Raptors Conservation 12/2008 by Igor Karyakin

      

ISSN 1814–0076

  Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷ðåæäåí ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä).

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been founded by the non-governmental organisations Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í.Íîâãîðîä)

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N.Novgorod)

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Ñàìêà áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) íà ãíåçäå ñ ïòåíöàìè, ã. Êîñøîíû (áàññåéí Ñàðûñû), Êàçàõñòàí, 7 ìàÿ 2007 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Photo on the front cover: Female of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in the nest with chicks, Kosshony mountains (Sarysu river basin), Kazakhstan, 7 May 2007. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà

Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Âåðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev Page-proofs by D. Katunov Proof-reader by A. Kajumov

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ:

Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, â.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; timbar@bk.ru Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÒèÝÁ ÐÀÍ, Ïóùèíî, Ðîññèÿ; sbukreev@rol.ru Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; v-galushin@yandex.ru Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, ê.ïåä.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; lapchine@mail.ru À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; levin_saker@nursat.kz Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; olmit@list.ru À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑÂÓÝÑ, Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; f_lynx@hotbox.ru Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; vipera@dront.ru Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ; EugenePotapov@gmail.com Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; zm@eco.nsc.ru È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; f_s_c@mail.ru T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; todd.katzner@aviary.org M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; MikeJMcGrady@aol.com

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Editorial adress: P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Tel./Fax: (383) 339 78 85 E-mail: rc_news@mail.ru ikar_research@mail.ru nikolenko@ecoclub.nsu.ru http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: Guidelines for Contributors available on website: http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC/guidelines/

Events

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

  Â èþëå 2007 ã. ëþáèòåëü ïòèö Äóã Ìåéåðñ çàïóñòèë âî âñåìèðíóþ ïàóòèíó âèäåîâåáñàéò BirdCinema.com1. Ýòî ñàéò äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè ñâîáîäíîãî äîñòóïà ÷åðåç èíòåðíåò ê ÷àñòíûì âèäåîñú¸ìêàì ïòèö âî âñåì ìèðå. BirdCinema. com – ýòî ñâîáîäíûé õîñò äëÿ ëþäåé, ãîòîâûõ ïîäåëèòüñÿ ñ êîëëåãàìè íîâûìè âèäåîñú¸ìêàìè ïòèö, êîììåíòàðèÿìè ê ÷óæèì âèäåîñú¸ìêàì è ñâîáîäíîãî ïðîñìîòðà âñåãî âèäåî, äîñòóïíîãî íà ñàéòå. Íà Birdcinema.com ïîñåòèòåëè ìîãóò: - Çàãðóçèòü âèäåî èç ëþáîé òî÷êè ìèðà. - Ïðîñìîòðåòü ñîòíè îðèãèíàëüíûõ âèäåî è ôîòî, çàãðóæåííûõ ÷ëåíàìè ñîîáùåñòâà ëþáèòåëåé ïòèö, ÷èñëî êîòîðûõ óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ åæåäíåâíî. - Íàéòè èëè ñîçäàòü âèäåî Ãðèô (Aegypius monachus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà ãðóïïó, ÷òîáû îáùàòüñÿ ñ ëþäüìè, êîòîðûå èìåþò Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus). Photo by I. Karyakin àíàëîãè÷íûå èíòåðåñû, è ìíîãîå äðóãîå. Âåáñàéò BirdCinema.com äîñòóïåí äëÿ êàæäîãî æåëàþùåãî! Êîíòàêò (1). Contact (1) Dave Garcia Chef Project Manager garciada@acrllc.com http://birdcinema. com/about.php

Êîíòàêò (2) Åâãåíèé Îñìåëêèí Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå äâèæåíèå ìîëîäåæè ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè 428018 Ðîññèÿ ×óâàøñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà ×åáîêñàðû óë. Àôàíàñüåâà ä.13 òåë.: +7 (8352) 42 56 28 +7 (8352) 42 55 40 edemchr@mail.ru

23-25 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. ×åáîêñàðû (Ðåñïóáëèêà ×óâàøèÿ, Ðîññèÿ) ïðîøëà êîíôåðåíöèÿ ìîëîäûõ ó÷¸íûõ «Ïðèðîäà Åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè». Ïî ìàòåðèàëàì êîíôåðåíöèè îïóáëèêîâàí ñáîðíèê, â êîòîðîì èç 75 ðàáîò 13 ïîñâÿùåíû âîïðîñàì îðíèòîëîãèè, â òîì ÷èñëå 2 ðàáîòû êàñàþòñÿ èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö è 1 – ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ: - Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., Îñìåëêèí Å.Â. Èçó÷åíèå âëèÿíèÿ ó÷àñòêà ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ÂË-10 êÂ «Âîëãà» íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó (ñìåðòíîñòü ïòèö). - Êàòàåâà È.Â., Áåëÿ÷åíêî À.Â. Òðîôè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè õèùíûõ ïòèö ñòåïíûõ ýêîñèñòåì Íèæíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. - ×åðêàñîâ À.Â., ßêóøåâ Í.Í., Çàâüÿëîâ Å.Â., Ìîñîëîâà Å.Þ. Ôàóíà è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö

http://www.birdcinema.com/

Doug Myers, a bird enthusiast, launched BirdCinema.com1 in July 2007. This is a video website for bird enthusiasts to watch and share original bird videos worldwide, through the web - it’s simply a website for user-submitted videos of birds, combined with a sharp and well-working real-time onscreen interface (i.e., just like YouTube). BirdCinema.com is a free place for people to engage in new ways of video sharing, commenting on, and viewing videos. Bird Watching is global with fans in all kinds of different environments. On Birdcinema.com people can: - Upload, tags and share videos worldwide. - Browse hundreds of original videos and pictures uploaded by a community of members growing daily. - Find, join and create video groups to connect with people who have similar interests. - Customize the experience by subscribing to member videos, saving favorites, and creating playlists. - Integrate videos on websites using video embeds or APIs. - Make videos public or private so users can elect to broadcast their videos publicly or share them privately with friends and family upon upload. The service is free for everyone! Contact (1). The conference for young scientists «Nature of European Russia» was held in Cheboksary (Republic of Chuvashia, Russia) on 23-25 November 2007. Proceedings of the conference were published. There were 75 papers, 13 of which were ornithological: 2 – about raptor research and 1 – about bird electrocution: - Isakov G.N., Osmelkin E.V. Research of power line 10kV «Volga» fragment impacts on environment (bird mortality) - Kataeva I.V., Belyachenko A.V. Feeding interactions of raptors in steppe ecosystems of the Lower Volga region. - Cherkasov A.V., Yakushev N.N., Zavyalov E.V., Mosolova E.Yu. Fauna and distribution of Accipitridae in slopes of the Privolzhskaya Upland in the Saratov district. Contact (2).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Contact (2) Eugene Osmelkin The Chuvashian Republican Environmental Society of Youth Afanasieva str., 13 Cheboksary 428018 Republic of Chuvashia Russia tel.: +7 (8352) 42 56 28 +7 (8352) 42 55 40 edemchr@mail.ru

Áåëîïëå÷èé îðëàí (Haliaeetus pelagicus). Ôîòî Í. Íàóìåíêî Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus). Photo by N. Naumenko

Êîíòàêò (3) Âëàäèìèð Ìåëüíèêîâ Èâàíîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò Êàôåäðà çîîëîãèè 153002 Ðîññèÿ Èâàíîâî ïð-ò Ëåíèíà, 136 bird@ivanovo.ac.ru Contact (3) Vladimir Melnikov Ivanovo State University Chair of Zoology Lenina dr., 136 Ivanovo Russia 153002 bird@ivanovo.ac.ru 2 3 4 5 6

ñåìåéñòâà ÿñòðåáèíûõ íà ñêëîíàõ Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè â Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êîíòàêò (2). 27 ÿíâàðÿ – 1 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. â ã. Ïóùèíî ïðîøëà III Âñåðîññèéñêàÿ íàó÷íàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Ïðèíöèïû è ñïîñîáû ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ». Ïî ìàòåðèàëàì êîíôåðåíöèè îïóáëèêîâàí ñáîðíèê, â êîòîðîì ïðåäñòàâëåíû áîëåå 400 äîêëàäîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå 11, òàê èëè èíà÷å êàñàþùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ 2 ñòàòüè, ïîëíîñòüþ ïîñâÿù¸ííûå õèùíûì ïòèöàì: - ×åðêàñîâ À.Â., ßêóøåâ Í.Í., Çàâüÿëîâ Å.Â., Ìîñîëîâà Å.Þ. ×èñëåííîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö ñåìåéñòâà ÿñòðåáèíûõ íà òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ðàéîíà Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â ðåãèîíàëüíóþ Êðàñíóþ êíèãó. - Ðîìàíîâ Ì.Ñ., Ìàñòåðîâ Â.Á. Ìàòðè÷íàÿ ìîäåëü ïîïóëÿöèè áåëîïëå÷åãî îðëàíà íà Ñàõàëèíå. Ïîëíûé òåêñò ñáîðíèêà ìàòåðèàëîâ êîíôåðåíöèè äîñòóïåí íà ñàéòå Èíñòèòóòà ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì áèîëîãèè ÐÀÍ2. 4–8 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. íà áàçå Èâàíîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (ã. Èâàíîâî, Ðîññèÿ) ïðîøëà V Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ê êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèñëàëè òåçèñû 215 îðíèòîëîãîâ èç 12 ñòðàí. Â ðàáîòå êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå 135 ó÷¸íûõ èç 5 ñòðàí – Ðîññèÿ, Óêðàèíà, Áåëàðóñü, Êàçàõñòàí è Ìîíãîëèÿ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ 14 äîêòîðîâ è 35 êàíäèäàòîâ íàóê, ïðåäñòàâèòåëè 15 îðãàíèçàöèé àêàäåìèé íàóê, 30 ÂÓÇîâ, 12 ÎÎÏÒ, 9 îáùåñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé. Êðîìå òîìà òåçèñîâ êîíôåðåíöèè, áûë èçäàí ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé, ïîñâÿù¸ííûõ èçó÷åíèþ áîëüøîãî è ìàëîãî ïîäîðëèêîâ (Aquila clanga è A. pomarina). Ñáîðíèê òåçèñîâ3,4 è ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, ïîñâÿù¸ííûõ èçó÷åíèþ áîëüøîãî è ìàëîãî ïîäîðëèêîâ5,6, â ôîðìàòå PDF äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòàõ ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû ïî ñîêîëîîáðàçíûì è ñîâàì è «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Ðîññèè». Íà êîíôåðåíöèè, êðîìå íàó÷íûõ ïëå-

http://www.impb.ru/pdf/biodiv2008.pdf http://raptors.ru/library/downloads/ivanovo_2008.pdf http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/raptors/Ivanovo_2008.pdf http://raptors.ru/library/downloads/spotted_eagles_2008.pdf http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/raptors/Ivanovo_Spotted_Eagles_2008.pdf

Ñîáûòèÿ III All-Russian conference «Principles and methods of biodiversity conservation» was held in Pushino on 27 January – 1 February 2008. Proceedings of the conference which contained more than 400 papers were published. There were 11 papers with some information about raptors and 2 papers were about only raptors: - Cherkasov A.V., Yakushev N.N., Zavyalov E.V., Mosolova E.Yu. Number of Accipitridae listed in the regional Red Data Book in the Krasnoarmeysk region of the Saratov district. - Romanov M.S., Masterov V.B. Matrix model of the Steller’s Sea-Eagle population in the Sakhalin island. Proceedings of the conference are available at web-site of the Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology of the RAS2. V International conference on Raptors of Northern Eurasia was held in the Ivanovo state university in Ivanovo (Russia) on 4–8 February 2008. Abstracts of 215 ornithologists from 12 states were presented. 135 ornithologists from 5 states – Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia participated in the conference. Besides conference proceedings Materials on Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga and A. pomarina) research were published. Proceedings of Conference3,4 and Materials on Spotted Eagles research5,6 in PDF are available at web-sites of the Working

Áåëîïëå÷èé îðëàí. Ôîòî Í. Íàóìåíêî Steller’s Sea Eagle. Photo by N. Naumenko

Events

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Îòêðûòèå V Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè â Èâàíîâñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. Âûñòóïàåò ïðåäñåäàòåëü ÐÃÑÑ Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà Opening of the V International conference on Raptors of Northern Eurasia in the Ivanovo state university. The head of the Working group on raptors of Northern Eurasia V.M. Galushin are reporting. Photo by R. Bekmansurov

íàðíûõ è ñåêöèîííûõ çàñåäàíèé, áûë ïðîâåä¸í ðÿä êðóãëûõ ñòîëîâ ïî íàèáîëåå îñòðûì òåìàì – ïî ïðîáëåìå ñîõðàíåíèÿ êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ äëÿ ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû, ïî âîïðîñó èçó÷åíèÿ áëèçêèõ âèäîâ – áîëüøîãî è ìàëîãî ïîäîðëèêà, ïî îðãàíèçàöèè ïîäãîòîâêè è èçäàíèÿ òîìà ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì ñâîäêè «Ïòèöû Ðîññèè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ñòðàí». Â èòîãå ðàáîòû êîíôåðåíöèè áûëî èçáðàíî ðóêîâîäñòâî Ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû ïî ñîêîëîîáðàçíûì è ñîâàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïðåäñåäàòåëåì âíîâü èçáðàí ïðîôåññîð êàô. çîîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè ÌÏÃÓ Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, ñîïðåäñåäàòåëÿìè – äîöåíò êàô. çîîëîãèè ÈâÃÓ Â.Í. Ìåëüíèêîâ è ñòàðøèé ïðåïîäàâàòåëü êàô. çîîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè ÌÏÃÓ À.Â. Øàðèêîâ. Êîíòàêò (3).

Êîíòàêò (4) Îëåã Òþòåíüêîâ Òîìñêèé ãîñóíèâåðñèòåò Áèîëîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò 634050 Ðîññèÿ Òîìñê ïð-ò Ëåíèíà, 36, ê. 126 òåë.: +7 (3822) 52 95 43 tutenkov@sibmail.com Àëåêñåé Òîðîïîâ ÒÐÁÎÎ «ÑèáÝêîÀãåíòñòâî» 634041 Ðîññèÿ Òîìñê-41 à/ÿ 228 òåë.: +7 (3822) 22 37 39 altoropov@ya.ru

Â 2008 ã. çîîëîãè Òîìñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà ñîâìåñòíî ñ ÒÐÁÎÎ «ÑèáÝêîÀãåíòñòâî» ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Global Greengrants Fund ïëàíèðóþò îñóùåñòâèòü â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè ïðîåêò «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ». Öåëü ïðîåêòà: ïðîâåäåíèå â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè. Çàäà÷è ïðîåêòà: 1. Ïðîâåäåíèå ìîíèòîðèíãà âëèÿíèÿ íà ãèáåëü ïòèö ýêñïëóàòàöèè ËÝÏ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè. 2. Ðàñ÷¸ò ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óùåðáà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî ðåñóðñàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà îò ýêñïëóàòàöèè ËÝÏ.

group on raptors of Northern Eurasia «Russian Raptors and Owls» and Russian Raptors Researchers Club «Russian Raptors». Besides oral reports several workshops were in the conference on following important problems – protection of large falcons used for falconry, research endangered species – Spotted Eagles, preparing and publishing the volume «Birds of Russia and contiguous countries» on raptors. As the result of conference work the leaders of the Working group on raptors of Northern Eurasia were elected. V.M. Galushin was once again elected as the chairman, V.N. Melnikov and A.V. Sharikov – co-chairmans. Contact (3). In 2008 zoologists of the Tomsk state university together with Siberian Ecological Agency at financial support Global Greengrants Fund plan to carry out in Tomsk region the project «Birds and Electric Power line». The purpose of the project: carrying out in Tomsk region of actions on prevention of destruction of birds from an electric current on power-lines of electricity transmissions of average capacity. Tasks of the project: 1. Carrying out of monitoring of influence on destruction of birds of operation Electric Power line of average capacity in Tomsk area. 2. Calculation of the economic damage caused to resources of fauna from operation Electric Power line. 3. Realization of the program «Requirements on prevention of electrocutions of

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ñîáûòèÿ birds on transmission lines», on the basis of the received results. Contact (4).

Ïòåíåö ìàëîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila pomarina). Ôîòî Â. Èâàíîâñêîãî Chick of the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina). Photo by V. Ivanovski

Contact (4) Oleg Tyutenkov Tomsk State University Institute of Biology Lenina dr., 36, of. 126 Tomsk 634050 Russia tel.: +7 (3822) 52 95 43 tutenkov@sibmail.com Aleksey Toropov Siberian Ecological Agency P.O. Box 228 Russia 634041 Tomsk tel.: +7 (3822) 22 37 39 altoropov@ya.ru

Contact (5) Ruth Tingay dimlylit100@hotmail.com

7 8 9 10

3. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðîãðàììû «Òðåáîâàíèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è», íà îñíîâàíèè ïîëó÷åííûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Êîíòàêò (4). Åæåãîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ôîíäà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (RRF) áóäåò ïðîâîäèòüñÿ 29 ñåíòÿáðÿ – 4 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. â ã. Ïèòëî÷ðè â Øîòëàíäèè. Äàííàÿ øåñòèäíåâíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ, ïðèíèìàåìàÿ Øîòëàíäñêîé ãðóïïîé ïî èçó÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (SRSG)7, ïðîéä¸ò â Îòåëå «Àòîëë Ïàëàñ»8 è áóäåò âêëþ÷àòü ïîëíóþ ïðîãðàììó íàó÷íûõ ïðåçåíòàöèé, âîðêøîïîâ è ñèìïîçèóìîâ. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ îòêðûòà ñ íà÷àëà 2008 ã. íà ñàéòå êîíôåðåíöèè9, ïðè ýòîì ïðèîðèòåò áóäåò îòäàí ÷ëåíàì SRSG è RRF. Êîëè÷åñòâî äåëåãàòîâ îãðàíè÷åíî 300-ìè ó÷àñòíèêàìè, ïîýòîìó âñåì ó÷àñòíèêàì ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ çàðàíåå. Ïðîãðàììà áóäåò ñîñòîÿòü èç 42 ïëåíàðíûõ äîêëàäîâ è 36 äîêëàäîâ, îðãàíèçîâàííûõ ïî 6 òåìàòè÷åñêèì ñèìïîçèóìàì: «Øîòëàíäèÿ», «Ïðåñëåäîâàíèå», «Ìèãðàöèè è çèìîâêè», «Îðëàíû», «Ðåèíòðîäóêöèÿ», «Îõðàíà». Íà êîíôåðåíöèè òàêæå áóäóò îðãàíèçîâàíû ìåñòà äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ 24-õ ïîñòåðîâ. Ïî âûøåóêàçàííûì òåìàì ïðèíèìàþòñÿ òåçèñû ïî ëþáûì àñïåêòàì áèîëîãèè õèùíèêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ ïîâåäåíèå, ýêîëîãèþ, ôèçèîëîãèþ è îõðàíó. Êðàéíèé ñðîê ïîäà÷è òåçèñîâ – 1 èþëÿ 2008 ã. Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ ðàçìåùåíû íà ñàéòå êîíôåðåíöèè10. Ïðåäñòàâëåííûå òåçèñû áóäóò ðàññìîòðåíû íàó÷íûì êîìèòåòîì êîíôåðåíöèè è êîîðäèíàòîðàìè ñèìïîçèóìîâ, àâòîðû áóäóò óâåäîìëåíû îòíîñèòåëüíî ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàññìîòðåíèÿ èõ òåçèñîâ ê ÿíâàðþ 2009 ã. Êîíòàêò (5).

http://www.scottishraptorgroups.org http:////www.athollpalace.co.uk http://www.rrfconferencescotland2009.org/index.php http://www.rrfconferencescotland2009.org/call4pap.php

The Raptor Research Foundation 2009 annual conference will be held in 29 September - 4 October 2009, Pitlochry Scotland. Hosted by the Scottish Raptor Study Groups (SRSG)7, this six-day event will be held in the exclusive Atholl Palace Hotel8, with a full programme of scientific presentations, workshops and symposia. Delegate numbers are limited to 300 so early booking is advisable. Registration will open on website of conference9 in early 2008 and priority will be given to SRSG and RRF members. Papers on any aspect of raptor biology, including behaviour, ecology, physiology, or conservation, are solicited. There will also be six themed symposia for which abstracts can be submitted. Deadline for receipt of abstracts is 1 July 2008. Call for Papers are accessible on website of conference10. The programme will consist of 24 posters, 42 oral presentations organised under general sessions, and 36 oral presentations organised under six symposia sessions with the following themes: Scotland, Persecution, Migration & Wintering, Haliaeetus, Reintroductions, Conservation Management. Submitted abstracts will be reviewed by the scientific programme committee and moderators of symposia: author(s) will be notified of the review results by January 2009. Contact (5). Ïòåíöû îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ôîòî Â. Èâàíîâñêîãî Chicks of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by V. Ivanovski

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

                         Êîíòàêò: Ìàêñèì Ãðàáîâñêèé Ðóêîâîäèòåëü îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ãðóïïû ÎÀÎ «Àýðîïîðò Òîëìà÷¸âî» Íîâîñèáèðñê Ðîññèÿ gramax@mail.ru Contact: Maxim Grabovskiy The head of the bird control group of the Airport Tolmachevo Novosibirsk Russia gramax@mail.ru

Ïîâðåæäåíèå íîñîâîé ÷àñòè ñàìîë¸òà â ðåçóëüòàòå ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ñ îðëîì. Ôîòî Ä. Äúõåðáå Damage of the front part of the aircraft as a result of collision with an eagle. Photo by D. D’herbe

Ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ïîë¸òîâ àêòóàëüíû âî âñ¸ì ìèðå. Ñîãëàñíî äàííûì, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèì ñîñòîÿíèå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïîë¸òîâ âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè çà 1990–2002 ãã. (ïðèëîæåíèå ê ðàñïîðÿæåíèþ Ìèíòðàíñà Ðîññèè ¹ ÏÐ14-Ð îò 02.11.2002 ã.), â Ðîññèè â ñðåäíåì çà ãîä ïðîèñõîäèò ïîðÿäêà 60 ñòîëêíîâåíèé âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ ñ ïòèöàìè. Ïðè÷¸ì ñ 1994 ã. íàáëþäàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ óõóäøåíèÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé îáñòàíîâêè. Òàê, åñëè ñ 1990 ïî 1994 ãã. â ñðåäíåì ïðîèñõîäèëî 1,2–1,5 ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ñ ïòèöàìè íà êàæäûå 100 òûñ. ÷àñîâ íàë¸òà, òî, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1996 ã., îòìå÷àåòñÿ íå ìåíåå òð¸õ ñòîëêíîâåíèé íà 100 òûñ. ÷àñîâ. Ýòî îôèöèàëüíàÿ ñòàòèñòèêà, êîòîðàÿ äàëåêî íåïîëíî õàðàêòåðèçóåò ðåàëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïîë¸òîâ â Ðîññèè. Çà÷àñòóþ ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ, íå ïðèâåäøèå ê ïîâðåæäåíèþ âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà, ïðîñòî íå ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ ïî âçà-

The problem of airport bird control is actual all over the world. About 60 bird strikes at airports are registered in Russia every year. And the number of bird strikes has increased since 1994: 1.2–1.5 bird strikes per 100 thousands hours of fling were registered since 1990 to 1994, but no lesser than 3 bird strikes per 100 thousands hours of fling have been already noted since 1996. Birds with mass more than 0.5 kg constitute the greatest threat to aircrafts. Thus raptors are the most hazardous bird species. Only thanks to qualified decisions of pilots and lucky accidents catastrophes were avoided after Tu-154 and Il-86 aircrafts stuck Black Kites (Milvus migrans) that caused engine crushes in the airdrome of Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo) in 2001 and in 2006. Many species of birds of prey and owls inhabit territories similar with airport lands. The modern airfield is an open territory with rare buildings covered by short grass, rarely visited by humans and surrounded by agriculture lands on suburb of city. Such territory is very attractive to many species of raptors: kites, eagles (Aquila sp.), harriers (Circus sp.), buzzards (Buteo sp.), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), Short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) and Snow owls (Nyctea scandiaca). Some of those species are completely adapted to inhabit settled territories and prefer to feed in dumps, farms, and roadsides. There are data on the density of raptors in the airdrome and vicinities of the Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo) airport in the table 1. I should note that techniques to keep unwanted birds away are applied in the Tolmachevo airport since 2001. The problem of raptor keeping out of airport lands is very serious. Biosonic bird repellers are not effective absolutely. Applying of alarm rockets is more effective. Visual scare devices consisting of rotated smooth

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû îòïóãèâàþùèõ óñòðîéñòâ, ïðîèçâîäèìûõ ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûìè êîìïàíèÿìè, îðèåíòèðîâàíû â îñíîâíîì íà îòïóãèâàíèå íå õèùíûõ ïòèö Different of scare devices made by the specialized companies are focused basically to keep non-raptors out

èìíîé äîãîâîð¸ííîñòè ìåæäó àâèàêîìïàíèÿìè è àýðîïîðòîâûìè ñëóæáàìè. Äëÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ ðåàëüíóþ îïàñíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ïòèöû ìàññîé áîëåå ïîëóêèëîãðàììà. Ïðè÷¸ì, ÷åì êðóïíåå ïòèöà, òåì ê áîëåå ñåðü¸çíûì ïîñëåäñòâèÿì ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè å¸ ñòîëêíîâåíèå ñ âîçäóøíûì ñóäíîì. Òàê, ïîïàäàíèå â äâèãàòåëü ïòèöû ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðà (îêîëî 0,5 êã) îáû÷íî çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíûì ïîâðåæäåíèåì ëîïàòîê âîçäóøíîãî êîìïðåññîðà, à ñòîëêíîâåíèå ñ äðóãèìè ÷àñòÿìè ñàìîë¸òà ïðèâîäÿò, â õóäøåì ñëó÷àå, ëèøü ê íåáîëüøèì âìÿòèíàì. Òàêèå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ íå ìîãóò âûçâàòü êàòàñòðîôó, õîòÿ è ïðèíîñÿò äîâîëüíî ñóùåñòâåííûå ìàòåðèàëüíûå óáûòêè. Ãîðàçäî áîëüøóþ îïàñíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ïòèöû êðóïíîãî ðàçìåðà (áîëåå 1 êã). Ñòîëêíîâåíèå ñ òàêîé ïòèöåé ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ðàçðóøåíèþ äâèãàòåëÿ âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà, ðàçãåðìåòèçàöèè ñàëîíà èëè ïîâðåæäåíèþ âàæíûõ êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïëàíåðà, ÷òî íà êðèòè÷åñêèõ ðåæèìàõ ïîë¸òà (âçë¸ò, ïîñàäêà) ÷ðåâàòî êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèìè ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, îñîáóþ îïàñíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿþò õèùíûå ïòèöû. Òàê, ëèøü áëàãîäàðÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûì äåéñòâèÿì ïèëîòîâ è ñ÷àñòëèâîé ñëó÷àéíîñòè â 2001 ã. è 2006 ã. íà àýðîäðîìå Íîâîñèáèðñêà (Òîëìà÷¸âî) íå ïðîèçîøëî êàòàñòðîô ïîñëå ñòîëêíîâåíèé âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ ñ êîðøóíàìè (Milvus migrans), ïðèâåäøèõ ê ðàçðóøåíèþ äâèãàòåëåé ñàìîëåòîâ Òó-154 è Èë-86. Ìíîãèå âèäû äíåâíûõ è íî÷íûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö îáèòàþò â áèîòîïàõ, ïî ëàíäøàôòíîé ñòðóêòóðå ñõîäíûõ ñ òåððèòîðèÿìè àýðîäðîìîâ. Â ñâÿçè ñ îñîáåííîñòÿìè òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà ë¸òíîå ïîëå ñîâðåìåííîãî àýðîäðîìà – ýòî, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, îòêðûòàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ñ íèçêèì òðàâîñòîåì, ðåäêèìè òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèìè ñòðîåíèÿìè è îòíîñèòåëüíî ðåäêèì ïîÿâëåíèåì ëþäåé, ðàñïîëîæåííàÿ ñðåäè àãðîëàäøàôòîâ íà îêðàèíå ãîðîäà. Òàêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêè ïðèâëåêàòåëüíà äëÿ áîëüøîé ãðóïïû õèùíûõ ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ

Ðåçóëüòàò ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ãðèôà ñ ñàìîë¸òîì. Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Ì. Ãðàáîâñêèì The result of the Black Vulture collision with the aircraft. Photo from M. Grabovskiy

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà parts are sufficient effective to scare migrating birds away. The single way to avoid danger of collision of aircrafts with the birds soaring in the zone of aircrafts flying up and landing is stop of flights in that sector. For example, groups of Black Kites up to 80 birds soaring in area of the Tolmachevo airport are repeatedly noted in an ascending air stream. Time of existence of such stream is 5–20 minutes and it is impossible to undertake any effective measures to scare birds away that time, thus the waiting of the ascending stream to disappear or displace from the zone of aircraft flights is only effective measure. Unfortunately there are not stable positive effects to keep birds inhabiting lands around airport away. Thus the Short-eared owl caught in the Tolmachevo airfield in August 2002 and taken at 30 km away the airport was caught once again in the airfield during breeding season next year. The only absolutely effective measure to drive common species of raptors away the airport lands seems to shoot selectively birds regularly appearing in the territory of the airfield during breeding season. Another important aspect of interaction between raptors and aviation is falconry using for bird strike avoiding. Many airports use this method to ensure aviation safety as the most natural Falconry is used in airports of Moscow, S.-Petersburg and N. Novgorod in Russia.

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12 â îòêðûòûõ, ñëàáîîáëåñåííûõ è ãîðíûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ: êîðøóíû, ìíîãèå îðëû (Aquila sp.), ëóíè (Circus sp.), êàíþêè è êóðãàííèêè (Buteo sp.), ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus), ñîâû áîëîòíàÿ (Asio flammeus) è ïîëÿðíàÿ (Nyctea scandiaca). Íåêîòîðûå èç ýòèõ âèäîâ îòëè÷íî ïðèñïîñîáèëèñü ê îáèòàíèþ â àíòðîïîãåííûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ è ïðåäïî÷èòàþò äîáûâàòü êîðì èìåííî çäåñü (ñâàëêè, ôåðìû, îáî÷èíû äîðîã). Îñòàëüíûõ ïðèâëåêàåò íà àýðîäðîìû ñõîäñòâî èõ òåððèòîðèè ñ íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûìè áèîòîïàìè êîðìîäîáûâàíèÿ. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ïðàêòèêà, ê øóìó è âèäó ðàáîòàþùåé òåõíèêè áîëüøèíñòâî ïòèö áûñòðî ïðèâûêàþò è íå ðàñöåíèâàþò èõ êàê ïîòåíöèàëüíóþ óãðîçó. Â èòîãå, îáèëèå ýòèõ ïòèö íà àýðîäðîìå ìîæåò íå îòëè÷àòüñÿ îò èõ îáèëèÿ â ïðèëåãàþùèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, à èíîãäà ïðåâûøàòü åãî. Â òàáëèöå 1 ïðèâåäåíû äàííûå ïî ïëîòíîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö â ðàéîíå àýðîäðîìà Íîâîñèáèðñêà (Òîëìà÷¸âî) è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â àýðîïîðòó Òîëìà÷¸âî ïîòåíöèàëüíî îïàñíûå âèäû ïòèö íàõîäÿòñÿ ïîä èíòåíñèâíûì ïðåññèíãîì ñ 2001 ã. Íàèáîëüøóþ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ äâèãàþùåãîñÿ âîçäóøíîãî ñóäíà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ïòèöû, ñèäÿùèå íà âçë¸òíî-ïîñàäî÷íîé ïîëîñå (ÂÏÏ) èëè â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò íå¸, à òàêæå ïòèöû, ïàðÿùèå â çîíàõ âçë¸òà è çàõîäà íà ïîñàäêó. Íà ÂÏÏ õèùíûõ ïòèö ìîãóò ïðèâëåêàòü íàñåêîìûå, âûïðûãèâàþùèå íà ïîëîñó, ìåëêèå

Òàáë. 1. Ïëîòíîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïî äàííûì ìàðøðóòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ Â.À. Þäêèíà è Ì.À. Ãðàáîâñêîãî ñ ïåðåñ÷¸òîì ïî äàëüíîñòè îáíàðóæåíèÿ: íà ë¸òíîì ïîëå àýðîäðîìà Íîâîñèáèðñêà (Òîëìà÷¸âî) / ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü â îêðóæàþùèõ àýðîäðîì ëàíäøàôòàõ (îñîáåé/êì2) Table 1. Density of raptors in the breeding season per area (the radial distance is considered): on the airfield of Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo) / average density in lands around the airport (individuals/km2) following data of rout counts of V.A. Yudkin and M.A. Grabovskiy

Âèä Species

ìëåêîïèòàþùèå èëè ñáèòûå ìåëêèå ïòèöû. Êðîìå òîãî, õèùíèêè ÷àñòî ïðèñàæèâàþòñÿ íà àñôàëüòîáåòîííîå ïîêðûòèå ÂÏÏ äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ñúåñòü äîáû÷ó, ïîéìàííóþ â òðàâå. Îòïóãíóòü õèùíóþ ïòèöó, ñèäÿùóþ íà ÂÏÏ, íåñëîæíî, äëÿ ýòîãî ïîäõîäÿò ëþáûå ïèðîòåõíè÷åñêèå ñðåäñòâà. Îñíîâíàÿ ïðîáëåìà ïðè ýòîì – âîâðåìÿ çàìåòèòü å¸, îñîáåííî åñëè ïòèöà ñèäèò íà îáî÷èíå ÂÏÏ. Ãîðàçäî ñëîæíåå ëèêâèäèðîâàòü îïàñíîñòü, ñîçäàâàåìóþ ïàðÿùèìè õèùíèêàìè. È åñëè íà òåððèòîðèè àýðîäðîìà íà íåáîëüøîé âûñîòå âîçìîæíî äîâîëüíî ýôôåêòèâíîå ïðèìåíåíèå ñèãíàëüíûõ ðàêåò, òî åäèíñòâåííûé ñïîñîá èçáåæàòü îïàñíîñòè ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ñ ïòèöàìè, ïàðÿùèìè â çîíàõ âçë¸òà è çàõîäà íà ïîñàäêó – ýòî ïðåêðàùåíèå ïîë¸òîâ â äàííîì ñåêòîðå. Íàïðèìåð, â ðàéîíå àýðîäðîìà Òîëìà÷¸âî â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû íåîäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷åíû â îäíîì âîñõîäÿùåì âîçäóøíîì ïîòîêå ñêîïëåíèÿ ïàðÿùèõ êîðøóíîâ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ â íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ îñîáåé (äî 80), ðàñïðåäåë¸ííûõ íà âûñîòàõ îò 50 ì äî ~ 2 êì. Âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ òàêîãî ïîòîêà (è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñêîïëåíèÿ ïòèö) 5-20 ìèí, çà êîòîðûå íåâîçìîæíî ïðåäïðèíÿòü ýôôåêòèâíûå ìåðû ïî îòïóãèâàíèþ ïòèö çà òåððèòîðèåé àýðîäðîìà, ïîýòîìó îñòà¸òñÿ äîæèäàòüñÿ, êîãäà âîñõîäÿùèé ïîòîê ïðåêðàòèò ñóùåñòâîâàíèå èëè ñìåñòèòñÿ èç çîíû, èñïîëüçóåìîé äëÿ

Ãîä / Year 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

×¸ðíûé êîðøóí Milvus migrans

1/3.3

0.6/1.2

2/1.6

6/2

0.02/2.8

Ïóñòåëüãà Falco tinnunculus

0/0.7

2/0.03

1/1.4

0/0.5

2/0.9

Ïîëåâîé ëóíü Circus cyaneus

0/0

0/0.25

0.4/0.2

0/0

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü Circus macrourus

0/0

1/1.3

0/0

0/0.25

Ëóãîâîé ëóíü Circus pygargus

0/0

0/1.3

0/0.5

1/0.2

0/0.2

0/0.6

0/0.3

0/2.3

2/0.6

0/0

0/0.1

0/0.6

0/0

0/6

Áîëîòíûé ëóíü Circus aeruginosus Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà Asio flammeus

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 ïîë¸òà âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ. Íàäî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ïðîáëåìà îòïóãèâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö îò àýðîäðîìà ñòîèò î÷åíü îñòðî. Áèîàêóñòè÷åñêèå ñðåäñòâà àáñîëþòíî íå ýôôåêòèâíû. Íåïëîõèå ðåçóëüòàòû äà¸ò ïðèìåíåíèå ñèãíàëüíûõ ðàêåò (æåëàòåëüíî ñ áîëüøîé âûñîòîé âçë¸òà, äûìîâûì øëåéôîì è ïîäðûâîì íà âûñîòå). Äëÿ îòïóãèâàíèÿ òðàíçèòíî ëåòÿùèõ ïòèö íà àýðîäðîìå Òîëìà÷¸âî ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ îïòè÷åñêèå îòïóãèâàþùèå óñòðîéñòâà, ñîñòîÿùèå èç âðàùàþùèõñÿ çåðêàëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Îáúåêòèâíî îöåíèòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýòèõ óñòðîéñòâ íåâîçìîæíî, íî, ïîñêîëüêó çðåíèå – îñíîâíîé èñòî÷íèê èíôîðìàöèè äëÿ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, òî, âîçìîæíî, ðàçäðàæàþùèå âîçäåéñòâèå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ñîëíå÷íûõ áëèêîâ ñîçäà¸ò íåêîòîðûé îòïóãèâàþùèé ýôôåêò, îñîáåííî äëÿ ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, îòïóãèâàíèå ïòèö, ïîñòîÿííî îáèòàþùèõ â ðàéîíå àýðîäðîìà, íå äà¸ò óñòîé÷èâîãî ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî ðåçóëüòàòà. Îòëîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö ñëîæåí è ìàëîýôôåêòèâåí, ïîñêîëüêó ïòèöû, âûïóùåííûå çà íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ êèëîìåòðîâ, ëåãêî âîçâðàùàþòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè. Òàê, áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà, ïîéìàííàÿ â àâãóñòå 2002 ã. íà ë¸òíîì ïîëå àýðîïîðòà Òîëìà÷¸âî è îòâåç¸ííàÿ çà 30 êì, ÷åðåç ãîä â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áûëà ñíîâà îòëîâëåíà íà àýðîäðîìå. Ïðè ýòîì áîëîòíûå è, îñîáåííî, ïîëÿðíûå ñîâû ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñåðü¸çíóþ óãðîçó äëÿ âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ – èõ î÷åíü ñëîæíî îáíàðóæèòü â íî÷íîå âðåìÿ è îòïóãíóòü ñ òåððèòîðèè àýðîäðîìà. Ïîýòîìó åäèíñòâåííàÿ ìåðà, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ ýôôåêòèâíî ñíèçèòü ëîêàëüíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ìàññîâûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â ðàéîíå àýðîäðîìà, – ýòî èçáèðàòåëüíûé îòñòðåë â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä îñîáåé, ðåãóëÿðíî ïîÿâëÿþùèõñÿ íà ë¸òíîì ïîëå. Â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé äîñòàòî÷íî îãðàíè÷èòüñÿ îòïóãèâàíèåì ïèðîòåõíè÷åñêèìè ñðåäñòâàìè. Äðóãîé âàæíûé àñïåêò âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö è àâèàöèè – ýòî ïðèìåíåíèå ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö äëÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ áåçîïàñíîñòè ïîë¸òîâ. Âî ìíîãèõ àýðîïîðòàõ ìèðà èñïîëüçóþò äàííûé ñïîñîá óìåíüøåíèÿ âåðîÿòíîñòè ñòîëêíîâåíèé âîçäóøíûõ ñóäîâ ñ ïòèöàìè, êàê íàèáîëåå ýêîëîãè÷íûé. Â Ðîññèè ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö ïðèìåíÿþò â àýðîïîðòàõ

Ëîâ÷èé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) íà ñòðàæå àýðîïîðòà. Ôîòî Ì. Ãðàáîâñêîãî Using falconry for bird control: the Saker (Falco cherrug) guards the airport lands. Photo by M. Grabovskiy

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà Ìîñêâû, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà è Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðîäà. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö çàâèñèò, ïðåæäå âñåãî, îò êâàëèôèêàöèè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ ñ ïòèöàìè, à òàêæå îò îáåñïå÷åííîñòè íåîáõîäèìûìè ðåñóðñàìè îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ãðóïïû (êîëè÷åñòâî îáó÷åííûõ ëþäåé è ïðàâèëüíûé ïîäáîð ïòèö, óñëîâèÿ ñîäåðæàíèÿ è ò.ä.). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â Ðîññèè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ñïîñîáíûõ îáó÷èòü è îáåñïå÷èòü ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîñòü ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö, ìîæíî ïåðåñ÷èòàòü íà ïàëüöàõ îäíîé ðóêè. Êðîìå òîãî, ïðèìåíåíèå ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö ñîïðÿæåíî ñî çíà÷èòåëüíûìè ôèíàíñîâûìè çàòðàòàìè íà èõ ïðèîáðåòåíèå è ñîäåðæàíèå – âîëüåðû, ñíàðÿæåíèå, êîðìà, ëåêàðñòâà, ñðåäñòâà ñëåæåíèÿ (ñïóòíèêîâûå èëè ðàäèî). Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, èñïîëüçîâàòü ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö â àýðîïîðòàõ öåëåñîîáðàçíî ëèøü ïðè íàëè÷èè ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ è êîãäà äðóãèå ìåòîäû îòïóãèâàíèÿ íåýôôåêòèâíû (íàïðèìåð, ïðè íàëè÷èè â ðàéîíå àýðîäðîìà ðåãóëÿðíûõ ìàññîâûõ êîðìîâûõ èëè ìèãðàöèîííûõ ïóòåé ïåðåë¸òîâ ïòèö). Ñëåäóåò îñîáîå âíèìàíèå îáðàòèòü íà âûáîð ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðåøàåìûõ ñ èõ ïîìîùüþ ïðîáëåì. Òàê, äëÿ îòïóãèâàíèÿ ãîëóáåé èëè âðàíîâûõ âïîëíå ïîäîéäóò áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) èëè ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), òîãäà êàê äëÿ ëèêâèäàöèè îïàñíîñòè, ñîçäàâàåìîé êðóïíûìè âèäàìè ÷àåê èëè ãóñåîáðàçíûõ, íå îáîéòèñü áåç êðå÷åòà (Falco rusticolus) èëè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus). Âïîëíå âîçìîæíî ïðèìåíåíèå êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ è ïðîòèâ äðóãèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ â ðàéîíå àýðîäðîìà.

