, çàíèìàâøèé òðè ãîäà (ñ êîðøóíîì), ãíåçäà ¹¹ 8, 25, 20 è 26 íà ó÷¸òîì íåóäà÷è â 2007 ã.) îäíî è òî æå ãíåçîòðåçêå â 150 ì (ãíåçäî 26 áûëî çàíÿòî òîëü- äî (¹ 12), êàíþê, ãíåçäèâøèéñÿ ÷åòûðå êî âåñíîé), ãíåçäà ¹¹ 1, 7, 22 è 69 (¹ 1 ãîäà â ãíåçäå ¹ 11. Â ëåñàõ ñîáñòâåííî áûëî çàíÿòî â 2005 ã., ¹¹ 7 è 22 âåñíîé Àêàäåìãîðîäêà òà æå êîíñåðâàòèâíîñòü îá2007 ã. áûëè ïîäíîâëåíû çåë¸íûìè âåòêàìè íàðóæåíà äëÿ âîðîíà: íåñêîëüêî ëåò â ãíåçñîñíû). Áîëüøîé êëàñòåð ãí¸çä íàõîäèòñÿ â äå ¹ 1, çàòåì òðè ãîäà â ðÿäîì ðàñïîëîöåíòðå ÖÑÁÑ (¹¹ 10, 9, 6, 5, 13, 21, 23, æåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ¹¹ 2, 3 è 44; ÷¸ðíûé 33, 53 è 54), â ãí¸çäàõ ¹¹ 21 è 5 â íà÷àëå êîðøóí ìèíèìóì äâà ãîäà çàíèìàë ãíåçäî âåñíû 2007 ã. íàñèæèâàëè ñàìêè ÷¸ðíîãî ¹ 5 è òðè ãîäà – ãíåçäî ¹ 4, ïîñëå ðàçðóêîðøóíà, ïîêèíóâøèå çàòåì ýòè ãíåçäà. øåíèÿ êîòîðîãî, â 2007 ã., ïåðåáðàëñÿ íà Ðÿäîì ñ ãðàíèöåé ÖÑÁÑ îáíàðóæåíû äâà 25 ìåòðîâ â ñòîðîíó (ãíåçäî ¹ 15); ïåðåãíåçäà (ïî-âèäèìîìó, êîðøóíà – ¹¹ 31 è ïåëÿòíèê òðè ãîäà çàíèìàë ãíåçäî ¹ 6. 32) â 100 ì äðóã îò äðóãà. Åäèíñòâåííîå âîçìîæíîå èñêëþ÷åíèå Â 10 êì îò Àêàäåìãîîáíàðóæåíî äëÿ ãíåçäà ¹ 11 â ÀêàäåìãîÏòåíöû ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinunculus) íà çäàíèè ðîäêà ó ïîñ. Êîëüöîâî ðîäêå, êîòîðîå â ðàçíûå ãîäû, ïðåäïîëîèíñòèòóòà. Ôîòî È. Æèìóë¸âà áûë îáíàðóæåí êëàñæèòåëüíî, çàíèìàëè è ïåðåïåëÿòíèêè, è Chicks of the Kestrel (Falco tinunculus) on the building of institute. Photo by I. Zhimulev òåð èç ÷åòûð¸õ ãí¸çä, ÷åãëîêè (Falco subbuteo). ïî-âèäèìîìó, ÷¸ðíîãî 4. Îáíàðóæåí çíà÷èòåëüíûé ðàçáðîñ â êîðøóíà íà òåððèòîðèè ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ðàçíûõ ãí¸çäàõ îä110õ45 ì. íîãî è òîãî æå âèäà, íàïðèìåð, â ÀêàÊàíþê â ÖÑÁÑ çàíèìàë äåìãîðîäêå íà ó÷àñòêå âáëèçè ãíåçäà ¹ 16 ãíåçäî ¹ 4 â 2006 ã. è ñë¸òêè ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ïîÿâèëèñü 30 èþíÿ ãíåçäî ¹ 3 – â 2007 ã., 2007 ã., ãíåçäî ¹ 6 ïîêèíóòî ìåæäó 8 è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â 100 ì äðóã 10 èþëÿ, ãíåçäî ¹ 34 â ÖÑÁÑ – îêîëî 19 îò äðóãà (ðèñ. 2). Åù¸ èþëÿ. îäíî ãíåçäî (¹ 11), ðàñÏòåíöû ñàðû÷à èç ãíåçäà ¹ 11 â ÖÑÁÑ ïîëîæåííîå îòäåëüíî îò âûëåòåëè èç ãíåçäà (ïîñëå òîãî, êàê èõ ïîäðóãèõ, áûëî çàíÿòî íà òðåâîæèëè) 14 èþëÿ 2007 ã., ãíåçäî ¹ 3 ïðîòÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ áûëî ïîêèíóòî òàêæå ïîñëå òîãî êàê èõ ÷åòûð¸õ ëåò (2004 – 07 ãã.). ïîòðåâîæèëè 29 èþëÿ. Òàêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìîÍàéäåíû è îäèíî÷íî ãóò áûòü ñâÿçàíû ñ ðåçêèìè èçìåíåíèÿìè ðàñïîëîæåííûå íåçàíÿ- òåìïåðàòóðû âåñíîé 2007 ã. Áûë î÷åíü òûå ãí¸çäà (¹¹ 14, 18, æàðêèé êîíåö àïðåëÿ, à ïîòîì î÷åíü õî35, 41, 30, 73, 80, 84), ëîäíîå íà÷àëî ìàÿ. Âîçìîæíî òå ïòèöû, âèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü êîòîðûå íå íà÷àëè ãíåçäîñòðîåíèå â êîíõîçÿåâ êîòîðûõ åù¸ öå àïðåëÿ, ïðèñòóïèëè ê íåìó óæå ïîñëå ïðåäñòîèò âûÿñíèòü. îêîí÷àíèÿ õîëîäîâ.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Short Reports КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ The First Record of the Osprey Breeding on the Electric Pole in Povolzhye, Russia ПЕРВЫЙ СЛУЧАЙ ГНЕЗДОВАНИЯ СКОПЫ НА ОПОРЕ ЛЭП В ПОВОЛЖЬЕ, РОССИЯ Bakka S.V., Karyakin I.V., Moskalik L.N. (State Nature Biosphere Reserve «Kerzhenskiy», N.Novgorod, Russia) Ба а С.В., Каря ин И.В., Мос али Л.Н. (Гос&дарственный природный биосферный заповедни «Керженс ий», Н.Нов ород, Россия)