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

                                 Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru

Îïîðû ËÝÏ, ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïòèö: ìåòàëëè÷åñêàÿ (ñëåâà) è áåòîííàÿ (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Electric poles suitable for bird nesting: metal (left) and concrete (right). Photo by I. Karyakin

Äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ïòèöû ýâîëþöèîíèðîâàëè, àäàïòèðóÿñü ê óñëîâèÿì, â êîòîðûõ îíè îáèòàëè. Îäíàêî ñ íåêîòîðûõ ïîð ÷åëîâåê áûñòðî ñòàë âíîñèòü êîððåêòèâû â ýòîò ïðîöåññ, ñóùåñòâåííî ìåíÿÿ óñëîâèÿ îáèòàíèÿ ïòèö. Îäèí èç ìîùíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, äàâøèé òîë÷îê ê îñâîåíèþ ïòèöàìè íîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, è, â òî æå âðåìÿ, ïîâëåêøèé çà ñîáîé óãðîæàþùèå ìàñøòàáû ãèáåëè, – ðàçâèòèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ). Î ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì îïóáëèêîâàíî ìíîãî ðàáîò (Ïåðåðâà, Áëîõèí, 1981; Ïåðåðâà, Ãðàæäàíêèí, 1983; Ëàíîâåíêî, Àáäóëíàçàðîâ, 1983; Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005; Êàðÿêèí, 2008; Ìåäæèäîâ è äð., 2005; Ôåôåëîâ, 2005; Ìàöûíà, 2005; 2006; Êàðÿêèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006 è äð.) è ýòà ïðîáëåìà òðåáóåò íåçàìåäëèòåëüíîãî ðåøåíèÿ. Â ýòîé ñòàòüå õî÷åòñÿ îñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå ïðîáëåìû – ïîëîæèòåëüíîì âëèÿíèè ËÝÏ íà óëó÷øåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ìíîãèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ñ ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïåðâûõ ËÝÏ ïòèöû ñòàëè èñïîëüçîâàòü èõ â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä âî âðåìÿ îõîòû èëè îòäûõà, êàê â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, òàê è íà ïðîë¸òå. Îäíàêî â ñêîðîì

Birds are adapted for the environment conditions. However human began to change many nature conditions and change inhabitant places of many bird species. One of the most powerful factors, that provoked birds to occupy new inhabitant places, was the overhead power line system development. There are many publications about bird electrocution (Pererva, Blochin, 1981; Pererva, Grazhdankin, 1983; Lanovenko, Abdulnazarov, 1983; Saltykov, 1999; Karyakin et al., 2005; Karyakin, Barabashin, 2005; Karyakin, 2008; Medzhidov et al., 2005; Matsyna, 2005; 2006; Karyakin, Novikova, 2006) and this problem need the immediate solution. But in this paper I want to emphasize another side of the problem – the positive impact of power lines to improve nesting conditions for many raptor species. Since the power line appearing birds began to use electric poles as perches during breeding season and migrations. However soon birds began to use electric poles and for nest building. The Raven (Corvus corax) began to inhabit power lines in forest-steppe of Russia on 10 years later than the Jackdaw (C. monedula) and the Rook (C. frugilegus) – in 1980-s and has begun to spread in the steppe zone only since 1990-s. I had already found tens of raven nests on electric poles in steppes of the Middle Volga in 1995–98. The species only has begun to spread in Western Kazakhstan. There is the paper about the process of raven spreading through power lines in the Cis-Caucasus region: Belik V.P. et al., 2004. The first nest of ravens on an electric pole was found in that region in 2000. The Carrion and the Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix, C. corone) are the latest species of Corvidae who have begun to use electric poles for the nest building. Now 0.7% pairs of Hooded Crows, 4% pairs of Rooks, 30% pairs of Ravens and 55% pairs of Jackdaws build nests on electric poles in the steppe zone of the VolgaUral region. After Corvidae birds of prey began to occupy electric poles in the forest and forest-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 âðåìåíè îïîðû ËÝÏ ñòàëè ïðèâëåêàòü ìíîãèå âèäû ïòèö â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîãî ñóáñòðàòà. Â ëåñíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå ïåðâûìè íà «ïðèãëàøåíèå», ñäåëàííîå ýíåðãåòèêàìè, îòðåàãèðîâàëè íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûå âèäû, òàêèå êàê ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus) è ãàëêà (Corvus monedula). Â óñëîâèÿõ þãà ëåñíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû ãðà÷è è ãàëêè íà÷àëè ðàññåëÿòüñÿ óæå â 50–60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïî ìåòàëëè÷åñêèì îïîðàì ËÝÏ (ãðà÷è) è ïîëûì áåòîííûì îïîðàì (ãàëêè). Ê 70-ì ãîäàì îáà âèäà «ïîøëè» ïî ñòåïíûì ðàéîíàì, ïðè÷¸ì èõ îñâîåíèå ËÝÏ çäåñü ïîäñòåãíóë ïðîöåññ àêòèâíîãî ðàññåëåíèÿ ïî ëåñîïîëîñàì, â èçîáèëèè ïîÿâèâøèìñÿ ïîñëå «ïîäíÿòèÿ öåëèíû». Ñëåäîì çà ãðà÷àìè, ñïóñòÿ äåñÿòèëåòèå, â ñòåïü «ïîøëè» âîðîíû (Corvus corax). Ãíåçäîâàíèå âîðîíà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ñòàëî íàáëþäàòüñÿ ñ 70-õ ãã. â ëåñíîé çîíå, ñ 80-õ ãã. – â ëåñîñòåïè è ñ 90-õ ãã. – â ñòåïíîé çîíå. Â 1995–98 ãã. â ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ìåæäó Âîëãîé è Óðàëîì âîðîí óæå ÿâëÿëñÿ íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì – â ñðåäíåì íà êàæäûå 127 êì âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè îïîðàìè íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàðû âîðîíîâ. Âèäèìî àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì â ýòîò ïåðèîä âûãëÿäåëà ñèòóàöèÿ è â ëåñîñòåïè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñ 2000 ã. íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðàññåëåíèå âîðîíà â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå, â ÷àñòíîñòè, îí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âäîëü ð. Óðàë ôàêòè÷åñêè äî Àòûðàó, âäîëü ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêèõ ïåñêîâ è â ìåæäóðå÷üå Óðàëà è Ýìáû. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñ âîðîíîì ïî äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó Âîëãè. Ê êîíöó 90-õ ãã. âèä çàñåëèë ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå ñòåïíûå ðàéîíû Ðîñòîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Áåëèê, 2000) è ïîÿâèëñÿ â ñòåïÿõ Ïðåäêàâêàçüÿ (Çàáîëîòíûé, Õîõëîâ, 1991; 1992; 1994), â 2000 ã. îáíàðóæåíî ñðàçó æå 3 ãíåçäà íà ËÝÏ áëèç òðàññû Êðàñíîäàð – Áåëîðå÷åíñê, à â 2004 ã. â Çàïàäíîì Ïðåäêàâêàçüå îáíàðóæåíî óæå 34 ãíåçäà íà 32-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ïðèóðî÷åííûõ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ê ËÝÏ ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè îïîðàìè (Áåëèê è äð., 2004). Âîçìîæíî, â ìîíãîëüñêèõ ñòåïÿõ âèä íà÷àë îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ ðàíüøå, ÷åì â åâðîïåéñêèõ, íî ïðÿìîãî ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ ýòîìó íåò. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ìîíãîëèè âîðîí äîñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íî ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ËÝÏ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ íàáëþäàþòñÿ è â Ðîññèè – íà Àëòàå, â Òûâå è Áóðÿòèè, íî ÿâëåíèå ýòî çäåñü íå íîñèò ìàññîâîãî õàðàêòåðà. Ïîñëåäíèìè èç âðàíîâûõ «ïðèìåòèëè» îïîðû ËÝÏ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà steppe zones. The first raptors who began to nest on electric poles were little falcons – the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and the Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus). Only pairs of Kestrels and Red-footed Falcons bred in the south of the Perm district in 1980-s. The number of Kestrel and Redfooted Falcon nests located on electric poles has increased to 22% and 5% accordingly in the Volga-Ural region till 2007. The first event of the Hobby (Falco subbuteo) nesting in the electric pole was registered in the Ulyanovsk district 29 July 2005. Only the Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) amongst all species of owls began to occupy nests of Corvidae (usually nests of Jackdaws) built on electric poles. There are known 5 such nests. Steppe Eagles began to use electric poles in desert and semi-desert regions in the south of Russia and Western Kazakhstan. The Steppe Eagle nesting on wooden electric poles had been already noted in Kalmykia at the end of 1970-s (Survillo et al., 1977), however the species nested almost only on the ground until 1950-s and began to nest on thatch ricks only in 1950– 70-s and on electric poles in 1970–80-s (Bostanzhoglo, 1911; Kozlov, 1959; Savinetskiy, Shilova, 1986; 1996). Similar process was note in Western Kazakhstan. The Steppe Eagle nesting on concrete electric pole crossarms was found in the Pre-Ural region in 1982 (Pererva, Grazhdankin, 1983). The species had occupied to nest metal and concrete poles widely in the Ural and Emba river basins already to the end of 1990-s. Now 27.3% of the total number of known nests (n=286) is built on electric poles, 52,6% of which is located on concrete pole crossarms (Karyakin, Novikova, 2006). Now the Steppe Eagle has already begun to nest on metal electric poles (15-20 m height) of power lines with high voltage in Kalmykia, the Lower Volga region, Western and the south of Central Kazakhstan, unfortunately it is isolated cases (Belik, 2004; author’s information). By the way the Steppe Eagle is not noted to nest on electric poles in the north of his own range – in the Samara district (Karyakin, 2002), in the west of the Orenburg district, as well as in Eastern Kazakhstan (Smelyanskiy et al., 2006) and in Southern Siberia (Karyakin et al., 2006) that are inhabited the large breeding populations of the species. Now only western subspecies of the Steppe Eagle (A. nipalensis orientalis) uses electric pole for nesting, but the eastern subspecies (A. n. nipalensis) has not yet been registered

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12 ãí¸çä ñåðàÿ è ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíû (Corvus cornix, C. corone), ïðè÷¸ì ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà, âèäèìî, ðàíüøå íà÷àëà îñâàèâàòü îïîðû ËÝÏ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü â Ìèíóñèíñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Çäåñü â 1999 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 18 ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà, à ê 2006 ã. ñòàëî èçâåñòíî óæå áîëåå 47, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Âèäèìî ïîçæå ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà ñòàëà îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ â ñòåïÿõ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Çäåñü â 2005 ã. 6 ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíî â Áàëàãàííî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è 7 ãí¸çä â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Áóðÿòèè. Ñåðàÿ âîðîíà ñòàëà îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå è ëèøü ê êîíöó 90-õ ãã. ñòàëà ðàññåëÿòüñÿ ïî îïîðàì ËÝÏ â ñòåïíîé çîíå Ðîññèè. Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â 1998 ã. Â 2000 ã. 5 ãí¸çä ñåðîé âîðîíû íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî íà þãå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ê 2007 ã. â ñòåïíîé çîíå Ñàìàðñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòåé ñåðàÿ âîðîíà ñòàëà â íîðìå ãíåçäèòüñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ, ëèøü íåñêîëüêî óñòóïàþùåé âîðîíó. Â 2004 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå 4-õ ãèáðèäíûõ ïàð ñåðîé è ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíû (Corvus cornix õ corone) íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ óñòàíîâëåíî â ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ñòåïíîé çîíå Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà ëèøü 0,7% ïàð ñåðûõ âîðîí, 4% ïàð ãðà÷åé è 30% ïàð âîðîíîâ óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Çäåñü ñðåäè âðàíîâûõ ëèøü ãàëêà ëèäèðóåò â îñâîåíèè ËÝÏ, îêîëî 55% ïîïóëÿöèè êîòîðîé â ñòåïíîé çîíå ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áåòîííûõ). Äëÿ ñåðîé âîðîíû, ãðà÷à è âîðîíà äåðåâüÿ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ è áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ (è ñêàëû äëÿ âîðîíà) ïðîäîëæàþò îñòàâàòüñÿ îñíîâíûìè ìåñòàìè óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îñâîåíèå ËÝÏ ïîçâîëèëî ýòèì âèäàì ïðîíèêíóòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèå â àáñîëþòíî áåçëåñíûå (è ëèø¸ííûå ñêàë) òåððèòîðèè, îñâîèâ íîâûå äëÿ íèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, à âîðîí äàæå ñòàë òÿãîòåòü ê ËÝÏ, ïîñòåïåííî óõîäÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñî ñêàë â Ãóáåðëèíñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå è íà þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè Þæíîãî Óðàëà â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñëåäîì çà âðàíîâûìè îïîðû ËÝÏ â ëåñíîé çîíå è ëåñîñòåïè ñòàëè îñâàèâàòü è ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå. Íåñîìíåííî, îäíèìè èç ïåðâûõ õèùíèêîâ, êîòîðûå ñòàëè ãíåçäèòüñÿ çäåñü íà ËÝÏ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåëêèå ñîêîëû – ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus)

to nest on electric poles. The power line infrastructure development is believed to impact on the Long-legged Buzzard spreading in Western Kazakhstan. M.N. Korelov (1962) supposed the species not to breed or breed rarely in the territory between The Volga and the Ural rivers, however the species was found near the Elton Lake and Janybek in 1964, and 39 nests located mostly in large willows in the territory of leaved villages and on wood electric poles had been already known till 1982 (Lindeman, 1983). V.I. Pererva and A.V. Grazhdankin noted 3 nests on electric poles in the Pre-Ural Mountains region (1983). The number of the Long-legged Buzzard had being increased in the Volga-Ural semideserts till 1990-s, as the result the species have inhabited all suitable territories in the region. (Lindeman et al., 2005). Now more than 80% of local breeding groups of the Long-legged Buzzard nest on electric poles in most regions of Western and the west of Central Kazakhstan. The Upland Buzzard inhabiting mountain steppes in Mongolia and Southern Siberia as well as the Long-legged Buzzard began to nest on electric poles but it seemed to be later – mostly since the end of 1970-s. The Upland Buzzard was not noted to nest on electric poles in Northern Mongolia in 1960-s (Pichocki, 1968). However the species nesting on electric poles was common in Central Mongolia at the end of 1990-s (Potapov et al., 2001). Surveying the Upland Buzzard in Tuva À.À. Baranov (1991) found 27 nests of the species located only on cliffs and trees, but nothing – on electric poles. However near 40-50% of the Upland Buzzard nests had been already registered on electric poles (by the way only on wood poles) in 1999.The species seemed to begin to nest on electric poles in Tuva since 1991 to 1999. The Upland Buzzard was found to nest on electric poles in Khakassia in 2000. A.V. Davygora (1999) was the first who found the Imperial Eagle nesting on the electric pole in the woodless valley of the Irgiz river. Also active nests of the Imperial Eagle on electric poles were found in the Ustyurt Plateau and the Aral Sea region in 2003 (Karyakin et al., 2004). We found 5 pairs of the Steppe Eagle and 3 pairs of the Imperial Eagle nesting on electric poles in the Aral Sea region in 2003, however only pair nested on the electric pole in 2006, but the number of Imperial Eagle pairs increased to 9. Almost all nests of Steppe Eagles besides one were occupied by Imperial Eagles.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 è êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus). Îñâîåíèå ýòèìè âèäàìè ËÝÏ øëî, âèäèìî, ñ ñåâåðà íà þã, à íå íàîáîðîò è, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ îñâîåíèåì ËÝÏ âðàíîâûìè, íî íà÷àëî ýòîãî ïðîöåññà áûëî ïðîïóùåíî îðíèòîëîãàìè. Â 80-õ ãã. ãíåçäîâàíèå åäèíè÷íûõ ïàð ïóñòåëüãè è êîá÷èêà óñòàíîâëåíî íà þãå Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè (Øåïåëü, 1992). Â 90-õ ãã. â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå êîá÷èê ïðîäîëæàë ëèøü ëîêàëüíî ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ãàëîê – îáíàðóæåíî ëèøü 2 ãíåçäà èç 147 (1,4%), îäíàêî ïóñòåëüãà óæå àêòèâíî ðàññåëÿëàñü ïî îïîðàì ËÝÏ – îáíàðóæåíî 100 ãí¸çä èç 567 (17,6%), ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ ãàëîê â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ïîëûõ áåòîííûõ îïîð ËÝÏ, à 8% ãí¸çä – â ïîñòðîéêàõ âîðîíà íà àíàëîãè÷íûõ îïîðàõ, íî îáû÷íî âíóòðè ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèé íà âåðøèíàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ê 2007 ã. êîëè÷åñòâî óñòðîåííûõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ãí¸çä ïóñòåëüãè è êîá÷èêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, âûðîñëî äî 22% è 5% ñîîòâåòñòâåííî îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä ýòèõ âèäîâ. Âîëíà îñâîåíèÿ ËÝÏ ïóñòåëüãîé â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâåííî ñìåñòèëàñü ê þãó. Â 2003-2006 ãã. âèä ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ è áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âäîëü âñåé ïîéìû ð. Óðàë (18 ïàð èç 39), õîòÿ â ñåðåäèíå 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ïóñòåëüãà â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Óðàë ãíåçäèëàñü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà äåðåâüÿõ (Ãóáèí, Ëåâèí, 1983). Äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íîé íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà áåòîííûõ è ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ïóñòåëüãà îêàçàëàñü â ñòåïíûõ è ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ðàéîíàõ ïî âñåìó Çàïàäíîìó, Öåíòðàëüíîìó è Þæíîìó Êàçàõñòàíó, íà ðÿäå òåððèòîðèé Ïðèàðàëüñêèõ Êàðàêóìîâ è ìåæäóðå÷üÿ Óðàëà è Ýìáû íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ãíåçäèòñÿ â 2 ðàçà áîëüøå ïóñòåëüã, ÷åì íà åñòåñòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ, à â þæíîé ÷àñòè Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà è ïî åãî ïåðèôåðèè âèä àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò íàä äðóãèìè õèùíèêàìè çà ñ÷¸ò êðóïíûõ êîëîíèàëüíûõ ïîñåëåíèé íà ËÝÏ (Ëåâèí, Êàðïîâ, 2005; äàííûå àâòîðà). Çäåñü ïóñòåëüãà çàíèìàåò ëþáûå ïîñòðîéêè íà îïîðàõ è â ïîëîñòÿõ îïîð, è åäèíñòâåííûìè îãðàíè÷èâàþùèìè å¸ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ôàêòîðàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîáû÷à å¸ áîëåå ñèëüíûìè õèùíèêàìè è íåäîñòàòîê êîðìà. Âåñüìà èíòåðåñíà ñèòóàöèÿ â ëåñíîé çîíå çàïàäíåå Âîëãè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ïðè îáùåì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïóñòåëüãè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà Besides Steppe Eagles Imperial Eagles also forced Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) out and occupied 2 nests, where falcons bred earlier. As the result the density of breeding pairs of Imperial Eagles in the monitored fragment of power line increased from 2.01 to 6.03 pairs/100 km of power line while the density of Steppe Eagles decreased from 2.68 to 0.67 pairs/100 km of power line during 4 years (Karyakin, 2006). The Emperial Eagle breeding on electric poles was noted in the Emba river basin in the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau in 2004 (Levin, Karyakin, 2005), between the Turgay and Zhilanchik rivers in the south of the Kostanay district (Bragin, 2005) and in Eastern Betpak-Dala (Levin, Karpov, 2005). Also nests of Imperial Eagles on electric poles with the density 0.53 pairs/100 km of power line were surveyed in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya river to the east of the Aral Sea in 2005 (Karyakin et al., 2005), in steppes to the north of the Ulutau Mountains (Karyakin, Barabashin, 2006) and Western Betpak-Dala. Two living nests on electric poles were found in the Mugodzhary Mountains in 2006, and one of them was actually occupied by Steppe Eagles in 2004 (Pazhenkov et al., 2005); 1 – in the Kalbinskiy Altai foothills (Smelyanskiy et al., 2006). We known 200 breeding pairs of the Imperial Eagles in Kazakhstan in 2006, 25 of which (12.5%) nested on electric poles, while 10 of them forced Steppe Eagles out in 2005–2006 (Karyakin, 2006). Visiting Western Betpak-Dala once again in 2007 we

Ïòåíöû ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) â ïîñòðîéêå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà. 21.06.2006. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the nest built by the Uppland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) on the wood electric pole. Republic of Tyva. 21/06/2006. Photo by I. Karyakin

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Âûâîäîê ÷åãëîêîâ (Falco subbuteo) íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Brood of the Hobby (Falco subbuteo) on the concrete electric pole. Photo by I. Karyakin

(Â.Í. Ìåëüíèêîâ, óñòíîå ñîîáùåíèå), íàáëþäàåòñÿ å¸ ðàññåëåíèå ïî ËÝÏ. Îäíà òàêàÿ êîëîíèÿ îáíàðóæåíà â Ïðèâîëæñêîì ðàéîíå íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ãäå íà 160 îïîð îáíàðóæåíî áîëåå 50 ïîñòðîåê âîðîíà, 35 èç êîòîðûõ çàíÿòî ïóñòåëüãîé (Êàëèíèí, 2008). ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ âðàíîâûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Åâðîïå. Â ÷àñòíîñòè â Âîñòî÷íîé Ñëîâàêèè íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ÷åãëîêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ äàæå áîëüøå, ÷åì íà äåðåâüÿõ – 58% (n=218) (Liptak, 2007). Îäíàêî äëÿ Ðîññèè äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÷åãëîêà íà ËÝÏ íå áûëî èçâåñòíî. Ïåðâûé òàêîé ñëó÷àé çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè: 29 èþëÿ 2005 ã. âûâîäîê ÷åãëîêîâ, óñïåøíî îòãíåçäèâøèõñÿ â ïîñòðîéêå ãàëêè âíóòðè áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ, îáíàðóæåí áëèç ñ. Ñóðñêîå. Èç ìåëêèõ ñîêîëîâ ïîêà ëèøü äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) íå îòðåàãèðîâàë íà «ïðèãëàøåíèå» ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Íî åñëè â àðåàëå ñåâåðíîãî ïîäâèäà (F. c. aesalon) â áîëüøèíñòâå åãî ãíåçäîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ËÝÏ – ýòî ðåäêîå ÿâëåíèå, òî ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê (F. c. pallidus) óæå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ îñâàèâàåò ËÝÏ â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä. Â ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê àêòèâíî ðàññåëÿåòñÿ â ïðèóðàëüñêèõ ñòåïÿõ ïî ëåñîïîëîñàì è èñïûòûâàåò ÿâíûé ëèìèò ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, ÷òî, â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷¸òå, ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê àäàïòàöèè è ýòîãî ñîêîëà ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Èç ñîâ ëèøü óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) íà÷àëà èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîñòðîéêè âðàíîâûõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãàëîê, íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Íî ýòî ÿâëåíèå äî

noted the number of nests on electric poles to increase at least in 2 times in contrast with 2005. All facts the Imperial Eagle expansion mentioned above were registered only in semidesert regions of Kazakhstan. The first active nest of the Imperia Eagle located on the concrete electric pole crossarm was found in the steppe in the territory of the Kostanay district of Kazakhstan on 24 May 2007, and the nest with 2 fledglings located on the metal electric pole was found in the forest-steppe in the north-east of the Samara district of Russia on 7 August 2007. The Black-eared Kite (M. m. lineatus) was the first subspecies of the Black Kite which began to nest on electric poles. The Blackeared Kite began actively to nest on metal electric poles along the Enisey river valley in the Tuva depression in 1999-2006. There were 12 nests near Kyzyl and Ak-Dovurak till 2006. The Black Kite breeding on the metal electric pole was registered in the Republic of Altai in 2000, later a breeding colony consisting of 11 active nests and located on metal electric poles was found in the Chuya steppe. The first nest of the Black Kite on the electric pole was found in the Minusinsk depression in 2006. The first living nest of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) built on the top on the metal electric pole was found in the Kerzhenets river valley in the N. Novgorod district in 2007. V.G. Kolbintsev (2004) noted the Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) nesting on the electric pole in the desert near Kyzylkol Lake in the Maly Karatau Mountains foothills. Also A.V. Kovalenko (pers. com.) surveyed a nest of the Short-toed Eagle on the electric pole in the south-east-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 ñèõ ïîð íå íîñèò ìàññîâîãî õàðàêòåðà. Â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå èç 1406 ãí¸çä óøàñòîé ñîâû åäèíñòâåííîå, îáíàðóæåííîå â Áàøêèðèè, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ïîñòðîéêå ãàëêè â ïîëîñòè áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ïîçæå àíàëîãè÷íûå ãí¸çäà (3 ãíåçäà) áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè Ñàìàðñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòåé, à â 2000 ã. â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áëèç ðûáõîçà Ñóñêàí îáíàðóæåíî ïåðâîå ãíåçäî óøàñòîé ñîâû â êîëîíèè ãðà÷åé íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. ßñòðåáèíûå õèùíèêè, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ àêòèâíûìè ñòðîèòåëÿìè ãí¸çä, â ðàçíûå ïåðèîäû è â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ íà÷àëè èíòåíñèâíî îñâàèâàòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïîðû ËÝÏ, ïîäîáíî âðàíîâûì. Ïîæàëóé, ïåðâûìè «îñîçíàëè» ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) è êóðãàííèêè (Buteo rufinus, B. hemilasius). Îñâîåíèå ËÝÏ ñòåïíûì îðëîì íà÷àëîñü ñ àðèäíûõ ðàéîíîâ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè è Çàïàäíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà. Óæå â 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ñ ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëåíèÿ ìàññû ËÝÏ â ñòåïíîé è ïîëóïóñòûííîé çîíàõ, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñòàëî ìåíÿòüñÿ â ñòîðîíó óïëîòíåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê âäîëü ËÝÏ. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî, ïîìèìî ëó÷øèõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ñîâåðøåííî ðîâíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, îðëû èìåëè âîçìîæíîñòü áîëåå óñïåøíîé îõîòû ñ ïðèñàä íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó ãíåçäà, ÷òî ñîêðàùàëî âðåìÿ íà óäà÷íóþ îõîòó. Â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñòåïíûå îðëû ñòàëè èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ïîäíîæèå áåòîííûõ îïîð ËÝÏ, ïðè÷¸ì êàê áåçîïàñíûõ äëÿ íèõ, òàê è îïàñíûõ. Ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû òàêîé òèï óñòðîéñòâà îáåñïå÷èâàë òåíü â íàèáîëåå æàðêîå âðåìÿ äíÿ, ò.ê. áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ñ ñåâåðîçàïàäíîé ñòîðîíû îïîðû, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû – áîëåå âîçâûøåííîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå óâåëè÷èâàëî îáçîð ñàìêè, ñèäÿùåé íà ãíåçäå, ò.ê. îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä áûëà ðàñïîëîæåíà íà íàñûïÿõ âîêðóã ñòîëáîâ. Âåðîÿòíî, íåñêîëüêî ïîçæå íà÷àëñÿ «ïåðåõîä» ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà îïîðû ËÝÏ è, âèäèìî, ïðîöåññ ýòîò ïîø¸ë èç ðåãèîíîâ, ãäå ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ê òîìó âðåìåíè óæå èìåë ñêëîííîñòü ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà íåâûñîêèõ äåðåâüÿõ (âèøíÿ, ñàêñàóë, ëîõ), – Êàëìûêèè è Ïðèóðàëüÿ. Óæå â êîíöå 70-õ ïîÿâèëèñü óêàçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Êàëìûêèè (Ñóðâèëëî è äð., 1977), õîòÿ âïëîòü äî 50-õ ãã. âèä ãíåçäèëñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà çåìëå è ëèøü â 50–70-õ ãã. ñòàë îñâàèâàòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà ern Kazakhstan. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nesting on electric poles was found in the Ustyurt Plateau: 2 nests located in metal electric poles were visited in 2003 (Karyakin et al., 2004). The Buzzard (Buteo buteo) – only one of 1113 found nests in the Ural region located on the metal electric pole in deciduous forest was registered in the Chelyabinsk district (Karyakin, 1998). Following the Upland Buzzard and the Raven the Saker Falcon occupying their nests began to inhabit electric poles in Mongolia in 1970-s. The Saker pairs breeding on artificial structures (55.3%) were considered to outnumber the pairs on the natural substrates in the Central Mongolia at the end of 1990-s (Potapov et al., 2001). Sakers nesting on electric poles were registered in Tuva in 1990-s. Surveying Sakers in Tuva A.A. Baranov (1991) did not found any nests of falcons on electric poles. However Sakers were noted to occupy Upland Buzzard nests on wooden electric poles in the Ubsunur and Tuva depression in 1999. Local herders cut down poles with 9 nests of sakers in the left side of the Tes-Chem river since 1999 to 2003, 93.3%, of saker nests (n=13) were destroyed in the steppe region near Agar-Dag-Taiga Mountains during 7 years (Karyakin, 2005à; 2005á), the all 3 poles with saker nests were cut down near the Cheder and Chadyn Lakes in the Tuva depression. A pair of Sakers was noted to breed in the Raven nest on the wooden pole of only functioning power line in 2006. As the result of power line destroying by herders and poaching the number of Sakers decreased in Tuva and falcons has not begun to nest on metal electric poles. Sakers breeding on electric poles were not found in the all territory of the range in Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan. The first and last nest of the Saker made by Ravens on concrete electric pole were existing in the north-west of the Orenburg district in the European part of Russia during 2 years in 1998–99 (Karyakin et al., 2005). Sakers has not registered in the Volga and Pre-Ural regions since 2005. The largest density of the Saker was registered on following poles of power lines located in Eastern Betpak-Dala and the Balkhash Lake region (Kazakhstan): in fragments with metal double poles – 10.6 pairs/100 km; in fragments with concrete poles – 5.6 pairs/100 km, in fragments with single metal poles – 7.9 pairs /100 km. The minimal density (3.9 pairs/100 km) was noted for the power line in the territory

Problem of Number

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

of military polygon (Levin, Karpov, 2005). Only nest of Sakers made by Imperial Eagles was found on the concrete pole in Western Betpak-Dala in 2005 (Karyakin, Barabashin, 2006). Also Sakers nesting on metal and concrete poles of the power line locating in the Sarysu river basin in south-west of the Kazakh Upland in 2007. The density was 8.1 pairs/100 km – in the steppe upland of the Sarysu river right side and 6.4 pairs/100 km – in the steppe upland of the Sarysu river left side, but Sakers were not noted on electric poles in sands of the Sarysu river left side. Sakers breeds sufficiently sporadically in sands of the Aral Sea region. A.V. Kovalenko (pers. com.) found 2 pairs of Sakers breeding on concrete poles of power line along the Syr-Darya river in 2005. Four pairs were registered in nests made by eagles on concrete poles of the destroyed power line 183 km in length in the Bolshye Barsuki sands in 2003 (Karyakin et al., 2005). Now Sakers are not found to breed on electric poles to the west of the Bolshye Barsuki sands in Kazakhstan and Russia up to the Western Ukraine. Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) â ïîäíîæèè îïîð ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nests of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) at foots of electric poles. Photo by I. Karyakin

ñíà-÷àëà ñêèðäû ñîëîìû, à çàòåì, â 70–80-õ ãã., è ËÝÏ (Áîñòàíæîãëî, 1911; Êîçëîâ, 1959; Ñàâèíåöêèé, Øèëîâà, 1986; 1996). Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì ñèòóàöèÿ èçìåíÿëàñü è â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñàõ áåòîííûõ îïîð ËÝÏ óñòàíîâëåíî â 1982 ã. â Ïðèóðàëüå (Ïåðåðâà, Ãðàæäàíêèí, 1983). Ïî äàííûì Ã.Â. Ëèíäåìàíà (1983à) â 70–80-õ ãã. ëèøü 9% ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ËÝÏ. Óæå ê êîíöó 90-õ ãã. âèä øèðîêî ðàññåëèëñÿ ïî ìåòàëëè÷åñêèì è áåòîííûì îïîðàì ËÝÏ ïî âñåìó áàññåéíó Óðàëà è Ýìáû. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çäåñü 27,3% ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà èçâåñòíûõ (n=286) óñòðîåíî íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, 52,6% èç êîòîðûõ óñòðîåíî íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñàõ áåòîííûõ îïîð (Êàðÿêèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ñòåïíîé îð¸ë â Êàëìûêèè, íà Íèæíåé Âîëãå, â Çàïàäíîì è íà þãå Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà íà÷àë îñâàèâàòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è âûñîêîâîëüòíûå àíêåðíûå ËÝÏ èç ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèé âûñîòîé äî 15–20 ì, íî ïîêà íà òàêèõ îïîðàõ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ åäèíèöû ãí¸çä (Áåëèê, 2004; äàííûå àâòîðà). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ñòåïíîé îð¸ë äî ñèõ ïîð íå îñâîèë ËÝÏ íà ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå ñâîåãî àðåàëà – â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, 2002) è íà çàïàäå Îðåíáóðæüÿ, à òàêæå â Þæíîé

Thus the power lines using by birds are distinguished in different regions and years. Appearing in bird inhabitant places power lines impact differently on different subpopulation of the species and it depends on different factors. The most distinguished differences of developing abilities to nest on electric poles development adaptation are revealed between the Steppe and Imperial Eagles. Escaping negative factors pairs of the Steppe Eagle western subspecies began to use electric pole for nesting in optimal breeding habitat, but the Imperial Eagle began to use electric pole as the result of moving from optimal to sub-optimal habitats. Our research confirms power lines to be very important for creating subpopulations of raptor species in untypical places for raptors and therefore and influence development of population structure of those species. From one hand their adaptation to nest on electric poles especially in human disturbed territories promotes their survival. But from another hand birds become to depend on the power engineering management. Now when extensive using of electric poles by raptors is noted, the special program need for collaboration between ornithologists and power engineering specialists for bird protection from electrocution.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Different nest locations of the Steppe Eagle on metal electric poles in Kazakhstan. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ñèáèðè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006), ãäå ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ äîâîëüíî êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ýòîãî âèäà. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ, îáíàðóæåííîå â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), íå çàíèìàëîñü ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ îðëàìè. Â âîñòî÷íîé ïîëîâèíå Êàçàõñòàíà äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ îñòàâàëîñü íå èçâåñòíûì (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006) è ëèøü â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû âûÿâëåíî íåñêîëüêî ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â þæíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2008). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî îñâîåíèå ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õàðàêòåðíî ëèøü äëÿ çàïàäíîãî ïîäâèäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà (A. n. orientalis), à äëÿ íîìèíàëüíîãî èëè âîñòî÷íîãî (A. n. nipalensis) ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ËÝÏ äî ñèõ ïîð íå èçâåñòíû. Îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò íîìèíàëüíûé ïîäâèä íà÷àë îñâàèâàòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âûñîêèå äåðåâüÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006), èìåþòñÿ âñå ïðåäïîñûëêè äëÿ «âñåëåíèÿ» åãî íà ËÝÏ. Êóðãàííèê íà÷àë ñâîå «øåñòâèå» ïî ËÝÏ âîçìîæíî äàæå íåñêîëüêî ðàíüøå ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Êîãäà ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ëèøü îñâàèâàë ïîäíîæèÿ îïîð, êóðãàííèê óæå «ïîø¸ë» ïî íèì, òàê êàê èì áûë óæå íàêîïëåí îïðåäåë¸ííûé îïûò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà óãëîâûõ äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ òåëåãðàôíûõ ëèíèé. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ðîñò è ðàññåëåíèå â ïîñëåäíèå ïîëâåêà íàèáîëåå áëàãîïîëó÷íîé è ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ïîïóëÿöèè êóðãàííèêà, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííîé â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå, ìíîãèå àâòîðû ñâÿçûâàþò, â òîì ÷èñëå, è ñ ðàçâèòèåì èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ. Ì.Í. Êîðåëîâ (1962) ñ÷èòàë, ÷òî ìåæäó Âîëãîé è Óðàëîì êóðãàííèê íå ãíåçäèòñÿ èëè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåäêî, îäíàêî

óæå â 1964 ã. åãî ãí¸çäà îáíàðóæåíû áëèç Ýëüòîíà è Äæàíûáåêà, à ê 1982 ã. èçâåñòíî óæå 39 ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëàãàâøèõñÿ â îñíîâíîì íà êðóïíûõ èâàõ íà ìåñòå õóòîðîâ è íà áåòîííûõ è äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (Ëèíäåìàí, 1983á). Î 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ íà ËÝÏ, èçâåñòíûõ â Ïðèóðàëüå, óïîìèíàþò Â.È Ïåðåðâà è À.Â. Ãðàæäàíêèí (1983). Ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè êóðãàííèêà â ÂîëæñêîÓðàëüñêèõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ïðîäîëæàëñÿ âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã., â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âèä èñ÷åðïàë âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ ðàññåëåíèÿ (Ëèíäåìàí è äð., 2005). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ Çàïàäíîãî è çàïàäà Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà (Ïðèàðàëüñêèå Êàðàêóìû, çàïàä Ïðèàðàëüÿ) íà ËÝÏ ãíåçäèòñÿ áîëåå 80% ëîêàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê êóðãàííèêîâ, è òåíäåíöèÿ ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà ïî îïîðàì ËÝÏ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ. Ïðè÷¸ì, â îòëè÷èå îò ñòåïíîãî îðëà, êóðãàííèê àêòèâíî îñâàèâàåò ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ, âûçûâàÿ ïîñòîÿííûå çàìûêàíèÿ è îòõîä îêîëî 30% îñîáåé â ðÿäå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ñîîòíîøåíèå êóðãàííèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ËÝÏ è íà åñòåñòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ, çàêîíîìåðíî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â ñòîðîíó ïîñëåäíåãî ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà âîñòîê, è â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå íà ËÝÏ ãíåçäÿòñÿ òîëüêî åäèíè÷íûå ïàðû. Áëèçêèé âèä – ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, íàñåëÿþùèé ãîðíûå ñòåïè Ìîíãîëèè è Þæíîé Ñèáèðè, òàêæå êàê è îáûêíîâåííûé êóðãàííèê, íà÷àë îñâàèâàòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïîðû ËÝÏ, íî, âèäèìî, íåñêîëüêî ïîçæå, â îñíîâíîì ñ êîíöà 70-õ ãã. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, äëÿ Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãîëèè â 60-õ ãã. ãí¸çäà ýòîãî âèäà íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû íå áûëè, õîòÿ óêàçûâàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå, ïîìèìî ñêàë, íà ðîâíîé çåìëå (Pichocki, 1968). Îäíàêî, â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê óæå â ìàññå ãíåç-

Problem of Number

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ êóðãàííèêàìè (Buteo rufinus, B. hemilasius). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Different nest locations of buzzards (Buteo rufinus, B. hemilasius) on electric poles. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12 äèëñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â öåíòðàëüíîé Ìîíãîëèè (Potapov et al., 2001). Âèäèìî â 90-õ ãã. ïðîöåññ îñâîåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì ËÝÏ «äîêàòèëñÿ» äî ñåâåðíûõ ãðàíèö àðåàëà âèäà è çàòðîíóë òåððèòîðèþ Ðåñïóáëèêè Òóâà. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991), èçó÷àâøèé ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â Òóâå, ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î íàõîäêàõ 27 ãí¸çä, 55,5% êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ è 44,5% – íà ñêàëàõ, íî íè îäíîãî íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Â 1999 ã., êîãäà â Òóâå íà÷àëñÿ ïðîöåññ ðàñõèùåíèÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ, â Óáñóíóðñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ â êðóïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ ýòîãî âèäà äî 40–50% ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ïðè÷¸ì èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà äåðåâÿííûõ. Ò.å., ýòîò âèä íà÷àë â ìàññå ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ËÝÏ â Òóâå â ïåðèîä ñ 1991 ïî 1999 ãã. Â 2000 ã. ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê áûë âïåðâûå îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Õàêàññèè, ïðè÷¸ì èç íåñêîëüêèõ âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä îäíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà óãëîâîé äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Çà 5 ëåò, ñ 1999 ïî 2003 ã., òîëüêî â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà â þæíîé Òûâå ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè áûëî ñðóáëåíî 20 äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð ËÝÏ ñ ãí¸çäàìè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Êàðÿêèí, 2005à), à íà ëîêàëüíîé ïëîùàäè âäîëü ñåâåðíîãî ñêëîíà õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà çà 7 ëåò áûëî

óíè÷òîæåíî 76,7% ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà – ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, 2005á). Âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî, èìåííî ïðîöåññ óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ âûçâàë âîëíó ðàññåëåíèÿ âèäà ïî èíûì êîíñòðóêöèÿì, ò.ê. èìåííî ñ 2001 ã. íà÷àëè ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ è áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è êóðãàííèêè îñòàâàëèñü åäèíñòâåííûìè êðóïíûìè õèùíèêàìè, äëÿ êîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ ñ÷èòàëîñü íîðìîé. Îäíàêî, â 90-õ ãã. â ïðîöåññ îñâîåíèÿ ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìåäëåííî «âëèâàëèñü» è äðóãèå âèäû. Íàèáîëåå ÿðêèì ÿâëåíèåì ñòàëî áûñòðîå ðàññåëåíèå ïî îïîðàì ËÝÏ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Âèä, êîòîðûé äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñ÷èòàëñÿ óãðîæàåìûì (Tucker, Heath, 1994), ñòàë àêòèâíî óâåëè÷èâàòü ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü è ðàññåëÿòüñÿ â áåçëåñíûå ïîëóïóñòûííûå è ïóñòûííûå ðàéîíû â íà÷àëå ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ. Âïåðâûå î íàõîæäåíèè ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà îïîðå ËÝÏ 30 êÂ óïîìèíàåò À.Â. Äàâûãîðà (1999), êîòîðûé îáíàðóæèë åãî â áåçëåñíîé äîëèíå ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Èðãèç. Â 2003 ã. æèëûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû íà ïëàòî Óñòþðò è â Ïðèàðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004). Â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2003 ã. áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 5-òè ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è 3-õ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, îäíàêî â 2006 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ýòîé ËÝÏ ñîêðàòèëàñü äî 1 ïàðû, à êîëè÷åñòâî çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà óâåëè÷èëîñü äî 9-òè. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, êðîìå îäíîãî, îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ìîãèëüíèêàìè. Ïðè÷¸ì, ìîãèëüíèê çäåñü âûòåñíèë íå òîëüêî ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, íî è áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), çàíÿâ 2 ïîñòðîéêè, äëèòåëüíî çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ñîêîëàìè. Â èòîãå çà 4 ãîäà îáèëèå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà îñìîòðåííîì ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ óâåëè÷èëîñü ñ 2,01 äî 6,03 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ, ïðè óìåíüøåíèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñ 2,68 äî 0,67 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Â 2004 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ óñòàíîâëåíî íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî, â áàññåéíå ð. Ýìáû (Ëåâèí, Êàðÿêèí, 2005), íà þãå Êóñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè â ìåæäóðå÷üå Òóðãàÿ è Æèëàí÷èêà (Áðàãèí, 2005) è â Âîñòî÷íîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå (Ëåâèí, Êàðïîâ, 2005). Â 2005 ã. ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû âîñòî÷íåå Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Ñûðäàðüè ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,53 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí è äð, 2005), â ñòåïÿõ ñåâåðíåå Óëóòàó íà âîäîðàçäåëå

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) â ãíåçäå íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in the nest on the electric pole. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ â ëåñîñòåïè. Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü. 07.08.2007. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà The first nest of the Imperial Eagle on the electric pole in the foreststeppe zone. Samarà district. 07/08/2007. Photo by I. Karyakin

ðåê Òàìäû è Êàðà-Êåíãèð (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006) è â Çàïàäíîé ÁåòïàêÄàëå. Â 2006 ã. 2 æèëûõ ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû â Ìóãîäæàðàõ, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì èç íèõ â 2004 ã. äîñòîâåðíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü ñòåïíûå îðëû (Ïàæåíêîâ è äð., 2005) è 1 – â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Êàëáèíñêîãî Àëòàÿ (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006). Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2006 ã. â Êàçàõñòàíå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 200 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, 25 èç êîòîðûõ (12,5%) ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ËÝÏ, ïðè÷¸ì 10 èç íèõ ïîÿâèëèñü â 2005-2006 ãã. â ðåçóëüòàòå âûòåñíåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêàìè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Ïîâòîðíîå ïîñåùåíèå Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëû â 2007 ã. ïîêàçàëî êàê ìèíèìóì äâóõêðàòíîå óâåëè÷åíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ãí¸çä íà ËÝÏ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 2005 ã., ïðè÷¸ì ïîìèìî ãí¸çä íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðàâåðñàõ áåòîííûõ îïîð ïîÿâèëîñü íîâîå ãíåçäî íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ìîãèëüíèêè ïîñòðîèëè íîâîå ãíåçäî íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòíÿõ ìåòðàõ îò ìíîãîëåòíåãî ãíåçäà, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà âåðøèíå 2-õ ìåòðîâîãî ñàêñàóëà. Âñå âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûå ñëó÷àè ýêñïàíñèè ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ îòíîñÿòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ê áåçëåñíûì ïîëóïóñòûííûì

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà ðàéîíàì Êàçàõñòàíà. Äëÿ ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû îñâîåíèå ýòèì âèäîì ËÝÏ îñòàâàëîñü ëèøü ïåðñïåêòèâîé äî 2007 ã.: 24 ìàÿ 2007 ã. æèëîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé òðàâåðñå áåòîííîé îïîðû ËÝÏ, îáíàðóæåíî îêîëî òðàññû Îðñê – Äæåòûãàðà íà òåððèòîðèè Êóñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Îðåíáóðãñêîé, à 7 àâãóñòà òîãî æå ãîäà ãíåçäî ñ 2 ñë¸òêàìè, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ, îáíàðóæåíî áëèç òðàññû Ñàìàðà – Óôà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áûë èçâåñòåí ñ 1998 ã. è äî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ íà îïîðó ËÝÏ ïòèöû äîëãîå âðåìÿ ãíåçäèëèñü íà áåð¸çå â áàëêå (ëåñîïîêðûòîñòü äàííîé òåððèòîðèè íå ìåíåå 48%). Ïîÿâëåíèå ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïàðû ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà îïîðå ËÝÏ îòìå÷åíî òàêæå äëÿ Êàëìûêèè (Â.Ï. Áåëèê, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Åù¸ îäèí âèä, êîòîðûé â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòü ëåò äåìîíñòðèðóåò àêòèâíîå çàñåëåíèå ËÝÏ – ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans). Ãíåçäîâàíèå êîðøóíà íà ËÝÏ âïåðâûå óñòàíîâëåíî äëÿ âîñòî÷íîãî ïîäâèäà, êîòîðûé ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè îòíîñÿò ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó âèäó, – ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà (M. m. lineatus). Â 1999-2006 ã. ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí àêòèâíî îñâàèâàë äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå îïîðû ËÝÏ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, âäîëü Åíèñåÿ. Ê 2006 ã. çäåñü â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè âûÿâëåíî 12 ãí¸çä, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûõ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áëèç ãîðîäîâ Êûçûë è Àê-Äîâóðàê. Â 2000 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ óñòàíîâëåíî äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, à ïîçæå â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè âûÿâëåíà ãíåçäîâàÿ êîëîíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà èç 11 æèëûõ ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ òàêæå íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Â 2006 ã. ïåðâîå ãíåçäî êîðøóíà íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, è

Problem of Number

Ïåðâàÿ êîëîíèÿ ÷åðíîóõèõ êîðøóíîâ (Milvus migrans lineatus) íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå. Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé. ×óéñêàÿ ñòåïü. 29.06.2002. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà The first colony of Black Kites (Milvus migrans lineatus) on electric poles in Altai. Republic of Altai. Chuya steppe. 29/06/2002. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ íà ïëàòî Óñòþðò (ñëåâà è â öåíòðå) è â Êûçûëêóìàõ (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è È. Äåíèñîâà Nests of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) on the electric poles in the Ustyurt Plateau (left and center) and Kyzylkum Desert (right). Photo by I. Karyakin and I. Denisov

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îíî òàêæå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå. Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî ýêñïàíñèÿ íà ËÝÏ õàðàêòåðíà ëèøü äëÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøóíà, îäíàêî 11 èþëÿ 2007 ã. íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé òðàâåðñå ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðû ËÝÏ â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà (Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü) îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ñ 2 ñë¸òêàìè åâðîïåéñêîãî êîðøóíà (M. m. mgrans). Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî ËÝÏ âäîëü ðå÷íûõ ïîéì â Ïîâîëæüå â ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò íå îáñëåäîâàëèñü íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ìîæíî îæèäàòü, ÷òî ïîÿâëåíèå ãíåçäà êîðøóíà â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëó÷àéíûì ÿâëåíèåì. Äëÿ äðóãèõ âèäîâ ÿñòðåáèíûõ ïîêà íå óñòàíîâëåíî çàêîíîìåðíîãî ðàññåëåíèÿ ïî ËÝÏ, õîòÿ ñëó÷àè ýïèçîäè÷åñêîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ èçâåñòíû äëÿ ðÿäà âèäîâ. Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) – íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïå îíà óæå äàâíî ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, èíîãäà îáðàçóÿ êîëîíèè áëèç ðûáõîçîâ, â Ðîññèè äî ñèõ ïîð å¸ ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ íîñèò ýïèçîäè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð. Ïåðâîå æèëîå ãíåçäî ñêîïû, óñòðîåííîå íà âåðøèíå ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðû ËÝÏ, ïîÿâèëîñü

â ïîéìå ð. Êåðæåíåö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2007 ã. (Áàêêà è äð., 2008). Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus), âèäèìî, ëèøü â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ñòàë îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ â þæíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Â.Ã. Êîëáèíöåâ (2004) óêàçûâàåò íà íàõîäêó ãíåçäà çìååÿäà íà îïîðå ËÝÏ ñðåäè ïîëûííîé ïóñòûíè áëèç îç. Êûçûëêîëü â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ìàëîãî Êàðàòàó. Ãíåçäî çìååÿäà íà ËÝÏ â þãîâîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå òàêæå íàáëþäàë À.Â. Êîâàëåíêî (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ËÝÏ â Êûçûëêóìàõ (È. Äåíèñîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è íà ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Íà Óñòþðòå â 2003 ã. îñìîòðåíû 2 æèëûõ ãíåçäà, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ íà íèæíèõ ïëîùàäêàõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîð ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004). Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) – åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ íà àíêåðíîé ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ, îáíàðóæåíà â íèçîâüÿõ Âîëãè (Àñòðàõàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü) â 2001 ã. è ãíåçäèòñÿ äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Ïåñòîâ, 2005). Êàíþê îáûêíîâåííûé (Buteo buteo) – åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî èç 1113, îáñëåäîâàííûõ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ ñðåäè ëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà, îáíàðóæåíî â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Îòäåëüíî ñëåäóåò îñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà áàëîáàíå (Falco cherrug), êîòîðûé íà áîëüøåé òåððèòîðèè ñâîåãî àðåàëà òåñíî ñâÿçàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñ ïîñòðîéêàìè êóðãàííèêîâ, ìîãèëüíèêà è âîðîíà è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñòàë îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ âñëåä çà ýòèìè âèäàìè. Ïî ïðè÷èíå èíòåíñèâíîãî èçúÿòèÿ èç ïðèðîäû áàëîáàíîâ, èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòàëà ðåçêî ñîêðàùàòüñÿ â 7090-õ ãã., ò.å. èìåííî â òîò ïåðèîä, êîãäà ìíîãèå âèäû ïòèö èíòåíñèâíî îñâàèâàëè ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Âèäèìî ïîýòîìó â áîëüøèíñòâå ñòåïíûõ è ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ðåãèîíîâ, ãäå âèäû, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ îñíîâíûìè ïîñòàâùèêàìè ãí¸çä äëÿ áàëîáàíà, àêòèâíî

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ïòåíöû îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â ãíåçäå íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ôîòî Ì. Ïåñòîâà Chicks of the Whitetailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the nest on the electric pole. Photo by M. Pestov

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Ìîíãîëèè è Òûâå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Different nest locations of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) on electric poles in Mongolia and Tyva Republic. Photo by I. Karyakin

ðàññåëèëèñü ïî ËÝÏ, ýòîò ñîêîë íå òîëüêî íå îñâîèë ËÝÏ, íî è âûïàë íà ãíåçäîâàíèè èç åñòåñòâåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Â Ìîíãîëèè áàëîáàí ñòàë ðàññåëÿòüñÿ ïî ËÝÏ, âèäèìî, â 70-õ ãã., âñëåä çà ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì è âîðîíîì, çàíèìàÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èõ ãí¸çäà. Óæå â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. â öåíòðàëüíîé Ìîíãîëèè áàëîáàí â ìàññå ãíåçäèëñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ïðè÷¸ì â öåëîì íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ (îïîðû ËÝÏ, òåëåãðàôíûå ñòîëáû, ñåìàôîðû, ñòðîåíèÿ) ãíåçäèëîñü äàæå áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàð (55,3%), ÷åì íà åñòåñòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ (Potapov et al., 2001). Â 90-õ ãã. ïðîöåññ îñâîåíèÿ áàëîáàíîì ËÝÏ «äîêàòèëñÿ» äî Ðåñïóáëèêè Òóâà. À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1991), èçó÷àâøèé áà-

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà ëîáàíà â Òóâå, íå íàøåë íè îäíîãî ãíåçäà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Îäíàêî, â 1999 ã. áàëîáàí áûë îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Óáñóíóðñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ. Çà ïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2003 ãã. ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè â ëåâîáåðåæüå ÒåñÕåìà áûëè ñðóáëåíû îïîðû ñ 9 ãí¸çäàìè áàëîáàíà, â ñòåïè ñåâåðíåå õð. Àãàð-ÄàãÒàéãà çà 7 ëåò áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî (n=13) 93,3% ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà (Êàðÿêèí, 2005à; 2005á), â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç îç¸ð ×åäåð è Õàäûí áûëè ñðóáëåíû âñå 3 îïîðû ñ ãí¸çäàìè áàëîáàíà, è ëèøü â 2006 ã. íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå åäèíñòâåííîé ñîõðàíèâøåéñÿ çäåñü äåéñòâóþùåé ËÝÏ, â ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíà, ñíîâà çàãíåçäèëàñü ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè â Òóâå íà ôîíå áðàêîíüåðñêîãî îòëîâà ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà ñîêðàòèëàñü, è îí òàê è íå ñìîã íà÷àòü îñâàèâàòü ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå îïîðû ËÝÏ, êàê ýòî ñòàëî íàáëþäàòüñÿ ó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà. Íà âñ¸ì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà áàëîáàíà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåðíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ñëó÷àåâ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ËÝÏ íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ïåðâîå è ïîñëåäíåå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíà ñóùåñòâîâàëî 2 ãîäà íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â 1998–99 ãã.

Problem of Number

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Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Different nest locations of the Saker Falcon on electric poles in Kazakhstan. Photo by A. Levin

(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ïîñëå 2005 ã. áàëîáàí âîîáùå ïåðåñòàë ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â Ðîññèè åäèíñòâåííîé òåððèòîðèåé, ãäå äî ñèõ ïîð íàáëþäàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà Òóâà. Íåñêîëüêî ëó÷øå îáñòîèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñ îñâîåíèåì áàëîáàíîì ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ â Êûçûëêóìàõ (Óçáåêèñòàí). Ôîòî È. Äåíèñîâà Nests of Sakers on electric poles in the Kyzylkum desert (Uzbekistan). Photo by I. Denisov

Íàèáîëåå êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ñîêîëîâ, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà, ìîãèëüíèêà è âîðîíà, âûÿâëåíà â Âîñòî÷íîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå è Ïðèáàëõàøüå. Çäåñü ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü áàëîáàíà îòìå÷åíà íà âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëüíûõ ËÝÏ: íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ äâîéíûìè îïîðàìè èç óãîëêà îíà

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

äîñòèãàåò 10,6 ïàð/100 êì, íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè – ñíèæàåòñÿ äî 5,6 ïàð/100 êì, à íà ËÝÏ ñ îäèíî÷íûìè ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè îïîðàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 7,9 ïàð/100 êì. Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü çàôèêñèðîâàíà äëÿ ËÝÏ íà òåððèòîðèè âîåííîãî ïîëèãîíà – 3,9 ïàð/ 100 êì (Ëåâèí, Êàðïîâ, 2005). Â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå â 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà íà áåòîííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêå ìîãèëüíèêà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006). Â 2007 ã. áàëîáàí îáíàðóæåí íà ìàãèñòðàëüíîé ËÝÏ ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè è áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ ÷åðåç þãîçàïàä Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â áàññåéíå ð. Ñàðû-Ñó. Çäåñü áûëî îñìîòðåíî 3 ó÷àñòêà ËÝÏ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 134,5 êì (74,9; 24,8 è 34,8 êì), íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî 8 ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà (6; 0 è 2 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî); ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 8,0 ïàð/100 êì äëÿ ñòåïíîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ÑàðûÑó è 5,7 ïàð/100 êì – äëÿ ñòåïíîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà â ëåâîáåðåæüå Ñàðû-Ñó, à â ïåñêàõ ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Ñàðû-Ñó áàëîáàí íà äàííîé ËÝÏ íå îáíàðóæåí, ÷òî íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíî ñ îòñóòñòâèåì çäåñü êîðìîâîé áàçû äëÿ íåãî è êóðãàííèêà. Äîñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íî áàëîáàí ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïåñêàõ Ïðèàðàëüÿ. À.Â. Êîâàëåíêî (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â 2005 ã. íàø¸ë 2 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ âäîëü ÑûðÄàðüè. Âîçìîæíî, ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ ñóùåñòâóåò â êàçàõñêîé ÷àñòè Êûçûëêóìîâ, ò.ê. â ñîñåäíåì Óçáåêèñòàíå âèä äàâíî îñâîèë äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êûçûëêóìñêèå ËÝÏ. Ïî äàííûì Ì.À. Àòàäæàíîâà (2002) â 1995–99 ãã. â Êûçûëêóìàõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ íà 400–450 êì ëèíèé îáíàðóæåíî 32 ãíåçäà áàëîáàíîâ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ðàçíûõ õèùíèêîâ, à äîëÿ ãí¸çä íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà îáíàðóæåííûõ â Óçáåêèñòàíå ñîñòàâèëà 17%. Â 2003 ã. íåáîëüøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áàëîáàíà áûëà âûÿâëåíà âäîëü ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè: 4 ïàðû îáíàðóæåíû â ïîñòðîéêàõ îðëîâ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ó÷àñòêà äåìîíòèðîâàííîé ËÝÏ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 182 êì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàïàäíåå ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè íè â Êàçàõñòàíå, íè â Ðîññèè, âïëîòü äî Öåíòðàëüíîé Óêðàèíû, ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà íà ËÝÏ íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Èç îáçîðà ñèòóàöèè âèäíà íåîäíîðîäíîñòü îñâîåíèÿ ïòèöàìè îïîð ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, êàê âî âðåìåíè, òàê è â ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Íàëèöî òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ðàçíûå ñóáïîïóëÿöèè äàæå îäíîãî è òîãî æå âèäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè, êîðìîâûõ, äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèõ è àíòðîïîãåííûõ óñëîâèé, ïî-ðàçíîìó ðåàãèðóþò íà ïîÿâëåíèå ËÝÏ â èõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î ðàçíûõ âèäàõ. Íàèáîëåå ÷¸òêî ðàçíèöà â ðàçâèòèè àäàïòàöèîííûõ ñïîñîáíîñòåé ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà ËÝÏ âûÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ýòèõ ïðîöåññîâ ó ñòåïíîãî îðëà è ìîãèëüíèêà. Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ îäíîçíà÷íî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî íàèìåíüøèé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ – 7,3–8,3% – íàáëþäàëñÿ òîãäà, êîãäà áîëåå 50% (56,8–93,8%) ïàð ïûòàëèñü ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñêèðäàõ ñîëîìû, óõîäÿ îò ïàëîâ è õèùíèêîâ, è ãèáëè â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçäåéñòâèÿ òåõ æå ïàëîâ è õèùíèêîâ è,

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà âäîáàâîê, â ðåçóëüòàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ëþäüìè (Ãèíòîâò, 1940; Êîçëîâ, 1959). Â íîðìå (ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè áîëåå ÷åì 70% ïàð íà çåìëå) óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñîñòàâëÿë îêîëî 23–25% (Øóììåð, 1928; Àãàôîíîâ è äð., 1957), óâåëè÷èâøèñü äî 55–60% ëèøü ïîñëå òîãî, êàê áîëåå 20% ïàð îñâîèëè â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ äåðåâüÿ è ËÝÏ (Ñóðâèëëî è äð., 1977; Ñóðâèëëî, 1983; Ñàâèíåöêèé, Øèëîâà, 1986; 1996). Íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå, ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå è óñòîé÷èâûå ñóáïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñîõðàíÿëèñü â 60–80-õ ãã. â Êàëìûêèè è Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ìåæäóðå÷üå (Ìèðîíîâ, 1946; Áåëèê, 2004; Ëèíäåìàí, 1983à, Ëèíäåìàí è äð., 2005), ò.å. íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü â òîò ïåðèîä áûëà ìàêñèìàëüíà. Çäåñü èìåëàñü îãðîìíàÿ êîðìîâàÿ áàçà â âèäå ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus pygmaeus), íî ïðè ýòîì óñèëèâàëñÿ àíòðîïîãåííûé ïðåññ íà ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèè â öåëîì áûë õàðàêòåðåí íèçêèé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ èç-çà ðåãóëÿðíîé ãèáåëè ãí¸çä â ðåçóëüòàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ õèùíèêàìè è ïàëàìè, à òàêæå ëèìèòà ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, ãäå áû âûøåóêàçàííûå íåãàòèâíûå ôàêòîðû èçáåãàëèñü. È èìåííî íà ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ñòàë àêòèâíî îñâàèâàòü îïîðû ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî èìåííî óõîä îò íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ ÿäðà ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ñïîñîáñòâîâàë áûñòðîìó îñâîåíèþ çàïàäíûì ïîäâèäîì ñòåïíîãî îðëà ËÝÏ. È èìåííî ïîýòîìó âîñòî÷íûé ïîäâèä ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ñêàëàõ â óñëîâèÿõ ñ íèçêèì àíòðîïîãåííûì ïðåññîì, äî ñèõ ïîð íå îñâîèë ËÝÏ, òàê êàê ïîïóëÿöèÿ ïîêà ïîïðîñòó íå èñïûòûâàåò «âíóòðåííåé ïîòðåáíîñòè» â ýòîì. Èíûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì, êîòîðûé, â îòëè÷èå îò ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ñ îãðîìíûì îïîçäàíèåì ñòàë îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ è ïî ñîâåðøåííî äðóãèì ïðè÷èíàì. Àíàëèç ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ñòðóêòóðû âîñòî÷íîãî ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå Ðîññèè è Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ïîçâîëèë âûäåëèòü ñóáïîïóëÿöèè ñî ñâîèìè ñïåöèôè÷åñêèìè ñòåðåîòèïàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûëè âûäåëåíû òèïè÷íûå ñóáïîïóëÿöèè ñ âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ è áëèçêèì ê ðàâíîìåðíîìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ïàð, ïðèóðî÷åííûå ê áîðàì ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîí, ðàçðåæåííûì äðåâåñíûì íàñàæäåíèÿì íà ïåñêàõ â çîíå ïóñòûíü è ïîëóïóñòûíü è ÷èíêàì ïóñòûííûõ ïëàòî. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà îðëîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ýòèõ ñóáïîïóëÿöèé ïî õàðàêòåðó ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ è óñòðîéñòâà ÿâëÿþòñÿ òèïè÷íûìè äëÿ íèõ. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ íåòèïè÷íûõ ãí¸çä ïîêàçàë èõ ðàçìåùåíèå ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñóáïîïóëÿöèé, ëèáî â áóôåðíîé çîíå ìåæäó ñóáïîïóëÿöèÿìè (Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Àíàëèç äåìîãðàôèè îðëîâ â òèïè÷íûõ ñóáïîïóëÿöèÿõ è ïî èõ ïåðèôåðèè ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â êëàäêå íèæå â öåíòðàõ ñóáïîïóëÿöèé (2,2 ïðîòèâ 2,7 ÿèö íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ìîãèëüíèêà, è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, âûñîêîé êîíêóðåíöèåé çà êîðìîâûå ðåñóðñû, â òî âðåìÿ

Problem of Number êàê óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çäåñü âûøå (1,6 ïðîòèâ 0,8 ïòåíöîâ íà ïðîâåðåííîå ãíåçäî), êàê ñîáñòâåííî è çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä (75% ïðîòèâ 45%, ïðè n=178 è 69 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî), ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ áîëüøåé óêðûòîñòüþ è ìåíüøåé äîñòóïíîñòüþ ãí¸çä, à òàêæå ìåíüøåé àíòðîïîãåííîé íàãðóçêîé. Âñ¸ ýòî äîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïîÿâëåíèå íåòèïè÷íûõ äëÿ ñóáïîïóëÿöèè ñòåðåîòèïîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïî å¸ ïåðèôåðèè â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü âûçâàíî ðàññåëåíèåì îðëîâ â íåòèïè÷íûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ìîæåò áûòü ñ ëó÷øèìè êîðìîâûìè óñëîâèÿìè, íî õóäøèì ãíåçäîâûì ôîíäîì è ñ áîëåå âûñîêîé àíòðîïîãåííîé íàãðóçêîé è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, èõ âûíóæäåííîé àäàïòàöèåé ê íîâûì óñëîâèÿì. Èìåííî ïî ïåðèôåðèè òèïè÷íûõ ñóáïîïóëÿöèé â ïåñêàõ ïîëóïóñòûííîé è ïóñòûííîé çîí â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ýêñïàíñèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ. Ïîÿâëåíèå ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ËÝÏ, â ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíàõ, òàêæå ïðèóðî÷åíî ê áóôåðíûì òåððèòîðèÿì ìåæäó òèïè÷íûìè áîðîâûìè ñóáïîïóëÿöèÿìè ìîãèëüíèêà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî èìåííî ïîýòîìó íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ îñâîåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêîì ËÝÏ â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà, ãäå ïîïóëÿöèè îðëà íàõîäÿòñÿ â óãíåò¸ííîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ñîêðàùàåòñÿ è íåò ðåçåðâà ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé, êîòîðûé ñìîã áû äàòü òîë÷îê ðàññåëåíèþ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ËÝÏ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èãðàþò âàæíóþ ðîëü â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ñóáïîïóëÿöèé ðÿäà âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â íåòèïè÷íûõ äëÿ íèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, à çíà÷èò, èãðàþò âàæíóþ ðîëü â äèíàìèêå ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ñòðóêòóðû ýòèõ âèäîâ. Ñóáïîïóëÿöèè ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé ïðîöåññàìè ýìèãðàöèè è èììèãðàöèè è îòäåëüíàÿ ñóáïîïóëÿöèÿ íà êàêîì-òî ó÷àñòêå ìîæåò âðåìåííî èñ÷åçíóòü, à ïîòîì âíîâü ïîÿâèòüñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå åãî ïîâòîðíîé êîëîíèçàöèè âèäîì èç ñîñåäíèõ ñóáïîïóëÿöèé. Êëàññè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü ïîïóëÿöèè (Levin, 1989) ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî â ëþáîé äàííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè äîëÿ çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñîîòíîøåíèåì ìåæäó ñêîðîñòüþ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñ çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ñêîðîñòüþ çàñåëåíèÿ ñâîáîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ñêîðîñòü ëîêàëüíîãî âûìèðàíèÿ ñóáïîïóëÿöèè â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ óñëîâèÿìè â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷àñòêà è ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîé ïðèðîäîé äèíàìèêè ìàëûõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Ñêîðîñòü çàñåëåíèÿ ïóñòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ çàâèñèò îò ñïîñîáíîñòè âèäà ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è îò ðàçìåùåíèÿ ïðèãîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ëàíäøàôòå. È èìåííî â ýòó ñèñòåìó ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé âñòðàèâàþòñÿ ËÝÏ, èñêàæàÿ åñòåñòâåííûé õîä ïðîöåññîâ. Äëÿ âèäîâ, àäàïòèðîâàâøèõñÿ ê èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ËÝÏ, òåððèòîðèè ñ ðàçâèòîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðîé áåçîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ îáåñïå÷èâàþò îãðîìíûé ðåçåðâ óñïåøíûõ ïàð, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â áóôåðíûõ çîíàõ ìåæäó ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ÿäðàìè, è, â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ, ïî èñòå÷åíèè îïðåäåë¸ííîãî âðåìåíè ìîãóò ñòàòü íåêèìè ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè ÿäðàìè. Ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû ýòî íå ìîæåò íå ðàäîâàòü, òàê êàê, â óñëîâèÿõ ïîñòîÿííîãî äàâëåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà åñòåñòâåííóþ ñðåäó îáèòàíèÿ õèùíûõ

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

ïòèö, èõ àäàïòàöèÿ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà ËÝÏ, îñîáåííî ñðåäè àíòðîïîãåííî-íàðóøåííûõ òåððèòîðèé, ïîçâîëÿåò èì âûæèòü. Íàãëÿäíîé èëëþñòðàöèåé ìîæåò ñëóæèòü ïðèìåð ñ áàëîáàíîì â Ìîëäàâèè, ãäå îí ñîõðàíèëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ËÝÏ (Dixon, 2007). Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, òàêèå ãðóïïèðîâêè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ çàâèñèìûìè îò ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ïëà÷åâíûé îïûò Þæíîé Òóâû, åñëè íà ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ËÝÏ ïåðåõîäèò áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ïàð èç ñóáïîïóëÿöèè, ðàíåå çàíèìàâøåé åñòåñòâåííûå ñóáñòðàòû, ïðè áûñòðîì ðàçðóøåíèè äàííîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ ïðîèñõîäèò êðàõ ýòîé ñóáïîïóëÿöèè, òàê êàê ïòèöû, ãíåçäèâøèåñÿ íà ËÝÏ, íå ìîãóò áûñòðî ñìåíèòü ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, äåðæàòñÿ äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íà ïðåæíèõ ó÷àñòêàõ è â áîëüøèíñòâå ñâîåì ãèáíóò, à ïàðû, âíîâü ïðèñïîñîáèâøèåñÿ ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ íà åñòåñòâåííûõ ñóáñòðàòàõ, ïåðåñòàþò áûòü ñïîñîáíûìè âîçìåùàòü ïîòåðè äåãðàäèðîâàâøåé ñóáïîïóëÿöèè. Ê ïîõîæèì ïîñëåäñòâèÿì ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè äàæå îäíîêðàòíîå ìåðîïðèÿòèå â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïî î÷èñòêå ËÝÏ îò ãí¸çä, ñàíêöèîíèðîâàííîå ýíåðãåòèêàìè ëèáî âëàäåëüöàìè ËÝÏ, ÷òî óæå íàáëþäàëîñü íà ëîêàëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â Ïðèàðàëüå (Êàçàõñòàí) è Çàóðàëüå (×åëÿáèíñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Ðîññèÿ). Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü îäíî ëîãè÷íîå çàêëþ÷åíèå – â íàøå âðåìÿ èíòåíñèâíîãî îñâîåíèÿ õèùíèêàìè ËÝÏ íåîáõîäèìà ÷¸òêî ïðîäóìàííàÿ ïðîãðàììà ïî âçàèìîäåéñòâèþ îðíèòîëîãîâ è ýíåðãåòèêîâ íà ïðåäìåò çàùèòû ïòèö ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ËÝÏ. Ïîëîæèòåëüíûå ïðèìåðû òàêîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ èìåþòñÿ â Åâðîïå, â ÷àñòíîñòè â Âåíãðèè, ãäå â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî îõðàíå áàëîáàíà íàó÷íàÿ îáùåñòâåííîñòü ñîâìåñòíî ñ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèìè êîìïàíèÿìè ó÷àñòâóåò â óñòðîéñòâå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà îïîðàõ âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ, áåçîïàñíûõ äëÿ ïòèö, è îñíàùàåò ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ. Â 2006 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Âåíãðèè îöåíèâàëàñü â 183–200 ïàð, ïðè ýòîì 85,4% èçâåñòíûõ ïàð ðàçìíîæàëîñü â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, èç êîòîðûõ 43,5% áûëè óñòðîåíû íà îïîðàõ âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ (Bagyura et al., 2007). Â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíå ñóùåñòâåííî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ óæå àäàïòèðîâàëîñü ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà ËÝÏ, âêëþ÷àÿ ãëîáàëüíî óÿçâèìûå è óãðîæàåìûå, òàêèå êàê ìîãèëüíèê, êîòîðûå ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì ëèøü íàðàùèâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ËÝÏ. Åñëè â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíå (îáÿçàòåëüíî ïðè ïîääåðæêå âëàäåëüöåâ ËÝÏ) óäàñòñÿ ðåàëèçîâàòü äàæå ëîêàëüíûå ïðîåêòû, ïîäîáíûå åâðîïåéñêèì, ïîëîæèòåëüíûé ýôôåêò îò ýòèõ ïðîåêòîâ äëÿ îõðàíû óÿçâèìûõ è óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ áóäåò êóäà áîëåå ñåðü¸çíûì, ÷åì â òîé æå Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïå, ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí. Èç ýòèõ ïðè÷èí íàèáîëåå ñóùåñòâåííûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå: îãðîìíûå ïëîùàäè òåððèòîðèé, íå âîâëå÷åííûõ â õîçÿéñòâåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäÿò ËÝÏ, è ñóùåñòâåííî áîëüøàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîïóëÿöèé ðåäêèõ âèäîâ, èñïûòûâàþùèõ ñêëîííîñòü ê îñâîåíèþ ËÝÏ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ.

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Ëèòåðàòóðà Àãàôîíîâ À.Â., Ðåçèíêî Ä.Ñ., Ðîæêîâ À.À., Ñåì¸íîâ Í.Ì. Ê ýêîëîãèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà. – Áþëëåòåíü ÌÎÈÏ. Îòä. áèîë., 1957. Ò. 62. âûï. 2. Ñ. 33–41. Àòàäæàíîâ Ì.À. Ñîâðåìåííûé ñòàòóñ ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â Óçáåêèñòàíå è ïðîáëåìû åãî ñîõðàíåíèÿ. Àâòîðåôåðàò äèññåðòàöèè íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷¸íîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Òàøêåíò, 2002. 17 ñ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ìîñêàëèê Ë.Í. Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà îïîðå ËÝÏ â Ïîâîëæüå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹ 11. C. 76. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû Òóâû. Êðàñíîÿðñê: Èçä-âî Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî óí-òà, 1991. 320 ñ. Áåëèê Â.Ï. Ïòèöû ñòåïíîãî Ïðèäîíüÿ: Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ôàóíû, å¸ àíòðîïîãåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ è âîïðîñû îõðàíû. Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó. 2000. 376 ñ. Áåëèê Â.Ï. Äèíàìèêà Ïðèêàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà è îöåíêà ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ. – Ñòðåïåò. 2004. Ò. 2. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 116–133. Áåëèê Â.Ï., Âåòðîâ Â.Â., Ìèëîáîã Þ.Â. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âîðîíà â Çàïàäíîì Ïðåäêàâêàçüå. – Ñòðåïåò. 2004. Ò. 2. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 138–142. Áîñòàíæîãëî Â.Í. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôàóíà ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêèõ ñòåïåé. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòäåë çîîëîãè÷åñêèé. Âûï. 11. 1911. Ñ. 1–410. Áðàãèí Å.À. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Êóñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè â 2004 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2005. Ñ. 20–25. Ãèíòîâò Ô.Â. Çàìåòêè ïî ýêîëîãèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cab.). – Âåñòíèê ìèêðîáèîëîãèè, ýïèäåìèîëîãèè è ïàðàçèòîëîãèè. 1940. Ò. 19. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 322–331. Ãóáèí Á.Ì., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Ê ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè â íèçîâüÿõ Óðàëà. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 57–59. Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàçìåùåíèå è îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â ñòåïÿõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëàìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â.1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï.Áåëèê. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 1999. Ñ. 82–83. Çàáîëîòíûé Í.Ë., Õîõëîâ À.Í. Ê ôàóíå âîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö íèçîâèé Êóáàíè. – Êàâêàçñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. 1991. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 24–37. Çàáîëîòíûé Í.Ë., Õîõëîâ À.Í. Çàìåòêè î âðàíîâûõ íèçîâèé Êóáàíè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû âðàíîâûõ ïòèö: Ìàòåðèàëû 3-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ. Ñòàâðîïîëü, 1992. Ñ. 186. Çàáîëîòíûé Í.Ë., Õîõëîâ À.Í. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè âîðîíà áëèç ã. Ñëàâÿíñêà íà Êóáàíè. – Êàâêàçñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê. 1994. Âûï. 6. Ñ. 34. Êàëèíèí À.À. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå Ïðèâîëæñêîãî ðàéîíà Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è åãî îêðåñòíîñòåé. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî: Èâàí. ãîñ. óí-ò. Ñ. 241–243. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigi-

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà formes). Ïåðìü: Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé Ñîþçà îõðàíû æèâîòíûõ Óðàëà / Ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ñîþç, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ æèâîòíûõ. Ïåíçà. 2002. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 77–84. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005à. ¹ 1. Ñ. 28–31. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005á. ¹ 4. Ñ. 24–28. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêîãî ìîãèëüíèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è å¸ äèíàìèêà â ïîñëåäíåå ñòîëåòèå. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ», 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. C. 163–171. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ëèíèè ñìåðòè ïðîäîëæàþò ñîáèðàòü ñâîé «÷¸ðíûé» óðîæàé â Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹ 11. C. 14–21. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ìîøêèí À.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Ðûáåíêî À.Â. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) â Ðîññèè. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Â.5. Îòâ. ðåä. Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, 2005. Ñ. 48–66. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×¸ðíûå äûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå), Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 29–32. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Óëóòàó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 5. Ñ. 37–49. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè â Êàçàõñòàí â 2005 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2005. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2006. Ñ. 16–19. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Ìîøêèí À.Â. Áàëîáàí â Ïðèàðàëüå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 44–49. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé 2003-2004 ãã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 42–55. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Åñòü ëè ïåðñïåêòèâà ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ? – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 48–57. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 7. Ñ. 21–45. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè íà çàïàäå Êàçàõñòàíà â 2003 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2004. Ñ. 24–27. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 31–32. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå

Problem of Number õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 3. Ñ. 28–51. Êîçëîâ Í.Ï. Î ïîëåçíûõ õèùíèêàõ. – Ïðèðîäà. 1959. ¹ 7. Ñ. 50–52. Êîëáèíöåâ Â.Ã. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ðåäêèõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñîâ è õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ìàëîì Êàðàòàó. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2004. Ñ. 214–219. Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Òîì 2. Àëìà-Àòà. 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Ëàíîâåíêî Å.Í., Àáäóëíàçàðîâ Á.Á. Î âëèÿíèè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íà ÷èñëåííîñòü äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Óçáåêèñòàíå. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 29–30. Ëåâèí À., Êàðïîâ Ô. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè áàëîáàíà â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 52–57. Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåäèöèè íà Ìàíãûøëàê è Óñòþðò â 2004 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2005. Ñ. 14–19. Ëèíäåìàí Ã.Â. Óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ìåæäóðå÷üå Âîëãè è Óðàëà. – Îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983à. Ñ. 136–138. Ëèíäåìàí Ã.Â. Êóðãàííèê â ãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ Çàâîëæüÿ. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983á. Ñ. 76–78. Ëèíäåìàí Ã.Â., Àáàòóðîâ Á.Ä., Áûêîâ À.Â., Ëîïóøêîâ Â.À. Äèíàìèêà íàñåëåíèÿ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ Çàâîëæñêîé ïîëóïóñòûíè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 2005. 252 ñ. Ìàöûíà À.È. Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (ëåñíàÿ è ëåñîñòåïíàÿ çîíà Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè). – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 33–41. Ìàöûíà À.È. Ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ îöåíêà ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (íà ïðèìåðå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè). – Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Òåçèñû XII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ñòàâðîïîëü: Èçä-âî ÑÃÓ. 2006. Ñ. 340–342. Ìåäæèäîâ Ð.À., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ËÝÏ – èòîãè ïðîåêòà â Êàëìûêèè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 25–30. Ìèðîíîâ Í.Ï. Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû ýêîëîãèè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cab.) Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî Ïðèêàñïèÿ â ñâÿçè ñ îáðàáîòêîé çåìåëü îò ñóñëèêîâ. – Òðóäû Ðîñòîâñêîãî ïðîòèâî÷óìíîãî èíñòèòóòà. 1946. Ò.5. Ñ. 82–91. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À., Õîõëîâà Í.À. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèöàõ Ìóãîäæàð, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 5. Ñ. 58–60. Ïåðåðâà Â.È., Áëîõèí À.Î. Îöåíêà ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷. – Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû îõðàíû ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ì. 1981. Ñ. 36–39. Ïåðåðâà Â.È., Ãðàæäàíêèí À.Â. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå è ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå àäàïòàöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ê ýëåêòðî-

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

ëèíèÿì. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 42–45. Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â. Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà îïîðå âûñîêîâîëüòíîé ËÝÏ â Àñòðàõàíñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 3. Ñ. 65–66. Ñàâèíåöêèé À.Á., Øèëîâà Ñ.À. Íåêîòîðûå ñòåðåîòèïû ïîâåäåíèÿ è ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà. – Íàó÷íûå äîêëàäû âûñøåé øêîëû. Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè. 1986. ¹ 8. Ñ. 37–42. Ñàâèíåöêèé À.Á., Øèëîâà Ñ.À. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila rapax) â Êàëìûêèè. – Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. 1996. Ò. 75. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 796–798. Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Óëüÿíîâñê. 1999. 43 ñ. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Áåðåçîâèêîâ Í.Í. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ïðåäãîðèé Êàëáèíñêîãî Àëòàÿ, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 7. Ñ. 46–55. Ñóðâèëëî À.Â., Ñàíäæèåâ Â.Á., Óëþìäæèåâ Î.Ö. è äð. Î ÷èñëåííîñòè è ýêîëîãèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Êàëìûêèè. – VII Âñåñîþçíàÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ. ×. 2. Êèåâ, 1977. Ñ. 247–248. Ñóðâèëëî À.Â. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë â Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì Ïðèêàñïèè. – Îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 74–77. Ôåôåëîâ È.Â. Îöåíêà ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â þæíîì Ïðèáàéêàëüå. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. 2005. Âûï. 32. Ñ. 87–91. Øåïåëü À.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Ïåðìñêîãî Ïðèêàìüÿ. Èðêóòñê: èçä-âî Èðêóòñêîãî óí-òà, 1992. 296 ñ. Ùóììåð À. [Îáëèê ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cab.) íà òåððèòîðèè ïåðâîãî Óêðàèíñêîãî ñòåïíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «×àïëè»]. – Âåñòíèê ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ñòåïíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «×àïëè». 1928. Ò. 7. Ñ. 47–69. Bagyura, J., Szitta, T., Haraszthy, L. Results of the Saker (Falco cherrug) Conservation Programme in Hungary 1980–2006. – Abstracts of the Peregrine Conference, Poland 19 – 23 September 2007. Piotrowo. P. 58–59. Dixon A. Notes from the Field 2007. – Falco. 2007. ¹ 30. P. 4–7. Levin R. Sources and sinks complicate ecology. – Science, 1989. ¹ 4890. P. 477–478. Liptak J. Nesting by Hobbies (Falco subbuteo) in the Kosice Basin (Eastern Slovakia) from 1996 to 2005. Slovak Rapt J. 2007. ¹ 1. P. 45–52. Pichocki R. Beitrage zur Avifauna der Mongolei. Teil I. Non-Passeriformes. Mitt. Mus. Berlin, 1968. Bd. 44. H. 2. S. 149–292. Potapov E.R., Fox N.C., Sumya D., Gombobaatra S., Shagdarsuren O. Nest site selection in Mongolian Sakers. – Saker Falcon in Mongolia: Research and Conservation. Proceedings of International Conference on Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1–4 July 2000. Ulaanbaatar, 2001. P. 132–137. Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. Birds in Europe: their conservation status. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 1994. 600 p.

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Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

                                                                   Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by I. Karyakin

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðîøëîì è íàñòîÿùåì

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) – îäèí èç íàèáîëåå óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, ïëîùàäü àðåàëà è ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîãî â ïîñëåäíèå òðè äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ñîêðàùàþòñÿ áûñòðûìè òåìïàìè. Áàëîáàí ÿâëÿåòñÿ òèïè÷íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì ôàóíû àðèäíûõ çîí, è â Ðîññèè âñåãäà íàõîäèëñÿ íà ñåâåðíîì ïðåäåëå ñâîåãî ãíåçäîâîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ (ðèñ. 1), îäíàêî íà òåððèòîðèè ñòðàíû èìåëèñü äîâîëüíî êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè è Þæíîé Ñèáèðè. Ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé íà ïåðèîä 1975–76 ãã. ïî ñíèìêàì Landsat MSS, à

The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is one of the critically endangered species of Falconidae in Northern Eurasia, the range and the number of which sharply decreased for last 30 years. The northern border of the breeding range of the species is in Russia (fig. 1). Following publishing data no less than 9000 pairs of Sakers believed to breed in Russia in 1970-s (fig. 2). The modern estimations of the Saker Falcon number in Russia are some more than 1854– 2542 pairs while the number decreasing was at least 11% last years (fig. 3, table 1) and at least 76% for 30 years – now at least 14051916 pairs (about 75% of the total number of the species in Russia, 57% of which breed in the Republic of Tyva) inhabit the Altai-Sayan region. The Saker populations in East Europe crashed almost completely since 1970-s to 1990-s. Now the number of Sakers also decreases in the Altai-Sayan region, but not so sharp and catastrophic than in the Volga-Ural region (fig. 4). The most stable and numerous breeding population of Tuva was monitored in 2001– 2005. We set up two plots: the first was located in the Tes-Hem river left side (2521 km2) and the second in the south slope of the Tannu-Ola Mountains (306 km2) (fig. 5). The all nests of Sakers were visited in plots, breeding success and diet were researched and also we surveyed the species – main preys of falcons. The portion of occupied breeding territories

Raptors Conservation

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Ðèñ. 1. Àðåàë áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1 Fig. 1. Breeding range of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Numbers of districts are according with the numbers of ones in the table 1

òàêæå àíàëèç ïëîòíîñòè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ â ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì, ïîçâîëÿþò ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Ðîññèè â 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ãíåçäèëîñü íå ìåíåå 9000 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, à ïî íåêîòîðûì îöåíêàì îêîëî 10000 ïàð (Galushin, 2004) (ðèñ. 2). Ôàêòè÷åñêè âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ÑðåäíåðóñÌåñòîîáèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà: 1 – ñòåïíûå áîðû, 2 – ñêàëûîñòàíöû ñðåäè ñòåïè, 3 – ãîðíàÿ ëåñîñòåïü, 4 – àëüïèéñêèé ïîÿñ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Inhabitant places of Sakers: 1 – steppe pine forests; 2 - ; 3 – mountain forest-steppe; 4 – alpine belt. Photos by I. Karyakin

increase in the Altai-Sayan region since 2003, while the breeding success sharply decreased in 2003 and gradually increase now (fig. 8). Partly it can be explained that herders were destroying electric poles that period and the most part of the Saker breeding territories was abandoned. Besides the number of preys was sharply decreased in the Ubsunur depression

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Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 2. Àðåàë áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè â 70-õ ãã. Öèôðàìè îáîçíà÷åíà ïðèìåðíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîïóëÿöèé Fig. 2. Breeding range of the Saker Falcon in Russia in 1970-s. Numbers are approximate population numbers

ñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, îò ñòåïåé Ïðåäêàâêàçüÿ íà þãå, äî Òóëüñêîé è Ðÿçàíñêîé îáëàñòåé íà ñåâåðå, âõîäèëà â íåêîãäà îáøèðíûé àðåàë áàëîáàíà â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ âèä çäåñü âåðîÿòíî èñ÷åç (Áåëèê, 1998; Galushin, 2004). Ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà íà Ñåâåðíîì Êàâêàçå äîêàçàíî ëèøü äëÿ Ñåâåðíîé Îñåòèè, ãäå ïàðà ñîêîëîâ ðàçìíîæàëàñü áëèç Áåñëàíà â 2001–2003 ãã. (Êîìàðîâ, 2006). Èìåþòñÿ òàêæå óêàçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå îòäåëüíûõ ïàð â Äàãåñòàíå, íî ôàêòè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë ïî íàõîäêàì ãí¸çä Ðèñ. 3. Àðåàë áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä. Öèôðàìè îáîçíà÷åíà ïðèìåðíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîïóëÿöèé. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: À – îáëàñòü ðåãóëÿðíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, Â – îáëàñòü íåðåãóëÿðíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ ïàð, Ñ – òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå áàëîáàí èñ÷åç Fig. 3. Modern breeding range of the Saker Falcon in Russia. Numbers are approximate population numbers. Labels: À – range of the regular breeding, Â – range of the irregular breeding of single pairs, Ñ – the territory where sakers have vanished

in spring 2003, also semideserts were covered by weed plants while last 3 years was very rainy, pasturing was absent, many falcons were poisoned of bromdialon during migration into Mongolia in 2002/2003. Thus as the result of decreasing number of preys 93% of breeding territories (in contrast with previous year) were abandoned on the Tes-Hem plot in spring 2003 (fig. 9, 10). Falcons seemed to migrate into Mongolia, where many birds were died due to bromdialone poisonings. Only 62% of breeding territories were occupied in 2004, while birds

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Òàáë. 1. Îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè ðåãóëÿðíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà â Ðîññèè. Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Estimations of the Saker (Falco cherrug) number within the regular breeding range in Russia. Numbers are similar with numbers in Fig. 1.

Ðåãèîí Administrative region

Ñàðàòîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü Saratov district

Ïëîùàäü (êì2) Area (km2)

Êîë-âî èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ Known breeding territories

2003

2007

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (â ïàðàõ) Estimated number (pairs)

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/1000 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè) Density (pair/1000 km2 total area)

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (â ïàðàõ) Estimated number (pairs)

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/1000 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè) Density (pair/1000 km2 total area)

Òðåíä (%) Trend (%)

101258

5 (0–10)

0.05

-100

Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Samara district

53579

4 (0–6)

0.07

-100

Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí Republic of Tatarstan

48056

1 (0–2)

0.02

-100

Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü Orenburg district

124606

26 (20–31)

0.21

4 (3–5)

0.03

-86

Ðåñïóáëèêà Áàøêîðòîñòàí Republic of Bashkortostan

74764

0.13

0.11

-15

×åëÿáèíñêàÿ îáëàñòü Chelyabinsk district

66015

20 (18–22)

0.30

18 (15–20)

0.27

-10

Êóðãàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü Kurgan district

71692

65 (56–75)

0.91

55 (46–65)

0.77

-15

Òþìåíñêàÿ îáëàñòü Tumen district

28064

4 (3–5)

0.14

4 (3–5)

0.14

Îìñêàÿ îáëàñòü Omsk district

34616

11 (5–16)

0.32

11 (5–16)

0.32

Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Novosibirsk district

21706

2 (1–3)

0.09

2 (1–3)

0.09

Àëòàéñêèé êðàé / Altai Kray

140128

111 (99–140)

0.79

111 (99–140)

0.79

Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü Kemerovo district

6928

6 (3–9)

0.87

2 (0–4)

0.29

-67

Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé Republic of Altai

76289

465 (310–610)

6.10

455 (300–600)

5.96

-2

Ðåñïóáëèêà Õàêàñèÿ Republic of Khakassia

44291

190 (180–200)

4.29

170 (160–180)

3.84

-10

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé êðàé Krasnoyarsk Kray

65201

56 (40–70)

0.86

51 (35–65)

0.78

-9

Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà Republic of Tyva

126841

230

1130 (1070-1216)

8.91

937 (877–1023)

7.39

-17

Èðêóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü Irkutsk district

21023

57 (50–65)*

2.71

57 (50–65)

2.71

Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ Republic of Buryatia

23005

150 (135–165)*

6.52

150 (135–165)

6.52

×èòèíñêàÿ îáëàñòü Chita district

46786

143 (115–170)*

3.06

143 (115–170)

3.06

Àìóðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Amur district

22034

1 (0–2)*

0.04

1 (0–2)

0.04

Åâðåéñêàÿ ÀÎ / Evreyskaya autonomous district

12806

1 (0–2)*

0.08

(0–2)

0.08

Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé Primorskiy Kray

7080

3 (2–4)*

0.42

3 (2–4)

0.42

1216768

402

2461 (2117–2683)

2.02

2183 (1854–2542)

1.79

-11

Âñåãî / All regions

* - ÷èñëåííîñòü áûëà âûøå, íî íàñêîëüêî – íåèçâåñòíî / number was above, but it is how much not known.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà: íà ñîñíå – ââåðõó, íà ñêàëå – â öåíòðå, íà òåëåãðàôíîì ñòîëáå – âíèçó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Different locations of the Sakers’ nests: on the pine – upper; in the cliff – center; on the telegraph pole – bottom. Photos by I. Karyakin

íå ïðèâîäèòñÿ (Èñìàèëîâ è äð., 2008). Ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàòåëåé XIX–XX ñòîëåòèé â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå áàëîáàí áûë íåðåäîê â ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíàõ, äîñòèãàÿ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè â ëåñîñòåïè Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè,

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ in pairs were new in 55.5% of breeding territories. The bird changing caused the breeding success to increase, however the number of chicks in broods was even less than in the year with the least number of preys. Saker brood sizes correlate positively (coefficient of correlation – 0.71) with Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) numbers in the Tes-Hem sands, that is illustrated with fig. 11–12. The breeding success of Sakers in the «Tannu-Ola» monitoring plot was sufficient stable in 1999–2001 (fig. 10), however the most part of perennial breeding territories was empty or unsuccessful in 2002–2003, while occupying territories of Upland Buzzards 3 new pair were registered in the territory in 2003. All new pairs were altaicus type. Perennial monitoring of the Saker in Tuva demonstrates the Saker number decreasing in deserted steppes in 39.3% of mongolicus type falcons and the increasing of mountain population numbers, especially in subalpic zone and cold steppes in 28.6% of altaicus type falcons. The number altaicus Sakers is increased while the total number of Sakers is declined at least in 5%. The altaicus Saker number increasing is confirmed appearance of young birds (males and females) in pairs breeding not only in mountain regions but in deserted steppes of the Ubsunur, Tuva and Munusinsk epressions,including the Enisey river valley. Following the results of breeding territory occupancy the total number decreasing is estimated at least in 17.1% for last 7 years in the region. While the average breeding success is 43%, the total of 801–1092 successful pairs are estimated to breed in the Altai-Sayan region. Thus while the average brood size is 2.65 chicks per successful nest, a total number of population is 3725–5078 birds (4380 at average), including 2123–2894 young birds (2496 at average), at the end of breeding season. If even 50% of young birds are died, but following our surveys only 23.3% of birds are died in their own first year (predation of the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo, deaths of starvation and another natural reasons), we can project near 1200 young birds per year, that is more than the number of pairs in population in 24.5%. Thus the population produces some more birds that it needs for keeping number of population stable, however those extra birds are caught regularly. Analyzing trade in falcons and illegal catching near 100 Sakers (mainly young) seems to catch in the Altai-Sayan region every year (Nikolenkî, 2007), that is near a

Raptors Conservation Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ è Þæíîãî Óðàëà (Ýâåðñìàíí, 1866; Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Ðóçñêèé, 1893; Çàðóäíûé, 1888; Ñóøêèí, 1897; Êàðàìçèí, 1901; Æèòêîâ, Áóòóðëèí, 1906). Ïî-âèäèìîìó, íàèáîëåå êðóïíûé î÷àã ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ðàñïîëàãàëñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ, ãäå, ïî äàííûì À.Í. Êàðàìçèíà (1901), áàëîáàí ãíåçäèëñÿ â êîëè÷åñòâå 3–4 ïàð íà 100 äåñÿòèí. Íà ñåâåð áàëîáàí áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äî Àëàòûðÿ, óñòüÿ Êàìû è Áåëîé â Ïðåäóðàëüå (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977), âîçìîæíî íåðåãóëÿðíî ãíåçäèëñÿ íà êðàéíåì þãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è â ×óâàøèè, ãäå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ðåäêèå ëåòíèå âñòðå÷è (Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955; Âîðîíöîâ, 1967). Åù¸ â 70-õ ãã. íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà â Áàøêèðñêîì Ïðèáåëüå (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977), îäíàêî óæå â íà÷àëå 80-õ ãã. íè â Áàøêèðèè, íè â Òàòàðèè áàëîáàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå îáíàðóæåí (Ãîðøêîâ è äð., 1983; Èëüè÷åâ, Ôîìèí, 1988), à â Ñàðàòîâñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòÿõ ñîõðàíèëèñü åäèíè÷íûå ïàðû (Çàâüÿëîâ, Ðóáàí, 2001; Äàâûãîðà, 1998). Â èòîãå ê êîíöó ÕÕ âåêà çàïàäíåå Âîëãè áàëîáàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ôàêòè÷åñêè èñ÷åç (Áàðàáàøèí, 2004; Çàâüÿëîâ è äð., 2005), à ìåæäó Âîëãîé è Óðàëîì íà òåððèòîðèè ñòðàíû ñîõðàíèëîñü íå áîëåå 25 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Galushin, 2004; Karyakin et al., 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåãèñòðàöèþ ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ðîññèéñêîì Êàâêàçå (Êîìàðîâ, 2006) è âñòðå÷è ïòèö â Ïîâîëæüå, â ÷àñòíîñòè â Ìîðäîâèè (Êîðîëüêîâ, Ìàöûíà, 2007), ñèòóàöèÿ ñ âèäîì òîëüêî óõóäøèëàñü. Áàëîáàí ïåðåñòàë ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè è íà Çàïàäå Îðåíáóðæüÿ, ãäå áûëè èçâåñòíû ïîñëåäíèå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008). Ïàðà ñîêîëîâ, âûÿâëåííàÿ â Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2004 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), èñ÷åçëà. Ðåçêî ñîêðàòèëàñü ÷èñëåííîñòü Ãóáåðëèíñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà, íà êîòîðóþ âîçëàãàëèñü îïðåäåëåííûå íàäåæäû íà ðàññåëåíèå â ñîñåäíèå ñòåïíûå ðàéîíû Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè, ñ 15–35 ïàð å¸ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêðàòèëàñü êàê ìèíèìóì â 3–4 ðàçà è ñåé÷àñ âðÿä ëè ïðåâûøàåò 5 ïàð. Íåáîëüøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà èç 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, âûÿâëåííàÿ íà âîñòî÷íîì ñêëîíå Þæíîãî Óðàëà, ëèøèâøèñü 2-õ ó÷àñòêîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçâèòèÿ òóðèñòè÷åñêèõ êîìïëåêñîâ (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãîðíîëûæíûõ êóðîðòîâ), îñòà¸òñÿ ñòàáèëüíîé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ðÿäà ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò, èñ÷åðïàâ òåíäåíöèþ ê ðîñòó.