Ãíåçäî ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. 04.06.2007. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nest of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) on the electric pole. 04/06/ 2007. Photos by I. Karyakin

Êîíòàêò: Ñåðãåé Áàêêà sopr@dront.ru Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Sergey Bakka sopr@dront.ru Igor Karyakin ikar_research@mail.ru

Â ìàå 2007 ã. ÷ëåíîì Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè Ïàâëîì Àíàíüåâûì â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Êåðæåíåö îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus), óñòðîåííîå íà âåðøèíå ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðû ËÝÏ, ðàñïîëîæåííîé â 50 ì îò ðóñëà. Ãíåçäî áûëî ïðîâåðåíî àâòîðàìè äàííîãî ñîîáùåíèÿ 4 èþíÿ â õîäå åæåãîäíûõ ó÷¸òîâ ïòèö, ïðîâîäèìûõ â äîëèíå ð. Êåðæåíåö. Ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî äàííîå ãíåçäî ïîÿâèëîñü â 2007 ã., ò.ê. â ïðåäûäóùåì ãîäó â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ çäåñü ñêîïû íå íàáëþäàëèñü. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â ÕÕ âåêå ïîñëåäíèé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà áåðåãó Êåðæåíöà áûë îòìå÷åí Ñ.Ã. Ïðèêëîíñêèì (2002) â 1949 ã. – òîãäà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà âåðøèíå åëè, ðàñòóùåé â 15–20 ì îò âîäû. Â 60–90-õ ãã. ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñêîïû íàáëþäàëîñü â îñíîâíîì íà âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò ðåê, è ëèøü ñïóñòÿ 55 ëåò (ñ 2004 ã.) ýòîò ðûáîÿäíûé õèùíèê ñòàë âîçâðàùàòüñÿ íà áåðåãà Êåðæåíöà. Ðåêîëîíèçàöèþ ñêîïàìè ïðèðóñëîâîé ÷àñòè Êåðæåíöà ìû ñâÿçûâàåì, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ñ ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà êàê â áàññåéíå Êåðæåíöà, òàê è â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â öåëîì, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû – ñ ôèçè÷åñêèì âûòåñíåíèåì ñêîïû ñ áîëîò áåðêóòàìè (Aquila chrysaetos), ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà êîòîðûõ íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ äîñòèãëà îïòèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò.