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

half of those 24.5%. However following estimations of experts Gulf States import from 5 to 9 thousands of falcons (mainly young), most of them are from nature (Fedotkin, Sorokin, 2006; Fox et al., 2003). Populations of Kazakhstan and Mongolia can not ensure that demand: the Saker numbers in those countries can be compared with the Saker number in Russia and also decline with similar speed (not quicker!). Considering the most part of birds migrates from the Altai-Sayan region thought Mongolia, where falcons are caught legally and illegally, no lesser than 1000 Altai-Sayan Sakers seems to catch during migration, that greatly exceeds the population reserve. Even without considering such factors as bird deaths from electrocution and poisonings during migration into China, it seems that number of caught birds is larger than it is possible for population to survive. Thus there are although slow, but decreasing of breeding falcons. In conclusion I should note that many factors impact on the Saker number decreasing and different factors impact on different populations with different degree of intensity, but the most powerful – the illegal catching of birds mainly during migrations. The special program on the Saker conservation should be realized with active participation of the Federal Frontier Guard Service, the Federal Intelligence Service, customs, the Service of Supervising for Nature Management, scientific organizations and society. The main aims of the program should be following: 1. Prevention of poaching in regions by local task forces. 2. Increasing the customs control in airports and border control posts. 3. Customs control of persons arrested trying earlier falcon to catch or smuggle. 4. Continuing the marking of falcons with standard rings and PITs to monitor impacts on falcon populations in the region. 5. Continuing the monitoring of the Saker nests to control the number of species in the Altai-Sayan region. 6. Realizing actions to artificial nest erecting. 7. Realizing actions to bird protection against electrocution. Also it need develop the system of collaborations with countries where falcons are caught legally and catching quotas are established, the result of collaborations should develop special resolutions to prohibit the catching of birds with standard marks (rings and PITs) of any country.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Saker in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âðÿä ëè ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíà â Ïîâîëæüå è Ïðåäóðàëüå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðåâûøàåò 10 ïàð, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà âî âñåé Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, âêëþ÷àÿ Êàâêàç è Þæíûé Óðàë, äàæå ïî ñàìûì îïòèìèñòè÷åñêèì îöåíêàì, íå ïðåâûøàåò 40–45 ïàð. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îñíîâíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ áîðîâ â Çàóðàëüå è Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Ñàáàíååâ, 1874; Ëàðèîíîâ, 1926; Ïåòðîâ è äð., 1992; Ïëîòíèêîâ, 1992; Ïåòðîâ, 1995; Ïåòðîâ, Èðèñîâ, 1995). Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1988) îöåíèëè ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà íà Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíå ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà êîíåö 80-õ ãã. â 1000 îñîáåé. Ïî ìíåíèþ Â.Í. Ïëîòíèêîâà (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998) â 90-õ ãã. îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ñîñòàâëÿëà 300 îñîáåé, à ãíåçäèëîñü åæåãîäíî îêîëî 70 ïàð. Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè ôàêòîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà íå áûëî èçâåñòíî âïëîòü äî ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò, íàáëþäàëèñü ëèøü îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû (Áëèíîâà, Áëèíîâ, 1997; Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2002). Â ïåðèîä ñ 1998 ïî 2003 ãã. â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè â õîäå öåëåâîãî ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà áûëî âûÿâëåíî 52 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, Êóðãàíñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà îöåíåíà â 150–220 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 180 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ñóùåñòâåííûå íåãàòèâíûå òåíäåíöèè äëÿ çàïàäíîñèáèðñêèõ ãíåçäîâûõ

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãðóïïèðîâîê áàëîáàíà ïîêà íå âûÿâëåíû, õîòÿ îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå óâåëè÷åíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ó÷àñòêîâ ñ áåçóñïåøíûì ðàçìíîæåíèåì, íà êîòîðûõ äåðæàòñÿ îäèíî÷íûå ñàìöû ëèáî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû. Íåñîìíåííî, íàèáîëåå êðóïíàÿ ðîññèéñêàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ áàëîáàíà íàñåëÿëà ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí, ãäå íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ýòîò âèä äîõîäèë íà ñåâåðå äî ïîäòà¸æíûõ ðàéîíîâ Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ – îêîëî 560 ñ.ø. (Êèì, 1988; Þäèí, 1952; Ïîëóøêèí, 1988; Áàðàíîâ, 1988; 1998). Áàëîáàí áûë îáû÷åí â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå Õàêàññèè (Ñóøêèí, 1914; Þäèí, 1952; Êóñòîâ, 1980; 1981; 1982; Ïðîêîôüåâ,1987; 1993) è íà ïðèëåãàþùåé òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ (Áàðàíîâ, 1988; Âàëþõ, 1996), â Òóâå (Ñóøêèí, 1938; ßíóøåâè÷, 1952; Áàðàíîâ, 1991), íà Àëòàå (Ñóøêèí, 1938; Èðèñîâ, Ñòàõååâ, 1976; Êó÷èí, 1976; Îðëîâà, Èëüÿøåíêî, 1978; Ìàëêîâ, 1979; Ìàëêîâ, Ìàëêîâ, 1980; Èðèñîâ, Èðèñîâà, 1982; Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1985; Ëîñêîò, 1986; Ìàëåøèí, 1987; Ìàëêîâ, 1987; Èðèñîâà è äð., 1988; Èðèñîâà, Èðèñîâ, 1990; Ëèâàíîâ è äð., 1990) è ãíåçäèëñÿ äàæå â òà¸æíîì ïîÿñå Ñàÿíà â êàíüîíå Åíèñåÿ (Ñòàõååâ è äð., 1999). Íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé áàëîáàí íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, ãäå åãî ïëîòíîñòü â 1992 ã. ìåñòàìè äîñòèãàëà 12,3 ïàð/100 êì2, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â ðåñïóáëèêå îöåíèâàëàñü â íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí ïàð (×óïèí, Èðèñîâà, 1996). Â ïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2003 ãã. íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîõðàíÿëèñü â Óáñóíóðñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ, à òàêæå â àëüïèéñêîì ïîÿñå þãî-âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. Íà 2-õ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ Óáñóíóð-

Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Saker in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation Ðèñ. 4. Ñîâðåìåííîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (1) è òðåíä îòäåëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê çà ïîñëåäíèå 30 ëåò (2) Fig. 4. Modern distribution of the Saker breeding in the Altai-Sayan region (1) and trend of different breeding populations for last 30 years (2)

ñêîé êîòëîâèíû íà ïëîùàäè 9639 êì2 (ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà – 5117 êì2, þæíûé ìàêðîñêëîí Òàííó-Îëà – 4523 êì2) áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî 93 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,1 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå (6484 êì2) ëîêàëèçîâàíî 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëî ïëîòíîñòè 0,3 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Â Âîñòî÷íîé è Çàïàäíîé Òóâå, à òàêæå â þãî-âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå áàëîáàí ãíåçäèëñÿ â àëüïèéñêîì ïîÿñå ãîð. Íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå íà ãðàíèöå Òóâû è Àëòàÿ (3564 êì2) áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 15 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïëîòíîñòè 0,4 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Âî âñåõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Àëòàÿ áàëîáàí ãíåçäèëñÿ òîëüêî ïî èõ ïåðèôåðèè, ÷òî ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ â Òóâå. Íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (4190 êì2) áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (0,4 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè) – ýòî ñàìàÿ êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ êîòëîâèíû Àëòàÿ. Ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïîçâîëèëè ðàññ÷èòàòü ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Òóâå (126841 êì2) è

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Àëòàå (76289 êì2) ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2003 ã. â 1070–1216 è 310–610 ïàð ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñåâåðíåå Ñàÿíà áîëåå èëè ìåíåå âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà íàáëþäàåòñÿ òîëüêî â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðîé ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ Õàêàñèè, ïðè÷¸ì íàèáîëåå êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ëîêàëèçîâàíà íà ñåâåðå Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû ïî ïåðèôåðèè íèçêîãîðèé Êóçíåöêîãî Àëàòàó (5923 êì2) – 16 ïàð (0,3 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè). Â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû áàëîáàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îòñóòñòâîâàë, ïîÿâëÿÿñü ëèøü â ïîëîñå ëåñîñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðèé, â óäàëåíèè îò êðóïíûõ ãîðîäîâ (Àáàêàí, Ìèíóñèíñê). Ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïîçâîëèëè ðàññ÷èòàòü ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Õàêàñèè (44291 êì2) è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ (65201 êì2) â 180–200 è 40–70 ïàð ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïðåäïîëàãàëàñü âîçìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äî 9 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, îäíàêî â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé âèä çäåñü îáíàðóæåí íå áûë. Ê òîìó æå, çäåñü ïðîèçîøëî êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñóñëèêîâ (Ñêàëîí, Ãàãèíà, 2004), ÿâëÿâøèõñÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â 30-õ ãã. (Õàõëîâ, 1937). Íà Çàïàäíîì Àëòàå (òåððèòîðèÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ) îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà îãðàíè÷åíà ê ñåâåðó Êîëûâàíñêèì õðåáòîì. Çäåñü â 2003 ã. âûÿâëåíî 6 ïàð, 5 èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèëèñü íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå (165,2 êì2). Ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà, ñîñòàâëÿåò 1449,15 êì2, à ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, âèäèìûõ íà êîñìîñíèìêàõ - 68,64 êì2, èç êîòîðûõ 2,08 êì2 ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ïàðó ñîêîëîâ. Îñíîâûâàÿñü íà ýòèõ öèôðàõ, ìû îöåíèëè ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ â 33–44 ïàðû. Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 1999–2000 ãã. (ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ïî Âîñòî÷íîé Òóâå è Àëòàþ çà 2001–2002 ãã.) ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà îöåíåíà â 1636–2149, â ñðåäíåì 1885 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Karyakin et all., 2004), ïî ñêîððåêòèðîâàííûì äàííûì 2005 ã. ñ ó÷åòîì ìàòåðèàëîâ îáñëåäîâàíèÿ Áèå×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è Êóçíåöêîé êîòëîâèíû – â 1624–2132 ïàðû (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), à ïî äàííûì 2006 ã. (áåç ó÷¸òà ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè â þæíîé Òóâå) – â 1600–2096, â ñðåäíåì 1841 ïàðà, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ (61,4%) ãíåçäèëàñü íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà (Êàðÿêèí, 2006). Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â ðåãèîíå áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî 287 ãíåçäîâûõ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ðèñ. 5. Òèï ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ è õîçÿåâà ïîñòðîåê, çàíèìàåìûõ áàëîáàíîì â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå Fig. 5. Locations and owners of nests occupied by the Saker in the Altai-Sayan region

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ñêàëà áàëîáàíîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nesting cliff of Sakers Photo by I. Karyakin

ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà. Èç íèõ ê 2005 ã. 49 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îïóñòåëî, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 17,1%, ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ó÷àñòêîâ ïðåêðàòèëà ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãí¸çä â Òûâå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Óáñóíóðñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ. Ïîñëåäíÿÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà äëÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ñ ó÷¸òîì èñ÷åçíóâøèõ ïàð íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ñîñòàâëÿåò 1405–1916 ïàð (îêîëî 75% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Ðîññèè, 57% èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ â Òûâå). Âîñòî÷íåå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà áàëîáàí ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ è Çàáàéêàëüÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ Äàóðèþ (Ìàëååâ, Ïîïîâ, 2007; Ãîðîøêî è äð., 2000). Ïî îöåíêàì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (1983) â íà÷àëå 80-õ ãã. òîëüêî â ëåâîáåðåæüå Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà â ÁàëàãàííîÍóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ãíåçäèëîñü 70–100 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, íî ê 1999 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ðåçêî ñîêðàòèëàñü äî 10–20 ïàð (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000; Ðÿáöåâ, Âîðîíîâà, 2006). Òåì íå ìåíåå, â ñåçîí 2005 ã. áàëîáàí áûë îáíàðóæåí ôàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå åãî ðåãèñòðèðîâàë Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ â 70–80-õ ãã. è ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî ñîêîëà òîëüêî äëÿ Áàëàãàííî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè îöåíåíà â 42–52 ïàðû, à â öåëîì äëÿ ñòåïåé Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà – 185–230 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2006). Ó÷èòûâàÿ äàííûå ïî Äàóðèè (Ãîðîøêî è äð., 2000; Áàðàøêîâà, 2007) ïðåæíÿÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà äëÿ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â 300–500 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005) áûëà ñêîððåêòèðîâàíà äî 300–400 ïàð. Äàëåå íà âîñòîê â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä áàëîáàí ãíåçäèòñÿ âïëîòü äî Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ, ãäå îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà Áîðèñîâñêîì ïëàòî (Êóðäþêîâ, 2002), îäíàêî ÷èñëåííîñòü âñåé äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé ãðóïïèðîâêè, âêëþ÷àÿ îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â áàññåéíå Àìóðà, âðÿä ëè ïðåâûøàåò 15 ïàð. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ íåñêîëüêèì áîëåå 1854–2542 ïàðû ïðè ñîêðàùåíèè çà ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò êàê ìèíèìóì íà 11% (ðèñ. 3, òàáë. 1), à çà 30 ëåò – êàê ìèíèìóì íà 76%. ×åì æå âûçâàíî áîëåå ÷åì ÷åòûð¸õêðàòíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà çà 30 ëåò è ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîå âûìèðàíèå âîñòî÷íî-åâðîïåéñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé âèäà? Ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîêàçûâàåò íà÷àëî òîòàëüíîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî ñîêîëà âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ âåêà, êîòîðîå ê 90-ì ãîäàì îáåðíóëîñü ïîëíûì êðàõîì ïîïóëÿöèé â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå. Èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä ïåðåñòàëè ñóùåñòâîâàòü ïîïóëÿöèè Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ, Þæíîãî Óðàëà è äîëèííûõ ëåñîâ ðåê Ýìáû è Óðàëà (Karyakin et al., 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà ïðîèçîøëî íà ôîíå îòðàâëåíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû õëîðîðãàíè÷åñêèìè ñîåäèíåíèÿìè, ìàññîâîé ðàñïàøêè öåëèíû è ðåçêîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåð äåðàòèçàöèè íà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ çåìëÿõ. Ïðîöåññ ñîêðàùåíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Ðèñ. 6. Ñõåìà ó÷¸òíûõ è ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäîê â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: À – ãðàíèöû ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéîíîâ, Â – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê, Ñ – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà, D – ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäè, Å – ðåãóëÿðíûå ìîíèòîðèíãîâûå ïëîùàäêè (1 – «Òàííó-Îëà», 2 – «Òåñ-Õåì») Fig. 6. Locations of study and monitored plots in the Altai-Sayan region. Labels: A – borders of nature regions, B – borders of districts and republics, C – breeding territories of the Saker, D – study plots, E – regular monitored plots (1 – «Tannu-Ola», 2 – «Tes-Hem»)

äåòàëüíî îïèñàí äëÿ áëèçêîãî âèäà – ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus), íà ïðèìåðå Åâðîïû (Cade et al., 1988; Ratcliffe, 1990). Íî â îòëè÷èå îò ñàïñàíà, òàêæå ïîñòðàäàâøåãî â ýòîò ïåðèîä, áàëîáàí íå ñìîã áûñòðî âîññòàíîâèòü

÷èñëåííîñòü èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãíåçäîâîé îáëàñòè ýòîãî ñîêîëà ïîïàëà â çîíó èíòåíñèâíîãî çåìëåäåëèÿ. Ðåôóãèóìîâ, ãäå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà ñìîãëè áû ïåðåæèòü íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûé ïåðèîä, ïðîñòî íå îñòàëîñü, çà íåêîòîðûì èñêëþ÷åíèåì. Ïðîöåññ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ âñ¸ æå ïîøåë, íî ñòàë íèâåëèðîâàòüñÿ âûëîâîì ïòèö äëÿ ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû â ñòðàíàõ Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà. Èìåííî ïîñëåäíèé ôàêòîð ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ñòàâÿò íà ïåðâîå ìåñòî â ðÿäó ïðè÷èí, ïðèâåäøèõ ê èñ÷åçíîâåíèþ âèäà íà îáøèðíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, îñíîâûâàÿñü íà òîì, ÷òî ïîïóëÿöèÿ ÿâëÿëàñü ïåðåë¸òíîé è áûëà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ «âûáðàíà» â ñòðàíàõ Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà â çèìíèé ïåðèîä. Êîñâåííî íà ýòî ìîæåò óêàçûâàòü òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ïðè áûñòðîì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîâîëæñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé, ïîïóëÿöèè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà, îáèòàþùèå â áëèçêèõ óñëîâèÿõ, íî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, èìåþùèå èíûå ìåñòà çèìîâêè, îñòàâàëèñü áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñòàáèëüíûìè (Ðàâêèí è äð., 1988; Bragin, 2001), à äëÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà îòìå÷àëñÿ äàæå íåêîòîðûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàñøèðåíèå àðåàëà íà ñåâåð (Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ìû òàêæå íàáëþäàåì ïðîäîëæàþùååñÿ ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè

Òàáë. 2. Ïèòàíèå áàëîáàíà â 1999 ã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà ïî äàííûì àíàëèçà îñòàòêîâ ïèùè ïî ñåçîíàì Table 2. Diet of the Saker following data of analysis of prey remains in different seasons in the Republic of Tyva in 1999

Âèäû Species

Ìàé / May

Èþíü / June

Èþëü / July

Âñåãî Total

Ñóñëèê äëèííîõâîñòûé (Spermophilus undulatus)

28.00

45.71

64.71

47.87

Ïèùóõà äàóðñêàÿ (Ochotona daurica)

28.00

25.71

23.53

25.53

Ïèùóõà ìîíãîëüñêàÿ (Ochotona pallasi)

12.00

3.19

8.00

2.13

Ïîëåâêà óçêî÷åðåïíàÿ (Microtus gregalis) Ìëåêîïèòàþùèå (Mammalia) Ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus & F. naumanni)

Ìåñÿö / Month

76.00

71.43

88.24

78.72

4.00

5.71

5.88

5.32

Äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) Êóðîïàòêà áîðîäàòàÿ (Perdix dauurica)

2.86 8.00

Ãîëóáü ñêàëèñòûé (Columba rupestris)

1.06 2.94

3.19

11.43

4.26

Ñàäæà (Syrrhaptes paradoxus)

2.86

1.06

Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus)

2.86

2.94

2.13

Æàâîðîíîê (Alauda sp.)

4.00

1.06

Êàìåíêà (Oenanthe sp.)

4.00

1.06

Êëóøèöà (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)

4.00

2.86

24.00

28.57

11.76

21.28

Ïòèöû (Aves) Âñåãî (ýêç.) / Total

2.13

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ðèñ. 7. Òèïû îêðàñêè öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. c. milvipes): À – òèï altaicus, òàê íàçûâàåìûé àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí, Â – òèï mongolicus, òàê íàçûâàåìûé ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ãîìáîáààòàðà Ñ. Fig. 7. Plumages of Sakers in Central Asia (F. c. milvipes): A – altaicus type (Altai Falcon), B – mongolicus type (Mongolian Saker) Photos by I. Karyakin and Gombobaatar S.

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

áàëîáàíà, íî íå ñòîëü ñòðåìèòåëüíîå è êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå, êàê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (ðèñ. 4). Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå

Àëòàå-

Êîíòðîëü çà ãí¸çäàìè áàëîáàíà, âåäóùèéñÿ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñ 1999 ã., à òàêæå èçó÷åíèå ðàçíûõ ñòîðîí áèîëîãèè ñîêîëîâ, ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î íåãàòèâíîé äèíàìèêå ïîïóëÿöèé, îïåðèðóÿ öèôðàìè è ôàêòàìè, à òàêæå ïîìîãàþò âûÿâèòü ïðè÷èíû ýòîé íåãàòèâíîé äèíàìèêè. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) (ðèñ. 5). Îáèëüíûé ïîì¸ò â óñëîâèÿõ ñóõîãî êëèìàòà äåëàåò ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà íà ñêàëàõ çàìåòíûìè äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ äàæå ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñîêîëû ïîêèíóò åãî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïî òàêèì ãíåçäàì ìîæíî ñóäèòü î ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîêîëîâ â íåäàâíåì ïðîøëîì. Óæå íà íà÷àëüíûõ ýòàïàõ ðàáîòû ñòàëî ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèÿõ Ðåñïóáëèê Àëòàé è Õàêàñèÿ óæå ïðîèçîøëî ìàñøòàáíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà. Ñîâìåñòíàÿ ýêñïåäèöèÿ ñ Þ.È. Êóñòîâûì è Ñ.Ì. Ïðîêîôüåâûì â 2000 ã. ïî ìåñòàì èõ ðàáîò â 80-õ ãã. âûÿâèëà èñ÷åçíîâåíèå

áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â öåíòðàëüíîé è þæíîé ÷àñòè Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, ò.å. íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñ èíòåíñèâíûì çåìëåäåëèåì è íàèáîëüøèì ðàçâèòèåì èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ è äîðîæíîé ñåòè. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü î Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé, ãäå âäîëü ×óéñêîãî òðàêòà è ïî ïåðèôåðèè ×óéñêîé ñòåïè ìû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè ìíîæåñòâî ïóñòóþùèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà ñ õàðàêòåðíûìè äëÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà ãí¸çäàìè (ñì. âûøå). Ïðè÷èí ïàäåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè, âèäèìî, ìíîãî, è íåëüçÿ ñïèñûâàòü âñ¸ íà áðàêîíüåðñêèé îòëîâ, îäíàêî ÿñíî, ÷òî ýòîò ôàêòîð ñûãðàë íåìàëîâàæíóþ ðîëü â ïàäåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, ò.ê. ïðåæäå âñåãî ïîñòðàäàëè ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå íà äîñòóïíûõ äëÿ àâòîòðàíñïîðòà òåððèòîðèÿõ, õîòÿ õîçÿéñòâåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòèõ òåððèòîðèé ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àëîñü. Îáðàçîâàëñÿ ñîêîëèíûé âàêóóì âîêðóã êðóïíûõ ãîðîäîâ è ïîñ¸ëêîâ, õîòÿ ñëåäû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ ïðîäîëæàëè ñîõðàíÿòüñÿ çäåñü âïëîòü äî 2000 ã. Â 2001–2005 ãã. â ðåãèîíå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâîé è ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé Òóâèíñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè íà äâóõ ïëîùàäêàõ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà (2521 êì2) è þæíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Òàííó-Îëà (306 êì2) (ðèñ. 6). Íà ïëîùàäêàõ ïîñåùàëèñü âñå ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà, îïðåäåëÿëñÿ óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ, à òàêæå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü èçó÷åíèå ïèòàíèÿ è âåëèñü ó÷¸òû îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ-æåðòâ. Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü â õîäå ýïèçîäè÷åñêîãî ñáîðà ïîãàäîê è îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ íà îòäåëüíûõ ãí¸çäàõ â 1999–2004 ãã., à â 2002–2004 ãã. ïðîâîäèëîñü âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå çà îòäåëüíûìè ïàðàìè, â õîäå êîòîðîãî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü âñÿ ïðèíîñèìàÿ íà ãíåçäî äîáû÷à. Â ðåçóëüòàòå óäàëîñü âûÿñíèòü îñíîâíûå îáúåêòû äîáû÷è áàëîáàíà â ðåãèîíå, êîòîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus undulatus), äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà (Ochotona daurica) è ìîíãîëüñêàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Meriones unguiculatus). Ðàçáîð ïèòàíèÿ äâóõ ïàð áàëîáàíîâ íà þæíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Òàííó-Îëà â 1999 ã. ïîçâîëèë îöåíèòü âðåìåííóþ äèíàìèêó â ïèòàíèè ðàçíûõ îáúåêòîâ äîáû÷è (òàáë. 2). Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî óâåëè÷åíèå äîëè ñóñëèêà è íåêîòîðîå ñíèæåíèå äîëè ïèùóõè ñðåäè äîáû÷è îò ìîìåíòà âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ ê èõ âûëåòó. Âñå ýòè äàííûå ïîçâîëèëè âûÿñíèòü âçàèìîñâÿçü ïîêàçàòåëåé ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ ñ äèíàìèêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè èõ æåðòâ è îöåíèòü âîçìîæíîå âëèÿíèå èíûõ ôàêòîðîâ íà ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ. Ïëîùàäêè «Òåñ-Õåì» è «Òàííó-Îëà»

Raptors Conservation

Ïîïóëÿöèÿ áàëîáàíîâ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ïðåäñòàâëåíà áîëüøèì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ìîðô ñ ìàññîé ïåðåõîäîâ îò ñâåòëîé äî ò¸ìíîé. Êëàññè÷åñêèé ñâåòëûé âàðèàíò, òàê íàçûâàåìûé ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí, Falco cherrug milvipes òèï mongolicus (áåç àíîìàëüíûõ îòêëîíåíèé â ñòîðîíó áåëîãî) õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ñâåòëîêîðè÷íåâîé îêðàñêîé, ÿðêèì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì âåðõà òåëà, ÷¸òêèìè ñâåòëûìè è ò¸ìíûìè ïîëîñàìè ïðàêòè÷åñêè îäèíàêîâîé øèðèíû íà õâîñòå, äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåòëûì íèçîì, ñ ðåäêèìè ïðîäîëüíûìè ò¸ìíûìè ïåñòðèíàìè, íå îáðàçóþùèìè ôîí, ñâåòëîé ãîëîâîé, ùåêîé è çàòûëêîì (ðèñ. 7 B). Êëàññè÷åñêèé ò¸ìíûé âàðèàíò, òàê íàçûâàåìûé àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí, Falco cherrug milvipes òèï altaicus (áåç àíîìàëüíûõ îòêëîíåíèé â ñòîðîíó ÷¸ðíîãî) õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ò¸ìíî-êîðè÷íåâîé îêðàñêîé, îòñóòñòâèåì ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà íà âåðõíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà è õâîñòå, øèðîêèìè ò¸ìíûìè ïåñòðèíàìè íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà, ÷àñòî ñëèâàþùèìèñÿ è îáðàçóþùèìè ñïëîøíîé ôîí, ò¸ìíîé ãîëîâîé, ùåêîé è çàòûëêîì (ðèñ. 7 A). Ò¸ìíûå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò îêîëî 20% àëòàå-ñàÿíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè, 30% – ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðåõîäíûìè ê ñâåòëîé ôîðìå è ïîëîâèíà âñåõ àëòàå-ñàÿíñêèõ ïòèö îòíîñèòñÿ ê êëàññè÷åñêîé îêðàñêå ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 2% ÷èñòî áåëûõ. Íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ óêàçûâàþò íà ÷¸òêóþ ëîêàëèçàöèþ ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû â ãîðàõ ðåãèîíà, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî 75% ïîäîáíûõ ïòèö, 33% èç êîòîðûõ â ñìåøàííûõ ïàðàõ. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò è ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì (Buteo hemilasius), ò¸ìíàÿ ìîðôà êîòîðîãî äîìèíèðóåò â ãîðàõ, à ñâåòëàÿ – â êîòëîâèíàõ. Â ñâåòå ïîñëåäíåãî, âðÿä ëè ïðàâîìî÷íî îòíîñèòü ò¸ìíóþ ìîðôó áàëîáàíà ê îòäåëüíîìó ïîäâèäó èëè äàæå âèäó, êàê ýòî ñäåëàíî â ïîñëåäíåé ðîññèéñêîé ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîé ñâîäêå (ñì. Êîáëèê è äð., 2006).

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Populations of the Saker Falcon in the AltaiSayan region consist of many different morphs with many ïåðåõîäîâ from pale to dark plumage. The typical pale morph so called the Mongolian Saker, Falco cherrug milvipes type mongolicus (without white color anomalies in the plumage) has the pale-brown plumage with light spots on upperparts, almost similar wide pale and dark streaks in the tail, sufficiently pale underparts, with few dark flecks, light head, ear coverts and nape (fig. 7 - B). The typical dark morph is called usually the Altai Saker, Falco cherrug milvipes type altaicus (without dark color anomalies in the plumage) is characterized dark-brown coloration of plumage without pale spots on upperparts and tail with extremely large dark spots on undeparts, that may create unbroken color, dark head, ear coverts and nape (fig. 7 - A). Dark birds are near 20% of the Altai-Sayan population, 30% – are transitional to the pale morph and a half of the Altai-Sayan birds has typical Mongolian type coloration of plumage, excluding 2% of almost absolutely white birds. Our research reveals birds with dark morph to inhabit generally mountains in the region where near 75% of such birds were surveyed, 33% of which were in mixed pairs. The distribution of the Upper Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) morphs is similar: birds with dark morph prefer to nest in mountains, pale – in depressions. Thus the dark morph of the Saker seems to be neither subspecies nor even species, as it was in the last Russian systematical cadastre (Koblik et al., 2006).

îêàçàëèñü íå ðàâíîçíà÷íû ïî ñâîåé ïëîùàäè è òèïàì áèîòîïîâ (ïåðâàÿ ëåæèò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ïëîñêîì ëàíäøàôòå îïóñòûíåííîé ñòåïè è ëèøü ÷àñòè÷íî çàõâàòûâàåò íåâûñîêèå ãîðíûå îòðîãè è íåáîëüøèå îñòàíöû, âòîðàÿ, íàïðîòèâ, îõâàòûâàåò ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííóþ ÷àñòü ñêëîíà õðåáòà), íî ïîêàçàòåëüíû äëÿ îöåíêè ðàçíèöû ñèòóàöèè ñ äâóìÿ ôîðìàìè áàëîáàíîâ – ãîðíîé (àëòàéñêîé) è ðàâíèííîé (ìîíãîëüñêîé). Ñèòóàöèÿ â Òóâå áûëà íåñêîëüêî èíîé, ÷åì â Àëòàå è Õàêàññèè. Çäåñü, â ñâÿçè ñ ðåçêèì ïàäåíèåì óðîâíÿ æèçíè â 90-õ ãã. è îòòîêîì ðóññêîÿçû÷íîãî íàñåëåíèÿ èç ðåñïóáëèêè, ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî è ãîðíîäîáûâàþùàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü îêàçàëèñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ ðàçðóøåííûìè. Ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ýòî áëàãîïðèÿòíî ïîâëèÿëî íà ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà, ò.ê. ñíèçèëñÿ ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà, ïðåêðàòèëîñü ïðèìåíåíèå õèìè÷åñêèõ óäîáðåíèé è

ìíîãèå ËÝÏ, èñïîëüçîâàâøèåñÿ ñîêîëàìè äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, áûëè îáåñòî÷åíû, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ðåçêî ñíèçèëñÿ òàêîé íåãàòèâíûé ôàêòîð, êàê ãèáåëü ñîêîëîâ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ëèêâèäàöèÿ ôåðì è ëåòíèêîâ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñîêðàùåíèå ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè ñòàëî íåãàòèâíî ñêàçûâàòüñÿ íà îáèëèè è äîñòóïíîñòè êîðìîâîé áàçû, à íà÷àâøååñÿ ðàçðóøåíèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ ïðèâåëî ê óíè÷òîæåíèþ ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Ìû çàñòàëè ýòîò ïðîöåññ â 1999 ã., î ÷¸ì ïîäðîáíî îïèñàíî â ðÿäå ïóáëèêàöèé (Êàðÿêèí, 2005à; 2005á). Áðàêîíüåðñêèé îòëîâ áàëîáàíà â Òóâå áûë è îñòàåòñÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûì âäîëü òðàññ Êûçûë – Àê-Äîâóðàê, Àê-Äîâóðàê – Àáàçà, à òàêæå â þãî-çàïàäíîé Òûâå, êóäà ëîâöû ïðîíèêàþò èç Êîø-Àãà÷ñêîãî ðàéîíà Àëòàÿ è, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, îáðàù¸í íà ñîêîëîâ àëòàéñêîãî òèïà. Óðîâåíü ïðåññà ëîâöîâ äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè áûë íèæå óðîâíÿ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïðåññà, îêàçûâàåìîãî ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè, óòèëèçèðóþùèìè îïîðû îáåñòî÷åííûõ ËÝÏ ñ ãí¸çäàìè, è, âèäèìî, ýòè äâà íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðà ïî ðàçíîìó âëèÿëè íà ðàçíûå ôîðìû áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ãîðíûå òåððèòîðèè (áàëîáàíû àëòàéñêîãî òèïà) è ðàâíèíû (áàëîáàíû ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà). Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ñ 2003 ã. íàáëþäàåòñÿ ÿâíûé ðîñò äîëè çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà ôîíå ðåçêîãî ïàäåíèÿ äîëè óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ èìåííî â 2003 ã. (ðèñ. 8). Îò÷àñòè ýòî ìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü

Ñë¸òêè áàëîáàíà âîçëå ñïèëåííîãî ãíåçäà áëèç ðîññèéñêîìîíãîëüñêîé ãðàíèöû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Fledglings of the Saker near the cut down nest at the Russian-Mongolian state border. Photo by I. Karyakin

òåì, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ðàáîòà â 2003–2005 ãã. âåëàñü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäîê, ãäå øëî èíòåíñèâíîå óíè÷òîæåíèå ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ, ïîëíîñòüþ çàâåðøèâøååñÿ â 2004 ã., è áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä ïåðåâåäåíî â ðàçðÿä ïîêèíóòûõ. Íà ýòîò ïðîöåññ òàêæå íàëîæèëàñü ãëóáîêàÿ äåïðåññèÿ êîðìîâ â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå âåñíîé 2003 ã., çàðàñòàíèå ïîëóïóñòûíè áóðüÿííîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ íà ôîíå òð¸õëåòíåé âëàæíîé ôàçû ïðè îòñóòñòâèè âûïàñà è, âîçìîæíî, ìàñøòàáíîå îòðàâëåíèå ñîêîëîâ áðîìäèàëîíîì â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè 2002/2003 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðèìåíåíèÿ áðîìäèàëîíà äëÿ áîðüáû ñ ïîëåâêîé Áðàíäòà (Lasiopodomys brandti) ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîíãîëüñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 27%, è íàâåðíÿêà ïîñòðàäàëè ìèãðàíòû. Îá îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíå ïàäåíèÿ äîëè óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä ìîæíî ëèøü äîãàäûâàòüñÿ, îäíàêî òî, ÷òî âñå âûøåïåðå÷èñëåííûå ôàêòîðû èìåëè íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü î÷åâèäíûì. Íà òåððèòîðèè ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé ïëîùàäêè «Òåñ-Õåì», íàñåë¸ííîé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áàëîáàíàìè ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà, â 2001– 2002 ãã. íàáëþäàëîñü ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå

Òàáë. 3. Ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 1999-2006 ãã. Table 3. Data on the Saker breeding in the Altai-Sayan region in 1999-2006

Ãîä Year

×èñëî ïîñåù¸ííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ Observed breeding territories Âñå Total

Çàíÿòûå Äîëÿ çàíÿòûõ Occuãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ pancy îò ÷èñëà ïîñåù¸ííûõ Occupied breeding territories per all observed territories

Óñïåøíûå ãí¸çäà Successful nests Âñå All

Äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ ó÷àñòêîâ Successful nests per all observed territories

Äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ Successful nests per occupied breeding territories

1999

54.08

53.06

98.11

2000

24.10

100.00

2001

50.82

47.54

93.55

2002

102

45.10

44.12

97.83

2003

59.74

25.97

43.48

2004

83.61

55.74

66.67

2005

92.86

59.52

64.10

2006

95.00

80.00

84.21

544*

305*

56.07

241*

44.30

79.02

Âñå / Total

* - ñ ó÷¸òîì ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû è ïîâòîðíî ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ â ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû. * - including breeding territories of the Saker found during previous years and visited once again next years.

Raptors Conservation

Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Saker in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, âûçâàííîå óíè÷òîæåíèåì ãíåçäîâèé â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè, ðàñïîëàãàâøèõñÿ íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ. Ïàðàëëåëüíî ìû âåëè ðàáîòó ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä, ÷òî íå äàâàëî ñîêîëàì áûñòðî èñ÷åçíóòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñ ðàâíèíû. Áîëåå âñåãî â ýòî âðåìÿ ñòðàäàë ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, êîòîðûé áûë âûíóæäåí êàæäûé ãîä ñòðîèòü íîâûå ãí¸çäà, ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ îòáèâàëè áàëîáàíû â ïåðèîä íà÷àëà êëàäêè èëè å¸ íàñèæèâàíèÿ. Óæå â ýòî âðåìÿ

×èñëî ïòåíöîâ íà óñïåøíóþ ïàðó Number of chicks per brood (M±SD) (n) (Lim)

Íîâûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè New breeding territories

Ïîêèíóòûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè Empty breeding territories

2.25±0.74 (n=51) (1-3)

2.38±0.65 (n=13) (1-3)

2.44±1.19 (n=25) (1-4)

3.00±1.31 (n=37) (1-5)

2.69±1.03 (n=13) (1-4)

2.24±0.83 (n=29) (1-4)

3.73±0.87 (n=26) (1-5)

2.69±1.30 (n=16) (1-5)

2.65±1.09 (n=194) (1-5)

287

îáîçíà÷èëàñü òåíäåíöèÿ òÿãîòåíèÿ áàëîáàíà ê ãðàíèöå Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè, ïîñêîëüêó íà ìîíãîëüñêîé òåððèòîðèè ñîõðàíÿëàñü ïàñòáèùíàÿ íàãðóçêà è øàíñû óñïåøíîé äîáû÷è ïèòàíèÿ áûëè âûøå. Äåïðåññèÿ êîðìîâ âåñíîé 2003 ã. âèäèìî âûçâàëà ìàññîâóþ îòêî÷¸âêó ñîêîëîâ â Ìîíãîëèþ, ò.ê. 93% ó÷àñòêîâ (ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðåäûäóùèì ãîäîì) îêàçàëèñü íå çàíÿòûìè áàëîáàíîì (ðèñ. 9, 10). Âèäèìî, â Ìîíãîëèè â ýòîò ïåðèîä áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ñîêîëîâ ïîãèáëà â ðåçóëüòàòå îòðàâëåíèÿ áðîìäèàëîíîì. Â 2004 ã. îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ñîêîëàìè ëèøü 62% ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì íà 55,5% ó÷àñòêîâ ñìåíèëèñü ïàðòí¸ðû. Ñìåíà ñòàðûõ ïàðòí¸ðîâ íà ìîëîäûõ ïòèö îòðàçèëàñü íà âûñîêîé äîëå óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îòíîñèòåëüíî çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, îäíàêî êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ áûëî äàæå íèæå, ÷åì â ïëîõîé ïî êîðìàì ãîä. Â 2005 ã., íåñìîòðÿ íà ïîÿâëåíèå íîâûõ ïàð íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ, óíè÷òîæåíèå ãíåçäîâèé áàëîáàíà â ðîâíîé ñòåïè ïðîäîëæàëîñü, è ìû êîíñòàòèðîâàëè ôàêò ïîëíîãî èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíîâ â ðîâíîé ñòåïè: ñîõðàíèëîñü ëèøü åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî íà ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Ìîíãîëèåé. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îñòàâàëàñü âûñîêîé, à êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå ðåçêî âûðîñëî, äîñòèãíóâ ìàêñèìàëüíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé äëÿ ðåãèîíà â öåëîì (ðèñ. 11, 13). Îò÷àñòè ýòî ìîæíî ñâÿçàòü ñ òåì, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî ìîëîäûõ ïàðòí¸ðîâ, ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ â ïàðàõ â 2004 ã., ïîâçðîñëåëè è ïðèîáðåëè îïðåä¸ëåííûé îïûò â âûêàðìëèâàíèè ïòåíöîâ, îò÷àñòè – ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ìîíãîëüñêîé ïåñ÷àíêè, êîòîðàÿ íàáëþäàëàñü â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ëåòà 2005 ã. (ðèñ. 12). Äëÿ ïåñêîâ Òåñ-Õåìà óâåëè÷åíèå êîëè÷åñòâà ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ áàëîáàíà õîðîøî êîððåëèðóåò ñ âñïûøêàìè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîíãîëüñêîé ïåñ÷àíêè (r= 0,71). Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì ìåíÿëàñü ñèòóàöèÿ ñ áàëîáàíîì â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî ïèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè äîáû÷è è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà, àñèíõðîííû òàêèì æå ïîêàçàòåëÿì â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Åñëè â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 2003 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü äåïðåññèÿ êîðìîâ, òî â Òóâèíñêîé áûëà îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòü ïèùóõè, è áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà çäåñü îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè, ïðè÷¸ì íà ôîíå óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëà íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïòèö ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà, ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, èç Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Â ñâÿçè ñ äåïðåññèåé êîðìîâ â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå áûëî âîçìîæíî

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ðèñ. 8. Ïîêàçàòåëè çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 1999–2006 ãã. Fig. 8. Indexes of habitat occupation and breeding success of Sakers in the AltaiSayan region in 1999–2006

Ðèñ. 9. Äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå – «Òåñ-Õåì» Fig. 9. Dynamics of the Sakers’ nest occupation in the «Tes-Hemà» plot

Ðèñ. 10. Ïîêàçàòåëè çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäêàõ «Òåñ-Õåì» è «Òàííó-Îëà» â 1999–2006 ãã. Fig. 10. Indexes of habitat occupation and breeding success of Sakers in «TesHem» and «Tannu-Ola» monitored plots in 1999–2006

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïîÿâëåíèå íîâûõ, â îñîáåííîñòè ïîçäíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, â äðóãèõ ðàéîíàõ Òóâû. Òàêîå ÿâëåíèå äîâåëîñü íàáëþäàòü â 2000 ã. â Çàïàäíîé Òóâå è Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå (Êàðÿêèí, Êîíîâàëîâ, 2001), îäíàêî â 2003 ã. ïîäòâåðäèòü íàëè÷èå òàêèõ ôàêòîâ äëÿ Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû è àëüïèéñêîãî ïîÿñà Òàííó-Îëà íå óäàëîñü, õîòÿ îíè ñíîâà èìåëè ìåñòî â àëüïèéñêîì ïîÿñå Çàïàäíîé Òûâû. Íà òåððèòîðèè ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé ïëîùàäêè «Òàííó-Îëà» (ðèñ. 10) ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ðàçìíîæåíèåì áàëîáàíà áûëà äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíîé â 1999–2001 ãã., îäíàêî â 2002–2003 ãã. áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ìíîãîëåòíèõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà îêàçàëàñü ïóñòóþùèìè èëè ðàçìíîæåíèå íà íèõ îêàçàëîñü íåóäà÷íûì, ïðè÷¸ì â 2003 ã. íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïîÿâèëèñü 3 íîâûå ïàðû, çàíÿâøèõ ó÷àñòêè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ. Áûëî áû ëîãè÷íûì ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â 2003 ã. íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïîÿâèëèñü ïòèöû, íàñåëÿâøèå îïóñòûíåííûå ñòåïè Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíû, îäíàêî âñå íîâûå ïàðû ïðèíàäëåæàëè ê àëòàéñêîé ôîðìå, ãíåçäîâàíèå êîòîðîé â îïóñòûíåííûõ ñòåïÿõ Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíû äîñòàòî÷íî ñïîðàäè÷íî. Ìíîãîëåòíèé ìîíèòîðèíã áàëîáàíà â Òûâå ïîêàçûâàåò ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ îïóñòûíåííûå ñòåïè, íà 39,3% çà ñ÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ è èíûõ èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ, è óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãîðíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé, â îñîáåííîñòè â ñóáàëüïèéñêîì ïîÿñå è õîëîäíûõ ñòåïÿõ ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà, íà 28,6% çà ñ÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ àëòàéñêîãî òèïà. Äàííûå ïî ýòèì ïëîùàäêàì ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà âñþ òåððèòîðèþ ðåãèîíà íå êîððåêòíî, òåì íå ìåíåå, äëÿ þæíîé Òûâû îíè ïîêàçàòåëüíû, ò.ê. ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäîê ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà ïëîùàäè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ëàíäøàôòîâ þæíîé Òóâû, íàñåë¸ííûõ áàëîáàíîì. Ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè àëòàéñêîé ôîðìû ïðè îáùåì ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà íå ìåíåå ÷åì íà 5%. Íà ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè àëòàéñêîé ôîðìû óêàçûâàåò âñòðàèâàíèå ìîëîäûõ ïòèö (êàê ñàìöîâ, òàê è ñàìîê) â ïàðû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íå òîëüêî â ãîðíûõ ðàéîíàõ, íî è â îïóñòûíåííûõ ñòåïÿõ Óáñóíóðñêîé, Òóâèíñêîé è Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèí, âêëþ÷àÿ äîëèíó Åíèñåÿ. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ íà 17,1%, ïî àíàëèçó îáùåãî ÷èñëà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, òîò ìèíèìàëüíûé ïîðîã, ïî êîòîðîìó ìîæíî îöåíèâàòü ñîêðàùåíèå ïîïóëÿöèè çà 7 ëåò.

Raptors Conservation

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ áàëîáàíà íà ìîíèòîðèíãîâûõ ïëîùàäêàõ «Òåñ-Õåì» è «Òàííó-Îëà» â 1999–2005 ãã. Fig. 11. Brood sizes of Sakers in «Tes-Hem» and «Tannu-Ola» plots in 1999–2005

Ðèñ. 12. ×èñëåííîñòü âèäîâ-æåðòâ áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå «Òåñ-Õåì» â 1999–2005 ãã. Fig. 12. Numbers of species – preys of Sakers in the «Tes-Hem» study plot in 1999–2005

Ðèñ. 13. Èçìåíåíèå ðàçìåðà âûâîäêîâ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 1999–2006 ãã. Fig. 13. The Sakers’ brood size changing in the Altai-Sayan region in 1999–2006

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Ïðè ñðåäíåé óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â 43%, ÷èñëåííîñòü âñåé Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 801– 1092 óñïåøíûõ ïàðû, êîòîðûå ïðè ñðåäíåì âûâîäêå â 2,65 ïòåíöîâ íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (òàáë. 3) äàþò 3725–5078, â ñðåäíåì 4380 ïòèö â êîíöå ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ 2123–2894, â ñðåäíåì 2496 ìîëîäûõ. Äàæå åñëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü 50% îòõîä ìîëîäûõ, êîòîðûé ïî âèçóàëüíûì íàáëþäåíèÿì ñîñòàâëÿåò âñåãî ëèøü 23,3% â ãîä âûëåòà (õèùíè÷åñòâî ôèëèíà Bubo bubo, ãèáåëü îò ãîëîäà è ïî äðóãèì åñòåñòâåííûì ïðè÷èíàì), ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ïîïóëÿöèÿ äà¸ò îêîëî 1200 ìîëîäûõ, ÷òî ïðåâûøàåò íà 24,5% êîëè÷åñòâî ïàð â ïîïóëÿöèè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîïóëÿöèÿ ïðîèçâîäèò íà ñâåò åæåãîäíî íåñêîëüêî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî âûæèâàþùèõ îñîáåé, ÷åì íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ ñâîåãî ïîääåðæàíèÿ, íî, òåì íå ìåíåå, ýòè ñâîáîäíûå îñîáè êóäà-òî ïðîïàäàþò. Àíàëèç ðûíêîâ è íåëåãàëüíîãî îòëîâà ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îòëàâëèâàåòñÿ åæåãîäíî îêîëî 100 áàëîáàíîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìîëîäûõ (Íèêîëåíêî, 2007), ò.å. êàê ðàç îêîëî ïîëîâèíû èç òåõ 24,5%. Íî â ñòðàíû Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà, ïî ðÿäó îöåíîê, ïîñòóïàåò îò 5 äî 9 òûñÿ÷ ñîêîëîâ, â îñíîâíîì ìîëîäûõ, äâå òðåòè êîòîðûõ èç ïðèðîäû (Ôåäîòêèí, Ñîðîêèí, 2006; Ôîêñ è äð., 2003), à ïîïóëÿöèè Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè íå ìîãóò îáåñïå÷èòü âåñü ýòîò ñïðîñ, ò.ê. ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â ýòèõ ñòðàíàõ ñðàâíèìà ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ â Ðîññèè, è å¸ ñîêðàùåíèå èä¸ò ôàêòè÷åñêè òåìè æå òåìïàìè (íå áûñòðåå!). Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïòèö èç Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ëåòèò ÷åðåç Ìîíãîëèþ, ãäå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í êàê ëåãàëüíûé, òàê è íåëåãàëüíûé ëîâ áàëîáàíà, íàïðàøèâàåòñÿ âûâîä, ÷òî ëîâöàìè íà ïðîë¸òå èçûìàåòñÿ íå ìåíåå 1000 àëòàå-ñàÿíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ, ÷òî óæå ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò ðåçåðâ ïîïóëÿöèè. Äàæå åñëè çàêðûòü ãëàçà íà òàêèå ôàêòîðû, êàê ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ËÝÏ è îòðàâëåíèå íà êèòàéñêèõ çèìîâêàõ, ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÿñíî, ÷òî èç ïîïóëÿöèè èçûìàåòñÿ ãîðàçäî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî îñîáåé, ÷åì ýòî âîçìîæíî äëÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî å¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ. Îòñþäà õîòü è ìåäëåííîå, íî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñîêîëîâ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé íåãàòèâíûé òðåíä ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, ïîïóëÿöèè äî ñèõ ïîð èìåþò ðåçåðâ ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé è ñïîñîáíû õîòü êàê-òî âîñïîëíÿòü óòðàòû. Â ïîñëåäåïðåññèîííûå ãîäû ïðè

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Äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus undulatus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Long-tailed Souslik (Spermophilus undulatus). Photo by I. Karyakin

ñíèæåíèè äîëè çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, äàæå íà ôîíå íåçíà÷èòåëüíîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ, ïðîèñõîäèò óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ, ÷òî ìû íàáëþäàëè â 2003–2005 ãã. (ðèñ. 13). Óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ àëòàéñêîãî òèïà, íåñìîòðÿ íà èõ áîëüøóþ êîììåð÷åñêóþ ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü è öåëåíàïðàâëåííûé îòëîâ áðàêîíüåðàìè, ñâÿçàíî ñ ðÿäîì ïðè÷èí. Ýòè ñîêîëû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â áîëåå òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ äëÿ ëîâöîâ óñëîâèÿõ. Ïîêàçàòåëè èõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ, óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä) ïîäâåðæåíû ìåíüøèì êîëåáàíèÿì â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âíåøíèõ óñëîâèé (ðèñ. 10). Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îíè â áîëüøåì ÷èñëå çèìóþò íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ÷åì áàëîáàíû ìîíãîëüñêîãî òèïà. Çèìîâêà ïîñëåäíèõ, ïðè÷¸ì ñàìöà è ñàìêè â ïàðå íà ñâî¸ì ó÷àñòêå, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà äëÿ þæíîé Òóâû êàê âèçóàëüíûìè íàáëþäåíèÿìè, òàê è äàííûìè ñïóòíèêîâîé òåëåìåòðèè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ðåçþìèðóÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íà ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà âëèÿåò ðÿä ôàêòîðîâ, ïðè÷¸ì íà ðàçíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè âëèÿþò ðàçíûå ôàêòîðû ñ ðàçíîé ñòåïåíüþ èíòåíñèâíîñòè, íî ñðåäè íèõ ëèäèðóåò êàê íàèáîëåå ñèëüíûé – íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ ïòèö, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ìèãðàöèÿõ. Çàêëþ÷åíèå Íà îãðîìíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå Ðîññèè òîëüêî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ êðóïíàÿ è åù¸ ïîêà äîñòàòî÷íî óñòîé÷èâàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ áàëîáàíà. Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ýòîò ñîêîë â Ðîññèè íå ñòàë ëèøü ìèôè÷åñêîé ïòèöåé, ïîäîáíî äðîíòó, ñëåäóåò ïðèíèìàòü ðÿä îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ìåð ïî åãî îõðàíå. Íåîáõîäèìà ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñïåöèàëüíîé ïðî-

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãðàììû ïî åãî ñîõðàíåíèþ, ïðè àêòèâíîì ó÷àñòèè ïîãðàíñëóæáû, ÔÑÁ, òàìîæíè, Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà, íàó÷íûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è îáùåñòâåííîñòè. Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî ýòîé ïðîãðàììå äîëæíû çàêëþ÷àòüñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì: 1. Ïðåñå÷åíèå áðàêîíüåðñòâà íà ìåñòàõ ñèëàìè îïåðãðóïï. 2. Óñèëåíèå òàìîæåííîãî êîíòðîëÿ â àýðîïîðòàõ è íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ ïðîïóñêíûõ ïóíêòàõ. 3. Êîíòðîëü ñî ñòîðîíû îïåðàòèâíîé òàìîæíè çà ëèöàìè, çàäåðæèâàâøèìèñÿ ïðè ïîïûòêå îòëîâà èëè âûâîçà ñîêîëîâ. 4. Ïðîäîëæåíèå ìå÷åíèÿ ñîêîëîâ ñòàíäàðòíûìè ðàçú¸ìíûìè êîëüöàìè è ìèêðî÷èïàìè äëÿ ìîíèòîðèíãà ïðåññà íà ïîïóëÿöèè ñîêîëîâ â ðåãèîíå. 5. Ïðîäîëæåíèå ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâèé áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â öåëÿõ êîíòðîëÿ çà ÷èñëåííîñòüþ âèäà. 6. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòðîéñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. 7. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà ËÝÏ. Òàêæå èìååò ñìûñë ïðîäóìàòü ñèñòåìó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñî ñòðàíàìè, â êîòîðûõ âåä¸òñÿ ëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ ñîêîëîâ è îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ êâîòû íà âûëîâ, ðåçóëüòàòîì ÷åãî äîëæíà ñòàòü ðàçðàáîòêà íîðìàòèâíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ, ïî êîòîðûì íå äîïóñêàåòñÿ îòëàâëèâàòü ïòèö, èìåþùèõ ñòàíäàðòíûå ìåòêè (êîëüöà è ìèêðî÷èïû) êàê ýòîé, òàê è äðóãèõ ñòðàí. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: ñîâðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ôàêòîðû âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè: Äèñ. … êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, 2004. 162 ñ. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è èñ÷åçàþùèå æèâîòíûå Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. Ïòèöû è ìëåêîïèòàþùèå: Ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1988. 127 ñ. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû Òóâû. Êðàñíîÿðñê: èçä-âî Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî óí-òà, 1991. 320 ñ. Áàðàíîâ À.À. Áàëîáàí Falco cherrug Gray, 1834. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè, 1998. http:// res.krasu.ru/birds/txt/txt_fach.shtml Áàðàøêîâà À.Í. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû ó÷àñòêà «Àäîí-×åëîí» ÃÏÁÇ «Äàóðñêèé», Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹ 8. Ñ. 66–68. Áåëèê Â.Ï. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå àâèôàóíû, å¸ àíòðîïîãåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ è âîïðîñû îõðàíû ïòèö â ñòåïíîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà ðåêè Äîí. Àâòîðåô. … äîêòîðà áèîë. íàóê. Ìîñêâà, 1998. 80 ñ.

Raptors Conservation Áëèíîâà Ò.Ê., Áëèíîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Þæíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ: Ëåñîñòåïü è ñòåïü. Ò. 1: Ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé îáçîð è îõðàíà ïòèö. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1997. 296 ñ. Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîçåìíîé ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîëãè (áèî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû). – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Èìïåðàòîðñêîì Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå, Ò. 1, îòä. 1. Êàçàíü. 1871. 226 c. Âàëþõ Â.Í. Ðàçìåùåíèå è ñîñòîÿíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ è ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ æèâîòíûõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ìåæâóç. ñá. íàó÷í. òð. Êðàñíîÿðñê: Èçä-âî ÊÃÏÓ, 1996. Ñ. 40–47. Âîðîíöîâ Å.Ì. Ïòèöû Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1967. 166 ñ. Ãîðîøêî Î.À., Ùåêèí Á.Â., Ïóçàíñêèé Â.Í. Áàëîáàí Falco cherrug Gray, 1834. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòè è Àãèíñêîãî Áóðÿòñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà. Æèâîòíûå. ×èòà, Ïîèñê, 2000. Ñ. 74–75. Ãîðøêîâ Þ.À., Àþïîâ À.Ñ., Ïîïîâ À.Â., Åãîðîâ Þ.Å., Ïðîõîðîâ Å.Â., Èâëåâ Â.Ã. Ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è áèîëîãèè íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö ïî Òàòàðèè. – Îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàò-ëû 1-ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì., 1983. Ñ. 114–115. Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.Ë., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îòðÿä ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû). – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì., 1977. Ñ. 76–116. Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Áàëîáàí. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. – Îðåíáóðã: Îðåíáóðãñêîå êíèæíîå èçä-âî, 1998. Ñ. 47–48. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. Ò.1. Ñ. 70–341. Æèòêîâ Á.Ì., Áóòóðëèí Ñ.À. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Çàïèñêè Ðóññêîãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà ïî îáùåé ãåîãðàôèè. Ò. 41, ¹ 2. ÑÏá.: 1906. 275 ñ. Çàâüÿëîâ Å.Â., Øëÿõòèí Ã.Â., Òàáà÷èøèí Â.Ã., ßêóøåâ Í.Í., Õðóñòîâ È.À., Ìîñîëîâà Å.Þ. Ïòèöû ñåâåðà Íèæíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ. Êí. II. Ñîñòàâ îðíèòîôàóíû. Ñàðàòîâ: Èçä-âî Ñàðàò. óí-òà, 2005. 320 ñ. Çàâüÿëîâ Å.Â., Ðóáàí Î.À. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè áàëîáàíà íà þãå Íèçêîé Ñûðòîâîé ðàâíèíû. – Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè (IX Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ). Êàçàíü: Èçä-âî «Ìàòáóãàò éîðòû». 2001. Ñ. 242–243. Çàðóäíûé Í.À. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôàóíà Îðåíáóðãñêîãî êðàÿ. – Çàï. Èìïåð. Àêàä. Íàóê, 1888. Ò. 57, ïðèë. ¹ 1. ÑÏá. Ñ. 1–338. Èëüè÷åâ Â.Ä., Ôîìèí Â.Å. Îðíèòîôàóíà è èçìåíåíèå ñðåäû. Ì., 1988. 248 ñ.

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Èðèñîâ Ý.À., Èðèñîâà Í.Ë. Âñòðå÷è íåêîòîðûõ ïòèö, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÑÑÑÐ, íà òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ – Èñ÷åçàþùèå è ðåäêèå ðàñòåíèÿ è æèâîòíûå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è ïðîáëåìû èõ îõðàíû: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1982. Ñ. 45–47. Èðèñîâ Ý.À., Ñòàõååâ Â.À. Îðíèòîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé î÷åðê Êóðàéñêîé ìåæãîðíîé êîòëîâèíû (Àëòàé) – Ãåîãðàôèÿ ïðèðîäíîî÷àãîâûõ áîëåçíåé Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ë., 1976. Ñ. 59–63. Èðèñîâà Í.Ë., Èðèñîâ Ý.À., Ïÿòêîâ Ê.Ì., Ëóêüÿíîâ Þ.Ï. Î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè íà Àëòàå íåêîòîðûõ ïòèö, âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÑÔÑÐ – Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà. Ñèá. îòä-íèå, 1988. Ñ. 94–97. Èðèñîâà Í.Ë., Èðèñîâ Ý.À. Áàëîáàí íà Àëòàå – Èòîãè èçó÷åíèÿ ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå). Ì., 1990. Ñ. 65–74. Èñìàèëîâ Õ.Í., Äæàìèðçîåâ Ã.Ñ., Áóêðååâ Ñ.À. Íåêîòîðûå äîïîëíåíèÿ ê ãðàíèöàì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñîêîëèíûõ íà Âîñòî÷íîì Êàâêàçå. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4-7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî: Èâàí. ãîñ. óí-ò. 2008. Ñ. 239–241. Êàðàìçèí À.Í. Ïòèöû Áóãóðóñëàíñêîãî óåçäà è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ñ íèì ÷àñòåé Áóãóëüìèíñêîãî è Áóçóëóêñêîãî óåçäîâ Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè è Áåëåáååâñêîãî óåçäà Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîëîãèè. Ì. 1901. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 203–394. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005à. ¹ 1. Ñ. 28–31. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà: óñïåõè è íåóäà÷è, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005á. ¹ 4. Ñ. 24–28. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áàëîáàí â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå – ðåçóëüòàòû ñåìèëåòíåãî ìîíèòîðèíãà. – Ñòåïíîé Áþëëåòåíü. 2006. ¹ 20. Ñ. 54–60. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È., Ìîøêèí À.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Ðûáåíêî À.Â. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) â Ðîññèè. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Â.5. Îòâ. ðåä. Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. 2005. Ñ. 48–66. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîíîâàëîâ Ë.È. Íåêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè ïîçäíåãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè. Ìàòåðèàëû XI Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Êàçàíü: èçä-âî «Ìàòáóãàò éîðòû». 2001. Ñ. 288–289.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 7. C. 21–45. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð., Ôîêñ Í. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ìèãðàöèè áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 56–59. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ðåäêèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî: Èâàí. ãîñ. óí-ò, 2008. Ñ. 246–249. Êèì Ò.À. Ðåäêèå è èñ÷åçàþùèå ïòèöû Ñàÿí, Ïðèñàÿíüÿ è èõ îõðàíà – Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà. Ñèá. îòäåëåíèå, 1988. Ñ. 113–119. Êîáëèê Å.À., Ðåäüêèí ß.À., Àðõèïîâ Â.Þ. Ñïèñîê ïòèö Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Ì.: Òîâàðèùåñòâî íàó÷íûõ èçäàíèé ÊÌÊ. 2006. 256 ñ. Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Ìàöûíà À.È. Íîâûå äàííûå î áàëîáàíå íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹ 10. Ñ. 62. Êîìàðîâ Þ.Å. Íîâûå âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Ñåâåðíîé Îñåòèè – Àëàíèè. – Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Òåçèñû ÕII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ñòàâðîïîëü: Èçä-âî ÑÃÓ, 2006. Ñ. 268–269. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Áàðíàóë: Èçä-âî Àëò. óí-òà, 1998. 238 ñ. Êóðäþêîâ À.Á. Ïåðâàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ íàõîäêà áàëîáàíà Falco cherrug íà êðàéíåì þãîçàïàäå Óññóðèéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. 2002. Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê ¹ 192. Ñ. 711–716. Êóñòîâ Þ.È. Ýêîëîãèÿ áàëîáàíà â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå – Ãíåçäîâàÿ æèçíü ïòèö. Ïåðìü, 1980. Ñ. 77–80. Êóñòîâ Þ.È. Çíà÷èìîñòü è ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ ïîïóëÿöèè õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå – Ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå àñïåêòû îñâîåíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Èðêóòñê, 1981. Ñ. 61–70. Êóñòîâ Þ.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû – Ìèãðàöèè è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö Ñèáèðè. - Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà. Ñèá. îòä-íèå, 1982. Ñ. 49–59. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Áàðíàóë: Àëòàéñêîå êí. èçä-âî, 1976. 232 ñ. Ëàðèîíîâ Â.Ô. Ïåðå÷åíü ïòèö Òþìåíñêîãî îêðóãà. – Èçâ. Òîìñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 1926. Ò. 77. âûï. 2. Ñ. 185–197. Ëèâàíîâ Ñ.Ã., Òîðîïîâ Ê.Â., Íèêèòèí Â.Ã., Êîñòðîâà Å.Á. Î ïòèöàõ Öåíòðàëüíîãî Àë-

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ òàÿ, âíåñåííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÑÔÑÐ – Çîîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1990. Ñ. 25–27. Ëîñêîò Â.Ì. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ïòèöàì îêðåñòíîñòåé Òàøàíòû (Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Àëòàé) – Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è áèîëîãèÿ ïòèö Àëòàÿ è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Ë.: Íàóêà, 1986. Ñ. 44–73. Ìàëååâ Â.Ã., Ïîïîâ Â.Â. Ïòèöû ëåñîñòåïåé Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ. Èðêóòñê: ÍÖ ÂÑÍÖ ÑÎ ÐÀÌÍ, Èçä-âî «Âðåìÿ ñòðàíñòâèé», 2007. 300 ñ. Ìàëåøèí Í.À. Íîâûå äàííûå î ðåäêèõ ïòèöàõ â Àëòàéñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå è íà ïðèëåæàùèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. – Èñ÷åçàþùèå, ðåäêèå è ñëàáî èçó÷åííûå ðàñòåíèÿ è æèâîòíûå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è ïðîáëåìû èõ îõðàíû: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1987. Ñ. 87–88. Ìàëêîâ Â.Í. Î áèîëîãèè íåêîòîðûõ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ Àëòàÿ. – Èñ÷åçàþùèå, ðåäêèå è ñëàáî èçó÷åííûå ðàñòåíèÿ è æèâîòíûå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è ïðîáëåìû èõ îõðàíû: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1987. Ñ. 92–94. Ìàëêîâ Í.Ï. Çàìåòêè î ðåäêèõ ïòèöàõ Öåíòðàëüíîãî è ïîãðàíè÷íûõ ÷àñòåé ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. – Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå ðåñóðñû Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è ïóòè èõ ðàöèîíàëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1979. Ñ. 143–145. Ìàëêîâ Í.Ï., Ìàëêîâ Þ.Ï. Êîìïëåêñû íàñåëåíèÿ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ â ýêîñèñòåìàõ ðàéîíà áóäóùåãî çàòîïëåíèÿ Åëàíäèíñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùåì íà Êàòóíè. – Ïðèðîäíûå ðåñóðñû Ãîðíîãî Àëòàÿ è èõ õîçÿéñòâåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå. Áàðíàóë, 1980. Ñ. 33–46. Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ íåëåãàëüíîãî ñîêîëèíîãî áèçíåñà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2000–2006 ãã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹ 8. C. 22–41. Îðëîâà Å.À., Èëüÿøåíêî Â.Þ. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ïèòàíèþ íåêîòîðûõ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ – Ñèñòåìàòèêà è áèîëîãèÿ ðåäêèõ è ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ ïòèö. Ë.: Íàóêà, 1978. Ñ. 94–100. Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ. Ìàòåðèàëû àíêåò ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ðåäêèõ íàçåìíûõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, òàêòèêà ñîxðàíåíèÿ âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ãåíîôîíäà: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1995. Ñ. 45–47. Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ., Êèñåëüìàí Å.ß., Èðèñîâ Ý.À., ×óïèí È.È. Èç íàáëþäåíèé çà ïòèöàìè, âíåñåííûìè â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÑÔÑÐ, â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. – Ñîñòîÿíèå è ïóòè ñáåðåæåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà äèêèõ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1992. Ñ. 46–47. Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ., Èðèñîâ Ý.À. Íåêîòîðûå äàííûå î íàõîæäåíèè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â çàêàçíèêàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ,

Raptors Conservation òàêòèêà ñîõðàíåíèÿ âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ãåíîôîíäà: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1995. Ñ. 42–45. Ïëîòíèêîâ Â.Í. Âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áàðíàóëà. – Ñîñòîÿíèå è ïóòè ñáåðåæåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà äèêèõ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå: Òåç. äîêë. ê êîíô. Áàðíàóë, 1992. Ñ. 47–48. Ïîëóøêèí Ä.Ì. Ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â çàïîâåäíèêå «Ñòîëáû» è íà ñìåæíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. – Ðåäêèå íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà. Ñèá. îòäåëåíèå, 1988. Ñ. 170–176. Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû è å¸ èçìåíåíèÿ çà 80 ëåò – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ ïòèö è ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1987. Ñ. 151–172. Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì. Ïðèðîäà Õàêàñèè: Ïîñîáèå. Àáàêàí: Õàêàññêîå êí. èçä-âî, 1993. 205 ñ. Ïóçàíîâ È.È., Êîçëîâ Â.È., Êèïàðèñîâ Ã.Ï. Æèâîòíûé ìèð Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1955. 587 ñ. Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ., Âàðòàïåòîâ Ë.Ã. è äð. Îöåíêà ëåòíåé ÷èñëåííîñòè ðåäêèõ è èñ÷åçàþùèõ ïòèö Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíû. – Ðåñóðñû ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ ÐÑÔÑÐ, èõ îõðàíà è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî (Ìàòåðèàëû ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå). Ì., 1988. Ñ. 46–50. Ðóçñêèé Ì.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ ïòèö Êàçàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Òðóäû îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óíèâåðñèòåòå, Êàçàíü. Ò. 25. Âûï. 6. 1893. 292 ñ. Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê., Òàðàñîâ Â.Â., Ïðèìàê È.Â., Ïîëÿêîâ Â.Å., Ãðåõîâ Ð.Ã., Áîëîãîâ È.Î. Ê ôàóíå ïòèö þãà Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Àêàäåìêíèãà, 2002. Ñ. 211–228. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. ×èñëåííîñòü è ðàçìåùåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö ëåñîñòåïíîãî Ïðåäáàéêàëüÿ. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö: Ìàòåðèàëû ïåðâîãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1983. Ñ. 137–139. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â. Êðàòêèå ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â 1999 ãîäó. – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. 2000. Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê ¹ 104. Ñ. 18–22. Ðÿáöåâ Â.Â., Âîðîíîâà Ñ.Ã. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû Óñòü-Îðäûíñêîãî Áóðÿòñêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà: ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû. – Áþë. ÂÑÍÖ ÑÎ ÐÀÌÍ, 2006. ¹ 2 (48). Ñ. 140–145. Ñàáàíååâ Ë.Ï. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå èõ â Ïåðìñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñêîé ãóáåðíèÿõ. Ì. 1874. Ñ. 21–35. Ñêàëîí Í.Â., Ãàãèíà Ò.Í. Ñïàñàòü ëè êðàñíîùåêîãî ñóñëèêà â Êóçíåöêîé ñòåïè?

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– Ñòåïíîé áþëëåòåíü, 2004. ¹ 15. Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Èðèñîâà Í.Ë., Ïîëóøêèí Ä.Ì. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû çàïîâåäíèêîâ Àëòàÿ è Ñàÿí – Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû â çàïîâåäíèêàõ ÐÑÔÑÐ. Ì., 1985. Ñ. 30–45. Ñòàõååâ Â.À., Ñîííèêîâà À.Å., Çàâàöêèé Á.Ï., Æèòëóõèíà Ò.È., Ðàññîëîâ À.Ã., Êóâàåâ Â.Á., Ñûðîå÷êîâñêèé Å.Å., Øòèëüìàðê Ô.Ð. ÑàÿíîØóøåíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê – Çàïîâåäíèêè Ñèáèðè. Ì.: ËÎÃÀÒÀ, 1999. Ò. 1. Ñ. 116–127. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Îòä. çîîë., âûï. 4. Ì. 1897. 331 ñ. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ìèíóñèíñêîãî êðàÿ, Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà è Óðÿíõàéñêîé çåìëè. - Ì., 1914. 551 ñ. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ò. 1-2. Ì. - Ë., Èçä. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, 1938. 754 ñ. Ôåäîòêèí Ä.Â., Ñîðîêèí À.Ã. Êðàòêèé îò÷¸ò ïî äîêëàäàì, ïðåäñòàâëåííûì íà ñîâåùàíèè ðàáî÷åé ãðóïïû ÑÈÒÅÑ ïî ìåðàì ïðèíóæäåíèÿ â îáëàñòè òîðãîâëè ñîêîëàìè. 21–23 íîÿáðÿ 2005 ã., Àáó-Äàáè, ÎÀÝ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2006. ¹ 5. Ñ. 12–15. Ôîêñ Í., Áàðòîí Í., Ïîòàïîâ Å. Îõðàíà ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà è ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà. – Ñòåïíîé áþëëåòåíü, 2003. ¹ 14. Ñ. 28–33. Õàõëîâ Â.À. Êóçíåöêàÿ Ñòåïü è Ñàëàèð (Ïòèöû). – Ó÷¸íûå çàïèñêè Ïåðìñêîãî ïåäèíñòèòóòà, 1937. Âûï. 1. ×.1–2. Ñ. 1–243. ×óïèí È.È., Èðèñîâà Í.Ë. Áàëîáàí – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé. Æèâîòíûå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1996. Ñ. 146–148. Ýâåðñìàí Ý. Åñòåñòâåííàÿ èñòîðèÿ ïòèö Îðåíáóðãñêîãî êðàÿ. Êàçàíü. 1866. 621 ñ. Þäèí Ê.À. Íàáëþäåíèÿ íàä ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåì è áèîëîãèåé ïòèö Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ – Òð. Çîîë. èí-òà ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. 1952. Ò. 9. ×. 1. Ñ. 1029–1060. ßíóøåâè÷ À.È. Ôàóíà ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Òóâèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1952. 142 ñ. Bragin E.A. Recent status and studies of the Saker Falcon in the Northern Kazakhstan. – Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia, 1–4 July 2000. 2001. P. 110–115. Cade T.J., J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander and C.M. White, eds Peregrine Falcon populations. Their management and recovery. Boise: The Peregrine Fund, Inc. 1988. 949 p. Galushin V.M. Status of the Saker in Russia and Eastern Europe. – Falco. 2004. ¹ 24. P. 3–8. Karyakin I., Konovalov L., Moshkin A., Pazhenkov A., Smelyanskiy I., Rybenko A. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Russia. – Falco. 2004. ¹ 23. P. 3–9. Ratcliffe D. The Peregrine falcon. T&A Poyser. London (second edition). 1990.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

                                   Êîíòàêò: Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè Ìèíèñòåðñòâî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí òåë.: +7 (3272) 69 48 76 levin_saker@nursat.kz Contact: Anatoliy Levin Institute of Zoology Ministry of Education and Sciences Almaty, Kazakhstan tel.: +7 (3272) 69 48 76 levin_saker@nursat.kz

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in nest. Photo by A. Levin

Íà íåîáúÿòíûõ ïðîñòîðàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, îòëè÷àþùåãîñÿ ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèé, âñåãäà âîäèëîñü áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî õèùíûõ ïòèö. Îòíîøåíèå ÷åëîâåêà ê íèì íå âñåãäà áûëî îäíîçíà÷íûì. Â 50-õ ãîäàõ ÕÕ âåêà áûëà îáúÿâëåíà âîéíà íàèáîëåå «âðåäíûì» èç íèõ – ÿñòðåáàì è áîëîòíîìó ëóíþ (Circus aeruginosus), çà ëàïû êîòîðûõ âûïëà÷èâàëè âîçíàãðàæäåíèå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîé êàìïàíèè ïîñòðàäàëè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö, à íåêîòîðûå â îòäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíàõ ïåðåñòàëè âñòðå÷àòüñÿ èëè áûëè ïîñòàâëåíû íà ãðàíü èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ. Â öåëÿõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ â 1978 ã. áûëà ó÷ðåæäåíà Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êàçàõñòàíà, â êîòîðóþ áûëè âêëþ÷åíû 9 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ê ìîìåíòó ïîÿâëåíèÿ òðåòüåãî èçäàíèÿ ýòîé êíèãè â 1996 ã. êîëè÷åñòâî õèùíûõ ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â ñïèñîê óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ, âîçðîñëî äî 15 (37% ñîñòàâà õèùíûõ ïòèö Êàçàõñòàíà) è îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ îêàçàëñÿ ñîêîë-áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), íåêîãäà îäèí èç ñàìûõ îáû÷íûõ â Êàçàõñòàíå âèäîâ (Êîðåëîâ, 1962). Áàëîáàí – èçëþáëåííàÿ ëîâ÷àÿ ïòèöà àðàáñêèõ îõîòíèêîâ, èñïîëüçóåìàÿ èìè â òðàäèöèîííûõ îõîòàõ óæå ñîòíè ëåò. Òîðãîâëÿ ýòèìè ïòèöàìè ñóùåñòâîâàëà âñåãäà, îäíàêî â Êàçàõñòàíå ýòèì çàíèìàëèñü îòäåëüíûå ëþäè, è ïòèöû âûâîçèëèñü èç ñòðàíû â êîëè÷åñòâå, íå ïðåâûøàþùåì

The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) was a usual species in Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1962). However now it is included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and has the most threatened status. Saker Falcons are favorite birds of Arabian falconers and falcons were exported from Kazakhstan for a long time. But usually no more than several tens of birds were exported a year. The first legal groups of trappers were created in independent Kazakhstan republic after disintegration of the USSR in 1992, they received from the government permissions to catch sakers from the wild. Hundreds falcons had already been exported from Kazakhstan. Up to 1000 birds were exported from Kazakhstan every year at the middle of 1990-s (Sklyarenko, 1995). Legal groups caught birds mainly during autumn migrations in the areas of their concentrations which were being simultaneously and the main areas of their breeding. Those territories were the Zaysanskaya and Alakolskaya depressions, Syugatinskaya valley, the Western Balkhash Lake region and the Betpak-Dala desert. In spite of the fact that number sakers in that areas decreased every year and executive ministries were informed about it, quotas for catching increased year by year. Only Saudi Arabia had the permission for the catching of 25 falcons in 1995, but groups of trappers already from four countries with the permission on 165 sakers had caught falcons in Kazakhstan in 1999, and even more applications on catching of falcons had been submitted to the ministry which requested to the Institute of Zoology a substantiation on catching of 200 birds from the wild in 2000! Many illegal groups of trappers have appeared since 1992. Local criminal groups which organized catching of sakers and bought chicks harvested from nests from local people for a song had been already created till 1993. For instance, a female of saker caught a sack of flour in the Zaysanskaya depression in 1996-1997. But mass

Raptors Conservation

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà â Êàçàõñòàíå Fig. 1. Distribution of the Saker Falcon breeding territories in Kazakhstan

Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Chicks of the Saker Falcon in nest. Photo by A. Levin

íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêîâ îñîáåé â ãîä. Ñ ðàçâàëîì Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà ãðàíèöû Êàçàõñòàíà îòêðûëèñü äëÿ èíîñòðàíöåâ, è â 1992 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè òåïåðü óæå íåçàâèñèìîé ðåñïóáëèêè ïîÿâèëèñü ïåðâûå ëåãàëüíûå ãðóïïû ëîâöîâ, ïîëó÷èâøèå îò ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ðàçðåøåíèå íà èçúÿòèå áàëîáàíîâ èç ïðèðîäû. Â ýòî æå âðåìÿ â Êàçàõñòàí õëûíóë îãðîìíûé ïîòîê è íåëåãàëüíûõ ëîâöîâ ñîêîëîâ. Çà ïåðâûå 2–3 ãîäà îíè îáñëåäîâàëè âñþ òåððèòîðèþ ñòðàíû è âûÿâèëè íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûå äëÿ ëîâëè áàëîáàíà ìåñòà. Ñîêîëà õëûíóëè èç Êàçàõñòàíà ïîòîêîì. Ïî ïðåäîñòàâëåííûì òàìîæåííîé ñëóæáîé ìàòåðèàëàì, â 1995 ã. òîëüêî â Àëìàòèíñêîì àýðîïîðòó áûëî çàäåðæàíî 165 áàëîáàíîâ. Ïî èíôîðìàöèè ñîòðóäíè÷àâøèõ ñ àðàáàìè ëþäåé, â ñåðåäèíå 90-õ ãîäîâ èç

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media with enviable persistence estimated a saker for the mythical sum of 50–70 thousands dollars. The agiotage around of trade in falcons mobilized local people to harvest falcons. Poachers have accumulated the significant experience last years and they know very much about saker biology and requirements of the falcon market. Only females are harvested from broods and males do not caught at nests. As a result of such selective approach balance of the sexual population structure has been disturbed, the portion of males is higher than females. A total of 400–450 pairs were estimated to breed in eastern regions earlier. This number decreased to 120–145 pairs for last 15 years. Only a nest from 8 monitored nests was active in the Betpak-Dala desert in 1999 (Levin, 2003). Number changes of saker populations in the southeast and the east of Kazakhstan are demonstrated in fig. 4. Only 22 (29.3 %) of 75 visited breeding territories were occupied in the all Eastern Kazakhstan. The principal cause of low breeding success of sakers in east regions is the continuation of poaching. The number of empty breeding territories increased in 4 times (comparing with previous year) during the breeding season in 2006. Another important reason of the saker number decreasing is falcon deaths from electrocution on overhead power lines with voltage 6–10 kV. Following S. V. Starikov’s

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Chicks of the Saker Falcon in nest. Photo by A. Levin

Êàçàõñòàíà åæåãîäíî âûâîçèëè äî 1000 ïòèö (Sklyarenko, 1995). Íî è ýòà öèôðà íå îòðàæàåò ðåàëüíîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ äåë. Ïî äàííûì ñîêîëèíûõ ãîñïèòàëåé, èìåþùèõñÿ â Îáúåäèíåííûõ Àðàáñêèõ Ýìèðàòàõ, Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè è Êóâåéòå è ðåãèñòðèðóþùèõ ïîÿâëåíèå áîëüøèíñòâà ñîêîëîâ, à òàêæå ïî ýêñïåðòíîé îöåíêå ñïåöèàëèñòîâ Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ, äî ñàìîãî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè â ðåãèîí åæåãîäíî çàâîçèëè îò 6500 äî 8500 áàëîáàíîâ (Barton, 2002), òðåòüÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ èìåëà, âèäèìî, êàçàõñòàíñêîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå. Ñ 1992 ã., ïî ñîãëàñîâàíèþ ñ ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ñîêîëîâ â Êàçàõñòàíå ëîâèëè âûñîêîïîñòàâëåííûå ïåðñîíû èç Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè, Êóâåéòà, Îáúåäèíåííûõ Àðàáñêèõ Ýìèðàòîâ è Êàòàðà. Çà êàæäîé ãðóïïîé ëîâöîâ çàêðåïëÿëàñü îïðåäåë¸ííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, îãîâàðèâàëèñü ñðîêè îòëîâà, óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü êâîòû èçúÿòèÿ. Â öåëÿõ ñîáëþäåíèÿ ïðàâèë è íîðì îòëîâà, â òàêîì ìåðîïðèÿòèè âñåãäà ïðèíèìàëè ó÷àñòèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèõ è îáëàñòíûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ âåäîìñòâ, à òàêæå ñîòðóäíèêè Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Êàçàõñòàíà

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ data (1996/1997) 68 sakers were killed in the Zaysan depression in 1990–93. Number of electrocuted birds is awful: 30 dead sakers were found during surveys of 95 km of power line on the northern side of the Zaysan Lake on 29–30 September 1993, 27 dead sakers – per 400 km of power line in the southern side of the Zaysan Lake on 2026 October 1993 (8.6 % of all killed raptors and 6.6 % of all killed birds). Another important reason of absence of breeding sakers in east regions is considered to be the depression of numbers of susliks (Spermophilus erythrogenys, S. undulatus), and great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) continuing more than 10 years. Now the number of susliks is stable or increases in many areas, but the number of sakers decreases persistently. According to the information from the Arabian countries demand for wild birds has sharply fallen last two years. The number of detentions of sakers on customs and police posts has decreased. But long-term monitoring of breeding territories of sakers in different regions of Kazakhstan shows the number ob breeding population slow and continuous decreasing. And the reason of that is the continuation with absence of any logics of catching of birds from the wild. The state program «Restoration of the Saker population in the southeast of Kazakhstan» has been carried out in 2007. 60 birds breed in the «Sunkar» facility center were released in the nature (fig. 8). Because that action has been widely advertised in press, there were the people wishing to catch these falcons in the area of release in September. The Game Service detained three times vehicles where pigeons with loops were found. The mentioned facts are evidences that persons busy in the trade in falcons in Kazakhstan are professionals. The ways of illegal export from Kazakhstan to the Gulf States exist. And blocking of such ways on the border is one of effective methods to struggle against the illegal trade in rare animals in our country and to stop the saker number falling.

Raptors Conservation

Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà, îïóòàííîå êèòàéñêîé ðûáîëîâíîé ñåòüþ. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Nest of the Saker Falcon entangled by the Chinese fishing net. Photo by A. Levin

Ïåòëÿ èç ñèíòåòè÷åñêîé âåð¸âêè, ïðèìåíÿåìîé ïðè âÿçàíèè òþêîâ ñåíà. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Loop of the synthetic cord used for hay bales binding. Photo by A. Levin

(ÍÀÍ ÐÊ). Ëåãàëüíûå ãðóïïû ëîâèëè ïòèö ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïåðèîä îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèé â ìåñòàõ èõ êîðìîâûõ ñêîïëåíèé, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îäíîâðåìåííî è îñíîâíûìè ðàéîíàìè èõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî Çàéñàíñêàÿ è Àëàêîëüñêàÿ êîòëîâèíû, Ñþãàòèíñêàÿ äîëèíà, Çàïàäíîå Ïðèáàëõàøüå è ïóñòûíÿ Áåòïàê-Äàëà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â óêàçàííûõ ðàéîíàõ åæåãîäíî ñíèæàëàñü è èíôîðìàöèÿ ýòà äîâîäèëàñü äî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ìèíèñòåðñòâ, êâîòû íà èçúÿòèå îò ãîäà ê ãîäó óâåëè÷èâàëèñü. Òàê, â 1995 ã. ðàçðåøåíèå íà îòëîâ 25 ñîêîëîâ èìåëà ëèøü Ñàóäîâñêàÿ Àðàâèÿ, â 1999 ã. ñîêîëîâ â Êàçàõñòàíå ëîâèëè ãðóïïû ëîâöîâ óæå èç ÷åòûð¸õ ñòðàí, ïîëó÷èâøèå ðàçðåøåíèå íà èçúÿòèå 165 áàëîáàíîâ. Ïî îôèöèàëüíûì îò÷¸òàì â 1999 ã. ñóìåëè ïîéìàòü è âûâåçòè ëèøü 80 îñîáåé, íî â 2000 ã. íà îòëîâ ñîêîëîâ áûëî ïîäàíî åù¸ áîëüøå çàÿâîê è ìèíèñòåðñòâî çàïðîñèëî ó Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè îáîñíîâàíèå íà èçúÿòèå èç ïðèðîäû 200 ïòèö! Ñ 1992 ã. ïîÿâèëàñü è ìàññà íåëåãàëüíûõ

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ãðóïï ëîâöîâ, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïîääåëüíûå ðàçðåøèòåëüíûå äîêóìåíòû èëè ïîêðîâèòåëüñòâî ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ìåñòíûõ îðãàíîâ âëàñòè. Áóäó÷è ìîáèëüíûìè è òåõíè÷åñêè õîðîøî îñíàù¸ííûìè, îíè ïðîíèêàëè âî âñå óãîëêè Êàçàõñòàíà è ïðè ýòîì îñòàâàëèñü íåóÿçâèìûìè è íåäîñòóïíûìè äëÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíîâ. Ê 1993 ã. óæå ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü ìåñòíûå êðèìèíàëüíûå ãðóïïèðîâêè, êîòîðûå îðãàíèçîâûâàëè îòëîâ áàëîáàíîâ íà ìåñòàõ è çà áåñöåíîê ñêóïàëè ó ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ èçúÿòûõ èç ãí¸çä ïòåíöîâ. Òàê, â 1996–1997 ãã. çà ñàìêó áàëîáàíà ìåñòíûì æèòåëÿì â Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå äàâàëè ìåøîê ìóêè. Â ñðåäñòâàõ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè ñ çàâèäíûì óïîðñòâîì áàëîáàíà îöåíèâàëè áàñíîñëîâíîé ñóììîé â 50–70 òûñ. äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ. Âîçíèêøèé âîêðóã òîðãîâëè ñîêîëàìè àæèîòàæ ìîáèëèçîâàë íà ñáîð ñîêîëîâ ìåñòíîå íàñåëåíèå. Íå òîëüêî ÷àáàíû, íî è ãîðîäñêèå æèòåëè ñòàëè èçûìàòü èç ãí¸çä ïòåíöîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îòëàâëèâàòü âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïðè ýòîì èñïîëüçîâàëèñü êàê ìåòîäû àðàáñêèõ ëîâöîâ – ãîëóáè, îñíàù¸ííûå æèëåòàìè è ðàìêàìè ñ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì ïåòåëü, òàê è âñåâîçìîæíûå äîñòóïíûå ïîäðó÷íûå ñðåäñòâà. Â õîä ïîøëè êèòàéñêèå ñåòè, âåð¸âêè äëÿ âÿçàíèÿ òþêîâ ñåíà, êîëüÿ äëÿ ëàçàíèÿ ïî ñêàëàì. Äëÿ óñòàíîâêè âñåõ ýòèõ ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé íà ìíîãèõ ãí¸çäàõ, ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, èñïîëüçîâàëîñü ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîå àëüïèíèñòñêîå îáîðóäîâàíèå. Ìíîãèå ïîïàâøèå â ñåòè è ïåòëè ïòèöû, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïîãèáàëè, ïîñêîëüêó îñòàâëåííûå ñíàñòè íå ïðîâåðÿëèñü ïîìíîãó äíåé. Â àýðîïîðòàõ, íà æåëåçíîé äîðîãå, íà êðóïíûõ àâòîìîáèëüíûõ òðàññàõ ðåãóëÿðíî ñòàëè çàäåðæèâàòü íåáîëüøèå ïàðòèè ñîêîëîâ. Îñåíüþ 1995 ã. â Àëìà-Àòå áûë çàäåðæàí ó÷èòåëü ñðåäíåé øêîëû èç ã. Çàéñàí, êîòîðûé ïðèâ¸ç íà àâòîáóñå â êîðîáêå 5 áàëîáàíîâ è ïûòàëñÿ èõ ïðîäàòü íà ãîðîäñêîì ðûíêå. Áîëüøèíñòâî âêëþ÷èâøèõñÿ â ýòîò áèçíåñ ëþäåé ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ íå èìåëè î òîì, êàê âûãëÿäèò áàëîáàí. Ïîýòîìó ÷àùå âñåãî ó ãí¸çä îòëàâëèâàëèñü èëè âûáèðàëèñü èç íèõ ïòèöû, áëèçêèå ïî ðàçìåðàì ê áàëîáàíó, è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ýòî áûëè êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus). Â ýòîò ïåðèîä ïîñòðàäàëè âñå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö îò ìåëêèõ ñîêîëîâ (ïóñòåëüãà) äî îðëîâ. Â Àëìà-Àòå â îñåííèé ïåðèîä ðåãóëÿðíî íàõîäèëè íà óëèöàõ îñëàáëåííûõ ïåðíàòûõ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ñàìåö áàëîáàíà, ïîãèáøèé â ïåòëå. Ýòîò ñàìåö çàíèìàë äàííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áîëåå 10 ëåò. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Male of the Saker Falcon was dead in the loop. That falcon occupied the breeding territory more than 10 years. Photo by A. Levin

Ðèñ. 2. Äèíàìèêà èçìåíåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà íà þãîâîñòîêå (ñâåòëûå ñòîëáöû) è âîñòîêå (ò¸ìíûå ñòîëáöû) Êàçàõñòàíà Fig. 2. Changing of the Saker Falcon number in Southeastern (light columns) and Eastern (dark columns) Kazakhstan

õèùíèêîâ, êîòîðûõ, âèäèìî, ïûòàëèñü ïðîäàòü, íî íå ñìîãëè è çà íåíàäîáíîñòüþ ïðîñòî âûáðàñûâàëè íà óëèöó. Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ñïàñòè ïòèö, èõ îïðåäåëÿëè â Àëìààòèíñêèé çîîïàðê èëè ñîêîëèíûé ïèòîìíèê «Ñóíêàð». Èçâåñòåí ñëó÷àé, êîãäà â ñåðåäèíå àâãóñòà 1994 ã. â çîîïàðê áûë ïåðåäàí îñëàáëåííûé íåëåòàþùèé áàëîáàí, ïîäîáðàííûé â ãóñòîíàñåë¸ííîì ðàéîíå Àëìà-Àòû. Ïðè ñêàíèðîâàíèè ýòîé ïòèöû îáíàðóæèëè ìèêðî÷èï, ïî êîòîðîìó óñòàíîâèëè, ÷òî ýòîò ñàìåö âûâåëñÿ â 200 êì îò Àëìà-Àòû â Ñþãàòèíñêîé äîëèíå. Â èþíå 1994 ã. îí áûë îêîëüöîâàí, ïîìå÷åí ìèêðî÷èïîì è îñíàù¸í ìèíèàòþðíûì ðàäèîïåðåäàò÷èêîì, â òå÷åíèå ìåñÿöà ïîñëå âûëåòà äåðæàëñÿ íà ñâîåé ãíåçäîâîé òåððèòîðèè, ïîñëå ÷åãî èñ÷åç. Â ìîìåíò îáíàðóæåíèÿ íà ïòèöå óæå íå áûëî íè ïåðåäàò÷èêà, íè êîëüöà. Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû òîðãîâöàìè ñîêîëîâ íàêîïëåí çíà÷èòåëüíûé îïûò, ïîçâîëèâøèé èì ëó÷øå óçíàòü áàëîáàíà è èçó÷èòü òðåáîâàíèÿ ðûíêà. Èç âûâîäêîâ ñòàëè çà-

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ áèðàòü ëèøü ñàìîê, íå ñòàëè ëîâèòü ó ãí¸çä ñàìöîâ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå òàêîãî ñåëåêòèâíîãî ïîäõîäà ñëîæèëñÿ äèñáàëàíñ ïîëîâîãî ñîñòàâà ïîïóëÿöèé â ïîëüçó ñàìöîâ. Îò íåñàíêöèîíèðîâàííûõ è áåñêîíòðîëüíûõ îòëîâîâ â íàèáîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ïîñòðàäàëè þãî-âîñòî÷íûé è öåíòðàëüíûé ðåãèîíû ðåñïóáëèêè. Èç 20 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé áàëîáàíà, êîòîðûå èìåëèñü â îêðóæàþùèõ Ñþãàòèíñêóþ äîëèíó ãîðàõ è êîíòðîëèðîâàëèñü ñ 1985 ã., ê 1998 ã. çàíÿòûìè îñòàëèñü ëèøü äâå. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî îáå ñàìêè â ýòèõ ãí¸çäàõ áûëè ìîëîäûìè, è ó îäíîé èç íèõ óæå èìåëèñü ïóòöû íà ëàïàõ. Åù¸ íà äâóõ òåððèòîðèÿõ äåðæàëèñü îäèíî÷íûå ñàìöû, êîòîðûå â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò íå ìîãëè îáðàçîâàòü ïàðó è íå ó÷àñòâîâàëè â ðàçìíîæåíèè. Èç 8 ãí¸çä, íàõîäèâøèõñÿ ïîä íàáëþäåíèåì â ïóñòûíå Áåòïàê-Äàëà, â 1999 ã. æèëûì áûëî ëèøü îäíî (Levin, 2003). Äèíàìèêà èçìåíåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà íà þãî-âîñòîêå è âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà îòðàæåíà íà ðèñ. 2. Âîñòî÷íûé ðåãèîí ñòðàíû ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ïîäõîäÿùèì äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà. Èìåííî çäåñü ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ òàêèå êðóïíûå ãîðíûå õðåáòû Êàçàõñòàíà, êàê Äæóíãàðñêèé Àëàòàó, Òàðáàãàòàé, Ñàóð, Àëòàéñêàÿ ãîðíàÿ ñèñòåìà. ×èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà çäåñü âñåãäà áûëà âûñîêîé. Ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé áàëîáàíà â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü åãî â òàêèõ áîëüøèõ õðåáòàõ, êàê Äæóíãàðñêèé Àëàòàó è Òàðáàãàòàé, ìíîãîêðàòíî óïàëà è îñòàåòñÿ íèçêîé. Ê 2000 ã. ðàçîð¸ííûìè îêàçàëèñü âñå 5 ãí¸çä, èçâåñòíûõ íà Íàðûìñêîì õðåáòå (Þæíûé Àëòàé). Êëàñòåðû ñî ñðàâíèòåëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ãí¸çä ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ëèøü â íåáîëüøèõ ãîðíûõ ãðóïïàõ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â ñòîðîíå îò îñíîâíûõ õðåáòîâ, âáëèçè ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ãðàíèöû ñ Êèòàéñêîé íàðîäíîé ðåñïóáëèêîé. Äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ÷èñëåííîñòü âîñòî÷íî-êàçàõñòàíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà îöåíèâàëàñü â 400–450 ïàð. Çà ïîñëåäíèå 15 ëåò ãðóïïèðîâêà ýòîãî ñîêîëà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ â áîðàõ Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé è Ïàâëîäàðñêîé îáëàñòåé, ñîêðàòèëàñü ñî 100 äî 40–45 ïàð. ×èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â õðåáòàõ Àëòàÿ è Òàðáàãàòàÿ, ñíèçèëàñü ñ 300–350 äî 80–100 ïàð. Íàèáîëåå âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàáëþäàëàñü â 2007 ã. â ãîðàõ Àðêàëû (þæíûå ïðåäãîðüÿ Òàðáàãàòàÿ) è ñîñòàâèëà 5,78 æèëûõ ãíåçäà/100 êì2 (òàáë.1). Â äðóãèõ ãîðíûõ õðåáòàõ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â íåñêîëüêî ðàç íèæå è íå ïðåâûøàåò ïëîòíîñòè 1 ïàðà/100 êì2.