The living nest of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) was found in the lower reaches of the Kerzhenets River in May 2007. The nest was situated on the top of metal electric pole, located 50 m from the river-bed. Ospreys were not noted in that territory in 2006. Last record of Ospreys nesting on the Kerzhenets River was in 1949. Ospreys once again have begun to breed on sides of the Kerzhenets River since 2004. Registrations of Ospreys breeding along the Kerzhenets river-bed are probably connected with increasing their number and forcing out from bogs by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) â áàññåéíå ð. Êåðæåíåö: 1 – ãíåçäî íà îïîðå ËÝÏ, 2 – ãíåçäà íà äåðåâüÿõ, 3 – ìåñòà ðåãóëÿðíûõ âñòðå÷ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö Distribution of the Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in the Kerzhenec river basin: 1 – nest on the electric pole, 2 – nests in trees, 3 – points of regular records of adult birds

Ëèòåðàòóðà Ïðèêëîíñêèé Ñ.Ã. Çàìåòêè î ïðîøëîì îðíèòîôàóíû òåððèòîðèè Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è åãî îêðåñòíîñòåé. – Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ôàóíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ. Òðóäû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò.2. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2002. Ñ. 62–70.

New Publications and Videos

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

New Publications and Videos НОВЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ И ФИЛЬМЫ Books КНИГИ

(4) Êîíòàêò: Âèêòîð Ïîïîâ Èðêóòñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ òåë.: +7 (3952) 48 04 03 vpopov@irk.ru (4) Contact: Viktor Popov The Irkutsk branch of RBCU tel.: +7 (3952) 48 04 03 vpopov@irk.ru 6

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè – ïîëåâîé îïðåäåëèòåëü äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ è ìîíèòîðèíãà (Hardey J., Crick H., Wernham C., Riley H., Etheridge B. and D. Thompson. Raptors – a field guide to survey and monitoring. Stationery Office Books, UK. 2006. 160 pp.) (ISBN 978–0–11497–321–6). Ýòî ïðåêðàñíûé ïîëåâîé îïðåäåëèòåëü äëÿ ëþáèòåëåé è ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, çàíèìàþùèõñÿ èçó÷åíèåì õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â í¸ì ñîáðàíû ïîäðîáíûå îïèñàíèÿ ìåòîäîâ èçó÷åíèÿ 21 âèäà äíåâíûõ õèùíèêîâ è ñîâ, ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ â Áðèòàíèè è Èðëàíäèè, à òàêæå 5 çàë¸òíûõ âèäîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îïðåäåëèòåëü îõâàòûâàåò ïî÷òè ïîëîâèíó èç 56 âèäîâ, îòìå÷àþùèõñÿ â Åâðîïå, 55% êîòîðûõ èìåþò íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûé ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòàòóñ â Åâðîïå, è 10 èç êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãëîáàëüíî óãðîæàåìûìè. Ê îïðåäåëèòåëþ ïðèëàãàåòñÿ äèñê ñ ãîëîñàìè õèùíèêîâ. Ýòà êíèãà, â êîòîðóþ âêëþ÷åíû äàííûå íàáëþäåíèé áîëåå ÷åì 300 èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ÿâëÿåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì âêëàäîì â èçó÷åíèå ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíó õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ. Öåíà êíèãè 32 äîëëàðà ÑØÀ 6.

Hardey J., Crick H., Wernham C., Riley H., Etheridge B. and D. Thompson. Raptors – a field guide to survey and monitoring. Stationery Office Books, UK. 2006. 160 pp. (ISBN 978–0–11497–321–6). This excellent field guide is aimed at people who watch, survey or monitor birds of prey. It provides detailed descriptions of survey methods for all 21 species of raptors that occur regularly in Britain and Ireland, along with another five species that occur irregularly. As such, it covers almost half of the 56 species of raptors in Europe, 55%, of which are considered to be in unfavorable conservation status at European level, and 10 of which are globally threatened or nearthreatened. The book also includes a free CD of raptor calls, which is practically helpful. Drawing on the experience of more than 300 raptor workers, this book makes an important contribution to our understanding of the ecology and conservation of birds of prey. Price – USD 32.0 6.