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Òàáë. 1. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â õðåáòàõ âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà â 2007 ã. Table 1. Breeding density of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan in 2007

Ãîðíûé õðåáåò Mountains

êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ observed

çàíÿòûõ active

Ïëîùàäü, êì2 Area, km2

Ìàíðàê Manrak

Àðêàëû Arakaly Êàðàáàñ Karabas

Òàðáàãàòàé Tarbagatay

Äæóíãàðñêèé Àëàòàó Dzhungarskiy Alatau Âñåãî Total

Êîëè÷åñòâî èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà Number of known nests of the Saker Falcon

Ïëîòíîñòü (õ/100 êì2) Density (õ/100 km2) ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé nesting territory

çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä active nests

2070

0.34

0.10

1855

0.81

0.27

225

15.11

5.78

216

06.02

0.93

288

02.08

0.69

4366

1.72

0.55

Èç òàáëèöû âèäíî, ÷òî â 2007 ã. áàëîáàíû çàíÿëè â êàæäîì èç ÷åòûð¸õ ïðîâåðåííûõ õðåáòîâ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà ëèøü òðåòüþ ÷àñòü, è ëèøü â ãîðàõ Êàðàáàñ – øåñòóþ ÷àñòü êîíòðîëèðóåìûõ ãí¸çä. Â öåëîì ïî Âîñòî÷íîìó Êàçàõñòàíó çàíÿòûìè îêàçàëèñü 22 èç 75 ïðîâåðåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (29,3%). Êàê è â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû, ó íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çä âñòðå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ñàìöû. Òàê, â ãîðàõ Àðêàëû òàêèå îäèíî÷êè äåðæàëèñü ó òð¸õ ãí¸çä. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîâåðêè â 2007 ã. ïî íàñòîÿùåìó îñòàâëåííûìè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü 6 ó÷àñòêîâ â Êàðàáàñå, 10 – â Àðêàëàõ è 8 – â Ìàíðàêå. Íè íà îäíîì èç íèõ ìû íå âñòðåòèëè ïòèö è íå îòìåòèëè ñâåæèõ ñëåäîâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ. Îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé íèçêîé óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â âîñòî÷íîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîäîëæàþùååñÿ áðàêîíüåðñòâî. Â ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí 2006 ã., ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðåäûäóùèì, â 4 ðàçà óâåëè÷èëîñü êîëè÷åñòâî îñòàâëåííûõ ñîêîëàìè ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, íà êîòîðûõ ìû íå îòìåòèëè ñëåäîâ èõ ïðåáûâàíèÿ. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî â ïåðèîä îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèé â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå åæåãîäíî âåäóò íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ ñîêîëîâ ñèðèéñêèå ëîâöû. Åñòü èíôîðìàöèÿ, ÷òî âî âñå ïåðèîäû, âêëþ÷àÿ è ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ìåñòíûå æèòåëè îòëàâëèâàþò ñîêîëîâ è ïðîäàþò èõ â Êèòàé äëÿ ïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ïèùó. Â ôåâðàëå 2006 ã. íà ðûíêå â ã. Óðóì÷è ïðîäàâàëè áàëîáàíà, äîáûòîãî áëèç ãîðîäà (Dixon, 2007). Ïðè ïðîâåðêå ïòèöû áûë îáíàðóæåí ìèêðî÷èï, ïî êîòîðîìó óäàëîñü óñ-

òàíîâèòü, ÷òî îíà âûâåëàñü â Êàçàõñòàíå â ãîðàõ Ìàíðàê â 2002 ã. Îñòà¸òñÿ ëèøü ãàäàòü, ïîïàë ýòîò ñàìåö â Êèòàé åñòåñòâåííûì ïóò¸ì èëè áûë ïåðåâåç¸í. Âñòðå÷è ó íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çä â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä òîëüêî ñàìöîâ, à òàêæå ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì óâåëè÷èâàþùååñÿ êîëè÷åñòâî îïóñòåâøèõ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé ïîäòâåðæäàþò íàøè ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ î ïðîäîëæàþùåìñÿ èçúÿòèè ïòèö èç ïðèðîäû. Äðóãîé âàæíîé ïðè÷èíîé ñîêðàùåíèÿ Áàëîáàí, ñèäÿùèé íà îïîðå ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ. Ôîòî À. Èñàáåêîâà Saker Falcon on electric pole of power line lethal to birds. Photo by A. Isabekov

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèáåëü ñîêîëîâ íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) ìîùíîñòüþ 6– 10 êÂ. Ïî äàííûì Ñ.Â. Ñòàðèêîâà (1996/1997) â Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 1990–93 ãã. áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü 68 áàëîáàíîâ, ìàêñèìóì êîòîðîé ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà 1993 ã., êîãäà íàáëþäàëñÿ ïèê ÷èñëåííîñòè æ¸ëòîé ïåñòðóøêè (Lagurus luteus). Ïðè÷¸ì ìàñøòàáû ãèáåëè óæàñàþò: íà ñåâåðíîì áåðåãó îç. Çàéñàí 29–30 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1993 ã. íà 95 êì ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî 30 ïîãèáøèõ Áàëîáàí, ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ 10 êÂ. áàëîáàíîâ, à â Þæíîì Ôîòî Ìà Ìèíã Ïðèçàéñàíüå 20–26 îêòÿáðÿ Saker Falcon electrocuted on a 10 kV 1993 ã. – íà 400 êì ËÝÏ – 27 power line. Photo by Ma Ming ïîãèáøèõ áàëîáàíîâ (8,6% ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ õèùíèêîâ è 6,6% ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö â öåëîì). Òðåòüåé ïðè÷èíîé ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíîâ âîñòî÷íîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü äåïðåññèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè êðàñíîù¸êîãî (Spermophilus erythrogenys) è äëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus undulatus), à òàêæå áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè (Rhombomys opimus), ïðîäîëæàþùóþñÿ áîëåå 10 ëåò. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîãî ñóñëèêà â âîñòî÷íîì ðåãèîíå âîññòàíîâèëàñü, âî Ïåðåäåðæêà ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ îáû÷íûì ñòàíîâèòñÿ è áàëîáàíîâ, çàäåðæàííûõ â êðàñíîù¸êèé ñóñëèê. àýðîïîðòó ã. Êàíòà. Â 90-å ãîäû òîðãîâëåé ñîêîëàìè çàíÿëèñü Ôîòî À. Êîâøàðÿ è ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå âåäîìñòâà, êîòîðûå ïî Keeping of saker aräîëãó ñëóæáû ïðèçâàíû ñîõðàíÿòü ðåäêèå rested in the airport of îáúåêòû. Íå îñòàëèñü â ñòîðîíå îò ýòîãî Kant. ïðèáûëüíîãî äåëà äàæå ñèëîâûå ñòðóêòóðû. Photo by A. Kovshar

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Èç ñðåäñòâ ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè ñòàëî èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ÌÂÄ îðãàíèçîâàëè ÿâî÷íóþ êâàðòèðó, â êîòîðîé äåðæàëè íåñêîëüêèõ ñîêîëîâ è íà êîòîðóþ ïðèâîçèëè êëèåíòîâ-àðàáîâ. Ïîñëå ïðîäàæè ñîêîëîâ êëèåíòîâ ïðè ïåðåâîçêå ïòèö çàäåðæèâàëè, à ñîêîëîâ âîçâðàùàëè íà ìåñòî. Ðàñêðûëñÿ ýòîò ôàêò òîëüêî ïîòîìó, ÷òî ñîòðóäíèêè ÊÍÁ óçíàëè î ñóùåñòâîâàíèè òàêîé êâàðòèðû è ïîïûòàëèñü ïðîâåðèòü å¸. Â äîìå íà÷àëàñü ïåðåñòðåëêà, â ðåçóëüòàòå íåêîòîðûå ó÷àñòíèêè îïåðàöèè ïîëó÷èëè ðàíåíèÿ. Îáû÷íî ïàðòèè çàäåðæèâàåìûõ ñîêîëîâ íå ïðåâûøàþò 10 îñîáåé è ÿâëÿþòñÿ äåëîì ïðèâû÷íûì. Íî 27 îêòÿáðÿ 2004 ã. íà ðîññèéñêîé âîåííîé áàçå â ã. Êàíòå (Êèðãèçèÿ) áûëà çàäåðæàíà ïàðòèÿ â 127 áàëîáàíîâ. Ïî ýêñïåðòíîé îöåíêå êèðãèçñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ â ðåñïóáëèêå îáèòàåò íå áîëåå 30 ïàð áàëîáàíà, õîòÿ åãî æèëûõ ãí¸çä íå íàéäåíî, èçâåñòíî ëèøü íåñêîëüêî æèëûõ ãí¸çä øàõèíà (Falco pelegrinoides). Èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïîëó÷åííàÿ îò îïåêàâøèõ ñîêîëîâ ëþäåé, ïîäòâåðäèëà, ÷òî âñÿ ýòà ïàðòèÿ áûëà ñîáðàíà â Êàçàõñòàíå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â âîñòî÷íîì åãî ðåãèîíå, è ïåðåâåçåíà íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÷åðåç ãðàíèöó. Ïòèö îáíàðóæèëè òîëüêî ïîòîìó, ÷òî â ïðèðîäîîõðàííóþ ïðîêóðàòóðó Êèðãèçèè ïîñòóïèë çâîíîê î ãîòîâÿùåéñÿ àêöèè ïî âûâîçó ñîêîëîâ èç ñòðàíû. Âîïðîñ î ñóäüáå ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ ðåøàëñÿ íåñêîëüêî äíåé, â ðåçóëüòàòå ïòèöû îñëàáëè è ïîñëå âûïóñêà ìíîãèå äàæå íå ñìîãëè ïîëåòåòü. Íåò ñîìíåíèÿ â òîì, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ýòèõ ïòèö ïîãèáëà. Ïî èíôîðìàöèè, ïîëó÷àåìîé èç àðàáñêèõ ñòðàí â ïîñëåäíèå äâà ãîäà, ñïðîñ íà äèêèõ ïòèö èç ïðèðîäû ðåçêî óïàë. Ìîäíûìè ñòàëè ãèáðèäíûå ôîðìû, èìåþùèå ìåíüøóþ ñòîèìîñòü è îõîòÿùèåñÿ áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíî. Êàçàëîñü áû, ñîêîëèíûé áèçíåñ äîëæåí ïîéòè íà óáûëü, ñîêîëîâ â ïðèðîäå áîëüøå íå äîëæíû áåñïîêîèòü è ïîÿâèëàñü íàäåæäà íà åñòåñòâåííîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ðàçîðåííûõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Áàëîáàíîâ ïåðåñòàëè çàäåðæèâàòü íà òàìîæåííûõ è ïîëèöåéñêèõ ïîñòàõ. Íî ìíîãîëåòíèé ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé áàëîáàíà â ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåãèîíàõ Êàçàõñòàíà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ìåäëåííî è âåðíî ñíèæàåòñÿ. È ïðè÷èíîé òîìó – ïðîäîëæàþùååñÿ âîïðåêè çäðàâîìó ñìûñëó èçúÿòèå ïòèö èç ïðèðîäû. Ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì òîìó ñëóæèò íåäàâíåå îáíàðóæåíèå î÷åðåäíîé ïàðòèè ñîêîëîâ íà ãðàíèöå Àëìàòèíñêîé è Âîñòî÷íî-Êà-

Raptors Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

÷òî ñîêîëèíûì áèçíåñîì â Êàçàõñòàíå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàíèìàþòñÿ õîðîøî ïîäãîòîâëåííûå ëþäè, èìåþùèå î÷åíü øèðîêèå ñâÿçè. Íàïðàøèâàåòñÿ è äðóãîé âûâîä – íåñìîòðÿ íà óæåñòî÷åíèå íàêàçàíèé çà íåëåãàëüíóþ ïåðåâîçêó ñîêîëîâ, âñ¸ åù¸ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ êàíàëû íåëåãàëüíîé èõ ïîñòàâêè èç Êàçàõñòàíà â ñòðàíû Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà. Ïåðåêðûòèå òàêèõ êàíàëîâ íà ãðàíèöå – îäèí èç äåéñòâåííûõ ïóòåé áîðüáû ñ íåëåãàëüíûì îáîðîòîì ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ â íàøåé ñòðàíå è åäèíñòâåííûé ñïîñîá îñòàíîâèòü ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà. Ëèòåðàòóðà

Âîçâðàùåíèå ñîêîëîâ â ïðèðîäó. Ôîòî À. Êîâøàðÿ Falcons are released in nature. Photo by A. Kovshar

Ïåðåäåðæêà áàëîáàíîâ â âîëüåðå ïåðåä âûïóñêîì. Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà Keeping of sakers in a cage before releasing. Photo by A. Levin

çàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòåé. Ïàòðóëüíûå Ãîñàâòîèíñïåêöèè çàäåðæàëè 21 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. íà ïîñòó ó ã. Ó÷àðàë (Àëàêîëüñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà) «Íèâó», âëàäåëåö êîòîðîé ïåðåâîçèë èç Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè 9 áàëîáàíîâ (8 ñàìîê è 1 ñàìåö). Â 2007 ã. áûëà îñóùåñòâëåíà ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ïðîãðàììà «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà íà þãî-âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà». Â àâãóñòå, ïîñëå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé àäàïòàöèè, â ïðèðîäó áûëî âûïóùåíî 60 ïòèö, âûâåäåííûõ è ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ ê âûïóñêó â ïèòîìíèêå «Ñóíêàð». Ïîñêîëüêó ýòà àêöèÿ áûëà øèðîêî ðàçðåêëàìèðîâàíà, â ñåíòÿáðå â ðàéîíå âûïóñêà ïîÿâèëèñü ëþäè, æåëàþùèå íà ýòîì ïîæèâèòüñÿ. Îõîòèíñïåêöèåé òðèæäû çàäåðæèâàëèñü àâòîìîáèëè, â êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ñíàáæåííûå ïåòëÿìè ãîëóáè. Ïðèâåä¸ííûå ôàêòû ãîâîðÿò î òîì,

Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû – Falconiformes. ÀëìàÀòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 1. Æèâîòíûå. ×àñòü 1. Ïîçâîíî÷íûå. Àëìàòû, «Êîíæèê». 1996. Ñ. 156–157. Ñòàðèêîâ Ñ.Â. Ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí). – Selevinia. 1996/1997. Ñ. 233–234. Barton N.W.H. Recent data on Saker trapping pressure – Falco. ¹ 20. 2002. P. 5–8. Dixon A. Notes from the field 2007. – Falco. 2007. ¹ 30. P. 4–7. Levin A.S. Status of Saker Falcon in Kazakhstan. Symposium on Saker Falcon Status in the Range Countries. Abstracts. Abu Dhabi. 2003. P. 3–4. Sklyarenko S. The illegal capture of Saker Falcons in Kazakhstan. – Newsletter of the World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls. ¹ 21/22. 1995. P. 14–15.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

                                       Êîíòàêò: Ãàíñóõ Ñóõ÷óëóóí Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè Ìîíãîëüñêîé àêàäåìèè íàóê Ìîíãîëèÿ Óëààíáààòàð òåë.: +976 888 11936 +976 11 453583 sukhchuluun@biology. mks.ac.mn Contact: Gansuh Suhchuluun Institute of Biology Mongolian Academy of Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia tel.: +976 888 11936 +976 11 453583 sukhchuluun@biology. mks.ac.mn

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) – îäíà èç íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö Ìîíãîëèè. Ñòðàíà ðàñïîëàãàåò îäíèì èç îñíîâíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ýòîãî ñîêîëà â àðåàëå âèäà, íàðÿäó ñ Êàçàõñòàíîì, Ðîññèåé è Êèòàåì. Èíòåðåñ ê ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîíãîëüñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà áûë ïðîÿâëåí óæå äàâíî. Å.Â. Êîçëîâà (1930) óïîìèíàëà î âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â Þæíîì è Þãî-çàïàäíîì Õàíãàå, à Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) íàø¸ë áàëîáàíà íåðåäêèì â Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ íà ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà ñòàëè îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå è ìîíãîëüñêèå îðíèòîëîãè. Ä. Ýðýãäýíäàãâà ëåòîì 1963 ã. â Þæíîì Õàíãàå íà 160-êèëîìåòðîâîì ìàðøðóòå âñòðåòèë 2 îñ./2 êì; â ñåíòÿáðå 1965 ã. O. Øàãäàðñóðåí ñ êîëëåãàìè íà 30-êèëîìåòðîâîì ìàðøðóòå â Âîñòî÷íîì Õàíãàå ó÷åë 10 ñîêîëîâ, à â Þæíîì Õàíãàå îáèëèå áàëîáàíà ñîñòàâèëî 1 îñ./1 êì (Shagdarsuren et al., 2001). Ä. Ýëëèñ è Ï. Öýíãýã (1997) â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â Àäòàéñêèõ

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâèë Ã. Ñóõ÷óëóóí Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo from G. Suhchuluun

The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is a typical breeding species of Mongolia. Interest to the numbers of Saker Falcons in Mongolia was shown long. Kozlova (1930) mentioned about high numbers of Sakers in Southern and South-Western Khangai. Sushkin (1938) stated that the Sakers are not un-common birds in Western Mongolia. Mongolian ornithologists started to pay special attention to the numbers of Sakers in Mongolia since 1960-s. D. Erdendagva carried out a preliminary survey of Sakers in Southern Khangai in summer 1963. According to his data on 160 km route where he recorded 2 falcons on 1 km of route. In 1965 in Eastern Khangai, where Shagdarsuren et al. (2001) recorded 10 falcons along 30 km of survey route. If compared to the previous data, the numbers were lower here. They also repeated the counts in Arvaikeer in South-Eastern Khangai, where the numbers were higher as on one km of route they counted 1 falcon. According to Ellis & Tsengeg (1997) data in the breeding season in the Altai Mountain they saw 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route, in Khangai 6 individuals per 30 km of route, and Mongolian-Daurian steppes 2 individuals per 30 km of survey route. However in August along trunk road Ulaanbaatar - Bayankhongor along 600 km route the authors counted 320 falcons or 16 individuals per 30 km of route. In 1998–2000 within an agreement between the Ministry of Nature and Environment, Mongolia and the National Avian Research Center, ERWDA, UAE a project aiming on counting the numbers of Saker Falcons has been carried out (Potapov et al., 1999a, b; Shijirmaa et al. 1999). Field teams have made repeated surveys of Saker Falcons in 5 study areas. The total area by the study areas is 16,947.5 km2, which is 1.1% of all territory of Mongolia. The average breeding density of Sakers in control territories increased from 2.7 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1998 to 2.83 pairs per 1000 km2 in 1999, and then decreased to 2.1 pairs per 1000 km2

Raptors Conservation

Ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Chicks of the Saker Falcon in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin

ãîðàõ ó÷ëè 2 îñ./30 êì ìàðøðóòà, â Õàíãàå – 6 îñ./30 êì, â Ìîíãîëüñêî-Äàóðñêîé ñòåïè – 2 îñ./30 êì, à îñåíüþ âäîëü àâòîòðàññû Óëààíáààòàð – Áàÿíõîíãîð íà 600êèëîìåòðîâîì ìàðøðóòå – 16 îñ./30 êì. Â 1998-2000 ãã. â ðàìêàõ ñîâìåñòíîãî ïðîåêòà Àãåíòñòâà ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ÎÀÝ, Íàöèîíàëüíîãî öåíòðà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïòèö ÎÀÝ è Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäû è îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ìîíãîëèè ïðîâîäèëñÿ ó÷¸ò áàëîáàíà íà 5 êîíòðîëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ, çàíèìàþùèõ 1,1% òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè (Potapov et al., 1999a, b; Shijirmaa et al., 1999). Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà êîíòðîëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ óâåëè÷èëàñü ñ 2,7 ïàð/1000 êì2 â 1998 ã. äî 2,83 ïàð/1000 êì2 â 1999 ã., à çàòåì óïàëà äî 2,1 ïàð/1000 êì2 â 2000 ã. Íà äâóõ êîíòðîëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â 2000 ã. çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî óìåíüøåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè (ñ 8 äî 7 ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð è ñ 16 äî 11 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî) è óìåíüøåíèå óðîâíÿ âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà áàëîáàíà. Ïëîòíîñòü âûæèâøèõ ïòåíöîâ, âîñïðîèçâîäèìûõ ïàðàìè, ñíà÷àëà óâåëè÷èëàñü ñ 6,1 ñë¸òêîâ/1000 êì2 â 1998 ã. äî 9,4/1000 êì2 â 1999 ã., à çàòåì óïàëà äî 5,8/1000 êì2 â 2000 ã. (Shagdarsuren et al., 2001). Â 1998 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Ìîíãîëèè îöåíåíà â 2823 ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû, ïðîèçâîäÿùèå 6382 ñë¸òêà â ãîä; â 1999 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêîëîâ îöåíèâàëàñü íåñêîëüêî âûøå – 2961 ïàðà è 9834 ñë¸òêà, íî â 2000 ã. íàáëþäàëîñü ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè äî 2220 ïàð è óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ íà 15% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äàííûìè 1999 ã. – äî 4450 ñë¸òêîâ â ãîä (Shagdarsuren et al., 2001). Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ â 2002 ã., íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè Ìîíãîëèè îáèòàëî óæå îêîëî 6050 îñîáåé áàëîáàíà. Â 2003 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Ìîíãîëèè îöåíèâàëàñü â 1000–1200 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Ôîêñ è äð., 2003).

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

in 2000. Two control areas checked in 2000 had an decrease of the breeding density (from 8 to 7 breeding pairs and from 16 to 11) and decreased production rate (from 6.1 young from 1000 km2 in 1998 to 9.4 young from 1000 km2 in 1999 and 5.8 young from 1000 km2 in 2000). Estimate the population size of Sakers in Mongolia went up from 2823 pairs in 1998 to 2961 pairs in 1999 and down to 2220 pairs in 2000. The Sakers in Mongolia produced 6382 young in 1998, 9834 young in 1999 and 4450 in 2000. Following data of counts in 2002, about 6050 Sakers had already inhabited the all territory of Mongolia. And a total of 10001200 pairs were estimated to breed in Mongolia in 2003 (Fox et al., 2003). After 90-s the first legal and illegal groups of trappers were created in Mongolia. Legal groups of trappers received from the government the sanction to withdrawal sakers from the nature. Near 1000 Sakers were exported to Gulf States with legal permissions since 1993 to 2002, and the same number (or even probably more), was exported illegally. Illegal falcons were detained in all border-control posts of Mongolia, in airports of Pekin and Berlin on the flights following from Ulanbaatar, on the border of the Republic of Tuva. Only Saudi Arabia and Kuwait imported from Mongolia about 700 Sakers for that period. The permission to catch and export 300 Sakers at the price of $4600 for the bird was given out in 2002. The most part of falcons were female including northern migrants. Despite of a high share of caught migrating birds, the number of the Saker noticeably reduces especially in those regions where the press of catching is intensive. Thus the urgent measures need to protect and rational use the species. The following concern to such measures: - Carry out counts and records of Saker nests in all administrative regions of the country and protect they; - Prohibit the scattering of chemical poisons; - Establish the system of struggle against illegal export; - Erect artificial nests in the open territories; - Establish a falcon center for breeding Sakers in captivity with their subsequent release in the nature in Mongolia.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Áîëüøàÿ äîëÿ ïîéìàííûõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ñàìîê, è â òîì ÷èñëå ñåâåðíûõ ìèãðàíòîâ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà âûñîêóþ äîëþ îòëîâà ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö, ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà çàìåòíî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ, îñîáåííî â òåõ ðåãèîíàõ, ãäå ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ìàññîâûé èõ îòëîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû íå ëèøèòüñÿ ýòîãî âèäà, íåîáõîäèìî ïðèíÿòü ñðî÷íûå ìåðû ïî åãî îõðàíå è ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ. Ê òàêèì ìåðàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå: - ïðîâåäåíèå ó÷¸òà è ðåãèñòðàöèè ãí¸çä áàëîáàíîâ âî âñåõ àéìàêàõ ñòðàíû è âçÿòèå èõ ïîä ñòðîãóþ îõðàíó; - çàïðåò ðàçáðàñûâàíèÿ ÿäîõèìèêàòîâ; - íàëàæèâàíèå ñèñòåìû áîðüáû ñ íåëåãàëüíûì âûâîçîì; - ñîçäàíèå ñåòè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä â îòêðûòûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ; - ñîçäàíèå â Ìîíãîëèè ïèòîìíèêà ïî âûðàùèâàíèþ è ðàçìíîæåíèþ áàëîáàíîâ ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì âûïóñêîì èõ â ïðèðîäó.

Áàëîáàí. Ôîòî Ãîìáîáààòàð Ñ. Saker Falcon. Photo by Gombobaatar S.

Ñ 1990-õ ãîäîâ ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ñî ñòàíîâëåíèåì íîâîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ñòðîÿ, â Ìîíãîëèþ íàõëûíóëà âîëíà æåëàþùèõ äîáûòü äåø¸âûõ ñîêîëîâ-áàëîáàíîâ. Ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ãðàæäàíå Ñèðèè, Ïàêèñòàíà, Àôãàíèñòàíà, Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè, Êóâåéòà, Îáúåäèí¸ííûõ Àðàá-ñêèõ Ýìèðàòîâ, Áàõðåéíà, Ãåðìàíèè è Øâåöèè. Ïî íàøèì äàííûì ñ 1993 ïî 2002 ãîäû ïî îôèöèàëüíûì ðàçðåøåíèÿì â àðàáñêèå ñòðàíû áûëî âûâåçåíî äî 1000 áàëîáàíîâ, òàêîå æå êîëè÷åñòâî, à âîçìîæíî è áîëüøå, âûâåçåíî íåëåãàëüíûì ïóò¸ì ìîíãîëüñêèìè è èíîñòðàííûìè êîíòðàáàíäèñòàìè. Èõ èíîãäà çàäåðæèâàëè íà âñåõ êîíòðîëüíîïðîïóñêíûõ ïóíêòàõ Ìîíãîëèè, íà àýðîâîêçàëàõ Ïåêèíà è Áåðëèíà íà ðåéñàõ, ñëåäóþùèõ èç Óëààíáààòàðà, íà ãðàíèöå Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà. Ëåãàëüíî òîëüêî Ñàóäîâñêàÿ Àðàâèÿ è Êóâåéò çà ýòîò ïåðèîä âûâåçëè èç Ìîíãîëèè îêîëî 700 áàëîáàíîâ. Êîíôèñêîâàííûå áàëîáàíû îòïðàâëÿëèñü îáðàòíî â Ìîíãîëèþ è êàê è òå, êîòîðûå áûëè èçúÿòû ó íåëåãàëüíûõ ëîâöîâ, âûïóñêàëèñü â ñåâåðíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ çàïîâåäíèêà Áîãä Óë. Ýêñïîðòèðóåìûõ áàëîáàíîâ ñ ñåðåäèíû àâãóñòà ïî îêòÿáðü íà ñâîé âûáîð îòëàâëèâàþò ñàìè çàêàç÷èêè ïî îôèöèàëüíûì ðàçðåøåíèÿì. Òàê, â 2002 ãîäó áûëà âûäàíà ëèöåíçèÿ íà ýêñïîðòíûé îòëîâ 300 áàëîáàíîâ ïî öåíå 4600 äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ çà îñîáü.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Êîçëîâà Å.Â. Ïòèöû Þãî-çàïàäíîãî Çàáàéêàëüÿ, Ñåâåðíîé Ìîíãîëèè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Ãîáè. Ëåíèíãðàä, 1930. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ò. 1–2. Ì. – Ë., Èçä. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, 1938. 754 ñ. Ôîêñ Í., Áàðòîí Í., Ïîòàïîâ Å. Îõðàíà ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà è ñîêîëèíàÿ îõîòà. – Ñòåïíîé áþëëåòåíü. 2003. ¹ 14. Ñ. 28–33. Ellis D., Tsengeg P. Remarkable Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) breeding sites in Mongolia. – Journal Raptor Research. 1997. ¹ 31 (3). P. 234–240. Potapov E., Banzragch S., Shijirmaa D. Paradox of industrialization in Mongolia: expansion of Sakers into flat areas is dependent on industrial society. – Falco. 1999a. ¹ 13. P. 10–12. Potapov E., Banzragch S., Shijirmaa D., Shagdarsuren O., Sumya D., Gombobaatar S. Keep the steppes tidy: impact of litter on Saker Falcons. – Falco. 1999b. ¹ 14. P. 11. Shijirmaa D., Banzragch S., Fox N., Potapov E. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. – Proceedings of the Vth World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls. 4–11 August 1998, South Africa, Madrand, Johanseburg. 1999. Shagdarsuren O., Sumya D., Gombobaatar S., Potapov E., Fox N. Saker Falcon in Mongolia: numbers and distribution. – Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia, 1–4 July 2000. 2001. P. 25–33.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

                                                   Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê à/ÿ 547 òåë./ôàêñ: +7(383) 3397885 nikolenko@ecoclub. nsu.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel./fax: +7 (383) 339 78 85 nikolenko@ecoclub.nsu.ru

Ãíåçäî (ñëåâà) è ïòåíåö (ñïðàâà) êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nest (left) and the chick (right) of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans). Photos by I. Karyakin

Ìàëûå ðåêè áàññåéíà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè â îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè îñòàþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñëàáî èçó÷åííûìè. Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïåðâîå ïîëíîöåííîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ìàëûõ ðåê îñóùåñòâèë Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2006): èì â 2003–04 ãã. áûëè ïðîâåäåíû ó÷¸òû ïòèö â äîëèíàõ ðåê Êèíåëü è Ñîê è ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì ïîäãîòîâëåíà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿ. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ðåêà Ñàìàðà îñòàâàëàñü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íå îáñëåäîâàííîé. Çäåñü ëèøü â íåñêîëüêèõ òî÷êàõ îñóùåñòâëåíû ïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸òû â 1999–2000 ã., íî ïîëíîñòüþ â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ ó÷¸òàìè ðåêà íè ðàçó íå ïðîõîäèëàñü îðíèòîëîãàìè. Â 2007 ã., â ïåðèîä ñ 7 ïî 12 èþëÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî îñóùåñòâë¸í ñïëàâ ïî ð. Ñàìàðà (ðèñ. 1), â õîäå êîòîðîãî ó÷èòûâàëèñü âñå õèùíûå ïòèöû, âñòðå÷åííûå â äîëèíå. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ìàðøðóòà ñîñòàâèëà 171,3 êì, èç íèõ 96,83 êì áåç äîæäÿ. Îáùàÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü ñîñòàâèëà 137,04 êì2, ëåñîïîêðûòàÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü – 86,22 êì2. Åñëè èñêëþ÷èòü ïåðèîäû, êîãäà âî âðåìÿ ñïëàâà øëè äîæäè è ãðîçû, â õîäå êîòîðûõ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ðÿäà âèäîâ ïàäàëà, îáùàÿ è ëåñîïîêðûòàÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü

We carried out surveys of raptors during the water route on the Samara river since 7 to 12 July 2007 (fig. 1). Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) Common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We recorded the birds 19 times (fig. 2). The density was 11.09 records/100 km of the river or 13.86/100 km2 of a total area, or 22.04/100 km2 of a forested area. Thus density was 24.53 pairs/100 km2 of a total area or 30.97 pairs/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between nearest records was 2.17±1.78 km (Ex=5,77; n=12; range 0.64-7.14 km). We found 2 nests (occupied, but empty, and old) at the distance of 30 and 80 m from the river. Nests were located on oaks in forks, the height of location was 8 m. Black Kite (Milvus migrans) The most common breeding raptor species of the Samara River flood-lands. We recorded the species in 101 points (fig. 3). Single birds were noted in 48 points, pairs in 14 points and living nests – in 39 points. The average brood size was 1.26±0.45

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ðèñ. 1. Êàðòà ìàðøðóòà ïî ðåêå Ñàìàðà Fig. 1. Map of the route on the Samara river

ñîñòàâèò 77,46 è 61,34 êì2 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Äëÿ ó÷¸òà ïòèö èñïîëüçîâàëàñü ñòàíäàðòíàÿ ìåòîäèêà ìàðøðóòíîãî ó÷¸òà ñ íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñîé íàáëþäåíèÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ïòèö íàáëþäàëè â áèíîêëè 10–12 õ 50. Ïðè îáíàðóæåíèè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö ñ ïðèçíàêàìè ãíåçäîâîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïîèñê èõ ãí¸çä. Çà âðåìÿ ñïëàâà ó÷òåíî 12 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ, äëÿ 7 èç êîòîðûõ óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Îáûêíîâåííûé îñîåä (Pernis apivorus) Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Âñòðå÷åí íà 19-òè ó÷àñòêàõ (ðèñ. 2). Â 14 ñëó÷àÿõ âñòðå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû, â òîì ÷èñëå òðèæäû – àòàêóþùèå äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (îðëà-êàðëèêà è êîðøóíà) è òðèæäû – âîêàëèçèðóþùèå íàä íàáëþäàòåëÿìè. Íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû, â òîì ÷èñëå â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ íàä íàáëþäàòåëÿìè. Íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíû 2 ãíåçäà, îäíî èç êîòîðûõ îêàçàëîñü ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêîé, à äðóãîå çàíÿòî îñîåäàìè (ïòèöà áûëà âñïóãíóòà ñ ãíåçäà â ìîìåíò åãî îáíàðóæåíèÿ), îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â í¸ì íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî, õîòÿ ãíåçäî áûëî ñî ñâåæåé çåëåíüþ è ñîòàìè. Îáà ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äóáàõ â 30 è 80 ì îò ðóñëà ðåêè è áûëè óñòðîåíû â ðàçâèëêàõ íà âûñîòå 8 ì, â 6 ì îò âåðõà. Îáèëèå îñîåäîâ ñîñòàâèëî 11,09 âñòðå÷/ 100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 13,86/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 22,04/100 êì2 ëåñà. Àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âñòðå÷ ïîêàçûâàåò 4 êðóïíûõ ðàçðûâà âî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè îñîåäà íà ðåêå, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ ãðîçàìè, âî âðåìÿ êîòîðûõ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ñïëàâ. Ëèøü ó ðàéîííîãî öåíòðà ñ. Áîãàòîå (7,14 êì ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ îñîåäà) è áëèç ñ. Ñïèðèäîíîâêà, ãäå ðåêà ïðîõîäèëàñü

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ chicks (n=23; range 1–2, 79% of broods contained only a chick). The most part of found nests (n=40) was located on poplars (92.5%) close to the river bank (10–30 m from the water). A nest was found on the willow (10 m from the water), oak (40 m from the water) and metal electric pole. It was the first record of the Black Kite (M. m. migrans) nesting on the electric pole. Tree nests (n=39) were situated in forks (87.5%) of large branches usually inclining and hanging over the water, on side branches in several meters from the trunk (7.5% ) and in the basis of branches besides trunk (2.5%). The average height of nest locations was 15.6±5.07 m (range 9–30 m) and 12.6±5.15 m from the top of tree (range 3–25 m). The density was 58.96 records/100 km of the river or 73.7/100 km2 of a total area or 117.14/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between neighbor records of Black Kites 1.28±0.76 km (n=100; range 0.37–5.52; Ex=5,77). Distances from 0.5 to 2 km were the most usual (fig. 4, À). And following the data of analysis of distances between living nests and pairs (fig. 4, Â) parameters have been similar – 1.25±0.57 km (n=37; range 0.37–2.44 km; Ex=-0.7). Thus records of single birds not confirmed by findings of nests should be considered as breeding, and calculating the number of breeding pairs should be equated with pair. Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) Only a bird was noted on 9 July (fig. 5). Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) We recorded 5 birds during surveys: 2 males, including one with a prey, and 3 females, including one with a prey (fig. 5). The density was 2.92 ind./100 km of river or 3.65 ind./100 km2 of total area. Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Possible non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. Caused secretive behavior of birds we observed the species only on 9 July, also we found a nest leaved by fledglings on 11 July (fig. 6). The nest was located in a fork of the poplar at the height of 18 m, in 5 m from the top. The density was 1.17 records/100 km of the river or 1.46 rec./100 km2 of a total area or 2.32 rec./100 km2 of a forested area. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) Possible non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We ob-

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served birds twice on 9 and 10 July (fig. 6). Both records were in large massifs of middleaged pine artificial forests. The density was 1.17 record/100 km of the river or 1.46/100 km2 of a total area, or 2.32/100 km2 of a forested area.

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îñîåäà (Pernis apivorus) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 2. Distribution of the Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) in the Samara river valley

â ïåðèîä áåç äîæäÿ, îòñóòñòâèå âñòðå÷ îñîåäà ìîæíî ñïèñàòü íà èíûå ïðè÷èíû, íèêàê íå ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïëîõèìè ïîãîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ñêðûòíîñòü õèùíèêà, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî îí ðàñïðåäåë¸í ïî ïîéìå Ñàìàðû äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî, ÷òî ñîáñòâåííî è áûëî âûÿâëåíî ïðè ó÷¸òå â ÿñíûå è ñóõèå ïåðèîäû ñóòîê. Àíàëèç ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ â ýòè ïåðèîäû ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû îñîåä ðàñïðåäåë¸í â 0,64-7,14 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=12) â 2,17±1,78 êì (Ex=5,77) äðóã îò äðóãà. Åñëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî âñå ðåãèñòðàöèè ïðèíàäëåæàò òåððèòîðèàëüíûì ïòèöàì, òî ïðåäïîëàãàåìóþ ïëîòíîñòü îñîåäà â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðû ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü â 24,53 ïàðû/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 30,97 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñà. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî âñòðå÷ îñîåäà ïðèâÿçàíî ê ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûì ñîñíîâûì ïîñàäêàì â ïîéìå. Çäåñü æå ìû äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî íàõîäèëè ñëåäû åãî îõîò. Îñîåä èñïîëüçóåò ñîñíîâûå ïîñàäêè â êà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ, âèäèìî, ïî ïðè÷èíå áîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòè çäåñü ðîþùèõ ïåðåïîí÷àòîêðûëûõ, à ãíåçäèòüñÿ ïðåäïî÷èòàåò â ó÷àñòêàõ ïîéìåííîãî øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà. ×¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) Ñàìûé ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ õèùíèê ïîéìû ð. Ñàìàðà. Âñòðå÷åí íà 101 ó÷àñòêå (ðèñ. 3). Â 48 ñëó÷àÿõ âñòðå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 íà ó÷àñòêå ñî ñòàðûì ãíåçäîì, 4 – áåñïîêîèâøèåñÿ ïðè âèäå íàáëþäàòåëåé, 3 – ñ äîáû÷åé è 40 – â ïîëåòå ëèáî ñèäÿùèå íà ïðèñàäàõ áëèç ðóñëà ðåêè. Ïîñëåäíèå íàáëþäàëèñü îáû÷íî â äîæäü è â âå÷åðíåå âðåìÿ. Íà 14òè ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ïòèö è íà 39-òè ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Îñìîòðåíî 23 ãíåçäà: â îäíîì íàõîäèëîñü

Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) Common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We recorded the species in 28 points (fig. 7). Single birds were observed in 15 points and living nests were found in 13 territories. The most part of found pairs seemed to prefer the large colonies of Sand Martins, located on open precipices with pastures on the top. The most part of found nests (n=14) were located on poplars (92.86%) and only a nest was on the willow. Also the most part of nests (78.57%) were on trees located close to the river bank. All found nests were in forks of trunks or in forks of large branches usually inclining and hanging over the water. The average height of nest locations 15.6±5.07 m (range 9–30 m) or 12.6±5.15 m from the top of tree (range 3–25 m). The average brood size was 3.33±0.52 chicks (n=6; range 3–4 chicks) (Pavlov, 2006; our data). The density was 6.35 records/100 km of the river or 20.43/100 km2 of a total area or 32.48/100 km2 of a forested area. Following data of counts in sunny days the density was 27.88 records/100 km of the river or 34.85/ 100 km2 of a total area or 44.02/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between neighbor points of registration (without sites where birds were possible missed in rainy days) was 1.68±0.78 km (n=18; range 0.45–2.89; Ex=-1.15). The most common distances were from 0,5 to 1.5 km and from 2 to 3 km (fig. 8). The most part pairs seemed to breed at the distance 2–3 km between neighbors, the distances larger than 3 km seemed to prove that pairs were not found, and distances lesser than 2 km – that feeding conditions were favorable and pairs bred denser in such habitats. Buzzard (Buteo buteo) Rare species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We observed 3 adults during water route (fig. 9). The density was 1.75 records/100 km of the river or 2.19 rec./100 km2 of a total area, or 3.48 rec./100 km2 of a forested area. Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) Rare breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We surveyed Booted Eagles in 4 sites of the river: single birds

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 2 îïåðÿþùèõñÿ ïòåíöà çà 2 íåäåëè äî âûëåòà, â 18-òè – ïòåíöû, ãîòîâûå ê âûëåòó, ëèáî ïëîõî ëåòàþùèå ñë¸òêè è áëèç 4-õ ãí¸çä íàáëþäàëèñü óæå õîðîøî ëåòàþùèå ñë¸òêè. Âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–2-õ ïòåíöîâ. Â âûâîäêå â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,26±0,45 ïòåíöîâ (79% âûâîäêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1 ïòåíöà). Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ ìû âîîáùå íå íàáëþäàëè. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä (n=40) ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà òîïîëÿõ (92,5%) áëèç ñàìîãî ðóñëà (10–30 ì îò ðåêè). Ïî îäíîìó ãíåçäó îáíàðóæåíî íà èâå (â 10 ì îò ðóñëà ðåêè), äóáå (â 40 ì îò ðóñëà ðåêè) è ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ãíåçäî êîðøóíà íà îïîðå ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî âïåðâûå â àðåàëå íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà (M. m. migrans). Èç ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ (n=39) 87,5% óñòðîåíû â ðàçâèëêàõ, ÷àñòî áîêîâûõ íàêëîí¸ííûõ ñòâîëîâ, íàâèñàþùèõ íàä âîäîé, 7,5% – íà áîêîâûõ âåòâÿõ â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðàõ îò ñòâîëà è 2,5% – â îñíîâàíèÿõ áîêîâûõ âåòâåé ó ñòâîëà. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò îò 9 äî 30 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 15,6±5,07 ì (3–25, â ñðåäíåì 12,6±5,15 ì îò âåðøèíû äåðåâà). Âñå ãí¸çäà, êðîìå îäíîãî (íà äóáå), áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñ ðåêè. Êîðøóí òàêæå ãíåçäèòñÿ è ïî áåðåãàì ñòàðè÷íûõ îç¸ð â íåêîòîðîì óäàëåíèè îò îñíîâíîãî ðóñëà ðåêè, ÷òî ìû îòìå÷àëè â 2000 ã. Âèäèìî íà äîëþ òàêèõ ïòèö ïðèõîäÿòñÿ âñòðå÷è, íå ïîäêðåïëåííûå ãí¸çäàìè. Îáèëèå êîðøóíîâ ñîñòàâèëî 58,96 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 73,7/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 117,14/100 êì2 ëåñà. Ðàçíèöû â ó÷¸òàõ â ÿñíóþ ïîãîäó è â äîæäü íå çàìå÷åíî, ò.ê. áîëüøèíñòâî ïòèö, êîòîðûå â ÿñíóþ ïîãîäó ëåòàëè è ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü â âîçäóõå, â äîæäü ñèäåëè íà âåòâÿõ êðàéíèõ äåðåâüåâ, ÷àñòî íàä âîäîé è ëåãêî çàìå÷àëèñü ñ ðåêè. Ïëîòíîñòü òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð ñîñòàâèëà 44,54/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 70,75/100 êì2 ëåñà. Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 3. Distribution of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) in the Samara river valley

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ were observed 3 times and a living nest was found (fig. 10). The breeding territory with living nest was localized with the male displayed the courtship behavior on 8 July. It was garland flight display during 20 minutes after that we observed copulation on a perch. We found the living nest with the chick. The nest was located on the old poplar in 110 m from the river bank and was in the fork at the height of 22 m and in 12 m from the top of tree. Both birds in the pair were pale. Also during other records we observed a pale and two dark birds. Distances between points of records were 3.1 and 7.5 km, while the last distance included a settlement. The density was 2.34 records/100 km of the river or 2.92/100 km2 of a total area, or 4.64/100 km2 of a forested area. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) Non-common breeding species of riparian forests of the Samara River. We noted birds in 11 points (fig. 11). Only birds were recorded in 5 points, a pair – in a point and living nests – in 5 points. The density was 6.42 records/100 km of river or 8.03/100 km2 of total area, or 12.76/100 km2 of for-

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est, following data in sunny days the density was 8.26 record/100 km of the river or 10.33/100 km2 of a total area, or 13.04/100 km2 of a forested area. The average distance between points of records in sunny days (without sites where birds were possible missed in rainy days) 3.8±1.98 km (Ex=1.11; n=6; range 1.4–6.7 km). All 5 found nests were located in nests have been originally made by the Hooded Crow in forks of large branches on poplars at the height of 12–30 m, an average of 23.4±7.06 m and in 2–5 m (an average of 3.6±1.52 m) from the top.

Ãíåçäî êîðøóíà (Milvus Migrans) íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nest of the Black Kite (Milvus Migrans) on the electric pole. Photos by I. Karyakin

Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ êîðøóíà Rare species. Only male was noted above ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=100) 0,37–5,52, â ñðåäíåì a pasture on 12 July (fig. 12). 1,28±0,76 êì (Ex=5,77). Äîìèíèðóþò äèñòàíöèè äèàïàçîíà îò 0,5 äî 2 êì (ðèñ. 4, Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) À). Åñëè àíàëèçèðîâàòü ëèøü ðàññòîÿíèÿ Rare species. Only male was noted on 10 ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè è ïàðàìè (ðèñ. July (fig. 12). 4, Â), òî ïîêàçàòåëè ïîëó÷àþòñÿ áëèçêèìè – (n=37) 0,37–2,44, â ñðåäíåì 1,25±0,57 êì (Ex=-0,7). Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî, âñòðå÷è îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö, íå ïîäêðåïë¸ííûå íàõîäêàìè ãí¸çä, ñëåäóåò òàêæå ñ÷èòàòü òåððèòîðèàëüíûìè è ïðèðàâíèâàòü ê ïàðàì ïðè ðàñ÷¸òå ÷èñëåííîñòè, ò.ê. ñ âûñîêîé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ ïàðàì, ó÷àñòêè êîòîðûõ ëåæàò â ïðåäåëàõ ïîëîñû ó÷¸òà, îäíàêî ãí¸çäà ïðèóðî÷åíû íå ê ðóñëó, à ê ñòàðèöàì. Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (2006) íà ðåêàõ Êèíåëü è Ñîê â 2003–2004 ãã. íàáëþäàë â âûâîäêàõ êîðøóíà ïî 1–3 ïòåíöà, à ñðåäíèé âûâîäîê ñîñòàâèë 1,7 ïòåíöîâ, ïðè òîì, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòü êîðøóíà, äàæå åñëè ñðàâíèâàòü òîëüêî òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïàðû, áûëà â 3–4 ðàçà íèæå ïëîòíîñòè íà ð. Ñàìàðà (9,9–15,5 ïàð/100 êì2 ïðîòèâ 44,5 ïàð/100 êì2). Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî 2007 ã. áûë íå ñèëüíî óäà÷íûì â ïëàíå êîðìîäîáû÷è äëÿ êîðøóíà, îäíàêî ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè íàïðàøèâàåòñÿ äðóãîé âûâîä – ïëîòíîñòü êîðøóíà â Ðèñ. 4. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ (À) è ãíåçäîâûìè ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ð. Ñàìàðà ó÷àñòêàìè (Â) êîðøóíîâ â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà âûøå îïòèìàëüíîé, â ñâÿçè ñ Fig. 4. Distance between registration points (A) and nesting ÷åì ñíèæåíèå ïëîäîâèòîñòè territories (B) of the Black Kite in the Samara river valley

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 11 èþëÿ îáíàðóæåíî ïîêèíóòîå ñë¸òêàìè ãíåçäî òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà òîïîëå â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 18 ì, â 5 ì îò âåðõà. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñäåëàíî ïî îñòàòêàì ïèùè è ïåðüÿì, îáíàðóæåííûì ïîä ãíåçäîì, îäíàêî â ñâÿçè ñ ïëîõîé ïîãîäîé óâèäåòü ïòèö íå óäàëîñü. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 1,17 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 1,46/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 2,32/100 êì2 ëåñà. Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ÿâíî çàíèæåíû.

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ëóíåé â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 5. Distribution of harriers in the Samara river valley

ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì óïëîòíåíèÿ äàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè è âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ îñòðîé êîíêóðåíöèè ìåæäó ïàðàìè çà êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ. Ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus) Â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà êðàéíå ðåäîê. Åäèíñòâåííàÿ âñòðå÷à îòìå÷åíà 9 èþëÿ íà ïðèïîéìåííîì ïàñòáèùå áëèç ñ. Ãâàðäåéöû (ðèñ. 5). Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 0,58 îñ./100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,73 îñ./100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus) Â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà íåìíîãî÷èñëåí. Òèïè÷íûé âèä òðîñòíèêîâûõ è ðîãîçíûõ çàðîñëåé ñòàðè÷íûõ îç¸ð, ïîýòîìó íàèáîëüøåé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ñàìàðû, èçîáèëóþùåì ïîäîáíûìè áèîòîïàìè. Â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ âñòðå÷åíû 5 îñîáåé: 2 ñàìöà, â òîì ÷èñëå îäèí ñ äîáû÷åé, è 3 ñàìêè, â òîì ÷èñëå îäíà ñ äîáû÷åé (ðèñ. 5). Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 2,92 îñ./100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 3,65 îñ./100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Íåñîìíåííî, ïëîòíîñòü áîëîòíûõ ëóíåé íàìíîãî âûøå ïî îç¸ðàì âíåøíåé ïåðèôåðèè ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà, îäíàêî íàìè çäåñü ó÷¸ò íå ïðîâîäèëñÿ. Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) Âåðîÿòíî íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Â ñèëó ñâîåé ñêðûòíîñòè íàáëþäàëñÿ îäíàæäû 9 èþëÿ áëèç ñ. Âèëîâàòîå (ðèñ. 6). Íåäàëåêî îò òóðáàçû ó ñ. Ìàêñèìîâêà

Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) Âåðîÿòíî íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Íàáëþäàëñÿ äâàæäû 9 è 10 èþëÿ áëèç ñ¸ë Ãâàðäåéöû è Áîãàòîå ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ðèñ. 6). Îáå âñòðå÷è ïðèóðî÷åíû ê êðóïíûì âûäåëàì ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ ñîñíîâûõ ïîñàäîê, ãäå ïåðåïåëÿòíèê, ñêîðåå âñåãî, è ãíåçäèëñÿ. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì óñòðîåííîå ãíåçäî áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â ñîñíîâîé ïîñàäêå â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà íà òåððèòîðèè Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 1,17 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 1,46/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 2,32/100 êì2 ëåñà. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â ïîéìå ð. Êèíåëü, ïðîòåêàþùåé ñåâåðíåå ð. Ñàìàðà, ïåðåïåëÿòíèê íå áûë îáíàðóæåí Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíûì (2006), à íàìè íàáëþäàëñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ, àíàëîãè÷íîé ñàìàðñêîé. Åâðîïåéñêèé òþâèê (Accipiter brevipes) Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Âñòðå÷åí íà 28 ó÷àñòêàõ (ðèñ. 7). Â 15-òè ñëó÷àÿõ âñòðå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 íà ó÷àñòêå ñ

Ðèñ. 6. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis) è ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (Accipiter nisus) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 6. Distribution of the Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) in the Samara river valley

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå òþâèêà (Accipiter brevipes) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 7. Distribution of the Lewant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) in the Samara river valley

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

ïóñòóþùèì ãíåçäîì, 1 – àòàêîâàâøàÿ îðëàêàðëèêà, 4 – ñ äîáû÷åé, ïðîëåòàâøèå íàä ðåêîé âãëóáü ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà è 9 – â ïîë¸òå íàä ðåêîé, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âî âðåìÿ îõîòû íà êîëîíèÿõ ëàñòî÷åê-áåðåãîâóøåê (Riparia riparia). Íà 13-òè ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Â ðàñïðåäåëåíèè òþâèêà çàìå÷åíà èíòåðåñíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü – ïëîòíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ÿñòðåáîâ áëèç ñ. Ñúåçæåå (ðèñ. 7, À) è àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð òÿãîòååò ê êðóïíûì êîëîíèÿì ëàñòî÷åê-áåðåãîâóøåê, ðàñïîëîæåííûì íà îòêðûòûõ îáðûâàõ ñ ïàñòáèùàìè, ãäå ïòèöû èìåþò âîçìîæíîñòü îõîòèòñÿ êàê íà ëàñòî÷åê, òàê è íà ïðûòêèõ ÿùåðèö (Lacerta agilis). Ïðè÷¸ì, áëèçîñòü íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ íå îêàçûâàåò íèêàêîãî íåãàòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà ðàñïðåäåëåíèå òþâèêà, òîëüêî, ïîæàëóé, ïî-ëîæèòåëüíîå. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, È.Ñ. Ïàâëîâ (2006) îáíàðóæèë ïëîòíóþ ãðóïïèðîâêó òþâèêîâ â ìàå 2002 ã. â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà áëèç ï. Ñìûøëÿåâêà â ïðèãîðîäå Ñàìàðû (çäåñü æå ïîçæå îáíàðóæåíû âûâîäêè). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä (n=14) ðàñïîëàãàëàñü íà òîïîëÿõ (92,86%), ëèøü îäíî ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî íà èâå. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä (78,57%) íàõîäèòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà áåðåãó. Çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøàÿ äîëÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò ðóñëà âãëóáü ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà (21,43%), îáóñëîâëåíà òðóäíîñòüþ èõ

ïîèñêà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìû ñ÷èòàåì, ÷òî íå ìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî òþâèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî áåðåãàì ñòàðèö, à òàêæå âäîëü âîäî¸ìîâ ïî âíåøíåìó êðàþ ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà, ÷òî íàìè áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî â 1999 ã. ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ðÿäà ïëîùàäîê â õîäå àâòîìàðøðóòîâ. Âñå íàéäåííûå ãí¸çäà áûëè óñòðîåíû â ðàçâèëêàõ, ÷àñòî áîêîâûõ íàêëîí¸ííûõ ñòâîëîâ, îáû÷íî íàâèñàþùèõ íàä âîäîé. Âîîáùå, óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä íà íàêëîí¸ííûõ ñòâîëàõ õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ òþâèêîâ, è â ãëóáèíå ëåñà, ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ òîïîëÿõ, èìåþùèõ îäèí ñòâîë, òþâèê òàêæå âûáèðàåò íàêëîí¸ííûå äåðåâüÿ. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 9 äî 30 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 15,6±5,07 ì (3–25, â ñðåäíåì 12,6±5,15 ì îò âåðøèíû äåðåâà). Èç-çà íåäîñòóïíîñòè áîëüøèíñòâà ãí¸çä èõ îñìîòðåíî ëèøü 2: â îäíîì íàõîäèëîñü 3 îïåðÿþùèõñÿ ïòåíöà, â äðóãîì – 4. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå, ìîæíî ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå, ÷òî â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà âûâîäêè òþâèêà ñîñòîÿò èç 3-4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=6) 3,33±0,52 ïòåíöà (Ïàâëîâ, 2006; íàøè äàííûå). Îáèëèå òþâèêîâ ñîñòàâèëî 16,35 âñòðå÷/ 100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 20,43/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 32,48/100 êì2 ëåñà. Â äîæäü òþâèê íàìè íàáëþäàëñÿ åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì áóäåò ïðàâèëüíåå ñ÷èòàòü ïîêàçàòåëè ïî 27 âñòðå÷àì â ÿñíûå ïåðèîäû: îáèëèå – 27,88 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 34,85/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 44,02/100 êì2 ëåñà. Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíûì (2006) â äîëèíå ð. Êèíåëü, ïîéìåííûå ëåñà êîòîðîé â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàèáîëåå ñåâåðíûì ôîðïîñòîì íîðìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òþâèêà â ðåãèîíå, áûëî âûÿâëåíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé

Ðèñ. 8. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ òþâèêîâ â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 8. Distance between registration points of the Lewant Sparrowhawk in the Samara river valley

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ óïëîòíåíèåì ïàð áëèç íàèáîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ ïî êîðìîâûì óñëîâèÿì áèîòîïîâ.

Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà òþâèêà (Accipiter brevipes) íà ïðèáðåæíûõ òîïîëÿõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Typical nests of the Lewant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) on poplars along river. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ãíåçäî (ñëåâà) è ïòåíöû (ñïðàâà) òþâèêà. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî Nest (left) and the chicks (right) of the Lewant Sparrowhawk. Photos by E. Nikolenko

òþâèêîâ, à åãî ïëîòíîñòü â ïîéìå ðåêè ñîñòàâèëà 22 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ òþâèêà â ãðóïïèðîâêàõ íà ð. Ñàìàðà, áåç ó÷¸òà ðàçðûâîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ïðîïëûâîì â äîæäëèâûå ïåðèîäû, ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=18) 0,45–2,89, â ñðåäíåì 1,68±0,78 êì (Ex=-1,15). ßâíî ïðåîáëàäàþò äèñòàíöèè äâóõ äèàïàçîíîâ: îò 0,5 äî 1,5 è îò 2 äî 3 êì (ðèñ. 8). Âèäèìî, áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â 2– 3-õ êì äðóã îò äðóãà, äèñòàíöèè áîëåå 3-õ êì, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñâÿçàíû ñ ïðîïóñêîì ïòèö, à äèñòàíöèè ìåíåå 2-õ êì – ñ

Ðèñ. 9. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 9. Distribution of the Buzzard (Buteo buteo) in the Samara river valley

Îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê (Buteo buteo) Ðåäêèé âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Â ïðèðóñëîâîé ÷àñòè ðåêè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ãíåçäèòñÿ. Â õîäå ñïëàâà ó÷òåíî 3 âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, ïðîëåòàâøèå íàä ðåêîé (ðèñ. 9). Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 1,75 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 2,19/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 3,48/100 êì2 ëåñà. Íåñîìíåííî, ïëîòíîñòü êàíþêà ñóùåñòâåííî âûøå íà âíåøíåé îïóøêå ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà ð. Ñàìàðà, îäíàêî äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íàìè â õîäå ñïëàâà íå îáñëåäîâàëàñü. Â òåððàñíûõ ëåñàõ (Áóçóëóêñêèé áîð è Êðàñíîñàìàðñêèé ëåñ) êàíþê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì îáû÷íûì õèùíèêîì è íàéäåí çäåñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âåçäå, ãäå âåëèñü ðàáîòû. Ñåâåðíåå ð. Ñàìàðà â ïîéìå ð. Êèíåëü ïëîòíîñòü êàíþêà òàêæå íàìíîãî âûøå è ñîñòàâëÿåò 32 ïàðû/100 êì2 (Áàðàáàøèí, 2006). Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî êàðëèê ñòàë ðàññåëÿòüñÿ â ïîéìó ëèøü â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ èç êðóïíûõ òåððàñíûõ ëåñîâ – Êðàñíîñàìàðñêîãî è Áóçóëóêñêîãî áîðîâ, ò.ê. âñå âñòðå÷è âèäà ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ó÷àñòêàì ïîéìû, ãðàíè÷àùåé ñ ýòèìè ëåñàìè. Â õîäå ñïëàâà êàðëèêè âñòðå÷åíû íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ: â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäàëèñü îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå êàðëèê àòàêîâàë êîðøóíà) è íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî (ðèñ. 10). Ñëåäóåò ïîäðîáíî îñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà ïîñëåäíåì ó÷àñòêå. Îí áûë âûÿâëåí 8 èþëÿ â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà, ïðèëåãàþùåé ê Áóçóëóêñêîìó áîðó, ïî òîêóþùåìó íàä ðåêîé ñàìöó, êîòîðûé ñîâåðøàë â òå÷åíèå 20 ìèíóò ãèðëÿíäîâûé ïîë¸ò ñ õàðàêòåðíîé âîêàëèçàöèåé â íèñõîäÿùåì ïèêå. Ïîñëå

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12 òîêîâîãî ïîë¸òà íà ïðèñàäå, êîòîðàÿ íàõîäèëàñü íà îäèíî÷íîé ìàÿ÷íîé ñîñíå â 30 ì îò ðåêè, íàáëþäàëàñü êîïóëÿöèÿ (èëè å¸ èìèòàöèÿ). Òàêîå ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü òîëüêî âåñíîé, ïîýòîìó áûëî ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ó÷àñòîê çàíÿò íåðàçìíîæàþùåéñÿ ïàðîé. Îäíàêî, ïîñëå 30 ìèíóò ïîèñêà, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèëñÿ íà÷àâøèé îïåðÿòüñÿ ïòåíåö! Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñòàðîì òîïîëå â 110 ì îò ðóñëà ðåêè è áûëî óñòðîåíî â ðàçâèëêå íà âûñîòå 22 ì, â 12 ì îò âåðõà è ïëîõî ïðîñìàòðèâàëîñü êàê ñíèçó, òàê è ñ áîêîâ. Îáå ïòèöû â ïàðå áûëè ñâåòëîé ìîðôû. Â õîäå äðóãèõ âñòðå÷ íàáëþäàëèñü ñâåòëûé (òàêæå â ïîéìå, ïðèëåãàþùåé ê Áóçóëóêñêîìó áîðó) è 2

Ãíåçäî (ñëåâà) è ïòåíåö (ñïðàâà) îðëà-êàðëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Nest (left) and the chick (right) of the Booted Eagle. Photos by I. Karyakin

Îðëû-êàðëèêè (Hieraaetus pennatus) ñâåòëîé (ñëåâà) è ò¸ìíîé (ñïðàâà) ìîðôû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Pale (left) and dark morph (right) of Booted Eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus). Photos by I. Karyakin

ñîêîëîâ â ïåðèîä, êîãäà â ãí¸çäàõ íàõîäÿòñÿ ïóõîâèêè, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì òåõ ñëó÷àåâ, êîãäà íà èõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ õèùíèêè. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ðåãèñòðàöèè ñâÿçàíû ñ äåìîíñòðàöèîííûì ïîâåäåíèåì ÷åãëîêîâ ïðè äðóãèõ õèùíèêàõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî êîðøóíàõ, ëèáî ñåðûõ âîðîíàõ (Corvus cornix), ïðè÷¸ì â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîêîëû àòàêîâàëè ÷¸ðíûõ êîðøóíîâ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòåí ìåòðîâ. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 6,42 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 8,03/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 12,76/100 êì2 ëåñà. ×åãëîêè íàáëþäàëèñü â äîæäü 8 èþëÿ, à 10 èþëÿ âî âðåìÿ äîæäÿ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ïî ãîëîñîâîé àêòèâíîñòè ïàðû, íî â öåëîì âî âðåìÿ äîæäÿ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ïàäàëà ïî ïðè÷èíå òîãî, ÷òî êîðøóíû, âûçûâàâøèå íàèáîëåå àêòèâíóþ ðåàêöèþ ÷åãëîêîâ, êîòîðàÿ è ôèêñèðîâàëàñü â õîäå ó÷¸òà, â äîæäü ñèäåëè íà ïðèñàäàõ. Ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìàðøðóòà ìîæíî îäíîçíà÷íî ãîâîðèòü îá îòñóòñòâèè âñòðå÷ èç-çà ïëîõîé ïîãîäû, â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðîéäåííûõ âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó

ò¸ìíûõ êàðëèêà (â ïîéìå, ïðèëåãàþùåé ê Êðàñíîñàìàðñêîìó ëåñó). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ êàðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 3,1 è 7,5 êì, ïðè÷¸ì â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ Ðèñ. 10. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus penðàñïîëàãàëñÿ íàñåë¸ííûé natus) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà ïóíêò. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 2,34 Fig. 10. Distribution of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus penâñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîònatus) in the Samara river valley 2 íîñòü – 2,92/100 êì îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 4,64/100 êì2 ëåñà. ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ ð. Ñàìàðà. Âñòðå÷åí íà 11 ó÷àñòêàõ (ðèñ. 11). Â 5-òè ñëó÷àÿõ âñòðå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå – ïàðà ïòèö è íà 5-òè ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ÷åãëîêà êðàéíå íåðàâíîìåðíà, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî ñêðûòíûì ïîâåäåíèåì

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus) Ðåäêèé âèä. Ñàìåö âñòðå÷åí íàä ïàñòáèùåì áëèç ñ. Äîìàøêà 12 èþëÿ (ðèñ. 12). Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 0,58 îñ./100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,73 îñ./100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) Â îòëè÷èå îò âåðõîâüåâ ð. Ñàìàðà, â íèçîâüÿõ ïóñòåëüãà îêàçàëàñü êðàéíå ðåäêîé. Åäèíñòâåííàÿ âñòðå÷à ñàìöà ïðîèçîøëà áëèç ìîñòà àâòîòðàññû íà ñ. Áîãàòîå 10 èþëÿ (ðèñ. 12). Ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè àíàëîãè÷íû ïëîòíîñòè ïðåäûäóùåãî âèäà.

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ÷åãëîêà (Falco subbuteo) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 11. Distribution of the Hobby (Falco subbuteo) in the Samara river valley

Ðèñ. 12. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êîá÷èêà (Falco vespertinus) è ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà Fig. 12. Distribution of the Red-Footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) and Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the Samara river valley

äíÿ 9 èþëÿ è 11 èþëÿ. Èñêëþ÷èâ ýòè ó÷àñòêè, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ñëåäóþùèõ ïîêàçàòåëÿõ ïëîòíîñòè ÷åãëîêà: îáèëèå – 8,26 âñòðå÷/100 êì ðåêè, ïëîòíîñòü – 10,33/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 13,04/100 êì2 ëåñà. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ â ÿñíûå äíè áåç ó÷¸òà ó÷àñòêîâ ñ ïîòåíöèàëüíûìè ïðîïóñêàìè ïòèö (n=6), ñîñòàâèëî 1,4–6,7 êì, â ñðåäíåì – 3,8±1,98 êì (Ex=-1,11). Âñå 5 íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ âîðîí íà òîïîëÿõ è áûëè óñòðîåíû â ðàçâèëêàõ áîêîâûõ ñòâîëîâ íà âûñîòå 12–30 ì, â ñðåäíåì 23,4±7,06 ì, îò âåðøèíû íà ðàññòîÿíèè 2–5 ì, â ñðåäíåì – 3,6±1,52 ì. Ãí¸çäà íå îñìàòðèâàëèñü íà ïðåäìåò ñîäåðæèìîãî èç-çà íåäîñòóïíîñòè, îäíàêî â 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ â îïòèêó ñ çåìëè íàáëþäàëè êîðìëåíèå ìåëêèõ ïóõîâè÷êîâ.

Â çàêëþ÷åíèè õî÷åòñÿ îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïîéìåííûå ëåñà ð. Ñàìàðà ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì ðåçåðâàòîì òàêîãî ðåäêîãî âèäà, êàê òþâèê, à òàêæå ìåñòîì ñîñðåäîòî÷åíèÿ êðóïíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè êîðøóíà, êîòîðûé âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè èìååò íåãàòèâíûå òðåíäû. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå î÷åíü íèçêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü òàêèõ íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûõ â òîé æå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âèäîâ, êàê êàíþê, ëóãîâîé ëóíü, ïåðåïåëÿòíèê è îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà. Íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû â ïðåäåëàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè òàêèõ êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ, êàê áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê è ìîãèëüíèê, õîòÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ îáîèõ âèäîâ èìåþòñÿ â äîñòàòî÷íîì êîëè÷åñòâå. Ìîãèëüíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ äîâîëüíî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó, è áëèæàéøåå ê ïîéìå Ñàìàðû ãíåçäî ýòîãî âèäà (â 1 êì îò ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà) ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ïåðâîé áîðîâîé òåððàñå áëèç ï. Êîëòóáàíîâñêèé íà òåððèòîðèè Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû èçâåñòåí òàêæå èç Áóçóëóêñêîãî áîðà ñ òåððèòîðèè Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Àâòîðû âûðàæàþò èñêðåííþþ ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòü Àëåêñåþ Ïàæåíêîâó è Äìèòðèþ Êîðæåâó, ïîìîãàâøèì â îðãàíèçàöèè îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ð. Ñàìàðà. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû äîëèí ðåê Ñîê è Êèíåëü â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 34–38. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). – Í. Íîâãîðîä, èçä-âî «Ïîâîëæüå». 2004. 351 ñ. Ïàâëîâ È.Ñ. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè åâðîïåéñêîãî òþâèêà (Accipiter brevipes) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Âåñòíèê ÑàìÃÓ. Åñòåñòâåííîíàó÷íàÿ ñåðèÿ. 2006. ¹ 7 (47). Ñ. 139–141.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

                                                                           Êîíòàêò: Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» Ðîññèÿ 630090 Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 òåë./ôàêñ: +7 (383) 363 00 59 ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru Contact: Ilya Smelansky NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel./fax: +7(383) 363 00 59 ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru

Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â ìàññèâå Øóáàðáàéòàë. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé Breeding territory of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Shubarbaital forest. Photo by A. Barashkova

Ìåòîäèêà Â ìàå–èþíå 2007 ã., â ðàìêàõ Ïðîãðàììû âûÿâëåíèÿ êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé (Àññîöèàöèÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà), áûë îáñëåäîâàí ðÿä ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâîâ â ïðåäåëàõ Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè (äàëåå – ÂÊÎ). Â õîäå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîëó÷åíû äàííûå îá îáèòàíèè çäåñü ðÿäà âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Àâòîìîáèëüíûé ïðîáåã þæíåå Óñòü-Êàìåíîãîðñêà è Ñåìèïàëàòèíñêà ñîñòàâèë îêîëî 2000 êì, ñóììàðíàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ – îêîëî 300 êì çà 27 ðàáî÷èõ äíåé (23 ìàÿ - 19 èþíÿ). Ðàáî÷èé ìàðøðóò íà÷èíàëñÿ â çàïàäíîé ïåðèôåðèè Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíû (ñàé Êóðàéëû; ñîïêè Áåñêîíàê, Æåêåòîáå è Êûçûëòîáå âîêðóã ñîðà Àùûêîëü) – äàëåå ìåëêîñîïî÷íàÿ ãðÿäà Æàãàëáàéëû (ìåæäó ðåêàìè Áóãàç è Áàçàð) – äàëåå ï. Êûçûëêåñåê – ñèñòåìà ïðèòîêîâ ð. Øåò-Áóãàç (ðåêè Åñïå, Àðàï, Óëüêåí-Áóãàç è Áóãàç) è ãðàíèòíûå ìàññèâû Øóáàðáàéòàë è Êûçûëòàñ – ñ. Òàðáàãàòàé – ñèñòåìû ð. Áîðëûñàé ñ ð. Áîðëû, ïðèòîêîâ Áàëòà-Òàðàê (ðåêè Ýñïå, Áàëòà-Êàðà) è ñêëîíû ðàçäåëÿþùèõ èõ âîäîðàçäåëüíûõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâîâ (Áàòïàêòàñ, Êàðàæîòà, Áàëòà-Òàðàê, Îòúÿð è äð.) – ãîðîä Àÿãóç – ìåëêîñîïî÷íûé þæíûé

Some hill territories in the Eastern Kazakhstan district were surveyed within of the Central Asian IBAs Project (Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan) in May–June 2007. The survey route passed through the western edge of the Zaissan lake depression, the Jagalbaily ridge (between the Bughaz and Bazar rivers), the Espe, Arap, Ulken-Bughaz rivers, the Shubarbaital and Kyzyltas outcrop territories, the system of the Borlysai – Borly – Espe rivers, then to the west along the Ayaghoz valley (down to its tributary Kuraily river), the north-eastern slopes of the Shynghystau ridge (including the Kensai, Alpeis and Bokai valleys inside), the Orda mountains. This area belongs to the Eastern Kazakhstan hill massifs mainly covered with steppe vegetation. The forests are only in several valleys. The main raptors’ preys are the Grey Marmot (Marmota baibacina), Susliks (Spermophilus erythrogenys, S. undulatus), Siberian Zokor (Myospalax myospalax), Steppe Lemming (Lagurus lagurus), Steppe Pika (Ochotona pusilla), Mountain Hare (Lepus timidus), Partridge (Perdix perdix), and Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus). Results Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). A total of 21 breeding territories were localized. We examined 33 nests that are all located at the altitude 447–982 m. A third of nests were oriented generally to north-eastern direction and more than a half were directed to west. Eleven examined nesting sites were occupied, 10 of them were successful with usually 2 chicks (1.82±0.87 per occupied nest and 2±0.67 per breeding pair). We set 3 study plots to calculate the Steppe Eagle density. (1) Surroundings of the Aschikol lake:

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 4 breeding territories, 3.5±0.5 km between neighbors, 8 pairs/100 km2. (2) The system of Borlysai, Borly and Espe rivers: 7 breeding territories on 320 km; 3.04 pairs/100 km2. (3) The Karaadyr and Saryadyr ridges: 3 breeding territories, 6.74±2.04 km between neighbors, 1.36 pairs/100 km2. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Total 3 breeding territories were localized. 2 of which located in the Shynghystau were occupied (there were 2 chicks in one nest and minimum 1 chick in another). An empty nest was found in the Shubarbaital outcrop. All nests were on cliffs. Obviously this eagle is usual in the Shynghystau.

Äîëèíà ð. Êóðàéëû. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé The Kurayly river valley. Photo by A. Barashkova

ñêëîí íèçêîãîðüÿ ×èíãèñòàó â ñèñòåìàõ ïðèòîêîâ Àÿãîçà, ðåê Îðòà-Ñàðûîçåê è Êèøè-Ñàðûîçåê, Øóéãóí, Êóðàéëû ñ Àêáàñòàó – ïîéìà è íàäïîéìåííûå òåððàñû ð. Àÿãîç âûøå óñòüÿ Êóðàéëû – ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ôàñ íèçêîãîðüÿ ×èíãèñòàó: îò ïåðåäîâîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íîãî ìàññèâà Îêïåêòû ñ îñòàíöîâûìè ñîïêàìè Äåëüáåãåòåé è äð. äî ñ. Êûçûëòàñ – âíóòðü ãîð ×èíãèñòàó ââåðõ ïî äîëèíå ð. Êåíñàé íà îç. Êîëüáàñ, äàëåå â äîëèíó ð. Àëüïåèñ (ó çèìîâêè Àêøàòàó), âäîëü ãðÿäû Àêøàòàó (ïîä âåðøèíàìè Êàðàêøû è Êûçûëæàë) äî âåðõíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Áàêàíàñ – âûõîä èç ãîð ïî ñèñòåìå ð. Áîêàé – äàëåå âäîëü ôàñà ãîð Õàí÷èíãèç (Êàíøûíãûñ) äî ñ. Êàðàóë – ãðàíèòíûé ìàññèâ Îðäà – ïî òðàññå íà ï. Êàñêàáóëàê è äàëåå íà âûåçä ÷åðåç Ñåìèïàëàòèíñê. Ïðèðîäíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òåððèòîðèè Îáñëåäîâàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïîëíîñòüþ îòíîñèòñÿ ê îáëàñòè, ÷àñòî îïèñûâàåìîé êàê Âîñòî÷íûé èëè Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê (Ðàâíèíû…, 1975; Ñâàðè÷åâñêàÿ, 1965). Å¸ ãåîìîðôîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñïåöèôèêà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïîëîæåíèåì íà êîíòàêòå âûñîêèõ ãîð Àëòàÿ è Òàðáàãàòàÿ ñ Çàéñàíñêîé âïàäèíîé è Êàçàõñêèì êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèì ùèòîì. Òåððèòîðèÿ çàíÿòà ìåëêîñîïî÷íûìè è íèçêîãîðíûìè (äî 1400 ì í.ó.ì.) ìàññèâàìè ðàçëè÷íîé ïëîùàäè, îðãàíèçîâàííûìè â áîëåå êðóïíûå ñóáïàðàëëåëüíûå ñòðóêòóðû ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî ïðîñòèðàíèÿ (îò ìåëêîñîïî÷íîé ãðÿäû çàïàäíîãî áîðòà Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíû äî íèçêîãîðíîãî ïîäíÿòèÿ ×èíãèñòàó-Õàí÷èíãèç), ðàçäåë¸ííûå øèðîêèìè ñòðóêòóðíûìè äîëèíàìè, êîòîðûå ëèøü ÷àñòè÷íî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñîâðåìåííîé ðå÷íîé ñåòüþ. Ñ âîñòîêà è þãà Âîñòî÷íûé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê îãðàíè÷åí îòíîñèòåëüíî êðóïíûìè äîëèíàìè ðåê ×àð (Øàð) è Àÿãîç, îòäåëÿþùèìè åãî îò

Booted Eagle (Hieraeetus pennatus). One record was in the Sary-Arka village vicinities. Probably its nest was on a cliff nearby because there were not appropriate trees around. One nest of the Booted Eagle was found on the poplar in the riparian forest of the Kuraily river, it was occupied by Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus). We recorded the species twice in the Kuraily river (8 km one from another). Nests were not found. Crested Honey-Buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) was observed once in the Jagalbaily massif. Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus). A total of 57 nests in 30 breeding territories were recorded. The Long-Legged Buzzard is the common species in the surveyed territory but many of its nests were empty or occupied by falcons mainly by the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and by the Kestrel in one case. Only 5 nests were occupied by the Long-Legged Buzzard. 4 of them were successful – with 2 and 3 (in one case) chicks; one clutch probably perished. Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus). A total of 27 breeding territories were localized. The Pallid Harrier inhabits 3 types of steppe biotopes in the Eastern hill massifs: (1) broad terraces of large flat valleys, (2) not very steep slopes of relatively large valleys in the hill massifs, (3) gently hilly inner plateaus of the hill massifs. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus). Three birds were recorded in the Shynghystau.

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12 ïðåäãîðèé, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, Êàëáèíñêîãî õðåáòà è Òàðáàãàòàÿ. Âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ ñòåïíîé çîíû; â íàèáîëåå âûñîêèõ ìàññèâàõ âûðàæåíà âûñîòíàÿ ïîÿñíîñòü, âñÿ êîëîíêà êîòîðîé òàêæå ïðåäñòàâëåíà ñòåïÿìè (îò ïóñòûííûõ äî ëóãîâûõ) (Ñòåïàíîâà, 1962). Ôàêòè÷åñêè ñòåïíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ (â ðàçëè÷íûõ å¸ âàðèàíòàõ) ïîêðûòî íå ìåíåå 80% îáùåé ïëîùàäè. Ïðåîáëàäàþò ïóñòûííûå è ñóõèå ñòåïè ñ áîëüøèì èëè ìåíüøèì ó÷àñòèåì ïîëûíåé è ìåçîêñåðîôèòíîãî ðàçíîòðàâüÿ; øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû êóñòàðíèêîâûå è ïåòðîôèòíûå âàðèàíòû âñåõ ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ òèïîâ ñòåïåé. Ïî ùåáíèñòûì ñêëîíàì ñîïîê, ïî ðàâíèííûì òåððàñàì ðåê è ò.ï. ñî ñòåïÿìè ÷àñòî ñî÷åòàþòñÿ ñîáñòâåííî çàðîñëè ñòåïíûõ êóñòàðíèêîâ, ïî öåíîòè÷åñêîé ðîëè â íèõ âûäåëÿþòñÿ íåñêîëüêî âèäîâ êàðàãàíû, ñïèðåè, â îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ – òàêæå æèìîëîñòü ìåëêîëèñòíàÿ è ÷èíãèëü. Ïëîñêîäîííûå ïîíèæåíèÿ îáû÷íî çàíÿòû ñîë¸íûìè îç¸ðàìè è ñîðàìè, îêðóæ¸ííûìè ïîÿñîì ãàëîôèòíî-ïóñòûííûõ ñîëÿíêîâûõ, ðåæå ïîëûííî-ñîëÿíêîâûõ ñîîáùåñòâ. Íèçêèå óðîâíè äåëþâèàëüíûõ øëåéôîâ è ïåäèìåíòîâ ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâîâ ÷àñòè÷íî çàíÿòû ïîëûííèêàìè ñåâåðíîïóñòûííîãî òèïà. Ëåñà ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïî÷òè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî óðåìîé, ðàçâèòîé ïî ïîéìàì íåêîòîðûõ ðåê (Áàçàð, Áóãàç, Àÿãîç è åãî ïðèòîêè, òåêóùèå ñ ×èíãèñòàó), è äîëèííûìè ëåñàìè ïî ãëóáîêèì äîëèíàì è ëîãàì íàèáîëåå âûñîêèõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîâ (×èíãèñòàó, Øóáàðáàéòàë). Ëåñà îáðàçîâàíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îñèíîé, áåð¸çîé, òîïîëåì ëàâðîëèñòíûì ñ ó÷àñòèåì ðÿäà âèäîâ èâ, ëîõà, òàìàðèêñà. Ìîæíî âûäåëèòü íåñêîëüêî îñíîâíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ áèîòîïîâ, ðàçëè÷íî êîìáèíèðóþùèõñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ òåððèòîðèè: (1) ðåçêî ïåðåñå÷¸ííûé êðóòîñêëîííûé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê ñ îáèëèåì ñêàë è îñûïåé, ïîêðûòûé êîðîòêîòðàâíîé ðàçðåæåííîé ïåòðîôèòíîé ñòåïüþ ñ ó÷àñòèåì íèçêèõ êóñòàðíèêîâ; (2) õîëìèñòî-ãðÿäîâûé, îòíîñèòåëüíî ñïîêîéíûõ î÷åðòàíèé ñòåïíîé ëàíäøàôò, ãäå áîëüøèå ïëîùàäè çàíÿòû êðóïíîçëàêîâûìè (÷èåâûìè, îñòðåöîâûìè) è êóñòàðíèêîâûìè ñîîáùåñòâàìè, ñêàëüíûå âûõîäû íåìíîãî÷èñëåííû è íå çàíèìàþò áîëüøèõ ïëîùàäåé (îñîáûé âàðèàíò ýòîãî òèïà çàíèìàåò îñåâîå îñòàíöîâîå ïëàòî íèçêîãîðíîãî ìàññèâà ×èíãèñòàó); (3) îáøèðíûå ïëîñêèå, ëèíåéíî âûòÿíóòûå ñòåïíûå ðàâíèíû (ñòðóêòóðíûå äîëèíû), ïðîðåçàííûå ñàÿìè è óçêèìè âëîæåííûìè äîëèíàìè ìåëêèõ ðåê, ÷àñòî ñ ðàçáðîñàííûìè ïî ðàâíèíå îñòàíöîâûìè ñîïî÷íûìè

Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis). A pair was observed in the Shubarbaital massif. Probably both Vultures are not nesting in the territory. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). A total of 8 inhabited breeding territories were localized. 6 or 7 of which were actually occupied. The Sakers occupied cliff nests that have originally built by the Long-Legged Buzzard. Clutches in 2 nests was not less 4 eggs (there were 4 fledging chicks in one nest and 3 fully fledged chicks and an egg in another nest). A total of 4 nests observed were successful (3.33±0.58 chicks per occupied nest), the data on others is unknown. Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni). No less than 260 adults (or no less than 107 breeding pairs) were recorded in 60 sites. 51 nesting sites (from 1 to 10 breeding pairs in every site; 2.3±2.0 pairs on average) were localized. There were 3 and no less than 4 chicks observed in two nests. The Lesser Kestrel is more common in the large flat valleys. There were recorded 8 colonies per 35 km in the region of the Borly, Borlysai, and Espe rivers mainly along the power lines (2.5±1.15 km between records; a total of 30 pairs; 2.72±2.10 pairs per settlement). Hobby (Falco subbuteo) inhabits the all territory. 3 nests examined were built on trees in the riparian forests. Little Owl (Athene noctua) was recorded only one time on the face of Shynghystau. A total of 3 empty breeding territories of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) were localized. The birds were not observed.

Äîìîâîé ñû÷ (Athene noctua) íà ìîãèëå âîçëå ñ. Æóðåêàäûð. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî Little Owl (Athene noctua) on the tomb near the Jurekadyr village. Photo by I. Smelansky

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ðèñ. 1. Òî÷êè íàõîäîê ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) è áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) ïî ëèíèè ìàðøðóòà: 1 – çàíÿòûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà, 2 – âñòðå÷è ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ñ íåÿñíûì ñòàòóñîì, 3 – íåæèëûå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà, 4 – çàíÿòûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áåðêóòà, 5 – âñòðå÷è áåðêóòîâ ñ íåÿñíûì ñòàòóñîì, 6 – íåæèëûå ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà Fig. 1. Points of the Steppe Eagle îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) and the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) records during survey routes: 1 – occupied breeding territories of the Steppe Eagle; 2 – records of the Steppe Eagle (status is unknown); 3 – empty nests of the Steppe Eagle; 4 – occupied breeding territories of the Golden Eagle; records of the Golden Eagle (status is unknown); empty nests of the Golden Eagle.

ãðóïïàìè è ñîðàìè; (4) ïåòðîôèòíîñòåïíûå ãðàíèòíûå ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêè, ñëîæåííûå ìàòðàöåâèäíûìè è ìåëêî ðàñòðåñêàííûìè ãðàíèòàìè, îòëè÷àþùèåñÿ ðóèííûì ðåëüåôîì, îáèëèåì ñêàë, ãëóáîêî âðåçàííûìè ðå÷íûìè äîëèíàìè (÷àñòî ñ óðåìîé ïî äíèùàì); (5) õîðîøî ðàçðàáîòàííûå ñòóïåí÷àòûå (ñ ñåðèåé òåððàñ) äîëèíû îòíîñèòåëüíî êðóïíûõ ðåê, â ïîéìå êîòîðûõ ðàçâèòû óðåìíûå ëåñà, çàëèâíûå ëóãà è òðàâÿíûå áîëîòà, òîãäà êàê âñå áîëåå âûñîêèå ýëåìåíòû äîëèíû ïîêðûòû ñòåïüþ è ñòåïíûìè êóñòàðíèêàìè. Êîðìîâàÿ áàçà êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíà òàêèìè ìàññîâûìè âèäàìè, êàê ñåðûé ñóðîê (Marmota baibacina), êðàñíîù¸êèé è äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèêè (Spermophilus erythrogenys, S. undulatus), àëòàéñêèé öîêîð (Myospalax myospalax), ñòåïíàÿ ïåñòðóøêà (Lagurus lagurus), ñòåïíàÿ ïèùóõà (Ochotona pusilla), çàÿö-áåëÿê (Lepus timidus), ñåðàÿ è áåëàÿ êóðîïàòêè (Perdix perdix, Lagopus lagopus). Â ïðåäåëàõ îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè ðàñïîëîæåí íåáîëüøîé ãîðîä Àÿãóç, íåñêîëüêî êðóïíûõ ïîñ¸ëêîâ (Êàðàóë, Òàðáàãàòàé) è ðÿä ìåëêèõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, îäíàêî íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûé òèï íàñåë¸ííîãî ìåñòà – ñòàöèîíàðíûå çèìîâêè (â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ çàñåë¸ííûå è ëåòîì) è ëåòíèå ÷àáàíñêèå ñòîÿíêè (æàéëÿó). Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ â öåëîì íèçêà, íåñêîëüêî ïîâûøàåòñÿ îíà òîëüêî ïî ïåðèôåðèè ×èíãèñòàó. Ñòåïåíü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû îòãîííûõ ïàñòáèù (çèìîâîê, îáîðóäîâàííûõ êîëîäöåâ) äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêà, íî íåîäíîðîäíà â ïðåäåëàõ òåððèòîðèè. Â öåëîì íå ìåíåå 80% îòìå÷åííûõ íà êàðòå çèìîâîê è ñòîÿíîê áûëî ôàêòè÷åñêè çàíÿòî. Ïî÷òè âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ âûïàñà êðóïíîãî ðîãàòîãî ñêîòà, ëîøàäåé è îâåö. Áîëåå âûñîêîòðàâíûå âàðèàíòû

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñòåïåé è ëóãà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ êàê ñåíîêîñû, íî ïëîùàäü ñåíîêîñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìàëà, îíè îáû÷íî ðàñïîëîæåíû ïîáëèçîñòè îò çèìîâîê è ïîñ¸ëêîâ. Äàííûìè î ïîãîëîâüå ñêîòà ìû íå ðàñïîëàãàåì. Ïî âèçóàëüíîé îöåíêå, ïàñòáèùíàÿ íàãðóçêà â ñðåäíåì óìåðåííàÿ, îäíàêî âîêðóã çèìîâîê ïî ôàñó ×èíãèñòàó è íà òåððàñàõ ð. Àùûñó îòìå÷àþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûå ñáèòûå ó÷àñòêè. Â 1950–80-å ãã. îêîëî 10% îñìîòðåííîé òåððèòîðèè áûëî ðàñïàõàíî – íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ó÷àñòêè ïàøíè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ïî øëåéôàì ×èíãèñòàó è ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâîâ, è íà òåððàñàõ ñòðóêòóðíûõ äîëèí. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïî÷òè âñå îíè çàáðîøåíû â çàëåæü, è íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ðàçíûõ ñòàäèÿõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé Íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè îòìå÷åíî 18 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è 5 âèäîâ ñîâîîáðàçíûõ, à èìåííî: ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus), çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus), õîõëàòûé îñîåä (Pernis ptilorhynchus), îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê (Buteo buteo), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans), êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis), ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus), ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus), ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus), ÿñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), ÿñòðåá-ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), ÷åãëîê (Falco subbuteo), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus), ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni), ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus), ñïëþøêà (Otus scops), äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua). Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) Çàñåëÿåò âñþ îáñëåäîâàííóþ òåððèòîðèþ. Ëîêàëèçîâàí 21 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê – 11 äîñòîâåðíî æèëûõ, 10 âåðîÿòíûõ (ïî âñòðå÷àì ïòèö â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ, âáëèçè íåçàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä). Âñåãî îñìîòðåíî 33 ãíåçäà (ðèñ. 1). Ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëîæåíû â èíòåðâàëå âûñîò îò 447 äî 982 ì í.ó.ì., â ñðåäíåì 748,03±158,12 ì í.ó.ì.; òðåòü âñåõ ãí¸çä îðèåíòèðîâàíà â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèè (îò Â äî ÑÑÂ), áîëåå ïîëîâèíû – â çàïàäíîì (êâàäðàíò ÑÇ-ÞÇ). Â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü ñèòóàöèè â ïðåäãîðüÿõ ðîññèéñêîãî Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ è Êàëáèíñêîãî õðåáòà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006), ÿñíîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ê îïðåäåë¸ííîìó èíòåðâàëó âûñîò è

Raptors Research

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà ïî ýêñïîçèöèè ñêëîíà, ïðîöåíò îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ãí¸çä (n=30) Fig. 2. Distribution of the Steppe Eagle nests following the exposition of slope, portion of a total number of nests (n=30)

Ñàìêà ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé Female of the Steppe Eagle in the nest. Photo by A. Barashkova

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

ýêñïîçèöèè íå âûÿâëÿåòñÿ (ðèñ. 2). Õàðàêòåðíîé ÷åðòîé ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà çäåñü, êàê è â äðóãèõ ìåñòàõ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûðàæåííî óãëóáëåííûé ëîòîê (â ñðåäíåì åãî ãëóáèíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 10±5,3 ñì, ìåíüøå 5 ñì òîëüêî â ÿâíî ðàçðóøåííûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ), çàïîëíåííûé ðàçíîðîäíûì ìàòåðèàëîì. Òèïè÷íî íàëè÷èå â ãíåçäå ìàòåðèàëîâ àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ (òàêèõ, êàê òðÿïêè, ðåçèíà, ïîëèýòèëåí, áóìàãà, ïðîâîëîêà è ò.ï.) è äåðèâàòîâ äîìàøíèõ êîïûòíûõ (ñóõèõ êîñòåé, ñóõîãî íàâîçà, øåðñòè). Òîëüêî â 5 ãí¸çäàõ (îêîëî 15% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà) òàêîãî ìàòåðèàëà íå áûëî – ýòî áûëè ñòàðûå íåèñïîëüçóåìûå ãí¸çäà, ãäå âûñòèëêà íå ñîõðàíèëàñü. Â ëîòêå íèêîãäà íå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ñâåæèå âåòêè ñ çåë¸íûìè ëèñòüÿìè. Ðàçìåðû ãí¸çä âàðüèðóþò îò 1,8 ì ïî áîëüøåìó äèàìåòðó äî 0,4 ì ïî ìåíüøåìó, îäíàêî â ñðåäíåì ñîñòàâëÿþò 1,42±0,26 õ 1,15±0,29 ì, ïðè âûñîòå ãíåçäà â ñðåäíåì 0,48±0,27 ì (ðàçáðîñ îò 0,1 äî