Ìàëååâ Â.Ã., Ïîïîâ Â.Â. Ïòèöû ëåñîñòåïåé Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ. Èðêóòñê: ÍÖ ÂÑÍÖ ÑÎ ÐÀÌÍ, Èçä-âî «Âðåìÿ ñòðàíñòâèé», 2007. 300 ñ. 12 ñ èëë. (ISBN 978– 5–98277–045–6). Íàèáîëåå ïîëíàÿ ñâîäêà ïî ïòèöàì ëåñîñòåïåé Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ (òåððèòîðèè Óñòü-Îðäûíñêîãî Áóðÿòñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíîâ Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè), îáîáùàþùàÿ ðåçóëüòàòû ìíîãîëåòíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ, ìàòåðèàëû ïóáëèêàöèé êîëëåã è íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå èç êàðòîòåêè çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ êàôåäðû çîîëîãèè ïîçâîíî÷íûõ è ýêîëîãèè áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Èðêóòñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Â êíèãå ïðèâîäèòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î 273 âèäàõ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ 25 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è 10 âèäîâ ñîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ 15 è 8 âèäîâ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Êîíòàêò (4).

Maleev V.G., Popov V.V. Birds of foreststeppes in the Upper Angara region. Irkutsk. 2007. 300 pp. (ISBN 978–5– 98277–045–6). This book contains the most complete information about distribution of birds in forest-steppe regions of the upper Angara region (territories of the Ust-Ordynskiy Buryatskiy autonomous region and nearest regions of the Irkutsk district), joining results of long-term researches of authors, data of publications of colleagues and not published data of the zoological museum of the chair of Zoology of Vertebrates and Ecology of biological and soil faculty of the Irkutsk state university. The book provides the information about 273 species of birds, including 25 species of birds of prey and 10 species of owls, 15 and 8 species accordingly from which are known as breeding. Contact (4).

http://www.nhbs.com/title.php?bkfno=159280

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 11 Ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (Bird, D. M. & K. L. Bildstein eds. Raptor Research and Management Techniques. Hancock House Publishers, Surrey, Canada. 2007. 464 ðð.) (ISBN 0– 88839–639–2). Äàííàÿ êíèãà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîìïëåêñíûì ðóêîâîäñòâîì èëè äåòàëüíûìè ïðàêòè÷åñêèìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè, à, ñêîðåå, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáçîð ñîâðåìåííîé èíôîðìàöèè ïî ðàçëè÷íûì ìåòîäàì. Êàæäàÿ ãëàâà èìååò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ññûëêè, êîòîðûå íàïðàâÿò ÷èòàòåëåé ê äîïîëíèòåëüíûì èñòî÷íèêàì äëÿ äåòàëüíîãî îñâîåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ïîëåâûõ è ëàáîðàòîðíûõ ìåòîäîâ è èíñòðóìåíòîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïåðíàòûìè õèùíèêàìè. Ïåðâûå ÷åòûðå ãëàâû ïîñâÿùåíû ëèòåðàòóðå ïî ïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì, ñèñòåìàòèêå, ïîëåâîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè, èññëåäîâàíèÿì, àíàëèçó äàííûõ è ïðåäñòàâëåíèþ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Ñëåäóþùèå äåñÿòü ãëàâ îáåñïå÷èâàþò ïîíèìàíèå ìåòîäîâ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, âêëþ÷àÿ âûÿâëåíèå è ìîíèòîðèíã, èçó÷åíèå ïîâåäåíèÿ, ïèòàíèÿ, ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, îáñëåäîâàíèå ãí¸çä è îöåíêó óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ìåòîäû îòëîâà, ìå÷åíèÿ è ðàäèî- è ñïóòíèêîâîãî ïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ. ×åòûðå äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ãëàâû èíôîðìèðóþò îá ýíåðãåòèêå, ôèçèîëîãèè, ïàòîëîãèè è òîêñèêîëîãèè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ; åù¸ ïÿòü ãëàâ ðàññêàçûâàþò î ìåòîäàõ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿìè, âêëþ÷àÿ ðàçìíîæåíèå â íåâîëå, âîññòàíîâëåíèå è óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè â ïðèðîäå. Êíèãà çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ ãëàâàìè ïî îáðàçîâàíèþ îáùåñòâåííîñòè è þðèäè÷åñêèì îñíîâàì îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Õîòÿ êíèãà ñîñðåäîòà÷èâàåòñÿ íà âàæíûõ âîïðîñàõ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿìè è èõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ, íàó÷íûé ïîäõîä, ïîëåâûå è ëàáîðàòîðíûå ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé, îïèñàííûå â íà÷àëå êíèãè, ïðåäîñòàâëÿþò èññëåäîâàòåëÿì âàæíûå èíñòðóìåíòû äëÿ ëó÷øåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ ýëåìåíòàðíîé áèîëîãèè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ïóáëèêàöèÿ «Ìåòîäîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ» – ýòî âêëàä â ñòàíäàðòèçàöèþ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ñðàâíèâàåìîñòè äàííûõ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Òàêæå êíèãà ðàññêàçûâàåò î ïðîøëûõ óñïåõàõ è íåóäà÷àõ â îáëàñòè èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, äàâàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ÷èòàòåëÿì óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Öåíà êíèãè 70 äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ 7.