1,3 ì). Ïðè ýòîì, åñëè îãðàíè÷èòüñÿ òîëüêî âûáîðêîé ïî èñïîëüçóåìûì (çàíÿòûì è ïîñåùàåìûì) ãí¸çäàì, õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îòëè÷àþòñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíî: 1,39±0,22 ì õ 1,18±0,35 ì, âûñîòà 0,53±0,31 ì (îò 0,2 äî 1,3 ì). Äëÿ ïîñòðîåê ñòåïíîãî îðëà õàðàêòåðíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå îòíîñèòåëüíî òîëñòûõ ïðóòüåâ – îñíîâó ãíåçäà âñåãäà ñîñòàâëÿþò ïðóòüÿ òîëùèíîé íå ìåíåå 1 ñì (äî 3,5 ñì) â äèàìåòðå. Íà âñåõ, êðîìå îäíîãî, çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå îñìîòðåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà, îòìå÷åíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå (90,9%). Â âûâîäêå 2, ðåæå 1 èëè 3 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 1,82±0,87 íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî (n=11) è 2±0,67 íà ãíåçäî ñ óñïåøíûì ðàçìíîæåíèåì (n=10). Â ýòîì ãîäó, êàê è â 2006, â ïîñëåäíþþ íåäåëþ ìàÿ â ãí¸çäàõ (îêðàèíà Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíû è áàññåéí ð. Êîêïåêòû) áûëè ïóõîâèêè â âîçðàñòå 1–7 äíåé è âûëóïëÿþùèåñÿ ïòåíöû (îäèí ñëó÷àé â 2007 ã. è îäèí â 2006 ã.). Ïðîìåðû íåäàâíî âûëóïèâøèõñÿ ïòåíöîâ (1–3 äíÿ) – 140–150 ìì, ðàçðåç ðòà – 25–32 ìì; â íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çäàõ â ýòî æå âðåìÿ âñòðå÷åíû áîëåå âçðîñëûå ïòåíöû: 250-295 ìì, ðàçðåç ðòà 45–50 ìì. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå îäèí èç äâóõ ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå (ìåíüøèé) áûë èçúåäåí ìîøêîé, ïîêðûò ñòðóïüÿìè è âûãëÿäåë îñëàáëåííûì. Åù¸ â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ìîæíî ñ áîëüøîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ ãîâîðèòü î ãèáåëè âñåãî âûâîäêà (âåðîÿòíî, ïòåíöû áûëè óíåñåíû êàêèì-òî õèùíèêîì). Íà ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè â 4 ñëó÷àÿõ âñòðå÷åíû ñâåæèå îñòàòêè äîáû÷è – êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñëèêà (íà òð¸õ ãíåçäàõ), ñòåïíîé ïèùóõè è óøàñòîãî åæà (Hemiechinus auritus) (îäíî ãíåçäî). Íà òð¸õ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ îïðåäåëåíî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè æèëûìè ó÷àñòêàìè. (1) Îêðåñòíîñòè ñîðà Àùûêîëü íà âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíå òåððèòîðèè Âîñòî÷íîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà: âûÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó íèìè ñîñòàâèëî 3,5±0,5 êì, ðàññ÷èòàííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íà ïëîùàäêå – 8 ïàð/100 êì2. (2) Ìàðøðóò 230 êì ïî äîëèíàì ÁîðëûñàéÁîðëû-Ýñïå è ìåëêîñîïî÷íûì ìàññèâàì íà èõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ: âûÿâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ; ðàññ÷èòàííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü – 3,04 ïàð/100 êì2. (3) Ìàññèâû Êàðààäûð è Ñàðûàäûð ïî âîñòî÷íîìó áîðòó äîëèíû Àùûñó: âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî 6,74±2,04 êì, ðàññ÷èòàííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íà ïëîùàäêå – 1,36 ïàð/100 êì2. Èíòåðåñíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Âîñòî÷íîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íè-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî Nest of the Steppe Eagle on the electric pole. Photo by I. Smelansky

Ñë¸òîê áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé Fledgling of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the nest. Photo by A. Barashkova

êå (âêëþ÷àÿ ïðåäãîðüÿ Òàðáàãàòàÿ) îñòàâàëîñü íå ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûì âïëîòü äî 1960-õ ãã., íåñìîòðÿ íà ÷àñòûå âñòðå÷è ïòèö íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè (Êîðåëîâ, 1962). Ê.Ï. Ïðîêîïîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003) ñ÷èòàþò ýòîãî îðëà ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Êàëáû è Òàðáàãàòàÿ (à ðàâíî Ñàóðà è Ìàíðàêà), â Çàéñàíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, íî íå óïîìèíàþò Âîñòî÷íûé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê. Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå íàõîäêè ãí¸çä èçâåñòíû â áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ìàññèâàõ (íàïðèìåð, â ãîðàõ Àðêàëû – Áåð¸çîâèêîâ, Ëåâèí, 2005, â çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Êàëáû – Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006). Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Ëîêàëèçîâàíî âñåãî 3 äîñòîâåðíî âûÿâëåííûõ ó÷àñòêà áåðêóòà (ðèñ. 1); çàíÿòûå ãí¸çäà íàáëþäàëèñü íà äâóõ èç íèõ – íà õðåáòå ×èíãèñòàó, íåæèëîå ãíåçäî – â ìàññèâå Øóáàðáàéòàë (áëèç ñ. Òàðáàãàòàé). Âñå ãí¸çäà ðàçìåùàþòñÿ íà ïîëêàõ â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðóòûõ (äî îòâåñíîãî) ñêàëüíûõ ñêëîíîâ, íà âûñîòå 20–30 ì íàä èõ ïîäíîæèåì. Â îáîèõ çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çäàõ â ñåðåäèíå èþíÿ áûëè ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû (ïóõ îñòàâàëñÿ òîëüêî íà íîãàõ, ãðóäè è ãîëîâå); â îäíîì ñëó÷àå 2 ïòåíöà, â äðóãîì – âåðîÿòíî, 1 (ãíåçäî îñìîòðåíî èçäàëè, âòîðîé ïòåíåö ìîã îñòàòüñÿ íåçàìå÷åííûì). Íà îñìîòðåííîì ãíåçäå îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè (ãîëîâà) ìîëîäîãî áàðñóêà (Meles meles). Èç èìåþùèõñÿ äàííûõ îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì. Ìû ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî òîëüêî â ×èíãèñòàó îí äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, îäíàêî äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïëîòíîñòè ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä òðåáóåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîå èññëåäîâàíèå. Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè Âîñòî÷íîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ, âèäèìî, åäèíè÷íî, áóäó÷è ñâÿçàí ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñ íàèáîëåå âûñîêèìè è ñêàëèñòûìè ñîïî÷íûìè ìàññèâàìè. Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Íåñìîòðÿ íà öåëåíàïðàâëåííûå ïîèñêè, íå âñòðå÷åí

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íè ðàçó. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â ïðåäåëàõ Êàëáèíñêîãî õðåáòà â 2006 ã. ïðè ñõîäíûõ ó÷¸òíûõ óñèëèÿõ è àíàëîãè÷íîé ìåòîäèêå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ëîêàëèçîâàíî òðè æèëûõ è îäèí îñòàâëåííûé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêà (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006; Ïåñòîâ, 2006). Ýòî ãîâîðèò â ïîëüçó òîãî, ÷òî â Âîñòî÷íîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ìîãèëüíèê, ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå, ãíåçäèòñÿ ñî çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøåé ïëîòíîñòüþ, ÷åì â Êàëáå, èëè äàæå ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâóåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraàetus pennatus) Îòìå÷åíà îäíà âñòðå÷à âçðîñëîé ïòèöû (ñâåòëîé ìîðôû) è íàéäåíà îäíà ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà (çàíÿòà îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãîé); ìåæäó òî÷êàìè îêîëî 110 êì. Ïòèöó íàáëþäàëè 5 èþíÿ, îíà ñîâåðøàëà îáë¸ò âäîëü ñêëîíà ñîïêè âáëèçè ñåëà ÑàðûÀðêà. Ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íå íàéäåíî; ãíåçäîâàíèå â ýòîì ìåñòå âîç-

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraàetus pennatus) ó êëàäáèùà Ñàðû-Àðêè. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé Booted Eagle (Hieraàetus pennatus) near the SaryArki cemetery. Photo by A. Barashkova

ìîæíî òîëüêî íà ñêàëå, òàê êàê ïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ ïîáëèçîñòè íåò. Óïîìÿíóòàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà (îñìîòðåíà 10 èþíÿ) ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà êðóïíîì òîïîëå (âûñîòîé îêîëî 20 ì) â óð¸ìíîì ëåñó (ïîéìà ð. Êóðàéëû, þæíûé ñêëîí ×èíãèñòàó). Ãíåçäî ëåæèò â ðàçâèëêå íà âûñîòå îêîëî 7 ì; äèàìåòð ãíåçäà – îêîëî 0,5 ì, âûñîòà – 0,3– 0,4 ì; ïî êðàþ ëîòêà – âåòêè ñ ëèñòüÿìè (â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà ñóõèìè). Ãíåçäî îòêðûòî íà ðåêó (äåðåâî ñòîèò íà áåðåãó) è ÷åðåç íå¸ – íà ðå÷íóþ òåððàñó, ïîêðûòóþ ñàçîâîé ñòåïüþ. Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) Îòìå÷åíî äâå âñòðå÷è ïòèö â äîëèíå ð. Êóðàéëû (þæíûé ñêëîí ×èíãèñòàó), ìåæäó òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ îêîëî 8 êì âäîëü ïî äîëèíå. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå (9 èþíÿ) íàáëþäàëè ïàðó; ïòèöû ñèäåëè íà âûõîäàõ ñêàë â ïðèóñòüåâîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû ðó÷üÿ, âïàäàþùåãî â Êóðàéëû, áëèç æèëîé çèìîâêè. Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

íèæå ïî òå÷åíèþ ðåêè, íàä óðåìîé, îòìå÷åíà ïòèöà â ïîë¸òå, íåñóùàÿ çìåþ. Ïîèñêè ãíåçäà â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ áûëè íåóäà÷íû. Í.Í. Áåð¸çîâèêîâ è À.Ñ. Ëåâèí (2005) íàõîäèëè ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà ñêàëå ãíåçäî çìååÿäà â ãîðàõ Àðêàëû (îêîëî 180 êì ÑÑÂ). Õîõëàòûé îñîåä (Pernis ptilorhynchus) Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü â ïîë¸òå íàä ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîì Æàãàëáàéëû. Ñòàòóñ íà òåððèòîðèè íåÿñåí. Ì.Í. Êîðåëîâ (1962) ñ÷èòàåò ýòîò âèä â Êàçàõñòàíå òîëüêî ïðîë¸òíûì. Ê.Ï. Ïðîêîïîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003) îòìå÷àþò äëÿ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà åäèíñòâåííóþ âñòðå÷ó ïðîë¸òíîé ïòèöû â äîëèíå Áóõòàðìû.

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íàñêàëüíûõ ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) ïî ýêñïîçèöèè ñêëîíà, ïðîöåíò îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ãí¸çä (n=48) Fig. 3. Distribution of the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) cliff nests following the exposition of slope, portion of a total number of nests (n=48)

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) Âñþäó íà îïèñûâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè îáû÷íûé ïåðíàòûé õèùíèê. Ó÷òåíî 57 ãí¸çä íà 30 ó÷àñòêàõ; èç íèõ, îäíàêî, ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî ïóñòóþò ëèáî çàíÿòû ñîêîëàìè (áàëîáàíîì, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå – ïóñòåëüãîé), è òîëüêî 5 ãí¸çä áûëè çàíÿòû êóðãàííèêîì. Õàðàêòåðíî áîëüøîå ÷èñëî ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå. Íà áîëåå ïîëíî îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ó÷òåíî äî 5–9 ãí¸çä (9 – â ìàññèâå Áóãîð Äåëüáåãåòåé) ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè ðàçðóøåííîñòè; ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷àñòêà íå ïðåâûøàåò 600 ì, ÷àñòî ñîñòàâëÿåò ïåðâûå äåñÿòêè ìåòðîâ.

Ãíåçäî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) ñ äâóìÿ ñë¸òêàìè. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî Nest of the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) with two fledglings. Photo by I. Smelansky

Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê ðàçìåùàåòñÿ íà ñêàëàõ – ÷àùå áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îòêðûòî íà óñòóïàõ ñêàë è ñêàëüíûõ ïîëêàõ, òîëüêî 4 ãíåçäà – â âûðàæåííûõ íèøàõ; íà òðàâåðñàõ ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäà; 1 ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî íà âåðøèíå ãëèíîáèòíîé ñòåíû ìàçàðà (ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ëåæèò îòêðûòî â óãëó ìàçàðà, ïðèñëîíÿÿñü ê óãëîâîé áàøåíêå, âûñîòà ñòåí îêîëî 2,5 ì). Ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèê óñòðàèâàåò íà ñêëîíàõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëþáîé ýêñïîçèöèè, îäíàêî çàìåòíî íåêîòîðîå ïðåäïî÷òåíèå çàïàäíûõ ðóìáîâ – ïî÷òè 50% ó÷òåííûõ ãí¸çä (n=48) áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû â ïðåäåëàõ êâàäðàíòà ÑÇ-ÞÇ. Þæíûå ðóìáû ïðåäïî÷èòàþòñÿ ñåâåðíûì – ëèøü îêîëî 27% ãí¸çä ëåæàò íà ñêëîíàõ ñ ýêñïîçèöèåé â ïðåäåëàõ ñåâåðíîé ïîëóñôåðû (ðèñ. 3). Ñòîèò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî êóðãàííèê çäåñü (êàê è â Êàëáå) ñëóæèò îñíîâíûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ áàëîáàíà. Ïðè ýòîì, áàëîáàí ïðåäïî÷èòàåò çàíèìàòü ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà ñåâåðíûõ ðóìáàõ ýêñïîçèöèè, õîòÿ îíè ñîñòàâëÿþò ìåíüøóþ ÷àñòü äîñòóïíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà â ïîñòðîéêå êóðãàííèêà íà ñêëîíå þãî-çàïàäíîé ýêñïîçèöèè áûëî ðàñïîëîæåíî â áîðòó ìåæñîïî÷íîé äîëèíû, èìåþùåì â öåëîì òàêæå ñåâåðî-çàïàäíóþ ýêñïîçèöèþ. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ýòîãî âñå 100% îñìîòðåííûõ â ýòîì ãîäó ãí¸çä è ìíîãîëåòíèõ ïðèñàä áàëîáàíà áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû â äèàïàçîíå Ñ-ÇÑÇ, ìåæäó òåì, èç âñåõ íàñêàëüíûõ ïîñòðîåê êóðãàííèêà íà ýòîò äèàïàçîí ïðèõîäèòñÿ ëèøü îêîëî 20%. Âûñîòíûé èíòåðâàë, â êîòîðîì âñòðå÷àëèñü ïîñòðîéêè êóðãàííèêà – îò 632 äî 995 ì í.ó.ì., â ñðåäíåì – 816,18±113,79 ì í.ó.ì. (n=49).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12 Îòêðûòî ëåæàùèå íàñêàëüíûå ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà ñõîäíû ñ ïîñòðîéêàìè ñòåïíîãî îðëà àíàëîãè÷íîãî òèïà, îäíàêî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò íèõ ìåíüøèìè ðàçìåðàìè (â ñðåäíåì) è îñîáåííî õîðîøî – ìåíüøåé òîëùèíîé èñïîëüçóåìûõ ïðóòüåâ, êîòîðûå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íèêîãäà íå ïðåâûøàþò 1 ñì â äèàìåòðå. Â 4-õ ãí¸çäàõ âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè êóðãàííèêà èç 2-õ è 3-õ (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå) ïòåíöîâ, åù¸ â îäíîì ãíåçäå âûâîäîê, âèäèìî, ïîãèá. Â ãíåçäå, îñìîòðåííîì 30 ìàÿ, áûëè æèâîå ÿéöî è íåäàâíî âûëóïèâøèéñÿ (íå áîëåå 3 äíåé) ïòåíåö; 12–16 èþíÿ â ãí¸çäàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû (áîëüøåå èëè ìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ìåçîïòèëÿ ñîõðàíÿëîñü òîëüêî íà ãîëîâå). Îñòàòêîâ æåðòâ íà ãí¸çäàõ íå îòìå÷åíî. Ñòîèò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî, â îòëè÷èå îò Êàëáèíñêîãî õðåáòà (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006), â ïðåäåëàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà ìû íè ðàçó íå âñòðåòèëè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) èëè ïòèö ãèáðèäíîãî ôåíîòèïà. Âñå êóðãàííèêè, êîòîðûõ óäàëîñü îñìîòðåòü – êàê âçðîñëûå, òàê è ïòåíöû – èìåëè îò÷åòëèâî ëèø¸ííóþ îïåðåíèÿ öåâêó.

Ðèñ. 4. Òî÷êè âñòðå÷ ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ (Circus macrourus) â ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïàõ Fig. 4. Points of the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) records in habitats

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) Âñå âñòðå÷è ýòîãî ëóíÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê òåððèòîðèè çàïàäíåå 81°33’ â.ä. Ó÷òåíî 27 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, èç íèõ 8 – ïî âñòðå÷àì ñàìîê è ïàð, äåìîíñòðèðóþùèõ òåððèòîðèàëüíîå è îêîëîãíåçäîâîå ïîâåäåíèå (ïåðåäà÷à äîáû÷è îò ñàìöà ñàìêå, ñîâìåñòíûå ïîë¸òû ïàðû, çàùèòà òåððèòîðèè), îñòàëüíûå ó÷àñòêè ëîêàëèçîâàíû ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî – ïî âñòðå÷àì îõîòÿùèõñÿ ñàìöîâ (ðèñ. 4). Ãí¸çä íå èñêàëè. Â ïðåäåëàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà âûäåëÿåòñÿ òðè òèïà ñòåïíûõ áèîòîïîâ, â êîòîðûõ ëîêàëèçóþòñÿ ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ýòîãî ëóíÿ: (1) øèðîêèå òåððàñû ñòðóêòóð-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus). Photo by A. Barashkova

íûõ äîëèí – ÷àùå îñëîæíåííûå íèçêèìè óâàëàìè è ãðÿäàìè, (2) ñðåäíåé êðóòèçíû ñêëîíû (íî íå äíèùà!) îòíîñèòåëüíî áîëüøèõ äîëèí â ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâàõ, (3) ïîëîãîõîëìèñòûå âîäîðàçäåëüíûå ïîâåðõíîñòè âíóòðåííèõ ïëàòî ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâîâ. ×¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) Âåðîÿòíî, çàë¸òíûé âèä. Â ãîðàõ ×èíãèñòàó îäèí ðàç âñòðå÷åíû òðè âçðîñëûõ ïòèöû, êîðìÿùèåñÿ íà îñòàíêàõ îâöû. Èçâåñòíû óêàçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî ãðèôà â Òàðáàãàòàå è â ìåëêîñîïî÷íîì ìàññèâå Êîêîíü (áëèç Ñåìèïàëàòèíñêà), íî îíè íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîñòîâåðíûìè (Êîðåëîâ, 1962). Êàê çàë¸òíûé è êî÷óþùèé îòìå÷àåòñÿ ïîâñåìåñòíî â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå (Ïðîêîïîâ è äð., 2003). Êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis) Âåðîÿòíî, çàë¸òíûé âèä. Â ìàññèâå Øóáàðáàéòàë îäèí ðàç íàáëþäàëè äâå ïòèöû (âîçìîæíî, ïàðó) â ñïîêîéíîì ïàðåíèè âîêðóã îäíîé èç âåðøèí ãðÿäû. Ñòàðûå óêàçàíèÿ Õàõëîâà (1928) è Ñóøêèíà (1938) (îáà – ïî: Êîðåëîâ, 1962) íà ãíåçäîâàíèå áåëîãîëîâîãî ñèïà â õðåáòàõ Òàðáàãàòàé è Ñàóð äîëæíû îòíîñèòüñÿ ê êóìàþ, íî íå áûëè ïîäòâåðæäåíû ôàêòè÷åñêè, è ïîòîìó îòâåðãàëèñü Ì.Í. Êîðåëîâûì (1962). Àíàëîãè÷íî, ê êóìàþ, î÷åâèäíî, îòíîñèòñÿ óòâåðæäåíèå Ê.Ï. Ïðîêîïîâà ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2003) î ïîâñåìåñòíîì ïðèñóòñòâèè â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå áåëîãîëîâîãî ñèïà êàê çàë¸òíîãî è êî÷óþùåãî âèäà. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) Çàñåëÿåò âñþ òåððèòîðèþ (ðèñ. 5). Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ 2 âåðîÿòíûõ. Èç ýòîãî ÷èñëà â 2007 ã. çàíÿòî 6 èëè 7 ó÷àñòêîâ, ðàçìíîæåíèå èìåëî ìåñòî

Raptors Research

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî Chicks of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in the nest. Photo by I. Smelansky

Ðèñ. 5. Òî÷êè íàõîäîê áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug): 1 – æèëûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè (âêëþ÷àÿ íåçàíÿòûå â 2007 ã.), 2 – ïðèñàäû, âñòðå÷è ïòèö ñ íåÿñíûì ñòàòóñîì, 3 – íåçàíÿòûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè Fig. 5. Points of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) records: 1 – occupied breeding territories (including empty in 2007); 2 – perches, records of bird with unknown status; 3 – empty breeding territories

Ñë¸òêè áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî Fledglings of the Saker Falcon in the nest. Photo by I. Smelansky

íà ÷åòûð¸õ, íà îäíîì äåðæàëàñü îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, åù¸ íà äâóõ – íåèçâåñòíî. Îñìîòðåíî 6 ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà, âñå â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà íà ñêàëàõ. Çàíÿòûå áàëîáàíîì ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëîæåíû íà ïðèêðûòûõ ñâåðõó ñêàëüíûõ ïîëêàõ èëè óñòóïàõ, îáû÷íî íà êðóòûõ ñêëîíàõ Ñ-ÇÑÇ ðóìáîâ ýêñïîçèöèè. Èç îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çä äâà áûëè íåäîñòóïíû áåç ñïåöèàëüíîãî ñíàðÿæåíèÿ. Ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè êëàäêè èëè âûâîäêà íå îòìå÷åíî. Ïîëíàÿ êëàäêà â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ áûëà íå ìåíåå 4 ÿèö – ê ìîìåíòó îñìîòðà â îäíîì èç íèõ íàõîäèëîñü 4 íà÷èíàþùèõ îïåðÿòüñÿ ïòåíöà (27 ìàÿ), â äðóãîì – 3 ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûõ ïòåíöà è ÿéöîáîëòóí (7 èþíÿ). Â äðóãèõ ãí¸çäàõ âñòðå÷åíû 3 ïòåíöà (18 èþíÿ, ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåíû) è íå ìåíåå äâóõ ñë¸òêîâ (òàêæå 18 èþíÿ). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 3,33±0,58 ïòåíöîâ íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî (n=3). Íà ãí¸çäàõ ìíîãî÷èñëåííû îñòàòêè æåðòâ – ïòèö è ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ïðåîáëàäàåò êðàñíîùåêèé ñóñëèê; îòìåòèì ñëó÷àé äîáû÷è áàëîáàíîì ñòåïíîãî æàâîðîíêà (Melanocorypha calandra).

Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé, â ×èíãèñòàó (äîëèíà ð. Àëüïåèñ) åæåãîäíî ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ëîâöû áàëîáàíà. Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni) Â 60 òî÷êàõ ó÷òåíî íå ìåíåå 260 âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé, â òîì ÷èñëå íå ìåíåå 107 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 51 ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îò 1 äî 10 ïàð â êàæäîì (ðèñ. 6). Ñòåïåíü êîëîíèàëüíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåâåëèêà – â ñðåäíåì â îäíîì ìåñòå ãíåçäèòñÿ 2,3±2,0 ïàðû; áîëåå ïîëîâèíû âñåõ ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ îäèíî÷íî, åù¸ 30% – â ãðóïïå èç äâóõ ïàð (ðèñ. 7). Âåðîÿòíî, íèçêàÿ ñòåïåíü êîëîíèàëüíîñòè ñâÿçàíà ñ îáèëèåì çäåñü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ. Ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñêàëüíûõ ðàçâàëàõ è ñòàðûõ ìîãèëüíûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ (ìàçàðàõ, îãðàäàõ, ìîãèëüíûõ íàñûïÿõ), ñëîæåííûõ èç äèêîãî êàìíÿ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â îòêðûòîé ñòåïíîé ìåñòíîñòè. Òàêèå ñòàöèè Ñàìåö ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni) íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî Male of the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) on the electric pole. Photo by I. Smelansky

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ áåçëåñíûìè òåððàñàìè ñòðóêòóðíûõ äîëèí (Àùûñó), íà ðàññòîÿíèè äåñÿòêîâ êèëîìåòðîâ îò êàêèõ áû òî íè áûëî ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöèé. Äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua) Âñòðå÷åí òîëüêî îäèí ðàç – íà îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùåì ìàçàðå áëèç ñ. Æóðåêàäûð (øëåéô ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîãî ôàñà ×èíãèñòàó). Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 3 íåçàíÿòûõ Ïòèöû íå âñòðå÷åíû íè ðàçó.

Ðèñ. 6. Òî÷êè âñòðå÷ ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni): 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè (íåçàâèñèìî îò ÷èñëà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð), 2 – âñòðå÷è ïòèö ñ íåÿñíûì ñòàòóñîì Fig. 6. Points of the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) records: 1 – breeding territories (breeding pair numbers is not counted); 2 – records of bird with unknown status

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ êîëîíèé ñòåïíûõ ïóñòåëüã ïî ÷èñëó ñîâìåñòíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð Fig. 7. Distribution of the lesser Kestrel colonies per breeding pair numbers

âåñüìà îáû÷íû â Âîñòî÷íîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå. Òàêæå âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ìû íåäîó÷èòûâàëè ñòåïíóþ ïóñòåëüãó. Íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûì áûë ó÷¸ò íà ËÝÏ, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè ïóñòåëüãè îõîòíî èñïîëüçóþò êàê ïðèñàäó. Îäíàêî, ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî òàêèõ, óäîáíûõ äëÿ ó÷¸òà, ËÝÏ íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè îòíîñèòåëüíî íåìíîãî. Ãí¸çäà ìàëî äîñòóïíû äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ, ÷àùå îá èõ íàëè÷èè ìîæíî áûëî ñóäèòü òîëüêî ïî ãîëîñàì ïòåíöîâ è ïî ïîâåäåíèþ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö; â îäíîì îñìîòðåííîì ãíåçäå áûëî 3, â äðóãîì – íå ìåíåå 4 ïòåíöîâ (3 è 12 èþíÿ). Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà íàèáîëåå îáû÷íà è ìíîãî÷èñëåííà (èëè íàèáîëåå çàìåòíà) â øèðîêèõ ñòðóêòóðíûõ äîëèíàõ. Òàê, â äîëèíàõ ñèñòåìû Áîðëû – Áîðëûñàé – Ýñïå ïëîòíîñòü å¸ âñòðå÷ ñîñòàâèëà 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ñêîïëåíèé íà 35 êì ìàðøðóòà âäîëü äîëèíû (ó÷¸ò íà ËÝÏ), â ñðåäíåì 2,5±1,15 êì ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè òî÷êàìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ïðè îáùåé ó÷ò¸ííîé ÷èñëåííîñòè 30 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 2,72±2,10 ïàðû íà 1 ñêîïëåíèå (íî çäåñü âñòðå÷åíû êîëîíèè è ïî 6-10 ïàð). ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) Çàñåëÿåò âñþ òåððèòîðèþ. Îñìîòðåííûå ãí¸çäà (3) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ â óðåìå (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå – â ïîñòðîéêå ñîðîêè). Â òî æå âðåìÿ, îõîòÿùèåñÿ ñàìöû íåñêîëüêî ðàç áûëè âñòðå÷åíû íàä øèðîêèìè ðîâíûìè, ïîëíîñòüþ

ó÷àñòêà.

Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðíû ôîíäó «Äàðâèíñêàÿ Èíèöèàòèâà» (Darwin Initiative) è Êîðîëåâñêîìó îáùåñòâó çàùèòû ïòèö (RSPB), ïîääåðæàâøèì Ïðîãðàììó âûÿâëåíèÿ êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, è Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà (ÀÑÁÊ), îðãàíèçîâàâøåé ýòó ðàáîòó. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áåð¸çîâèêîâ Í.Í., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîåçäêà â Òàðáàãàòàé â 2004 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2005. Ñ. 80–83. Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû – Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Òîì 2. Àëìà-Àòà: Èçä-âî ÀÍ ÊàçÑÑÐ, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.B. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005, ¹ 3. Ñ. 28–51. Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â. Íàõîäêà ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà â Êàëáèíñêîì íàãîðüå, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2006, ¹ 7. Ñ. 64. Ïðîêîïîâ Ê.Ï., Ôåäîòîâà Ë.À., Ùåðáàêîâà Ë.È., Ñòàðèêîâ Ñ.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðàçðàáîòêè ê ó÷åáíî-ïîëåâîé ïðàêòèêå ïî áîòàíèêå è çîîëîãèè ñ ïðåäñòàâëåíèåì ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðà Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà. ÓñòüÊàìåíîãîðñê: Èçä-âî ÂÊÃÓ èì. Ñ. Àìàíæîëîâà, 2003. 207 ñ. Ðàâíèíû è ãîðû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè è Êàçàõñòàíà. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1975. 264 ñ. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Áåð¸çîâèêîâ Í.Í. Íåêîòîðûå äàííûå î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ ïðåäãîðèé Êàëáèíñêîãî Àëòàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2006, ¹ 7. Ñ. 46–55. Ñâàðè÷åâñêàÿ Ç.À. Ãåîìîðôîëîãèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà è Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Ë.: Èçä-âî Ëåíèíãðàäñêîãî óí-òà, 1965. 296 ñ. Ñòåïàíîâà Å.Ô. Ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü è ôëîðà õðåáòà Òàðáàãàòàé. Àëìà-Àòà: Èçä-âî ÀÍ ÊàçÑÑÐ, 1962. 434 ñ.

Short Reports

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

                                                        Êîíòàêò: À.Â. Çàáàøòà Ðîñòîâñêèé àýðîïîðò zabashta67@mail.ru Contact: A.V. Zabashta Ðîñòîâñêèé àýðîïîðò zabashta67@mail.ru

Íà òåððèòîðèè ã. Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó ðàñïîëîæåíû òðè àýðîäðîìà. Èõ òåððèòîðèè âêëþ÷àþò â ñåáÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûå ïî ïëîùàäè ó÷àñòêè ïðèàçîâñêèõ ñòåïåé, â êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíûì ýëåìåíòîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìàëûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus pygmaeus). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ àýðîäðîìû ãîðîäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì ðåçåðâàòîì ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà íà þãî-çàïàäå Ðîñòîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ìàëûå ñóñëèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîáû÷åé õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïðèâëåêàþò õèùíèêîâ â ãîðîäñêóþ ÷åðòó è íà àýðîäðîìû. Âî âðåìÿ âåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè (ìàðò–àïðåëü) íà ë¸òíîì ïîëå àýðîäðîìà ïîñòîÿííî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ: çèìíÿêè (Buteo lagopus) – 1–10 îñ., êàíþêè (Buteo buteo) – 1–22 îñ., îðëû-êàðëèêè (Hieraaetus pennatus) – 1–5 îñ. Â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãðûçóíîâ îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïðåáûâàíèå íà òåððèòîðèÿõ àýðîïîðòîâ êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus), ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), áîëîòíîãî (Circus aeruginosus), ëóãîâîãî (C. pygargus) è ñòåïíîãî ëóíåé (C. macrourus), ÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans). Îòìå÷åíû íåîäíîêðàòíûå (íî áåçóñïåøíûå) ïîïûòêè íàïàäåíèÿ íà ñóñëèêîâ ïðîë¸òíûõ ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter nisus), à â ìàðòå 2006 ã. íà àýðîäðîìå âñòðå÷åí ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus), ïîåäàþùèé çâåðüêà. Êîãäà ñóñëèêè çàëåãàþò â ñïÿ÷êó, ÷èñëåííîñòü è äëèòåëüíîñòü ïðåáûâàíèÿ õèùíèêîâ íà àýðîäðîìàõ ñíèæàåòñÿ. Ïîñåëåíèÿ ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà íà àýðîäðîìàõ ñïîñîáñòâóþò ðåãóëÿðíûì çàë¸òàì è çàäåðæêå äíåâíûõ õèùíèêîâ â ãîðîäñêîé ÷åðòå, ïîýòîìó ñîõðàíåíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñòåïíûõ ãðûçóíîâ áóäåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïîääåðæàíèþ âûñîêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â ãîðîäå.

Now three airports function on the territory of Rostov-na-Donu and are the single reservation of the Little Souslik (Spermophilus pygmaeus) in south-west of the Rostov district. During spring migration (March–April) several species of raptors are regular registered on airfields: Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus) – 1–10 ind., Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) – 1–22 ind., Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) – 1–5 ind. The main factor attracting these birds is Little Sousliks that are the main object for hunting of raptors. Some years the relative high density of sousliks provides for follow raptors to be on the territories of airports: Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) and Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus), Black Kite (Milvus migrans).

Ñóñëèê. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Souslik. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

                                    

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus). Photo by I. Karyakin

Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) ñòàë àêòèâíî ðàññåëÿòüñÿ â áàññåéíå Ñðåäíåé Âîë-ãè â êîíöå 60-õ – íà÷àëå 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ êàðëèê äîñòîâåðíî ãíåçäèòñÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé, Óëüÿíîâñêîé, Ñàìàðñêîé, Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòÿõ è â ðåñïóáëèêàõ Ìîðäîâèÿ, ×óâàøèÿ, Òàòàðñòàí è Áàøêîðòîñòàí (Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Îñíîâíàÿ îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà ñâÿçàíà ñ ëåñîñòåïíûìè òåððèòîðèÿìè – ýòî çàñå÷íûå ëåñíûå ìàññèâû íà çàïàäå ðåãèîíà, õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòàÿ ëåñîñòåïü Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ëåñà Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ è þæíàÿ îêîíå÷íîñòü Þæíîãî Óðàëà – íà âîñòîêå. Ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âèäà â 90-õ ãã. ïðîøëîãî âåêà ïðîâîäèëàñü ïî äîëèíå Âîëãè, Êàìû è Áåëîé, ñåâåðíåå êîòîðûõ êàðëèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå ïðîíèêàë. Îäíàêî, óæå ñî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû 90-õ ãã. ñòàëè ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ âñòðå÷è âèäà è ñåâåðíåå: â 1996 ã. êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â Òàòàðèè (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 1999), â 2000 ã. – â Íèæåãîðîäñêîì Çàâîëæüå ïðè ïîéìå Âîëãè áëèç ñ. Ôîêèíî (ðèñ. 1 – 1) è ä. Êîìàðèõà (ðèñ. 1 – 2) (Áàêêà, Êèñåëåâà, 2003). Â 2006 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå êàðëèêà âïåðâûå óñòàíîâëåíî äëÿ ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Êàìû: ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû â Áåðñóòñêîì ëåñíîì ìàññèâå è â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» (Íèêîëåíêî, Áåêìàíñóðîâ, 2006). Òåì íå ìåíåå, äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè âñå íàõîäêè ãí¸çä êàðëèêà òàê èëè èíà÷å áûëè ñâÿçàíû ñ ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíîé. Â 2007 ã. áûëè âïåðâûå ïîëó÷åíû äîêàçàòåëüñòâà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êàðëèêà â þæíîé òàéãå: 4 èþíÿ 2007 ã. æèëîå ãíåçäî êàðëèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà åëè, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â ïîéìå ð. Êåðæåíåö â 17 êì ñåâåðíåå äîëèíû ð. Âîëãè (ðèñ. 1

The Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) began to spread actively in the Middle Volga basin since the end of 1960-s – beginning of 1970-s. The northern border of the species breeding range in 1990-s lied through the Volga, Kama and Belaya river valleys, the Booted-Eagle nesting was not registered to the north of those territories. However the species registered to the north since the second half of 1990-s. The Booted Eagle was found nesting in the Kama river right side in 2006: nests were found in the Bersut woods and in the National Park «Nizhnya Kama» (Nikolenko, Bekmansurov, 2006). The first registrations of the Booted Eagle breeding in the south taiga were in 2007: an active nest located in the spruce was found in the Kerzhenets river valley on a 14 km to the north of the Volga river on 4 June 2007. Another pair was observed at the distance 1.5 km from the first pair: we surveyed the process of copulation. Last records are confirmed wide spreading of the Booted Eagle in the Middle Volga region and the breeding range seems to cover southern regions of the Republic of Mary El, the Kirov district and the Republic of Udmurtia.

Ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëèêà íà åëè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà The nest of the Booted Eagle on spruce. Photo by I. Karyakin

Short Reports

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

– 3). Îáå ïòèöû áûëè ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû. Â 1,5 êì îò ýòîãî ãíåçäà áûëà âñòðå÷åíà åù¸ îäíà ïàðà ò¸ìíûõ êàðëèêîâ, ó êîòîðûõ óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü êîïóëÿöèþ (ðèñ. 1 – 4). Â ýòîò æå ãîä âçðîñëîãî ò¸ìíîãî êàðëèêà íàáëþäàë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) íà áîëîòå â 6 êì ê þãî-çàïàäó îò ñ. Êóçüìèÿð (ðèñ. 1 – 5). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ó÷¸ò ïòèö íà ð. Êåðæåíåö è ðàáîòû ïî îáñëåäîâàíèþ Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîò ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ êîíöà 90-õ ãã. ðåãóëÿðíî, è îð¸ë-êàðëèê çäåñü íå íàáëþäàëñÿ. Ïîñëåäíèå Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîì Çàâîëæüå íàõîäêè óêàçûâàþò íà áîëåå Fig. 1. Distribution of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) in the øèðîêîå ðàññåëåíèå îðëàNizhegorodskoe Zavolzhie region êàðëèêà â Ïîâîëæüå è, âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî óæå ñåé÷àñ ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë âèäà çàõâàòûâàåò þæíûå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Ò. 1. Æèâîòíûå. ðàéîíû ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé-Ýë, Êèðîâñêîé Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2003. Ñ. 93–94. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà îáëàñòè è Óäìóðòèè. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àñüêååâ È.Â., Àñüêååâ Î.Â. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (êîíñïåêò ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ). Êàçàíü. 1999. 124 ñ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåëåâà Í.Þ. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê – Hieraaetus pennatus Gmel. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà

Óðàëå è â Ñèáèðè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹ 9. Ñ. 27–62. Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Íîâûå íàõîäêè îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òàòàðñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 65–66.

                                  Êîíòàêò: Ãåííàäèé Èñàêîâ Êàôåäðà çîîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè ×óâàøñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò 428015 ×åáîêñàðû óë. Ïèðîãîâà, 25 òåë.: +7 (927) 852 87 53 sopr21@yandex.ru

Ñâåäåíèÿ î ïðåáûâàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé Ýë ïî íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò îòñóòñòâîâàëè. Äàííîå êðàòêîå ñîîáùåíèå îñíîâàíî íà ñîáñòâåííûõ âñòðå÷àõ âèäà â 1998–2007 ãã. íà íåêîòîðûõ ïðèãðàíè÷íûõ ñ ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêîé ó÷àñòêàõ Çâåíèãîâñêîãî è Ãîðíîìàðèéñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Ìàðèé Ýë. Äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè îð¸ë-êàðëèê áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ×óâàøèè íà ñåâåð äî äîëèíû Âîëãè âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Â áëèæàéøèõ 50 êì âîêðóã ×åáîêñàð áûëî èçâåñòíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâ, à â óñòüå ð. Öèâèëü ñ 2003 ã. åæåãîäíî ãíåçäèëèñü 2 ïàðû îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ (ðèñ. 1 – 2–6) (Èñàêîâ è

Any records of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) were not in the territory of the Republic of Mary El earlier. For the first time we registered the Booted Eagle in vicinities of Urzhumka village of the Zvenigovskiy region of Mary El on 01/05/1998. Migrating adults of the eagle were registered regularly in the station “The Tsivil river mouth” in the north of the Republic of Chuvashia since 2003. A pair of eagles (one bird was pale morph, another – dark) was noted in the Yushut river mouth near the Ilet river every day on 03–05/08/2007. Also we project the species to breed on the region of the Sura river mouth, where we observer the bird on 18/06/2006.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 12

Contact: Gennady Isakov Dep. of Zoology and Ecology Chuvashian State Pedagogical University Pirogova str., 25 Cheboksary Russia 428015 tel.: +7(927) 852 87 53 sopr21@yandex.ru

äð., 2007). Êðîìå ýòîãî, ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà âîçìîæíî â ïðèóñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ð. Ñóðà – 18 èþíÿ 2006 ã. îð¸ë-êàðëèê âñòðå÷åí â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåð. Èâàíüêîâî ßäðèíñêîãî ðàéîíà ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè – â 2-õ êì îò ãðàíèöû Ãîðíîìàðèéñêîãî ðàéîíà ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé Ýë (ðèñ. 1 – 8). Â 2007 ã. íà ñåâåðå ×óâàøèè áûëî âûÿâëåíî åù¸ 3 íîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êàðëèêîâ – íà ðð. Öèâèëü è Ðûêøà (ðèñ. 1 – 9–11). Ñ 2001 ã. íà ñåâåðå ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè íà ñòàöèîíàðå «Óñòüå ð. Öèâèëü» (âîñòî÷íàÿ îêðàèíà ã. Íîâî÷åáîêñàðñê, 1 êì þæíåå îò ãðàíèöû ×óâàøèè è Ìàðèé Ýë) íà÷àëè ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ îðëûêàðëèêè, òðàíçèòíî ïðîëåòàþùèå òåððèòîðèþ ñòàöèîíàðà: âåñíîé íà ñåâåð, îñåíüþ – íà þã (ðèñ. 1 – 12). Âåñíîé â óñòüå ð. Öèâèëü ìèãðàöèÿ âèäà â ñåâåðíîì íàïðàâëåíèè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñ III äåêàäû àïðåëÿ ïî II äåêàäó ìàÿ. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû îòìå÷åíû 10 ìàÿ 2003 ã., 29 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., 13 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Â 2007 ãîäó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 4 âñòðå÷è: 21 àïðåëÿ – 3 ïòèöû, 27 àïðåëÿ – 2 ïòèöû, 9 ìàÿ – 3 ïòèöû, 16 ìàÿ – 1 ïòèöà. Âåðîÿòíûì ìåñòîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìèãðèðóþùèõ ÷åðåç óñòüå ð. Öèâèëü îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîéìà ð. Áîëüøàÿ Êîêøàãà. Íà÷èíàþò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ òðàíçèòíî ïðîëåòàþùèå ïòèöû îáû÷íî ÷åðåç 3–7 äíåé ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà ìåñòíûõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Â ïðèóñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ð. Öèâèëü ïåðâûå ðåãèñòðàöèè ìåñòíûõ îðëîâ îòìå÷åíû 28 àïðåëÿ 2002 ã., 25 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., 23 àïðåëÿ 2006 ã., 15 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. (çà ïîñëåäíèå ïÿòü ëåò ïðîèçîøëî ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ ïðèë¸òà âèäà íà áîëåå ðàííèå). Â ëåòíå-îñåííèé ïåðèîä â óñòüå ð. Öèâèëü òðàíçèòíûé ïðîë¸ò âèäà ñ ñåâåðà íàáëþäàåòñÿ âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå èþëÿ – ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå àâãóñòà. Â 2001 ã. îðëûêàðëèêè îòìå÷åíû 11 àâãóñòà (1 îñîáü) è 15 àâãóñòà (4 îñîáè), â 2002 ã. – 24 èþëÿ (3 îñîáè), â 2003 ã. – 17 èþëÿ (1 îñîáü), â 2004 ã. – 29 èþëÿ (1 îñîáü), â 2005 ã. – 4 àâãóñòà (1 îñîáü), â 2007 ã. – 19 èþëÿ (1 îñîáü). Êðîìå óñòüÿ ð. Öèâèëü, òðàíçèòíî ïðîëåòàþùèå îðëû-êàðëèêè (ïî îäíîé îñîáè) îòìå÷åíû åù¸ â íåñêîëüêèõ òî÷êàõ ñåâåðà ×óâàøèè: 24 àâãóñòà 2002 ã. – â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåð. Øàíàðû ×åáîêñàðñêîãî ðàéîíà, 14 èþëÿ 2007 ã. – íàä ñ. Ñèíüÿëû ×åáîêñàðñêîãî ðàéîíà (Â.À. ßêîâëåâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), 9 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. – â ïîéìå ð. Á. Öèâèëü â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ Facts of the species registrations mentioned above are confirmed movement of the species to the north. We project the modern northern border of the Booted Eagle breeding range lies through the south regions of Republic of Mary El on N 56020’.

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) â ðåñïóáëèêå Ìàðèé Ýë è íà ñåâåðå ×óâàøèè Fig. 1. Distribution of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) in the Republic of Mary El and in the north of Republic of Chunashia

ñ. Èìåíåâî Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ðàéîíà. Íà òåððèòîðèè Ìàðèé Ýë îð¸ë-êàðëèê âïåðâûå áûë âñòðå÷åí 1 ìàÿ 1998 ã. â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ äåð. Óðæóìêà Çâåíèãîâñêîãî ðàéîíà (ðèñ. 1 – 1). Â 2007 ã. ïàðà îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ (îäíà ïòèöà ñâåòëîé ìîðôû, âòîðàÿ – ò¸ìíîé) íàìè åæåäíåâíî íàáëþäàëàñü íà ð. Èëåòü â óñòüå ð. Þøóò (òåððèòîðèÿ Ëóøìàðñêîãî ëåñíè÷åñòâà íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ìàðèé ×îäðà») 3–5 àâãóñòà (ðèñ. 1 – 7). Ñî ñëîâ ñîòðóäíèêîâ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, äàííûé âèä èìè îòìå÷àëñÿ â ýòîé òî÷êå è â èþíå – èþëå, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå êàðëèêà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ïðèâåä¸ííûå ôàêòû ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì äàëüíåéøåãî åãî ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà ñåâåð. Ïî íàøèì ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿì, ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà îðëà-êàðëèêà ïðîõîäèò ïî þæíûì ðàéîíàì Ìàðèé Ýë ïðèìåðíî ïî øèðîòå 56020’. Ëèòåðàòóðà Èñàêîâ Ã.Í., ßêîâëåâ Â.À., ßêîâëåâ À.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè, 2007. ¹ 57. Ñ. 155–161.

Contents

Raptors Conservation 2008, 12

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Contents

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Events ...................................................................... 3

Ïðîáëåìà íîìåðà .................................................. 7

Problem of Number ................................................. 7

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è àâèàöèÿ. Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À. ..... 7

Raptors and Aircrafts. Grabovskiy M.A. ..................... 7

Ïðîáëåìà «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ»: åñòü è ïîëîæèòåëüíûé àñïåêò. Êàðÿêèí È.Â............................................ 11

Problem «Birds and Power Lines»: Some Positive Effects Exist. Karyakin I.V. ....................................... 11

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .............................. 28

Raptors Conservation ............................................ 28

Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ............................ 28

Saker Falcon in Russia. Karyakin I.V. ........................ 28

Ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû áàëîáàíà â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ëåâèí À.C. .......................................................... 48

Conservation Problems of the Saker Falcon in Kazakhstan. Levin A.S. ................................................ 48

Ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòàòóñ è òðàíñãðàíè÷íûé îáîðîò áàëîáàíà â Ìîíãîëèè. Ñóõ÷óëóóí Ã. .................... 56

Conservation Status and Transboundary Trade of the Saker Falcon in Mongolia. Suhchuluun G. ............ 56

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ........................... 59

Raptors Research .................................................. 59

Õèùíûå ïòèöû äîëèíû ð. Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. ............................. 59

Birds of Prey in the Samara River Valley, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G. ................................ 59

Íåêîòîðûå íàõîäêè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ñòåïÿõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà â 2007 ã. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Ðûæêîâ Ä.Â., Àêåíòüåâ À.Ã. ...................................................... 69

Several Raptors Records in the Steppes of East Kazakhstan in 2007. Smelansky I.E., Barashkova A.N., Tomilenko A.A., Ryzhkov D.V., Akentiev A.G....... 69

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 79 Çíà÷åíèå èçîëèðîâàííûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà, ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ íà àýðîäðîìàõ Ðîñòîâà-íàÄîíó, äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèþ ãîðîäà. Çàáàøòà À.Â........................ 79 Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîì Çàâîëæüå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ....................................................... 80 Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Ìàðèé Ýë, Ðîññèÿ. Èñàêîâ Ã.Í. ....................................... 81

Short Reports......................................................... 79 Impact of the Little Souslik's Isolated Populations Remained on Aerodromes of Roston-na-Donu on Attractiveness of Built-up Areas for the Birds of Prey. Zabashta A.V........................................................ 79 First Record of the Booted Eagle Nesting in the Nizhegorodskoe Zavolzhie Region, Russia. Karyakin I.V. ......................................................... 80 Distribution of the Booted Eagle in Republic of Mary El, Russia. Isakov G.N........................................... 81

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÍÍÃÓ ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà Ëèö. ÏÄ ¹ 18-0099 îò 04.05.2001 ã. 603000, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Á. Ïîêðîâñêàÿ, 37