http://www.hancockhouse.com/products/rapres.htm

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû Bird, D. M. & K. L. Bildstein eds. Raptor Research and Management Techniques. Hancock House Publishers, Surrey, Canada. 2007. 464 ðð. (ISBN 0–88839– 639–2) This book is not intended to be an all-inclusive manual or detailed «how-to» book, but rather a review of the field with up-todate information on various techniques that is designed to provide readers with a general overview of the field. That said, each chapter has numerous references that will direct readers to additional sources for details and cautions regarding various field and laboratory techniques and management tools. The first four chapters, one each on the raptor literature, raptor systematics, raptor identification, and study design, data analysis, and the presentation of results, provide a general overview of the field of raptor research. The next ten chapters provide insights into field-study techniques, including surveying and monitoring, behavioral studies, diet analysis, habitat sampling, accessing nests and assessing nest success, capture and marking techniques, and spatial tracking. Four additional chapters provide information on the energetics, physiology, pathology, and toxicology of raptors; five more cover reducing management and researcher disturbance, mitigation, captive breeding, the augmentation of wild populations, and rehabilitation. The work concludes with chapters on public education and legal considerations. Although the book focuses on questions of importance to management and conservation, the scientific approach laid out at the beginning of the work, and the field and laboratory study techniques described thereafter, provide researchers with important tools for better understanding the basic biology of the birds as well. The publication of Raptor Research and Management Techniques is a way to enhance standardization in the field, and in so doing, increase our ability to compare our findings with those of others. Also the book is a way to share both past successes and failures, and to speed improvement in our research and management techniques. Price – USD 70.0 7.

Contents

Raptors Conservation 2008, 11

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Îò ðåäàêöèè .......................................................... 3

Editors ..................................................................... 3

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 5

Events ...................................................................... 5

Ðàáî÷àÿ âñòðå÷à ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ, Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è Íàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ ýòèõ ñòðàí «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» ............................ 7

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .............................. 10

Raptors Conservation ........................................... 10

Êðàòêèé îáçîð ìåòîäîâ çàùèòû ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Ìàöûíà À.È. ...................................................... 10

Short Review of Techniques for Preventing Electrocution of Birds on Overhead Power Lines. Matsina A.I. ........................................................ 10

Ëèíèè ñìåðòè ïðîäîëæàþò ñîáèðàòü ñâîé «÷¸ðíûé» óðîæàé â Êàçàõñòàíå. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ................... 14

Lines-Killers Continue to Harvest the Mortal Crop in Kazakhstan. Karyakin I.V. ................................. 14

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. .................................................... 22

Monitoring Results of Nestboxes for Ural Owl in the Bogorodsk Region of the N.Novgorod District, Russia. Levashkin A.P. ..................................................... 22

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .......................... 23

Raptors Research .................................................. 23

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ................... 23

The Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga Region, Ural Mountains and Western Siberia. Karyakin I.V. ...... 23

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. ................................. 70

The Greater Spotted Eagle in the N.Novgorod District in 2005. Bakka S.V., Kiseleva N.Yu. .......... 70

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî Àêàäåìãîðîäêà è â åãî áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ, Ðîññèÿ. Æèìóë¸â È.Ô., Àíàíüêî Í.Ã., Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â., Êîñòåðèí Î.Ý. .................................................... 73

Distribution of Nests of Birds of Prey in Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk and its Vicinities, Russia. Zhimulev I.F., Ananko N.G., Andreenkov O.V., Kosterin O.E. ....................................................... 73

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 76

Short Reports ........................................................ 76

Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà îïîðå ËÝÏ â Ïîâîëæüå, Ðîññèÿ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ìîñêàëèê Ë.Í. .................................................... 76

The First Record of the Osprey Breeding on the Electric Pole in Povolzhye, Russia. Bakka S.V., Karyakin I.V., Moskalik L.N. ................................. 76

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ........................... 77

New Publications and Videos .............................. 77

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «ÀÏÄ» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603139, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Ãàóãåëÿ, 16–49